Professional self-determination. Determination of professional suitability What is professional definition
Vocational guidance is a complex of psychological and pedagogical measures aimed at optimizing the employment process in accordance with the desires, inclinations and formed abilities, as well as taking into account the needs for specialties in the labor market.
Vocational guidance is a scientifically based system for preparing young people for a free and independent choice of a profession, designed to take into account both the individual characteristics of each person and the need for full-fledged distribution labor resources in the public interest.
There are two career guidance forms... Vocational guidance on a narrow basis consists in the fact that in an educational institution that trains specialists, students reveal all the features of their future activities. Vocational guidance on a broad basis consists in familiarizing young people who have not yet made their choice with the world of professions.
Vocational guidanceis aimed at solving the following tasks:
- acquaintance with the world of professions;
- study of interests, abilities, inclinations and motives of activity;
- familiarization with the rules for choosing a profession;
- motivation to reflect on your professional future
Since the object career guidance activities is the process of social and professional self-determination of a person, it is important, first of all, to formulate a group of principles that adolescents are guided by when choosing a profession and a place in social structure society.
Consciousness principlein choosing a profession is expressed in the desire to satisfy with their choice not only personal needs in work, but also to bring as much benefit to society as possible.
Compliance principle the chosen profession, the interests, inclinations, abilities of the individual and, at the same time, the needs of society in the personnel of a certain profession expresses the connection between the personal and social aspects of choosing a profession. By analogy with the well-known thought, one cannot live in society and be free from society - one can also say: one cannot choose a profession based only on one's own interests and not taking into account the interests of society. Violation of the principle of matching the needs of the individual and society leads to an imbalance in the professional structure of personnel.
Activity principle in choosing a profession characterizes the type of activity of a person in the process of professional self-determination. You must actively look for a profession yourself. A great role is called upon to play in this: a practical test of the strength of the students themselves in the process of labor and vocational training, advice from parents and their professional experience, searching and reading literature, work during practice and much more.
Development principle reflects the idea of \u200b\u200bchoosing a profession that would give the individual the opportunity to improve his qualifications, increase earnings, as experience grows and professional excellence, the opportunity to actively participate in social work, satisfy the cultural needs of the individual, the need for housing, recreation, etc.
Career guidance that performs the functions of vocational training involves two ways of obtaining it - self-education or training in educational institutions vocational education... The success of professional education determines such an important psychological moment as readiness (emotional, motivational) to acquire a particular profession.
Choice of profession, carried out by a person as a result of analyzing internal resources and by correlating them with the requirements of the profession, is the basis for a person's self-affirmation in society, one of the main decisions in life. Choice of profession is not an instantaneous act. Choice of profession consists of a number of stages that merge into one process. The duration of the stages depends on:
- external conditions;
- individual characteristics of the subject of choosing a profession.
The system of professional orientation work includes such a concept as professional self-determination, since the choice of a profession and mastering it begins with professional self-determination. is one of the most important components of human self-awareness as a subject of activity.
Professional self-determination - a process that covers the entire period professional activity personality: from the emergence of professional intentions to exit from work.
The formation of professional self-determination occurs on the basis of mastering the social experience of the individual with the inclusion of this experience in the "professional I" of the individual.
GRADUATE!
Very soon you will meet a huge world of professions.
You have a very important, perhaps the most important choice in your life.
There are very few things in the world that we cannot choose. These include our own body, the historical era in which we were born, our parents, events of early childhood. Everything else in life in one way or another depends on our choice. And one of the most responsible choices that determine our fate is the choice of profession. It makes sense to take this as seriously as possible.
Our attitude towards our life as a whole largely depends on how successful our professional activities are. It is a great success in life to have a favorite activity that brings satisfaction and respect to others. Whether it will or not depends largely on the desire to make a thorough and reasonable choice of profession.
Professional definition helps:
If you do not yet know who you want to become, career guidance will help you choose specialties that best meet your interests and professional expectations.
If you like any professional field (for example, economic), vocational definition will help you choose a list of specialties that match modern requirements labor market.
If you have already chosen a profession, vocational determination will help you to correlate your choice with your abilities, preferences and professional expectations, as well as to navigate in further educational and professional activities.
