Social control is its essence, function and structure. B.45 Social control: forms and types. Social norms and sanctions

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

Higher professional education

by discipline: "Sociology of management"

Concept, types and functions of social control

Moscow 2008

Introduction …………………………………………………………………… ..

The concept of social control …………………………………….

Elements of social control ………………………………….

Social control functions ……………………………………

Types of social control ………………………………………….

Social control methods …………………………………… ..

Self-control …………………………………………………………………

List of references…………………………………………………………

Introduction.

Trying to discover the laws of society, to define a person and to find out the laws by which he lives and develops, sociology cannot but be interested in the relationship that exists between society and the individual. And it is quite possible to assert that any sociological theory, explaining society and the elements of which it consists, seeks to determine the same relationship between society and the individual, explaining this relationship in accordance with its understanding of the essence of society.

There are various theories that reduce society to individuals or consider the individual as just a part, a “molecule” of society. There is also the idea that the individual and society are two separate and independent phenomena, which have their own separate and independent laws of their origin and development. Meanwhile, man and society are dialectically interconnected. They cannot be considered in isolation, separately from each other: there is no society without a person, but a person exists only in society. The relationship between society and individuals is complex. This complexity of human impact on society and society

per person stems from the fact that a person as a separate individual is born with certain mental inclinations, which only in society, during life in a social collective, develop and through the development of which the individual becomes a person. Personality, as a unity of features, properties, is formed as a result of the interaction of the organism and the social environment. The most important properties of a personality are its creative ability (which manifests itself in the ability to change the external world, as well as in the internal need for creativity), sociality (which reflects inclusion in the social collective and the social character of human nature), subjectivity (expression of a kind of individuality) and integrity ( which expresses an interconnected organization with all psychosocial characteristics and which provides a relative unity of behavior in different situations). People establish relationships and coordinate their behavior as individuals with each other, and in this interconnected behavior, the personal qualities of the individual are manifested, such as conscience, character, attitude to social values, etc.

Thus, what individuals represent as individuals, individuality, is of great importance to the nature of the relationships that they establish in society through their interconnected behavior.

On the other hand, society, more or less organized, through social institutions, influences every individual, that is, the formation of personality. It is in society that the process of transformation of a biological individual into a personality unfolds. This process is called socialization. Socialization is a process of unorganized and organized influence of society on an individual in order to form a personality that meets the needs of a given society. This can be the impact on the individual of certain social groups and social situations in which individuals find themselves as members of society or as more or less active participants. In such cases, the individual is required to learn certain rules and norms of behavior and act in accordance with them. But society can also influence the individual by developing in a person, through various types and levels of education and upbringing, his human and individual abilities, preparing him to become a member of a team and to manifest himself as a creature capable of producing.

1. The concept of social control.

Socialization concerns primarily the individual. This is an individual process. But it always proceeds under the watchful eye of society and the people around it. They not only teach children, but also control the correctness of the learned patterns of behavior. If control is exercised by an individual person, then it is individual in nature, and if by a whole collective - a family, a group of friends, an institution or a social institution, then it acquires a social character and is called social control.

Social control is an element of social institutions, the presence of which is ensured by the adherence of individuals to social norms, rules of activity and social restrictions. This method of regulating human life contributes to the reproduction of a certain type of relations and social communities, strata, stabilization of society. In addition to creating conditions for the stability of the social system, social control stimulates positive changes in society, sifting through deviations from social norms in the activities of individuals, different in social meaning, etc. The system of social control suppresses dysfunctional, socially harmful, deviations from social requirements in human behavior, and positive deviations are allowed and even encouraged.

Social control is understood as a special mechanism of social regulation of human behavior and maintenance of public order. In addition, social control includes the totality of material and symbolic resources that society has to maintain the comfortable behavior of its members within the prescribed norms and sanctions. In its functioning, two sides can be distinguished: normative, which is reduced to the action of value-normative regulators of human behavior, and institutional, which is represented by the existence in society of a system of subjects of social control (special institutions whose functions include the regulation of people's behavior with the help of sanctions). Social control can be defined as the totality of cultural models, social symbols, collective meanings, values, ideas and ideals, as well as the actions and processes that embrace them, are considered and used and through which every global society, every private group, every individual overcome tensions and conflicts that are inherent in them, through temporary and unstable balance, also finding common ground for new efforts aimed at collective creativity

The main task of social control is to create conditions for the stability of a particular social system, to maintain social stability and at the same time for positive changes. This requires a great deal of flexibility from control, the ability to recognize deviations from social norms of activity: dysfunctional, harmful to society, and necessary for its development, which should be encouraged.

Social progress in the development of society is based on changes, innovations, the introduction of the new, however, it is impossible without preserving the old, if the old deserves to be preserved for posterity. The most important thing in this old is moral laws, norms, rules of behavior, customs, which make up the content of culture and without which the practice of social relations, the life of society is impossible. Moving to another, new place, the people carry with them not monuments of material culture, but customs, norms, traditions.

Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and the establishment of order in society. It eases the difficulties in decision-making by suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a particular life situation. At the same time, any decision that runs counter to the one that is made and assimilated during implementation seems to us inappropriate, illegal and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the personality's internal control over their behavior is carried out.

2. Elements of social control.

Social norms are prescriptions about how to behave correctly in society.

Social sanctions are incentives or punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms.

Social norms vary in scale. Some norms arise and exist only in small groups - groups of friends, work groups, families, sports teams. Other norms arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole and are called “ general rules “And not“ group habits “. The "general rules" include customs, traditions, customs, laws, etiquette, behavior that are inherent in a particular social group.

All social norms can be classified according to how strictly they are enforced. Violation of some norms is followed by a very weak punishment - disapproval, a grin, an unfriendly look. Violation of other norms is followed by very strong sanctions - expulsion from the country, the death penalty, and imprisonment. Violation of taboos and legal laws (for example, killing a person, divulging state secrets) is punished most severely, and certain types of group habits, in particular family habits (for example, refusing to turn off the light or close the front door), are the mildest. However, there are group habits that are highly valued and severely sanctioned for breaking.

Norms bind people into a single community, into a team. How does this happen? First, norms are also an expectation: from a person who observes a given norm, those around them expect quite unambiguous behavior. When some pedestrians move on the right side of the street, and those who go to a meeting move on the left, an orderly, organized interaction occurs. If the rule is violated, clashes and disorder occur. This means that the norms form a system of social interaction, which includes the motives, goals of the subjects of action, the action itself, expectation, assessment and means.

Thus, norms perform certain functions depending on how they manifest themselves - as standards of behavior (duties, rules) or as expectations of behavior (reactions, behavior of other people). Protecting the honor and dignity of family members is the responsibility of every man. Here we are talking about the norm as a standard of proper behavior. This standard meets the very specific expectations of family members, the hope that their honor and dignity will be protected.

Why do people strive to comply with norms, and society strictly follows this? Norms are guardians of values. The honor and dignity of the family has been one of the most important values \u200b\u200bof human society since ancient times. And society values \u200b\u200bwhat contributes to its stability and prosperity. The family is the basic unit of society, and caring for it is its primary responsibility.

Social norms are really law enforcement officers and guardians of values. Even the simplest norms of behavior embody what is valued by a group or society. The difference between norm and value is expressed as follows: norms - rules of behavior, values \u200b\u200b- abstract concepts of what is good, evil, right, wrong, ought, inappropriate, and so on.

Social sanctions are the guards of norms. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to fulfill norms. The norms are protected from two sides - from the side of values \u200b\u200band from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions are a ramified system of rewards for fulfilling norms, that is, for deviance. There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square.

Formal positive sanctions - public endorsement official organizations (government, institutions): government awards, degrees, certificates of honor, and so on.

Informal positive sanctions are public endorsements that do not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, applause, a smile, and so on.

Formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, confiscation of property.

Informal negative sanctions are punishments not provided for by official authorities, instructions: censure, reprimand, ridicule, cruel joke, neglect, and so on.

Back to Social Control

Sociology distinguishes different types and forms of social control.

Internal and external control.

A person who has mastered social norms is able to independently regulate his actions, harmonizing them with the generally accepted system of values \u200b\u200band approved patterns of behavior. This is internal control (self-control), which is based on the moral principles of a person. External control is a set of social institutions that regulate people's behavior and ensure compliance with generally accepted norms and laws.