STEP 1 - Professional education, includes work to promote information about the world of professions, personal and professionally important qualities of a person, essential for self-determination, about the system of educational institutions and ways of obtaining a profession, about the needs of society in personnel.
Part of professional education is professional education, which includes the formation of the inclinations and professional interests of schoolchildren. The inclination develops in the process of activity, and professional knowledge successfully accumulate with professional interests. Therefore, it is important to try yourself in a wide variety of activities.
STEP 2 - Professional diagnostics and counseling - the study of a person's personality (value orientations, interests, needs, inclinations, abilities, professional orientation, professional intentions, motives for choosing a profession, character traits, temperament, health status) and, on this basis, issuing professional recommendations.
Professional advice is most often individualized.
Why is it important:
The satisfaction of needs such as the need for professional self-determination or self-affirmation occurs in the process practical activities a person, moreover, only if the chosen profession, as they say, is to their liking;
- the identification of inclinations, which in relation to knowledge, skills and abilities act as some kind of opportunity, allows you to create conditions under which the likelihood of a person acquiring these knowledge, skills and abilities will significantly increase.
- identification of psychophysiological personality traits is necessary to define a person as an executor of certain types of labor activity, as a future organizer, commander production process in various areas of physical and mental labor.
STEP 3- Pre-profile training and specialized education make it possible to concentrate pedagogical activity on the personality of the student during the transition from apprenticeship to adulthood.
What influences the choice of profession?
What factors determine a person's choice of a particular profession?
In practice, it turns out that inclinations are taken into account last, but the opinion of the parents has a huge impact.
8 factors of choosing a profession / By E.A. Klimov /:
1. The position of senior family members.
There are elders who are directly responsible for how your life develops. This concern also extends to the question of your future profession.
2. The position of comrades, girlfriends.
Friendship ties at your age are already very strong and can greatly influence the choice of profession. You can only give general advice: the right decision will be one that suits your interests and coincides with the interests of the society in which you live.
3. The position of teachers, school teachers.
Observing the behavior, educational and extracurricular activity of students, an experienced teacher knows a lot about you that is hidden from non-professional eyes and even from you.
4. Personal professional plans.
Under plan in in this case implies your ideas about the stages of mastering the profession.
5. Abilities.
The originality of one's abilities must be judged not only by academic success, but also by achievements in a wide variety of activities.
6. The level of claims for public recognition.
When planning your work way, it is very important to take care of the realism of your claims.
7. Awareness.
It is important to ensure that the information you acquire about a particular profession does not turn out to be distorted, incomplete, or one-sided.
8. Addictions.
Inclinations are manifested in favorite activities, on which most of the free time is spent. These are interests supported by certain abilities.
Seven steps to an informed career decision:
1. Make a list of suitable professions.
Make a list of professions that you like, interesting, in which you would like to work, that suit you.
2. Make a list of the requirements of the chosen profession.
List your requirements:
chosen profession and future genus classes;
chosen profession and life values;
chosen profession and life goals;
the chosen profession and my current hot problems;
chosen profession and real employment in the specialty;
the desired level of professional training;
chosen profession and my inclinations and abilities;
the desired content, nature and working conditions.
3. Determine the significance of each requirement.
Determine how significant all of the listed requirements are. Maybe there are less important requirements that, by and large, can be ignored.
4. Assess your compliance with the requirements of each of the eligible professions.
In addition to the requirements that you have for the profession, there are also the requirements of the profession itself. Analyze whether you have developed professional quality, do your intellectual abilities meet, psychological characteristics, health status requirements of the profession
5. Calculate and analyze the results.
Analyze which profession from the entire list suits you most on all counts.
6. Check the results.
To make sure that your thoughts are correct, discuss your decision with friends, parents, teachers, a psychologist, a professional advisor.
7. Determine the main practical steps to success.
So, you have made a decision, now it is important to determine: in which educational institution you can get a professional education, how to develop professionally important qualitieshow you can get practical experience in this specialty, how to increase your competitiveness in the labor market.
Mistakes when choosing a profession:
1.
Treating the choice of profession as unchanging. In any field of activity, there is a change of occupation, positions as a person's qualifications grow. At the same time, the greatest success is achieved by the one who has passed the initial stages well. Analyze the situation in the labor market. Please note that new professions appear every year. Be prepared for the fact that you will have to regularly improve your qualifications, master related specialties. Do not be afraid that the choice of a profession now, in grade 11, will fatally determine your entire destiny. Change of choice, mastering new specialty will make you a valuable specialist in demand in interdisciplinary fields of activity. The first profession, even if you later change your mind and find something more attractive, will come in handy in unexpected situations. For example, the first education of an art critic will help a lawyer, according to his second education, to understand the complex issues of inheriting antique values \u200b\u200b...
2.
Current opinions about the prestige of the profession. In relation to the profession, prejudices are manifested in the fact that some professions important for society, occupations are considered unworthy, indecent (for example: a scavenger). An economist or psychologist is no more useful to society than a chemist or locksmith. The prestige of the profession should be taken into account - but after taking into account your interests and abilities. Otherwise you will master (if you will) a "fashionable" but not enjoyable specialty. Or, what good, you will find yourself unsuitable for performing basic work functions ...
3
... The choice of a profession under the influence of comrades (for the company, so as not to lag behind). We choose a profession according to our "taste" and "size", just like clothes and shoes. A sense of the group, peer orientation are very positive characteristics of guys your age. They are needed to master the norms of behavior in society, form the image of "I" and self-esteem. Therefore, look back at others, COMPARING (yourself with friends), and not blindly repeating. Try to see how you differ from your comrades - and where you are similar. This will help you understand that if Vasya goes to the fireman (and he is a risky person), you may not like this profession (you are very careful and judicious).
4. Transfer of attitudes towards a person, a representative of a particular profession, to the profession itself. When choosing a profession, you must first of all take into account the peculiarities of this type of activity, and not choose a profession just because you like or dislike the person who is engaged in this type of activity. The charm of a teacher is especially dangerous (if you admire the soulfulness of a physicist, this does not mean that you like physics on its own, outside of the "kit"). In addition, guys often make a mistake trying to get the profession of an idol - an athlete, politician, journalist, artist. Athletes are not all like that.
5. Passion only for the external or some private side of the profession. Behind the ease with which the actor creates an image on stage is intense, everyday work. And journalists do not always appear on TV programs - more often they shove through a mass of information, archives, talk with dozens of people - before they prepare a 10-minute report, which. besides, another one will voice (an announcer on television).
6. Identification of a school subject with a profession or poor differentiation of these concepts. There is such a thing as foreign language, and there are many professions that require the ability to speak - a translator, a guide, an international telephone operator, etc. Therefore, when choosing a profession, one should take into account what real occupations and professions are behind this subject. To do this, it is best not just to study professiograms or vocational dictionaries. It is worth analyzing newspapers with vacancies at the labor exchange (they usually indicate what education is required for a particular vacancy). For example, a person with linguistic education ("Russian language and literature", "foreign language" at school) can work as a teacher, translator, editor, and secretary-assistant. Moreover, keep in mind that there are more professions than school subjects. You can become a lawyer, marketer, apparatchik. Professions can usually be associated with several school subjects (usually correspond to the university entrance exams for admission to this specialty). For example, a future economist at school may like both mathematics and geography.
7. Outdated ideas about the nature of labor in the sphere of material production. In all professions, and above all in workers, a complex and interesting technique, the work culture rises. And the computer is being introduced in absolutely all spheres of activity - up to animal husbandry.
8. Inability / unwillingness to understand their personal qualities (inclinations, abilities). Professionals, parents, teachers, comrades will help you to understand yourself. You may also find useful psychological tests, as well as articles and publications on popular psychology. However, keep in mind that there are many non-professional ones among them, so be critical both to the test results and to what they write in psychological books. The task of popular tests is to activate the activity of self-knowledge (self-observation, introspection), and not give a ready-made answer to the question of who to be or sticking a label about who you are.