Informal and formal control.

Informal (intragroup) control is carried out by participants in a social process and is based on the approval or condemnation of the actions of the individual from the inner circle (colleagues, acquaintances, friends, family members), public opinion.

Formal (institutional) control is carried out by special public institutions, control bodies, government organizations and institutions (army, court, municipal institutions, media, political parties, etc.).

Depending on who exercises social control, the following types are distinguished:

1. Administrative social control. For its implementation, the higher authorities endow the administration of the enterprise and its subdivisions with appropriate powers. Administrative control is based on a pre-prescribed, legalized procedure, on existing regulatory documents and uses clearly fixed means of influence.
2. Control of public organizations. It is carried out mainly by trade union organizations, various commissions formed in accordance with the Charter of trade unions.
3. Group social control, which is understood as the impact of the team, individual groups on workers. Group social control has two varieties: official (labor collective meetings, production meetings, etc.) and unofficial, socio-psychological, expressed in spontaneous mutual reactions of collective members to behavior. The last type of social control includes refusal of contacts, ridicule, approval, friendly disposition, etc. Often, such an informal collective influence is more effective than administrative.
4. The employee's self-control over his own behavior, ie, internal control associated with the assimilation by employees of the values \u200b\u200band norms of behavior accepted in society and the team. The more individual values \u200b\u200band norms coincide with general collective values, the more effective self-control is. With an increase in the level of employee motivation, the importance of internal control based on a sense of duty, professional honor, and conscience will increase.

The effects that combine external control and self-control are most effective. The combination of external control with self-control leads to the advantages of moving to a flexible (rolling) work schedule. In this case, intra-shift losses of working time through the fault of the employee are eliminated, delays and premature departures from work are eliminated, and the loss of time due to administrative leaves is sharply reduced.

The expansion of the role of group control and self-control of socially significant actions in the world of work is associated with an increase in the amount of responsibility of the team and the employee for the final results of labor. Responsibility as a significant behavioral characteristic and acts as a means of self-control.

Gain in modern conditions the importance of such subjects of social control as the primary labor collective and the employee himself implies the expansion of their powers, rights and obligations contributes to their implementation in practical labor activity. Participation in social control means that the primary collective and each employee becomes the subject of responsibility, including legal, economic, and moral. After all, responsibility arises only when the participant in labor relations is endowed with rights, obligations, and independence.

Responsibility as the most important sociological category characterizes the employee's attitude to society, work, workmates and reflects the fulfillment of legal and moral norms, role responsibilities. The set of role responsibilities of an employee, primarily production and functional, depending on the positions he occupies in the system of social relations, characterizes the scope of his responsibility. By becoming an active participant in social control, the employee is responsible for his actions and actions, first of all, to himself.

The responsibility of each employee is closely related to the degree of his independence in the world of work. The higher the production independence of an employee, expressed, in particular, in the ability to choose the methods of performing the assigned work himself, to keep records of the results of labor, the higher his initiative and sense of labor responsibility, the more responsible his behavior.

Further development of the problem of responsibility is associated with the specification of the types, conditions, limits, the mechanism for the implementation of responsibility, as well as a combination of collective and personal responsibility in the world of work.

The influence of social control to a significant extent determines the higher economic results of the work of teams in comparison with those working individually. Group mutual control in the teams allows you to assess the discipline and conscientiousness of each member of the team, to form a responsible attitude to the work performed. In brigades of the new type, the number of discipline violations is significantly reduced.

For the effectiveness of group mutual control, it is important to establish the optimal size of the primary team. It should not exceed 7-15 employees on average. The large number of the primary labor collective leads to a lack of information about the contribution of each to the common cause. In these conditions, the relationship of mutual responsibility and interchangeability cause tension in interpersonal relationships, anxiety, dissatisfaction. Mutual social control stops working. In practice, however, when forming teams, the sociological aspects of their functioning are underestimated, and they do not attach due importance to the creation of conditions for the operation of the mechanism of mutual social control.

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Control in all professions goes through the same developmental stages.

§ 3. Types of social and legal control.

Leaders decide

the issue of accepting new members, regulate powers, set standards for practical

work and professional ethicsagree on different levels of monopoly on the solution. However

less, in control in social work, its own distinctive, characteristic features are manifested.

Social workare distinguished by its special ties with other professions and social

institutes. Traditionally, social workers implement bridging, mediating and

protective social functions, while fulfilling its main function of providing

to individuals and families of practical social services, the expansion of the scope of which

started after 1991. Social workers today have a wide range of activities.

Strengthening social work is reflected in the expansion of its scope and ambiguity

professional functions.

Modern professional leaders social work is not only accepted but

and exploit this ambiguity.

It is probably impossible to achieve absolute clarity about

functions of employees of organizations social service... Wide range of species

activities and situations covered may partly explain why control

consider how an educational process, how a management process, how a mixture of that and

As social services are organized and expanded, as the work on

studying the living conditions of dysfunctional families and helping them in the area of \u200b\u200bcontrol

individual mentoring approach, corresponding to an individual approach to each

occasion. The emphasis placed on the learning control function has also been influenced by the development of

university training of professionals. Control џ ° _____ is perceived as a means of transmission

knowledge and skills from an experienced, trained worker to an inexperienced one. And in the area

professional education - from the teacher and the head of the practice to the student.

Social workers often express dissatisfaction with the monitoring and control of their

work, especially on over-dependence in traditional forms. They

want to be considered practicing professionals and not be supervised.

In the early stages of professional development based on the "mentor - student" model

knowledge is defined and principles are formed practical work... Until knowledge is

acquire transferable, generalized forms, trainees learn by following the example of a mentor, and

B.45 Social control: forms and types.

The efforts of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing and correcting deviants are defined by the concept of "social control".

Social control - a mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society in order to strengthen order and stability in society. IN narrow sense, social control is the control of public opinion, the publicity of the results and assessments of the activities and behavior of people.

Social control includes two main elements: social norms and sanctions. Sanctions - any reaction from others to the behavior of a person or group.

Kinds:Informal(intragroup) - based on the approval or condemnation of a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as on the part of public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or through the media.

Formal (institutional) - based on the support of existing social institutions (army, court, education, etc.)

Sociological science knows 4 principal forms of social control:

External control (A set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws)

Internal control (self-control);

Control through identification with the reference group;

Control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means that are most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "many opportunities").

In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of awkwardness or guilt, pangs of conscience.

The generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere of consciousness, below which is the sphere of the subconscious, or the unconscious, consisting of elemental impulses. Self-control means restraining the elements of nature, it is based on volitional effort. There are the following social control mechanisms:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);

isolation - limiting the contacts of the deviant with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);

rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to a normal life.

B.46 Civil society and the state.

Civil society is a set of social relations, formal and informal structures that provide conditions for a person's political activity, the satisfaction and implementation of various needs and interests of the individual and social groups and associations. A developed civil society is the most important prerequisite for building the rule of law and its equal partner. Signs of civil society:the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; developed democracy; legal protection of citizens; a certain level of civic culture, a high educational level of the population; the most complete provision of human rights and freedoms;

self management; competition between the structures that form it and different groups of people; freely forming public opinion and pluralism; strong social politics states; diversified economy; a large share in the middle class society. The state of civil society, his needs and goals define the main features and social purpose of the state... Qualitative changes in the structure of civil society, the content of the main spheres of its activity, inevitably lead to a change in the nature and forms of state power. At the same time, the state, possessing relative independence in relation to civil society, can significantly influence its state. This influence is usually positive, aimed at maintaining stability and the progressive development of civil society. Although history knows and opposite examples. The state as a special phenomenon of social power has qualitative characteristics. It is organized in the form state apparatus; manages society through a system of functions and certain methods. Outwardly, the state is presented in various forms. State signs - its qualitative features, expressing the characteristics of the state in comparison with other organizations exercising power and management functions in society. The main features of the state include: sovereignty, the territorial principle of exercising power, special public power, inextricable link with law

B. 47 Mass consciousness and mass action. Forms of mass behavior.

Mass consciousness - the base of mass actions, behavior. Mass actions can be poorly organized (panic, pogroms) or sufficiently prepared (demonstration, revolution, war). Much depends on whether the situation is realized or not, whether there are leaders who are able to lead the rest.

Bulk behavior (including spontaneous) is a term of political psychology, which denotes various forms of behavior of large groups of people, crowds, circulation of rumors, panic and other mass phenomena.

Forms of mass behavior include: mass hysteria, rumors, gossip, panic, pogrom, riot.

mass hysteria - a state of general nervousness, increased excitability and fear caused by unfounded rumors (medieval "witch hunt", post-war "cold war", trials over "enemies of the people" in the era of Stalinism, media escalation of the threat of a "third world war" in the 1960s 70 years, mass intolerance towards representatives of other nationalities.)

rumors - a set of information that arises from anonymous sources and is disseminated through informal channels.

panic - such a form of mass behavior, when people, faced with danger, show uncoordinated reactions. They act independently, usually interfering and traumatizing each other.

pogrom - a collective act of violence undertaken by an uncontrolled and emotionally agitated mob against property or an individual.

riot - a collective concept denoting a number of spontaneous forms of collective protest: rebellion, excitement, unrest, uprising.

B. 48. Culture as a system of values

cultureIs a system of values \u200b\u200baccumulated by humanity over the long history of its development.

Concept, structure and types of social control

including all forms and means of human self-expression and self-knowledge. Culture is also a manifestation of human subjectivity and objectivity (character, competencies, skills, abilities and knowledge). The main elements of culture:language, customs, traditions, customs, laws, values.

Values - these are socially approved and shared by the majority of people ideas about what good, justice, love, friendship are. No society can do without values. It is values \u200b\u200bthat are the defining element of culture, its core. They act as a) the desired, preferable for a given social subject (individual, social community, society) state of social ties, content of ideas, art form, etc .; b) a criterion for assessing real phenomena; c) they determine the meaning of purposeful activity; d) regulate social interactions; e) internally stimulate to activity. IN value system social subject may include different values:

1 ) meaningful (ideas about good and evil, happiness, purpose and meaning of life);

2 ) universal: a) vital (life, health, personal safety, welfare, family, education, qualifications, law and order, etc.); b) public recognition (hard work, social status, etc.); c) interpersonal communication (honesty, selflessness, benevolence);

d) democratic (freedom of speech, conscience, parties, national sovereignty, etc.);

3 ) particular: a) attachment to a small homeland, family; b) fetishisms (belief in God, striving for the absolute).

The main types of social control.

Social control - a system of methods and strategies by which society directs the behavior of individuals. In an ordinary sense, social control is reduced to a system of laws and sanctions, with the help of which an individual coordinates his behavior with the expectations of his neighbors and his own expectations from the surrounding social world.

Social control includes:

· Expectations - expectations of others in relation to this person;

· Social norms - patterns that prescribe what people should do in specific situations .;

· Social sanction - a measure of impact.

Forms of social control - ways of regulating human life in society, due to various social processes.

The most common forms of social control are:

v law - a set of legal acts;

v taboo - a system of prohibitions on the commission of any actions;

v customs - ways of behavior of people common in a given society;

v traditions - such customs that have developed historically in connection with the culture of a given ethnic group;

v morality - customs associated with the understanding of good and evil in a given social group;

v morals - customs that characterize the forms of behavior of people in a particular social stratum;

v manners - a set of behavior habits of a given person or social group;

v habit is an unconscious action of an automated nature;

v etiquette - a set of rules of conduct related to the external manifestation of attitude towards people.

Social norms Are established standards of behavior from the point of view of society and specific social groups.

Most social norms are unwritten rules.

Signs of social norms:

1) general validity;

2) the possibility of applying sanctions (awards or punishments);

3) the presence of a subjective side (freedom to comply with norms);

4) interdependence (systems of norms that regulate people's actions);

5) the scale is divided into social (customs, traditions, laws) and group (mores, manners, habits).

Social sanction - a measure of influence, the most important means of social control.

Types of sanctions: negative and positive, formal and informal.

Negative sanctions are directed against a person who has deviated from social norms.

Positive sanctions are aimed at supporting and approving a person who follows these norms.

Formal sanctions are imposed by an official, public or government agency or their representative.

Informal usually involves the reaction of group members, friends, colleagues, relatives, etc.

Positive sanctions are usually more powerful than negative ones. The strength of the impact of sanctions depends on many circumstances, the most important of which is agreement on their application.

The concept of social deviation.

Social deviation - social behavior deviating from the accepted, socially acceptable behavior in a particular society. It can be both negative (alcoholism) and positive. Negative deviant behavior leads to the application of certain formal and informal sanctions by society (isolation, treatment, correction or punishment of the offender).

Causes of deviant behavior

· The basic premise of all theories of physical types is that certain physical traits of the personality predetermine the various deviations from the norms that it makes.

· In accordance with sociological, or cultural, theories, individuals become deviants, since the processes of socialization they go through in a group are unsuccessful in relation to some well-defined norms, and these failures affect the internal structure of the personality.

· Deviant behavior is one of the ways of adapting culture to social changes. There is no modern society that has remained for a long time

Types of social deviations

Cultural and mental disabilities.

Social control - types and main functions

Sociologists are primarily interested in cultural deviations, that is, deviations of a given social community from cultural norms.

Individual and group deviations.

Individual, when a separate individual rejects the norms of his subculture;

Group, considered as the conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture

Primary and secondary deviations. Primary deviation refers to the deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. Secondary deviation is called a deviation from existing norms in a group, which is socially defined as deviant.

Culturally approved deviations. Deviant behavior is always judged in terms of the culture accepted in a given society:

Superintelligence.

Overmotivation.

Great achievements are not only a pronounced talent and desire, but also their manifestation in a certain place and at a certain time.

Culturally condemned deviations. Most societies support and reward social deviations, manifested in the form of extraordinary achievement and activism towards the development of generally accepted cultural values.

The function of primary social control is the moral regulation of the behavior of family members in various spheres of life, as well as responsibility and obligation in relations between spouses, parents and children, representatives of the older generation. This function is also performed primarily by women. She carries out the formation and support of legal and moral sanctions in violation of the norms of relationships between family members. With successful reproduction social structure society in a small social group that meets the general requirements, the provision of social status to each family member is ensured, and conditions are created for meeting individual needs for social advancement.

Leisure function - its main goal is communication, maintaining harmony in the family between its members.

This function involves the organization of rational leisure time with simultaneous social control, mutual enrichment. Holidays, evenings of relaxation, hiking trips, reading fiction and scientific literature, watching TV, listening to the radio, visiting cinema, theaters, museums, etc.

Leisure is a change of activity, excluding idle pastime. Unfortunately, this function has received little attention from parents, especially fathers. To a greater extent, a woman is aware of this, imagining that the organization of leisure is social function, a moral duty to society, since it contributes to the moral strengthening of the family. It is especially important to support the desire of children to communicate in clubs, hikes, etc. To awaken love for nature, a sensitive attitude to it, to be able to see beauty - an extremely important moment in the educational activities of a family.

Sexual function is the appropriate control over the moral side of intimate relationships of family members (spouses) while instilling in an individual real ideas about intimate relationships. With this function, from the point of view of appropriate upbringing, parents do poorly. Prostitution, trafficking and exploitation of women are widespread in the country. Parenting is opposed by the media, which in fact supports this disturbing social phenomenon.

The multifunctional role of a woman in a modern family cannot be justified either theoretically or practically.

It is necessary to develop a national mechanism for managing social processes that determine the position of women in a small social group, and creating conditions for the practical application of the theory of equality of family rights and responsibilities in life.

Ways to strengthen the family.

One of the manifestations of the family crisis is divorce. According to statistics, a divorce case is initiated mainly at the request of a woman. a woman in our time has become independent, she works, she can support her family and does not want to put up with her husband's shortcomings. In opinion polls, more than half of men and women would like to remarry. Only a minority preferred solitude. In divorce, apart from spouses, there are also interested persons - children. The more divorces, the fewer children. This is the social harm of divorce. Divorce reduces the family's educational opportunities for children. Children suffer a lot of psychological trauma that parents often do not think about. Many people know that they cause suffering to their children, but not many understand what they can lead to, how this will affect the child in his later life.

Divorce is assessed as a blessing only if it changes for the better the conditions for the formation of the child's personality, puts an end to the negative impact of marital conflicts on the child's psyche.

According to some psychologists, the cause of most family problems and divorces is the lack of love between spouses and lack of peace of mind.