9. Ignorance / underestimation of their physical characteristics, shortcomings, significant in choosing a profession. There are professions that may be contraindicated for you, because they can worsen your health. There are few such professions and they mainly include those in which a prolonged tension of certain physiological systems is required. Computer scientists strain their eyes, and pilots strain their hearts ...
10. Lack of knowledge of the basic actions, operations and their order in solving, thinking about the problem when choosing a profession. When you solve a math problem, you perform certain actions in a certain sequence. It would be wise to do the same when choosing a profession.
Memo for parents
Give your child the right to choose their future profession.
Discuss with them the pros and cons of their chosen profession.
Consider the choice of a future profession not only from the standpoint of material satisfaction, but also from the standpoint of moral satisfaction.
Consider in choosing a future profession the personal qualities of your child that are necessary for him in this specialty.
If you have any disagreements in choosing a profession, use the opportunity to consult with specialist consultants.
Do not put pressure on the child in choosing a profession, otherwise it can turn into persistent conflicts.
Support your child if he has the patience and desire to make his dream come true.
If your child makes the wrong choice, do not reproach him for it. The error can be corrected.
If your child is early into a profession, give him the opportunity to support this interest with the help of literature, classes, etc.
Introduction
ChapterI Theoretical aspects professional self-determination of a high school student
1.1 Features of the elder school age... Life plan
1.2 Characteristics of professional self-determination in senior school age
1.3 Self-knowledge in choosing a profession
1.4 The role of self-esteem in professional self-determination
ChapterII Features of professional self-determination in senior school age.
2.1 Goals, objectives, research organization
2.2 Research of types of professional activity according to Klimov
2.3 Research of the predominant personality type according to Holland's method
Conclusion
List of used literature
application Introduction.
At the moment, the situation is such that there are fewer and fewer real specialists working with enthusiasm and raising our country to higher levels of development. Why is this happening? Even despite the fact that in our country there are many higher and secondary educational institutions with high level and the quality of education that graduates "specialists" every year, their competence and professionalism leave much to be desired.
Analyzing the facts of modern reality, one involuntarily ponders: what is the reason for these failures, disappointments of young people?
Perhaps one of the reasons is the wrong choice of profession in youth. It is known that adolescence (14-18 years old) is the age of self-determination. Who to be? How to be? Where am I needed most? These and many questions arise before senior students.
The world of professions is very large. It includes thousands of different interesting specialties. In adolescence, everyone faces a choice. Every fifth person will tell about their delusions, vacillations in professional self-determination. The high school student is attracted by dozens of professions. What are they? Different types labor requires different and sometimes contradictory qualities from a person. In one case, it is the ability to get along with people, to manage and obey, in the other - a high culture of movements, in the third - the sharpness of observation. Of course, if you are 15-17 years old, it is not easy to understand such a variety of your personal qualities and abilities.
Making a socially and deeply personal choice in professional self-determination is not an easy and not an easy task.
An independent choice of a profession is a “second birth of a person”. After all, the social value of a person, his place among other people, job satisfaction, physical and neuropsychic health, joy and happiness depend on how correctly the path of life is chosen.
The society expands the possibilities of life self-determination of youth. Before her are opportunities for applying her strengths and abilities in a variety of areas of activity for the benefit of society.
Thus, professional labor activity, which is preceded by the correct choice, is one of the most important factors that determine a lot in the life of a modern person.
Man's great advantage lies in his choice.
Purpose: to study the types of professions chosen by students.
Object: professional self-determination of high school students.
Subject: personality types and their chosen professions
1) analysis of literature on the topic;
2) study the types of professions;
3) analyze the results obtained
Hypothesis: predominance humanitarian focus in the choice of professional activity and social type personality.
Methods: analysis, testing, survey, methods of interpreting the results.
ChapterI Theoretical aspects of professional self-determination of a senior pupil's personality
1.1 Features of senior school age and the choice of profession. Life plan.
General worldview searches are grounded and concretized in life plans. Life plan is a broad concept. It covers the entire sphere of personal self-determination - moral character, lifestyle, level of aspirations.
The most important, urgent and difficult task for a high school student is the choice of a profession. Psychologically striving towards the future and inclined even mentally to “jump” over unfinished stages, the young man is already internally burdened by the school; school life seems to him temporary, unreal, the threshold of another, richer and more genuine life, which simultaneously attracts and frightens him.
He understands well that the content of this future life, above all, depends on whether he will be able to choose the right profession. No matter how frivolous and careless the young man may look, the choice of a profession is his main and constant concern.
In the period of adolescence, the individual appearance of each young person becomes more and more definite and clearer, those of his individual characteristics that in their totality determine the structure of his personality appear more and more clearly.
High school students differ significantly from each other not only in temperament and character, but also in their abilities, needs, aspirations and interests, and varying degrees of self-awareness. Individual characteristics are manifested in the choice life path... Youth is the age when a worldview is formed, value orientations and attitudes are formed. In fact, this is the period when the transition from childhood to the beginning of adulthood is carried out, the corresponding degree of responsibility, independence, ability to active participation in the life of society and in his personal life, to a constructive solution to various problems, professional development. Adolescence, according to Erickson, is built around the process of identity, which consists of a series of social and individual-personal choices, identification, and professional development.
As already mentioned, professional self-determination begins in childhood and ends in early adolescence. Experimental study of the significance of the motives of educational activity and professional choice of adolescents and young men. Motives of self-determination and narrowly practical ones acquire a decisive importance in educational activity, in choosing a profession - the motivation for choosing a profession in young men is not subject to change with age. For girls, there is a transition from motivation for social needs to general motivation for a profession.
Choosing a profession and mastering it begins with professional self-determination. At this stage, students should already quite realistically form for themselves the task of choosing a future field of activity, taking into account the available psychological and psychophysiological resources. At this time, students form an attitude towards certain professions, the choice of subjects is carried out in accordance with the chosen profession.
1.2. Professional self-determination.
Vocational education, performing the functions of vocational training, identified with the concept of "special education", suggests two ways of obtaining it - self-education or training in educational institutions of vocational education. ... The success of professional education determines such an important psychological moment as “readiness” (emotional, motivational) to acquire a particular profession.
Professional self-determination is a form of personal choice that reflects the process of searching, as well as acquiring a profession. Self-determination is realized in the process of analysis personal opportunities, abilities in relation to professional requirements. At present, the understanding of professional self-determination takes into account the problems of interconnection with the life self-determination of the individual, and also includes the influence of the impact on the individual of social environment and his active position. In a market economy, the problem of freedom to choose a profession and ensuring the competitiveness of an employee is acute.
Professional self-determination of students
Self-determination of students is the process of an individual's formation of a personal attitude to professional activity and a way of its implementation through the coordination of social, professional and personal needs.
Professional self-determination of students is a part of life self-determination, since it is included in the social group of choice of profession and lifestyle.
In professional self-determination, there are various approaches: sociological - when society sets tasks for a person, socio-psychological - a gradual decision-making by a person, as well as coordination of society's needs and personal preferences, differential-psychological - the formation of an individual order of life.
The interrelated stages of professional self-determination of students are symbolically distinguished:
- preschool stage, including the formation of initial labor skills;
— elementary School, including awareness of the role of labor in the life of an individual through participation in various types of activities: educational, play, labor.
Awareness of their abilities and interests related to professional choice occurs in grades 5-7, and the formation of professional identity falls on grades 8-9.
In the professional self-determination of students, a significant role is assigned to the family and the state-social structure (vocational and general educational institutions; institutions additional education, employment services).
Psychological and pedagogical support for self-determination of students is aimed at implementing a conscious choice of profession.
Students are identified with a choice of profession in the process of teaching the basic sciences, as well as during vocational training.
So, the professional self-determination of students includes the process of the individual's formation of a personal attitude to the labor sphere, as well as the way of its self-realization through the coordination of professional and intrapersonal needs.
Professional self-determination of high school students
Definition of high school students with future profession is one of the forms of personal self-determination and is characterized by the acquisition process, as well as the search for a profession, the analysis of personal capabilities, abilities in comparison with the requirements of the profession.
At the age of fifteen, it is very difficult for a high school student to choose a profession. Often, professional intentions are vague and diffuse, while professionally oriented dreams and romantic aspirations are impossible to realize.