Social control

In other words, the cause of such social problems as violence, treason, drug or alcohol addiction, etc. among married men and married women one must seek in emotional poverty. That is why many modern thinkers are looking for ways to strengthen love between spouses.

At the state level, in order to prevent divorce, they create and expand a system for preparing young people for marriage, as well as a social and psychological service to help families and single people.

Back in the early 70s, sociological and demographic studies and surveys of the population revealed a shift in personal values \u200b\u200btowards “material fetishism”. At that time, questions about family and children were already causing endless complaints about housing and material difficulties. But children are not born purely for economic reasons. The intensive use of references to material obstacles to childbirth, called the “concept of obstacles” in sociological demography and family sociology, testifies to the universality of alienation in this area.

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We all live surrounded by people, sharing our joys and sorrows with them. But not everyone wants to obey social norms and rules. For a certain orderliness of society, the concept of "social control" was introduced. These new phenomena in society are very effective. We all remember the social censure developed during the heyday of the USSR. When a person did not want to work or was a hooligan, he was taken on bail, but the whole society was condemned for such inappropriate behavior. And it worked! The person, perhaps, not of his own free will, but began to change. As a result, the society achieved its goal. Social control was introduced for the same purpose - to streamline interpersonal and social relations.

Social control: concept, types, functions

Society can be called organized and relatively safe only if there are mechanisms for self-control of citizens and social control of the state. The higher the first concept is developed, the less social monitoring will be required from the authorities. Self-control is a responsible behavior of an adult who has developed the skills of volitional effort on himself at the level of self-awareness, control over his behavior in accordance with generally accepted norms in society.

It is capricious, impulsive, spontaneous to act in children. An adult, on the other hand, has internal self-control so as not to create conflict or other unfavorable situations for himself and for society. If a society consists of people with an underdeveloped sense of responsibility, then it needs to introduce formal types of social control on the part of special bodies. But we must not forget that constant harsh oppression gradually makes self-control less and less significant, and, as a result, society is degrading, since there are fewer and fewer people who are able to think responsibly and control their will.

What are the main types of public control?

The existing types of social management of behavior are divided into two large sections, which are called formal and informal.

The essence of formal control is the implementation of legislative and rational regulation government bodies management and supervision of the behavior of citizens. In case of violation of the rules, the state applies sanctions.

Formal control was preceded by informal control, which still takes place in society. Its essence lies in the self-organization of a certain social group, where the rules are not written, but are governed by the opinion of members of the group, authoritative personalities, and elders.

How is formal control carried out?

Formal control has its roots in the historical period of the formation of forms of public organization that goes beyond the simple, that is, state. Today, the state form of organization of society has reached such a level of development that such types of social control, as formal, simply must be highly organized. The larger the state, the more difficult it is to organize public order. Formal control is the organization of order on the territory of the entire state, that is, it has a global scale. Its functions are carried out by special people who receive state wages (judges, police officers, psychiatrists). The developing social control in society, its types have led to the organization of entire institutions, structures and authorized bodies... These are the police, prosecutors, courts, schools, the media and the like.

Features of informal control

Informal behavior management at the level of a large society is ineffective. It is localized and limited to group members. For violation of the norms established in such social groups, punishment is applied that takes the form of threats or real actions: physical influence on the person, rejection in communication, reproaches, ridicule, various kinds of censure ... Informal types and forms of social control do not neglect sanctions in the form exclusion from the community, the so-called ostracism. For a person to whom this group is important, such an action is very tangible. He feels emptiness and hopelessness. This prompts him to take different actions to return to such a group or, conversely, to replace interests and reassess values.

How effective the informal types and forms of social control, the level of its organization, depend on the degree of cohesion of the members of a social group, unity in goals, in opinion. Take, for example, a rural community of the past, whose traditions have been preserved in places to this day - there were no clearly defined rules, but the preservation of rituals and various ceremonies fosters social behavior, norms and a deep understanding of the need to observe them.

Socialization as a form of control

In a traditional society with unwritten informal rules, the essence and types of social control differ significantly from the modern developed society, where all norms of individual behavior are strictly prescribed and clothed in a set of laws. Sanctions in such a group of people are imposed in the form of fines, prison terms, administrative, disciplinary and criminal liability. To reduce violations of the law, the state through its institutions and structures takes measures to socialize society - through the education sector, cultural work, propaganda through the media and so on.

Forcing a person

If the methods of socialization do not work, you have to apply such types and methods of social control as coercion. If an individual does not want to voluntarily obey, society forces him to do it in a violent way. Coercion includes the main types of social control, which are described in the norms of each state, based on its norms and laws. Coercion can be local, precautionary, for example, at the place of work, using the basic laws of the state. It can also be carried out immediately without warning, with the use of harsh forms of influence on a person. Such a compulsory type of social control is the psychological impact on the individual through psychiatric clinics with the use of medication.

Forms of human responsibility

If a person does not show responsibility in work or behavior, the state takes on the functions of educating such a citizen by different methods. These methods are not always as humane as we would like. For example, supervision is not a very humane form of instilling responsibility on the part of the state. It is implemented in different ways.

Supervision can be general, when the supervisory authority monitors the implementation of general norms, without going into details, only looks at the final result. It can also be detailed, when the agent-controller monitors every little thing, regulating the execution of the necessary norms at every stage. State-wide supervision can turn into such forms when not only behavior is regulated, but also thoughts and private life. That is, the state takes the form of total control, fosters denunciation, uses censorship, surveillance and other methods.

In a developed civil democratic society, social control (types of sanctions) is not total in nature. Responsible behavior that does not require coercion is brought up in citizens. Responsibility can be political, moral, legal, financial. Group and collective responsibility is very important, cultural property, traditions and norms. When a person is in a team, he has a desire to correspond to a significant group of people. He, without noticing, changes, striving to imitate the members of the collective. This behavior change does not imply pressure and violent influence on the individual.

Internal control

Internal behavior management implies the concept and types of social control that regulate measures aimed at the effective implementation of the tasks assigned to them by citizens of structural units. Thus, an audit and control body is formed, which checks the financial part, economic and job descriptions, compliance with sanitary and epidemiological standards, and the like.

On the other hand, internal control is understood as a person's responsibility. A well-mannered and responsible person will not allow himself to commit offenses or any actions that are contrary to the basic norms of society. Self-control is brought up in childhood. But also with the help of certain methods a person can be encouraged to take responsibility and regulate his behavior, emotions, words and actions.

What are the main functions of social control?

Internal social control, the types, functions that characterize it are the controllability of powers to avoid abuses in the workplace, checking the workflow and safety of material values. As for the functions of social control in general, they can be divided into:

Regulatory.
Protective.
Stabilizing.

Regulatory - ensures the regulation of relations and their management at all stages of the development of society and its levels. Protective - aims to protect all traditional values \u200b\u200badopted in society, to suppress all attempts to break and destroy these traditions. Stabilizing - takes measures to keep public order in the norms adopted by law, predicts the behavior of individuals and social groups, preventing actions aimed at destabilizing public order.

A society without values \u200b\u200bis doomed to destruction. This is what unites and expresses the goals and aspirations of society and its individual citizens. Values \u200b\u200bhave their own classification and hierarchy.

spiritual;
material;
economic;
political;
social.

According to the focus:

integrating;
differentiating;
approved;
denied.

They are also divided according to the needs and type of civilization. In general, we can say that values \u200b\u200bare classified into:

formed under the influence of tradition and modernity;
primary basic and secondary;
expressing the ideals of society (terminal);
expressing tools for achieving the goal (instrumental).

Whatever type of value may be, its main task is to be a measure of the level of socialization of society and the implementation of laws and behavioral norms adopted in it. In the USSR, oddly enough, values \u200b\u200bwere based on the principles of the Bible. The person was condemned for promiscuous sexual relations, disrespectful attitude towards parents, theft, envy. After the massive revolutions of freedom, the so-called sexual revolutions, the values \u200b\u200bof society have turned upside down. The institution of the family has lost its former significance, children have begun to show less respect for their parents. Without a foundation, it is difficult to cultivate responsibility and control the correct behavior of people. Now social control no longer performs an educational function, but a punitive one.