Unsatisfied coming future stimulates development - awareness of the personal "I". A high school student is "determined": who he is, what are his abilities, what kind of life ideal, who he wants to become. Self-analysis is a delayed psychological basis for professional self-determination for the majority of vocational school students.
Those senior pupils who receive complete secondary general education feel more comfortable. At the time of graduation, high school students from fantastic, imaginary professions choose the most acceptable and realistic options. Children understand that success and well-being in life, first of all, depends on the correct choice of profession.
Assessing their capabilities and abilities, the prestige of the profession, the socio-economic situation, senior pupils determine themselves in obtaining a professional education.
Thus, for high school students, educational and professional self-determination acts as a conscious choice of ways of vocational education and training.
Professional self-determination of personality
Psychologists refer to professional and personal self-determination to the process of forming a person's personal attitude to the professional labor sphere, as well as self-realization through the coordination of social, professional and intrapersonal needs.
Consider professional self-determination, including different stages of personality formation.
In preschool childhood, kids imitate adults in play activities and reproduce their actions. Widespread in preschool age acquire role-playing gamessome of which are professionally oriented. Kids play, assign themselves the roles of sellers, doctors, builders, educators, cooks, vehicle drivers.
Initial labor actions are of great importance in professional self-determination - performing simple actions for caring for plants, clothes, cleaning premises. These actions help toddlers develop an interest in adult work. Professional role-playing games, performing elementary types of work, observing the work of adults contribute to the self-determination of preschoolers. At primary school age, kids willingly imitate the actions of adults and, based on this, there is an orientation towards the profession of relatives, parents, teachers, and close friends. An important feature schoolchildren is the motivation for achievement in educational activities. A child's awareness of his capabilities, as well as abilities on the basis of existing experience in playing, educational, work activities, forms an idea of \u200b\u200bthe future profession.
The end of primary school age is marked by a significant increase individual differences in the development of abilities between children, and this in turn affects a significant expansion of the spectrum professional preferences... Labor and learning activities affects the development of children's imaginations, both creative and recreational. Thanks to this ability, ideas about various types of work are enriched, the ability to see oneself in a particular profession develops. Often, a child has professionally colored fantasies, which in the future have a huge impact on professional self-determination.
Adolescence is marked by laying the foundations of a moral attitude towards different types labor, a teenager develops a system of personal values \u200b\u200bthat determine selectivity in relation to professions. Psychologists attribute this period to the one responsible for the formation of the personality.
Teenage boys imitating external forms adult behavior, are guided by romantic professions that have endurance, strong will, courage, courage, for example, an astronaut, test pilot, race car driver. Girls give preference to the professions of "real women" - they are charming, popular, attractive top models, pop singers, TV presenters.
The orientation towards romantic professions is directed by the influence of the media, which replicates the models of "real adults". This professional romantic orientation contributes to the desire of adolescents for self-affirmation and self-expression. A differentiated attitude towards various activities in circles, academic subjects forms intentions and dreams in children. Dreams, samples of the desired future are the strokes of self-determination.
Professional self-determination of personality in early youth is the most important task. Often the plans of a teenager are very amorphous, vague, represent the nature of a dream.
A teenager most often imagines himself in various emotionally attractive roles and cannot make a psychologically sound choice of profession on his own. And at the beginning of adolescence, this problem arises for young men and women who leave the main general education school. They make up a third of older adolescents who enter institutions of secondary and primary vocational education, while others are forced to start independent labor activities.
Psychologists have found that often students who receive education in vocational schools, vocational schools, colleges and technical schools have not finally decided on their choice educational institution was not psychologically justified.
The overwhelming majority of young people aged 16-23 years in educational institutions receive education or vocational training in institutions or enterprises. Often, romantic aspirations, dreams are in the past, and the desired future has already become the present, and many experience disappointment and dissatisfaction with the choice made. Some make attempts to make adjustments to their professional start, while the majority of boys and girls gain confidence in the correctness of their choice during training.
At the age of 27, social and professional activity is noted. We already have a place of work and some experience. Professional growth and achievements are gaining relevance. However, the overwhelming majority begin to experience psychological discomfort, which is caused by lofty, unfulfilled plans, as well as work saturation.