The Role of Social Control Agents

In modern society, there are certain people - agents who exercise social control. These people have received special training in order to properly organize the society. Social control agents are police officers, doctors (psychiatrists), judges, social workers. They do not work on enthusiasm, but receive a certain payment for their work. It is difficult to imagine modern society without these people, since they are a kind of guarantors of previously adopted decrees, instructions, laws and decrees of the legislative power of the state.

Social control today is not based on the principle "so grandmother said", with the loss of the authority of the elders, other control methods appeared, which are determined by the state. At the moment, the society is organized by institutions. These institutions are diverse:

police;
the prosecutor's office;
places of deprivation of liberty;
mass media;
school;
social services.

These bodies are empowered by the state to maintain, regulate and improve public order through the use of punitive or educational methods to specific people. Naturally, all these methods are used strictly according to the instructions of the higher authorities. If a person or a group of people does not listen to the recommendations or decisions of agents of social control, they are subject to sanctions: criminal punishment, disciplinary or administrative liability.

Introduction

Society is a self-regulating complex social system. The most important role in the social regulation of public life is played by social culture, and above all social values, norms, social institutions and organizations. At the same time, in the social structure of society there is and plays an important role a special structural formation - the institution of social control. It acts as a part of the general system of social regulation and is designed to ensure the normal orderly functioning and development of society by various means, as well as prevent and correct such social deviations that can disorganize social life and social order.

Social control plays an important role in the life of society, because no society can successfully function and develop without a system of social control.

Many sociologists have studied social control. The term "social control" was introduced into the scientific vocabulary by the famous French sociologist, one of the founders of social psychology, Gabriel Tarde, who proposed to consider it as one of the most important factors of socialization. Later, in the works of a number of scientists, such as E. Ross, R. Park, A. Lapierre, the theory of social control was developed.

This topic is relevant, since society is a dynamic system and as this system develops, various traditions, norms, values \u200b\u200bare formed and developed. The system of social control is also constantly evolving, becoming more flexible and effective, so there is still a lot of materials for research and study of this topic. In addition, a person is interested in a calm and prosperous life, in a social order, in the successful development and functioning of society. All this is provided by the institution of social control, and the more it develops and improves, the more organized and prosperous society will be. Therefore, the system of social control must be studied more deeply, find various ways to resolve social conflicts and improve the social culture that exists now.

The essence of social control, its functions and forms of implementation

The essence of social control and its functions

Social control is a way of self-regulation of a social system, ensuring the orderly interaction of its constituent elements through social, normative and legal regulation.

The main purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction (continuity) in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society. Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, reward, selection and control, the social system maintains equilibrium.

Can be distinguished distinctive features social control:

1) orderliness, categoricality and formalization: social norms are often applied to an individual without taking into account his personal characteristics; in other words, a person must accept the norm only because he is a member of a given society;

2) connection with sanctions - punishments for violation of norms and rewards for their observance;

3) collective implementation of social control: social action is often a reaction to a particular human behavior, and therefore, can be both negative and positive incentives when choosing goals and means of achieving them.

Describing the anatomy and mechanism of the social control system, the famous Russian sociologist and legal scholar A.M. Yakovlev identifies the following components and the relationship between them:

· Individual actions, manifested in the course of active interaction of the individual with the social environment;

· A social scale of assessments, derived from a system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of a social group or the entire society, on which the reaction of the social environment to an individual action depends;

· Categorization of individual action, i.e. assigning it to a certain category of socially approved or censured actions, which is the result of the functioning of the social scale of assessments;

· The nature of public self-awareness, including the nature of public self-assessment and assessment by the social group of the situation within which it acts, on which the categorization of individual action depends;

· The nature and content of social actions that perform the function of positive or negative sanctions and are directly dependent on the state of public consciousness;

· An individual rating scale, derived from the system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of the individual and determining the individual's response to social action.

The mechanism of social control plays a critical role in strengthening the institutions of society. Figuratively speaking, this mechanism is the "central nervous system" of a social institution. Social institution and social control consist of the same elements, i.e. identical rules and norms of behavior that consolidate and standardize the behavior of people, making it predictable. P. Berger believes that “social control is one of the most generally accepted concepts in sociology. They designate the most varied means that any society uses to curb its rebellious members. No society can do without social control. Even a small group of people who have accidentally gathered together will have to develop their own control mechanisms so as not to disintegrate in the shortest possible time. "

Social control performs the following functions:

· The protective function sometimes prevents social control from being a supporter of progress, but the list of its functions just does not include the renewal of society - this is the task of other public institutions. So, social control protects morality, law, values, requires respect for traditions, opposes that new that is not properly tested.

· Stabilizing function. Social control acts as the foundation of stability in society. Its absence or weakening leads to anomie, confusion, confusion and social discord.

· The target function of the system of social control, conditioned, socio-economic, socio-political, socio-legal characteristics of this social system, its place in the process of historical development of successive types of society.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

Penza State University

Department of Sociology and Personnel Management

Course work on the topic

"Essence and forms of social control"

Discipline Sociology

Completed: student group 08bx3

Tsyruleva Olga

Checked by: KSN, associate professor of the department

QiUP Kozina E.S.

Society is a self-regulating complex social system. The most important role in the social regulation of public life is played by social culture, and above all social values, norms, social institutions and organizations. At the same time, in the social structure of society there is and plays an important role a special structural formation - the institution of social control. It acts as a part of the general system of social regulation and is designed to ensure by various means the normal orderly functioning and development of society, as well as to prevent and correct such social deviations that can disorganize social life and social order.

Social control plays an important role in the life of society, because no society can successfully function and develop without a system of social control. So E. Fromm wrote that a society can only function effectively when its members achieve a type of behavior in which they want to act the way they should act as members of a given society.

Many sociologists have studied social control. Term "Social control" was introduced into scientific vocabulary by the famous French sociologist, one of the founders of social psychology, Gabriel Tarde, who proposed to consider it as one of the most important factors of socialization. Later, in the works of a number of scientists - such as E. Ross, R. Park, A. Lapierre - the theory of social control was developed.

I think the topic of this course work is relevant, since society is a dynamic system and as this system develops, various traditions, norms, values \u200b\u200bare formed and developed. The system of social control is also constantly evolving, becoming more flexible and effective, so there is still a lot of materials for research and study of this topic. In addition, a person is interested in a calm and prosperous life, in a social order, in the successful development and functioning of society. All this is provided by the institution of social control, and the more it develops and improves, the more organized and prosperous society will be. Therefore, the system of social control must be studied more deeply, find various ways to resolve social conflicts and improve the social culture that exists now.

The purpose of the course work - to determine the role of social control in society, to reveal the dependence of the orientation and content of social control on the economic, political, ideological and other characteristics of a given social system, historically determined by the level of its development. In addition, we need to draw conclusions about the influence of social control on the development of a person's personality and society as a whole.

The set goal determined the following tasks :

· Consider the essence of social control, its definition as the most important means for ensuring the process of assimilation by each person of various elements of the culture that has developed in a given society;

· Get \u200b\u200bacquainted with the various functions of social control that it performs in society;

· Investigate the forms of social control, their relationship and the effectiveness of influence on society, based on the works of A.I. Kravchenko, V.F. Anurin, V.V. Latysheva, P. Berger, and many others.

In this way, object of this course work is directly the institution of social control, and subject - its close relationship with society, the forms in which it is carried out, as well as the effectiveness of the influence of social control on society.

Chapter 1. The concept of social control: its essence and elements

1.1 The concept of social control, its functions

The concept of social control was introduced by T. Tarde, the founder of social psychology, who understood it as a set of ways by which a criminal is led to normal behavior. Subsequently, the meaning of this term has expanded significantly. This was largely due to the research of American sociologists E. Ross and R. Park, who understood under social control a purposeful impact on an individual in order to bring human behavior into conformity with social norms.

According to T. Parsons, social control is a process by which, through the imposition of sanctions, counteraction to the deviant, i.e. deviant behavior and social stability is maintained.

So, social control - it is a way of self-regulation of a social system (society as a whole, a social group, etc.), which, through normative regulation, provides a targeted influence of people and other structural elements of this system, their orderly interaction in the interests of strengthening order and stability.

When analyzing the content of this general definition, it is important to keep in mind a number of fundamental points:

· Social control is an integral part of a more general and diverse system of social regulation of people's behavior and social life. Its specificity lies in the fact that such regulation has an orderly, normative and rather categorical character here and is provided by social sanctions or the threat of their application;

· The problem of social control is a certain cross-section of the main sociological issue of the relationship and interaction of the individual, social group and society as a whole. Social control is also carried out through the socialization of the individual, i.e. internal control, and through the interaction of the individual with the primary social group, its culture, i.e. group control and through the interaction of an individual, a social group with society as a whole, i.e. social control through coercion;

· It is impossible to imagine social control one-sidedly - as a blind and automatic subordination of the individual to the requirements of social norms, when the individual acts only as an object, and society as a subject. It should be seen that in this case it is social interaction that takes place, moreover, constant and active, in which not only the personality is affected by social control, but also social control is undergoing a reverse influence from the personality, which can even lead to a change in his character;

· The nature, content and direction of social control are determined by the character, nature, type of the given social system. It is quite obvious that social control in a totalitarian society and in a democratic society will be fundamentally different. Likewise, social control in simple, primitive, archaic societies is completely different (for example, informal) in comparison with social control in complex modern industrial societies (a complex and developed system of formalized control).

The following distinguishing features of social control can be pointed out:

2) connection with sanctions - punishments for violation of norms and rewards for their observance;

Describing the anatomy and the mechanism of the social control system, the famous Russian sociologist and lawyer A.M. Yakovlev identifies the following components and the relationship between them:

· Individual actions, manifested in the course of active interaction of the individual with the social environment;

· Categorization of individual action, i.e. assigning it to a certain category of socially approved or censured actions, which is the result of the functioning of the social scale of assessments;

· The nature and content of social actions that perform the function of positive or negative sanctions and are directly dependent on the state of public consciousness;

· An individual rating scale, derived from the system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of the individual and determining the individual's response to social action.

The mechanism of social control plays a critical role in strengthening the institutions of society. Figuratively speaking, this mechanism is the "central nervous system" of a social institution. A social institution and social control consist of the same elements, that is, identical rules and norms of behavior that reinforce and standardize people's behavior, making it predictable. P. Berger believes that “social control is one of the most generally accepted concepts in sociology. They designate the most varied means that any society uses to curb its rebellious members. No society can do without social control. Even a small group of people who accidentally gathered together will have to develop their own control mechanisms so as not to disintegrate as soon as possible. "

Social control in relation to society has two main functions:

· Protective function. This function sometimes prevents social control from being a supporter of progress, but the list of its functions just does not include the renewal of society - this is the task of other public institutions. So, social control protects morality, law, values, requires respect for traditions, opposes that new that is not properly tested.

· Stabilizing function. Social control acts as the foundation of stability in society. Its absence or weakening leads to anomie, confusion, confusion and social discord.

1.2 Elements of social control

1.2.1 Social norms as a regulator of behavior

Each person understands that no one could successfully build their relationships with other people and social organizations without mutual correlation of actions with the rules approved by the society. These rules, which are the benchmark in relation to our actions, are called social norms.

Social norms - these are prescriptions, instructions and wishes of varying degrees of severity, forcing individuals to act as it is customary to do in a given society, in a specific situation. Social norms act as regulators of people's behavior. They establish boundaries, conditions, forms of action, determine the nature of relations, stipulate acceptable goals and ways to achieve them. The assimilation of social norms of society, the development of an individual attitude towards them occur in the process of socialization.

The norms impose obligations and mutual responsibility on participants in social interaction. They concern both individuals and society. On their basis, the entire system of social relations is formed. At the same time, norms are also expectations: from an individual performing a certain role, society expects predictable behavior. The individual also assumes that the society will justify his trust and fulfill its obligations.

Social norms are a product of the spiritual activity of society. They are in constant development. Thus, many modern rules of conduct are fundamentally different from those that were common a hundred years ago. Social norms perform an important function - they support and preserve social values, what is recognized in society as the most important, significant, indisputable, deserving of attention: human life and personal dignity, attitude towards the elderly and children, collective symbols (coat of arms, anthem, flag) and the laws of the state, human qualities (loyalty, honesty, discipline, hard work), religion. Values \u200b\u200bare the basis of norms.

Social norms in a generalized form reflect the will of society. In contrast to the values \u200b\u200bthat are recommended for choice (which predetermines differences in the value orientations of many individuals), the norms are more rigid and binding.

There are several types of social norms:

1) customs and traditions, which are habitual patterns of behavior;

2) moral norms based on collective authority and usually having a rational basis;

3) legal norms enshrined in laws and regulationspublished by the state. They more clearly than all other types of social norms regulate the rights and obligations of members of society and prescribe punishments for violations. Compliance with legal norms is ensured by the strength of the state;

4) political norms that relate to the relationship between personality and power. Between social groups and between states are reflected in international legal acts conventions, etc .;

5) religious norms, which are supported primarily by the faith of followers of religion in punishment for sins. Religious norms are distinguished on the basis of their sphere of functioning; in reality, however, these norms combine elements characteristic of legal and moral norms, as well as traditions and customs;

6) aesthetic norms that reinforce ideas about the beautiful and the ugly.

Social norms are determined by the diversity of social life, any direction of human activity is regulated by them. Different types of social norms can be classified according to following criteria:

· By the scale of distribution - universal, national, social-group, organizational;

· By function - orienting, regulating, controlling, encouraging, prohibiting and punishing;

· According to the degree of increasing severity - habits, customs, manners, traditions, laws, taboos. Violation of custom or tradition in modern society is not considered a crime and is not severely condemned. A person bears strict responsibility for breaking laws. Thus, social norms fulfill very important functions:

· Regulate the general course of socialization;

· Integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society;

· Control deviant behavior;

· Serve as models, standards of behavior.

Deviation from the norms is punished with sanctions.

1.2.2 Sanctions as an element of social control

In order to promptly respond to people's actions, expressing its attitude towards them, society has created a system of social sanctions.

Sanctions are the reactions of society to the actions of an individual. The emergence of a system of social sanctions, like norms, was not accidental. If norms are created with the aim of protecting the values \u200b\u200bof society, then sanctions are intended to protect and strengthen the system of social norms. If the norm is not supported by a sanction, it ceases to be valid. Thus, three elements - values, norms and sanctions - form a single chain of social control. In this chain, sanctions are assigned the role of a tool through which the individual first becomes familiar with the norm and then realizes the values. For example, a teacher praises a student for a lesson learned well, rewarding a student for a conscientious study. Praise acts as an incentive to consolidate such behavior in the child's mind as normal. Over time, he realizes the value of knowledge and, acquiring it, will no longer need external control. This example shows how the consistent implementation of the entire chain of social control transforms external control into self-control. Sanctions are of different types. Among them are positive and negative, formal and informal.

· Positive sanctions are approval, praise, recognition, encouragement, glory, honor that others reward those who act within the framework of socially accepted norms. Not only outstanding actions of people are encouraged, but also a conscientious attitude to professional duties, many years of impeccable work and initiative, as a result of which the organization has made a profit, helping those who need it. Each type of activity has its own rewards.

· Negative sanctions - condemning or punishing actions of society against those individuals who violate the norms accepted in society. Negative sanctions include censure, discontent of others, condemnation, reprimand, criticism, fines, as well as more severe actions such as detention, imprisonment or confiscation of property. The threat of negative sanctions is more powerful than the expectation of a reward. At the same time, society strives to ensure that negative sanctions not so much punish as prevent violations of norms, be preemptive rather than late.

· Formal sanctions come from official organizations - governments or administrations of institutions, which in their actions are guided by officially adopted documents, instructions, laws and decrees.

· Informal sanctions come from those people who surround us: acquaintances, friends, parents, work colleagues, classmates, passers-by. Formal and informal sanctions can also be:

· Material - a gift or fine, a bonus or confiscation of property;

· Moral - rewarding with a diploma or an honorary title, an unfriendly review or a cruel joke, a reprimand.

For sanctions to be effective and reinforce social norms, they need to meet a number of requirements:

Sanctions should be timely. Their effectiveness is significantly reduced if a person is encouraged, and even more so punished after a significant time. In this case, the action and the sanction on him are torn off from each other;

Sanctions should be proportionate to the action, reasonable. Undeserved encouragement generates dependent moods, and punishment destroys faith in justice and causes discontent in society;

Sanctions, like norms, should be mandatory for everyone. Exceptions to the rules give rise to a “double standard” morality, which negatively affects the entire normative system.