Uncertainty of career prospects, lack of achievements actualize the reflection of personal life, giving rise to self-esteem of the “I-concept” and introspection. This period is characterized by mental turmoil. Revision of professional life pushes to define new meaningful goals. Some of these include professional development and improvement; job change and initiation of promotion; choice new profession or a related specialty.
For many people, by the age of 30, it becomes again urgent problem professional self-determination. There are two possible ways here: either to assert oneself further in the chosen profession and become a professional, or to change the place of work, as well as the profession.
The age period under 60 is considered the most productive. This period is marked by the realization of oneself as a person, and is also characterized by the use of professional and psychological potential. It is during this period that life plans are realized, the semantic existence of a person is justified. The profession provides a unique opportunity, using one's abilities in a labor position, to realize the need to be a person, as well as to develop an individual style of activity.
After reaching retirement age people leave the profession, but by the age of 60, a person does not have time to fully exhaust his potential. This period is marked by an alarming state, as stereotypes that have developed over decades, as well as a way of life, collapse overnight. Skills, knowledge, important qualities - everything becomes unclaimed. Such negative aspects accelerate social aging. The majority of pensioners experience psychological confusion, experience their uselessness and uselessness. The problem of self-determination arises again, however, in socially useful, social life.
Psychology of professional self-determination
Russian psychology associates the processes of professional self-determination with personal self-determination and the choice of a way of life. Choosing this or that profession, a person plans his own way of existence, while correlating his future professional personal status with life values.
The following researchers worked on this problem: M.R. Ginzburg, K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, N.S. Pryazhnikov, E.I. Golovakhi, E.F. Zeer, E.A. Klimov.
The most versatile and consistent issues of professional self-determination of the subject were studied in the works of N.S. Pryazhnikova, E.A. Klimova, E.F. Zeera.
E.A. Klimov attributed professional self-determination to the quality of the mental manifestation of human development. During his life, an individual develops a certain attitude towards different areas of labor, develops an idea of \u200b\u200bhis capabilities, professions, and preferences are highlighted.
According to E.A. Klimov, the most important component in self-determination is the formation of self-awareness.
The structure of professional identity includes:
- awareness of personal belonging to a specific professional community (“we are builders”);
- assessment of one's place and personal compliance with the standards in the profession (one of the best specialists, a beginner);
- knowledge of the individual about his recognition in social group (“I am classified as a good specialist”);
- knowledge of strengths and weaknesses, individual as well as successful methods of action and ways of self-improvement;
- personal idea of \u200b\u200byourself, as well as work in the future.
E.A. Klimov notes two levels in professional self-determination:
- gnostic (restructuring of self-awareness and consciousness);
- practical (changes in a person's social status).
E.F. Zeer highlights the problem of self-determination of the individual in the context of applied psychology, where professional self-determination is noted:
- selectivity in relation to the individual to the world of professions;
- a choice taking into account the individual qualities and characteristics of a person, as well as socio-economic conditions and requirements in the profession;
- constant self-determination of the subject throughout life;
- determination of external events (change of residence, graduation);
- a manifestation of the social maturity of the individual with a close connection of self-realization.
Problems in self-determination are solved all differently at each stage professional development... They are determined by interpersonal relationships in the team, socio-economic conditions, professional and age crises, but the leading role remains with the activity of the individual and his responsibility for personal development.
E.F. Zeer believes that self-determination is an important factor in the self-realization of an individual in a particular profession.
H. S. Pryazhnikov proposed his own model of self-determination, which includes the following components:
- personal awareness of the values \u200b\u200bof socially useful labor, as well as the need for professional training;
- orientation in the socio-economic situation, as well as forecasting the prestige of the chosen work;
- definition of a professional dream goal;
- highlighting professional immediate goals as stages for achieving further goals;
- search for information about specialties and professions corresponding to educational institutions and places of employment;
- an idea of \u200b\u200bthe personal qualities necessary for the implementation of the planned plans, as well as possible difficulties in achieving goals;
- availability of reserve options in choosing a profession in case of failure with the main option of self-determination;
- the practical implementation of a personal perspective, adjusting plans.