Thus, the norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to operate and to regulate real behavior. It can become a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

1.3 Self-control

Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external or internal. Internal control is also called self-control: an individual independently regulates his behavior, harmonizing it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, feel awkward or guilty. Contrary to the norms of proper behavior, a person, for example, envies a more successful rival. In such cases, they speak of pangs of conscience. Conscience is a manifestation of internal control.

The generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere, below which is the sphere of the subconscious, consisting of spontaneous impulses. Self-control means restraining the elements of nature, it is based on volitional effort.

Self-awareness is an extremely important social and psychological characteristic of a person. The source from which a person's idea of \u200b\u200bhimself is drawn are those around him and those who are significant to him. According to the reaction to his actions, according to their assessments, the individual judges what he himself is. The content of self-awareness is influenced by a person's idea of \u200b\u200bhow others think him. Social behavior a person largely consists of his reaction to the opinions of people around him, and this opinion seriously affects the formation of individual self-awareness.

About 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The higher self-control is developed among members of a society, the less this society has to resort to external control. And vice versa, the less self-control is developed in people, the more often institutions of social control, in particular, the army, courts, and the state, have to come into action. The weaker the self-control, the tougher the external control should be.

Self-control is one of the most important conditions for the self-realization of a person and his successful interaction with other people. Society evaluates a person, but the individual also evaluates society, the state and himself. Perceiving the assessments addressed to him by the surrounding people, groups and society, a person accepts them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinking them through a certain personal experience, habits, social norms learned by him earlier. Accordingly, a person's attitude to the assessments of other people turns out to be purely individual, either positive, or negative, or neutral.

.4 The concept of social control by P. Berger

According to Peter Berger's concept, each person is at the center of diverging concentric circles representing different types, types and forms of social control. Each subsequent circle is a new control system. [Appendix 1]

The outer, largest circle is political and legal system represented by a powerful state apparatus. All are powerless before him. In addition to our will, the state levies taxes, encourages military service, makes you obey your endless laws and regulations, rules and regulations, and if necessary, put you in jail and can take your life. The individual is in the center of the circle as at the point of maximum pressure.

Next circle of social control includes morality, customs and mores. Everyone follows the morality of a person - from the entire society to parents, relatives, friends. The authorities can imprison you for breaking the law, parents and relatives use informal sanctions: condemnation, censure, and friends, not forgiving betrayal or meanness, can part with us. All within their competence apply the tools of social control. Immorality is punished by dismissal from work, eccentricity - by the loss of chances to find a new place, bad manners - by not being invited to visit. Lack of work and loneliness are perhaps no less punishment compared to being in prison, says P. Berger.

In addition to the large circles of coercion in which the individual is together with the rest of society, there are small circles of control, the most significant of which is circle of control by the professional system ... A person is shackled at work by a mass of restrictions, instructions, professional duties, business obligations that have a controlling effect, sometimes very tough. A businessman is controlled by licensing organizations, a worker - by professional associations and trade unions, a subordinate - by managers, who, in turn, are controlled by higher authorities. Equally important are the various forms of informal control by colleagues and employees.

Peter Berger writes about this in the following way: “... For clarity, the reader can imagine a doctor who puts on treatment a patient who is unfavorable for the clinic; an entrepreneur who advertises a low-cost funeral ... a government official who persists in spending less than the budget; an assembly line worker who, from the point of view of his colleagues, is unacceptable, exceeds the production norms, etc. In these cases, economic sanctions are applied most often and effectively: a doctor is denied practice, an entrepreneur can be expelled from a professional organization ... to be sanctioned by public boycott, contempt, ridicule. Any professional role in society, even the most insignificant, requires a specific code of conduct ... Adherence to this code is usually as necessary for a professional career as technical competence and appropriate education. "

The next circle of control includes informal demands to the individual, because each person, in addition to professional, is involved in other social relations. These relationships have their own control systems, many of which are more formal, others are even tougher than professional. For example, the rules for admission and membership in many clubs and fraternities are as strict as the rules governing the selection of executives at IBM. Thus, an independent system of social control is represented by social environment. It includes people far and near, unfamiliar and familiar to the individual. The environment makes its demands on a person, which represent a wide range of phenomena. These can include dressing and speaking, aesthetic tastes, political and religious beliefs, and even table manners. Thus, the circle of informal requirements describes the area of \u200b\u200bpossible actions of the individual in certain situations.

The last and closest circle to the individual, which also forms a control system, is the group of people in which the individual's private life takes place, that is, this circle of his family and personal friends ... Social or, more precisely, normative pressure on the individual does not abate here - on the contrary, there is every reason to believe that it is even increasing in a certain sense. It is not surprising, because it is in this circle that the individual establishes the most important social connections for himself. Disapproval, loss of prestige, ridicule or contempt in the circle of relatives and friends have a much greater psychological weight for a person than similar sanctions coming from strangers or strangers. At work, the boss can fire a subordinate, depriving him of his livelihood. But the psychological consequences of this formal economic action will be truly disastrous, says P. Berger, if given dismissal his wife and children will be worried. Unlike other control systems, pressure from loved ones can occur precisely when the individual is completely unprepared for it. At work, in transport, in in public places the person is usually alert and potentially ready to face any threat.

The inside of the last circle, his nucleus, make up intimate relationship husband and wife ... It is in the most intimate relationships that a person seeks support for himself. To gamble these connections is to risk losing yourself. "It's no wonder that often people who are bossy at work instantly give way to their wives at home and cringe when their friends' eyebrows go up in displeasure."

A person, looking around him and sequentially listing everyone to whom he must yield, obey or please because of his location in the center of concentric circles of social control - from the federal tax service to his own wife - eventually comes to the conclusion that society with its entire bulk suppresses it.

Chapter 2. Forms and implementation of social control

2.1 Forms of social control

Sociological science knows 4 principal forms of social control:

· External control;

· Internal control;

· Control through identification with the reference group;

· Control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means that are most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "many opportunities").

1) The first form of control is external social control Is a set of social mechanisms that regulate the activity of an individual. External control can be formal or informal. Formal control is based on instructions, prescriptions, norms and regulations, while informal control is based on the reactions of the environment.

This form is the most famous and understandable, but in modern conditions it seems ineffective, since it involves constant monitoring of the actions of an individual or a social community, therefore, a whole army of controllers is required, and someone must also follow them. Thus, on the scale of society, a classic "pyramid of controllers" is being built, which is characteristic of a totalitarian state.

2) The second form of control is internal social control Is a self-control carried out by a person, aimed at harmonizing his own behavior with the norms. Regulation in this case is carried out not within the framework of interaction, but as a result of feelings of guilt or shame that arise when the learned norms are violated. This form presupposes the interiorization of norms and values. That is, the controller is no longer something external to the individual. Such control is more effective in modern conditions, it shifts responsibility from an external controller to the actor himself. For such a form of control to function successfully, society must have an established system of norms and values.

The third and fourth forms of control are less known and require the use of more subtle socio-psychological mechanisms.

3) The third form is control through identification with a reference group - allows to show the actor possible and desirable models of behavior for society, apparently without limiting the freedom of choice of the actor;

4) The fourth form - the so-called "many possibilities" - suggests that by showing the agent various possible options for achieving the goal, society will thereby protect itself from the agent's choice of those forms that are undesirable for society.

Kasyanov V.V. considers a slightly different classification. His social control is carried out in the following forms:

· Compulsion , the so-called elementary form. Many primitive or traditional societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral norms and therefore through the informal group control of the primary group; formal laws or penalties are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal control, laws and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If an individual may well get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and there is a need for formal control.

Thus, in the presence of a large population, the so-called secondary group control begins to be applied - laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society will resort to coercion to force him to do as everyone else does. In modern societies, there are well-designed rules, or enforcement systems, which are a set of sanctions in force, applied in accordance with various types of deviations from the norm;

· Influence of public opinion ... People in society are also controlled by public opinion or by socialization in such a way that they perform their roles unconsciously, naturally, due to the customs, habits and preferences adopted in this society. Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishment of order in society. It eases the difficulties in decision-making by suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a particular life situation. At the same time, any decision that is made and learned not in accordance with public opinion seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the personality's internal control over his behavior is carried out;

· Regulation in social institutions and organizations ... Social control is provided by various institutions and organizations. Among them are organizations specially created to perform a supervisory function, and those for which social control is not the main function (for example, school, family, mass media, administration of institutions).

· Group pressure ... A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also influenced by involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, mores and institutional norms that are specific both for this group and for society as a whole.

Thus, the possibility of implementing group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. A necessary condition for such inclusion is the fact that an individual must share a certain minimum of cultural norms adopted by a given group that constitute a formal or informal code of conduct. Any deviation from this order immediately leads to condemnation of the behavior by the group. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions from the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from the given basic group.

The effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control are not always the same in all primary teams. Group pressure on an individual violating the norms depends on many factors, and, above all, on the status of the individual. People with high and low statuses in the group are subjected to completely different methods of group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or the leader of the group has as one of his main responsibilities changing old and creating new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and himself can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his status as a leader, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line through which he cannot cross. Beyond this line, he begins to experience the effects of group social control from the rest of the group and his leadership influence ends.

The degree and type of group pressure also depends on the characteristics of the primary group. If, for example, the cohesion of the group is high, the group loyalty to the cultural patterns of the given group also becomes high, and, naturally, the degree of social group control increases. Group pressure from loyal group members (i.e., group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disunited group. For example, a group that spends only their free time together and is therefore fragmented has a much more difficult time exercising intragroup social control than a group that performs regularly together, for example, in a team or family.

The first three forms were identified by R. Park, the fourth was described by the American sociologist S. Ask.

This list does not include such an important element as the presence of common values \u200b\u200bassimilated by individuals in the process of socialization. The point is that coercive social control does not always reduce deviations. Naturally, there are many individual reasons why people violate social norms. However, breaking the rules can become a practice that is tacitly approved or simply accepted by society. This usually happens when the rules are too strict (or people think that they are too strict). For this reason, harsh police measures against a certain type of offense rarely bring positive results, although connivance in deviant behavior is also unacceptable.

Based on this, two conclusions can be drawn:

1) social control can be effective only when it adheres to the "golden mean" between freedom of choice and responsibility for this choice;

2) this feature indicates that social control operates mainly not due to coercion, but due to the presence of common values \u200b\u200band stability of society and social groups.

In addition to the above forms of social control, there are also general and detailed control.

Sometimes control is equated with management. The content of control and management is very similar, but they should be distinguished. The mother or father controls how the child does his homework. Parents do not manage, but precisely control the process, since the goals and objectives were set not by them, but by the teacher. Parents only monitor the progress of the assignment.

Thus, control is a narrower concept than management.

The difference between management and control is that the former is expressed through leadership style and the latter through methods. Control methods can be common and detailed. For example, a manager gives a subordinate a task and does not control the progress of its implementation - he resorts to general control . If a manager interferes with every action of his subordinates, corrects, pulls back, etc., he uses detailed control.

Detailed control is also called supervision. Supervision is carried out not only at the micro, but also at the macro level of society. The state becomes its subject, and it turns into a non-basic social institution . Oversight grows to size large-scale social system, covering the whole country. This system includes: detective bureaus, detective agencies, police stations, informant service, prison guards, courts, censorship.

Since control is part of management as an integral part of it, but a very important part, we can conclude that depending on the type of control, management itself will change. The part, if important enough, determines the character of the whole. This is how control methods affect the management style, which has, in turn, two types - style authoritarian and style democratic.

2.2 Agents and instruments of social control

Social control is the most effective method, with the help of which the powerful institutions of society organize the life of ordinary citizens. The tools, or in this case the methods of social control, are very diverse, they depend on the situation, goals and nature of the particular group in relation to which they are used. The range of their application is huge: from clarification of relations between specific people to psychological pressure, physical violence, economic coercion of a person by the whole society. Control mechanisms do not need to be aimed at judging an unwanted person or encouraging others to disloyalty to her. "Disapproval" is most often expressed not in relation to the individual himself, but in relation to his actions, statements, interactions with other persons.

External control – it is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is subdivided into formal, i.e. institutional and informal, i.e. intragroup.

Formal control based on the approval or condemnation of the official authorities and administration.

Informal control based on the approval or condemnation of public opinion, which is expressed through traditions, customs or the media, as well as from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control.

In compact primary groups, extremely effective and at the same time very subtle mechanisms of control, such as persuasion, ridicule, gossip and contempt, constantly operate to curb real and potential deviants. Ridicule and gossip are powerful tools of social control in all types of basic headings. Unlike formal control methods, such as reprimand or demotion, informal methods are available to almost everyone. Both ridicule and gossip can be manipulated by any intelligent person who has access to their transmission channels.

Formal control historically emerged later than informal control - during the inception complex societies and states, in particular, the ancient Eastern empires. However, in modern society, the importance of formal control has increased significantly. In a complex society , especially in a country with a multi-million population, it is much more difficult to maintain order and stability. After all, informal control over an individual by such a society is limited to a small group of people. In a large group, it is ineffective. Therefore, it is sometimes called local ... On the contrary, formal control is all-encompassing, it operates throughout the country. is he global, and it is always carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are professionals, that is, persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions. They are carriers of social statuses and roles. They include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers, etc. If in a traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, then in modern societies written norms are its basis; instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control acquired institutional support .

Formal control, as we have already said, is exercised by such institutions of modern society as courts, education, the army, industry, the media, political parties, and the government. The school is controlled by grades, the government is controlled by the system of taxation and social assistance to the population, the state is controlled by the police, the secret service, state radio, television and the press.

Control methods , depending on the applied sanctions, are subdivided into:

· Hard;

· Soft;

· Straight lines;

· Indirect. [Appendix 2]

Conclusion

The role and significance of social control consists primarily in the fact that it makes a significant contribution to ensuring the reproduction of social relations and social structure and thus plays a very important role in stabilizing and integrating the social system and strengthening the social order. Social control aims to make it a habit of standards of behavior in certain situations that are not objectionable by the social group or the whole society. Basing its activities on common recognition culture of a given society or group, on the inculcation of its values \u200b\u200band norms to its members through education, social control is designed to ensure that human behavior conforms to these values, norms and roles. But the role of social control in the prevention and suppression of social deviations, primarily the deviant behavior of people and their groups, is especially great, immediate and obvious.

Having considered social control as a social institution, having studied its essence and forms, we can draw the following conclusions:

· Mechanisms of social control play a critical role in strengthening all institutions of society;

· In relation to society, social control has two main functions: protective and stabilizing.

· The main purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society;

· Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, reward, selection and control, the social system maintains equilibrium.

Glossary

Deviation or deviant behavior (from lat. deviatio - evasion) – social actions deviating from generally accepted norms, actions of people or their group, leading to a violation of these norms and causing the need for an appropriate response from the social group or society as a whole. In a broad sense, deviation includes any deviations in behavior from social norms - both positive (heroism, special diligence) and negative (crimes, violations of public order, moral norms). In a narrower sense (it is this meaning that is touched upon in this course work), only a negative deviation from the established norms, both legal and moral, is understood.

Interiorization - (from fr. i nteriorisation - transition from outside to inside, from lat. interior - internal) - the formation of internal structures of the human psyche through the assimilation of external social activities, appropriation of life experience, the formation of mental functions and development in general. Any complex action, before becoming the property of the mind, must be realized outside. Thanks to interiorization, we can talk to ourselves, and actually think, without disturbing others.

Self-control - self-regulation by a person of his behavior, his motives and impulses, an integral part of the system of moral relations of society, which includes both various forms of control of society over the behavior of its individual members, and personal control of each over himself. The mechanism of self-control encompasses convictions, feelings, habits, a person's self-assessment of his actions, motives, moral qualities gradually developing in the process of a person's social life activity (conscience is one of the forms of such self-assessment); self-education.

Self-awareness - a person's separation of himself from the objective world, awareness and evaluation of his attitude to the world, himself as a person, his actions, actions, thoughts and feelings, desires and interests.

Social control - the mechanism of self-regulation of society and social groups, ensuring their purposeful impact on the behavior of people in order to strengthen order and stability. Social control is designed to ensure data social values, norms and roles of the behavior of a person or a social group. It bases its activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society, group and instilling its values \u200b\u200band norms in its members by fostering patterns of behavior.

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Appendix 1

Social control system according to P. Berger

Appendix 2

Combination of formal control methods