Professional self-determination according to N.S. Pryazhnikov takes place at the following levels:
- self-determination in the labor, specific function (the employee sees the meaning of the activity in the high-quality performance of operations or individual labor functions, while the individual's freedom of choice of actions is limited);
- self-determination at a specific job post (a job post is marked by a limited production environment, which includes certain rights, means of labor, duties), while the performance of various functions makes it possible for the self-realization of the activities performed, and the change of the job post negatively affects the quality of work, causing employee dissatisfaction;
- self-determination at the level of a certain specialty provides for the change of job positions, which allows expanding the possibilities of self-realization of the individual;
- self-determination in a specific profession;
- life self-determination is associated with the choice of lifestyle, which includes leisure and self-education;
- personal self-determination is determined by finding the image of the I and its assertion among the surrounding individuals (the individual rises above social roles, profession, becomes the master of his personal life and the people around him classify him as a good specialist and a respected, unique person);
- the self-determination of the individual in culture is marked by the orientation of the individual towards the "continuation" of himself in other people and is characterized by a significant contribution to the development of culture, which makes it possible to talk about the social immortality of the individual.
The problem of professional self-determination
The experience of professional consulting work shows that students who have not chosen a profession often turn to a psychologist for help to determine the type of activity where they will be most capable. Behind this lies an unconscious desire to shift the solution of a life problem onto another individual. Difficulties of this kind often arise due to the lack of adequate ideas about professional suitability among schoolchildren, inability to assess their abilities and capabilities, and also to relate them to the world of professions.
Many students cannot answer: “What activity would you like to be engaged in?”, “What abilities do they see in themselves?”; "What qualities are important for success in mastering a future profession?"
Low culture of knowledge as well as ignorance modern professions complicates the choice of high school students in life.
The vocational guidance work of a psychologist should turn from diagnostic to formative, developmental, diagnostic and corrective. The stages of consulting work should be aimed at activating students to form a desire for a conscious, independent choice of a profession, taking into account the knowledge gained about themselves. 
Professional diagnostics - assessment of the interests, personal qualities and abilities of students.
- diagnose area of \u200b\u200binterest
- assess the level of development of various abilities
- identifying personality traits
Professional diagnostics is psychological tests aimed at identifying individual abilities, interests and preferences. Based on the test results, you can draw a conclusion about the intellectual abilities and the level of development of your personal qualities. Based on the results of the tests, you will receive recommendations on which profession you should give preference to in the future.Each personality type is characterized by some characteristics:
- certain character traits and mentality;
- abilities for certain types of activities;
- preferences for a particular occupation;
- content of hobbies;
- professional capabilities.
- realistic
- artistic
- intellectual
- conventional
- enterprising
- social.
To determine your personality type, you are offered take the questionnaire of professional self-determination by J. Golland
STEP TWO. WE DETERMINE PROFESSIONAL PREFERENCES.
A person who works according to his abilities is healthy in moral and psychological terms. He works without overexerting himself. The very process of work arouses in him a sense of satisfaction, the elevation of creative powers. Such a person always has a good mood and an overall positive tone of life.
He is happy .The choice of a profession is a rather serious issue that should be approached thoughtfully. At first , you need to consider your personal interests. Secondly , assess their own abilities. Thirdly , to analyze the correspondence of their personal qualities with those qualities that the chosen profession requires.
The world of professions is not something frozen. Professions can die out and disappear as obsolete, new ones can appear. It happens that several professions are combined into one new or, conversely, one is split into several new ones.
- Type "Human - Nature" combines professions in which the main, leading subject of labor is plants, animals or microorganisms.
- Type "Man - Technique" combines professions in which the main, leading subject of labor is technical systems, material objects, materials, types of energy.
- Type "Human - Sign system" combines professions in which the main, leading subject of labor is conventional signs, numbers, codes, languages.
- Type "Human - Human" unites in itself professions in which the main, leading subject of labor - people, groups, collectives, communities of people.
- Type "Human - Artistic Image" combines professions in which the main, leading subject of labor is artistic images and the conditions for their construction
