Logistic systems within the enterprise presentation. Basic principles and concepts of logistics. "Six rules of logistics"
Slide 1
Slide 2
Flows in logistics A flow is a directed movement of the aggregate of something conditionally homogeneous (for example, products, information, finance, materials, raw materials, etc.).
Slide 3
Material flow Material flow is MR, work-in-progress, GP, considered in the process of applying various logistic (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and technological (machining, assembly, etc.) operations and referred to a certain time interval. The dimension of MP is the ratio of the dimension of the product (units, tons, m3, etc.) to the dimension of the time interval (day, month, year, etc.).
Slide 4
Information flow Information flow is a flow of messages in speech, documentary (paper and electronic) and other forms, generated by the original MT in the considered LAN, between the LAN and the external environment, and is intended for the implementation of control functions.
Slide 5
Financial flow Financial flow in logistics is understood as the directed movement of funds circulating within a drug, between drugs and the external environment, necessary to ensure the effective movement of a certain MP.
Slide 6
The flow of services In addition to the material, informational and financial types of flows, the flow of services is also distinguished, which is the number of services provided over a certain time interval. A service is understood as a special type of activity that satisfies public and personal needs (transport services, wholesale and retail, consulting, information, etc.).
Slide 7
Logistic operations Logistic operations are an independent part of the logistics process, performed at one workplace and / or using one technical device; a separate set of actions aimed at transforming material and / or information flows. LO with MP includes packaging, loading, transportation, unloading, unpacking, packaging, sorting, warehousing, packaging, etc.
Slide 8
Logistic systems A system is a set of elements in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity. An element of a system is a part of a system that cannot be conditionally divided into its component parts.
Slide 9
Complex system A complex system is a system with a branched structure and a significant number of interconnected and interacting elements (subsystems), having different types of connections, capable of maintaining partial operability in the event of failure of individual elements (robustness property).
Slide 10
Large system A large system is a complex system that has a number of additional features: the presence of subsystems that have their own purpose, subordinate to the general purpose of the entire system; a large number of various connections (material, informational, energy, etc.); external communications with other systems; the presence of elements of self-organization in the system.
Slide 11
System properties 1. Integrity and segmentation. A system is an integral set of elements interacting with each other, but for the purposes of analysis, the system can be conditionally divided into separate elements. 2. Integrative qualities (emergence) - qualities inherent in the system as a whole, but not inherent in any of its elements separately.
Slide 12
System properties 3. Links are what connects objects and properties in a system process into a whole. There are connections between the elements of the system that determine the integrative qualities of the system. The connections between the elements of the system should be more powerful than the connections of individual elements with the external environment. 4. Organization is an internal orderliness, consistency of interaction of system elements, a certain structure of connections between system elements.
Slide 13
Micrologistic and macrologistic systems Micrologistic systems are subsystems, structural components of macrologistic systems. They are associated with a specific enterprise and are designed to manage flows in the production, supply and sales process. Macrologistic system is a large control system of small businesses, covering enterprises and industrial organizations, intermediary, trade and transport organizations of various departments located in different districts, regions of the country or in different countries.
Slide 14
BASIC PROVISIONS OF THE THEORY OF LOGISTICS OBJECT, SUBJECT, PURPOSES, TASKS AND FUNCTIONS OF LOGISTICS
Slide 15
Object and subject of logistics The object of study of logistics are end-to-end MT, service flows and accompanying financial and information flows. The subject of the study of logistics is the optimization of MT, service flows and accompanying financial and information flows.
Slide 16
The Six Rules of Logistics describe the ultimate goal of logistics management: 1. Cargo - the right product; 2. Quality - of the required quality; 3. Quantity - in the required quantity; 4. Time - must be delivered at the right time; 5. Place - to the right place; 6. Costs - with minimal costs.
Slide 17
Logistic function A logistic function is an enlarged group of LOs, homogeneous in terms of the purpose of these operations, and significantly different from another set of operations.
Slide 18
Functional areas (spheres) of logistics management: procurement logistics; production logistics; distribution logistics; transport logistics; inventory logistics; warehousing logistics; service logistics; information logistics.
Slide 19
Slide 20
Basic principles The principle of the systems approach The principle of total costs The principle of global optimization. The principle of logistic coordination and integration Using the theory of trade-offs for the redistribution of costs Refusal to produce universal technological and material handling equipment.
Slide 21
Basic principles Principle of development of logistics service Principle of modeling and information and computer support. The principle of developing the necessary complex of subsystems The principle of TQM (total quality management) - total quality management. The principle of humanization of all functions and technological solutions in drugs. The principle of sustainability and adaptability.
Slide 22
Slide 23
Methodology Methodology is the study of structure, logical organization, methods and means of activity. The modern theory of logistics is conceptually based on four methodologies: systems analysis (general systems theory), cybernetic approach (cybernetics), operations research, and forecasting.
Slide 24
Systems analysis General systems theory is a scientific discipline that develops methodological principles for the study of systems. The main feature of the general theory of systems is the approach to research objects as to systems. Systems analysis is a methodology of general systems theory, which consists in the study of any objects by representing them as systems, carrying out their structuring and subsequent analysis.
Slide 25
System analysis · the task of decomposition means the representation of the system in the form of subsystems, consisting of smaller elements; · The task of the analysis is to find various kinds of properties of the system, its elements and the environment in order to determine the patterns of behavior of the system; · The task of synthesis is to create a model of the system, determine its structure, parameters that ensure the effective functioning of the system, solve problems and achieve the goals set on the basis of knowledge about the system obtained by solving the first two problems.
Slide 26
Cybernetics Cybernetics is the science of general laws of control in nature, society, living organisms and machines, which studies information processes associated with the control of dynamic systems. The cybernetic approach is the study of a system based on the principles of cybernetics, in particular, by identifying direct and feedback connections, studying control processes, considering the elements of the system as some kind of “black boxes” (systems in which only their input and output information is available to the researcher, and the internal structure may not be known).
Slide 27
Cybernetics · goal-setting task - determination of the required state or behavior of the system; · The problem of stabilization - keeping the system in the existing state in conditions of disturbing influences; · The task of executing the program - transferring the system to the required state in conditions when the values \u200b\u200bof the controlled variables change according to known deterministic laws;
Slide 28
Cybernetics · the task of tracking - ensuring the required behavior of the system under conditions when the laws of change of controlled quantities are unknown or change; · An optimization problem - keeping or transferring the system to a state with extreme values \u200b\u200bof characteristics under given conditions and constraints.
Slide 29
Slide 30
Operations Research Operations Research is a methodology for applying mathematical quantitative methods to justify problem solutions in all areas of purposeful human activity. The main postulate of operations research is as follows: the optimal solution (control) is a set of values \u200b\u200bof variables at which the optimal (maximum or minimum) value of the efficiency criterion (objective function) of the operation is achieved and the specified constraints are met.
Slide 31
Modeling Modeling is the process of studying a real system, which includes building a model, studying its properties and transferring the obtained information to a modeled system. A model is some material or abstract object that is in a certain objective correspondence with the object under study, carries certain information about it and is able to replace it at certain stages of cognition.
Slide 32
Modeling 1. Content description of the modeled object (conceptual model). 2. Formalization of operations (formal model). 3. Checking the adequacy of the model. 4. Correction of the model. 5. Optimization of the model.
Slide 33
Resource Allocation Problems Distribution problems arise when the available resources are not enough to perform each of the planned jobs in an efficient manner and it is necessary to allocate resources in the best possible way according to the selected optimality criterion.
Slide 34
Tasks of repair and replacement of equipment Tasks of repair and replacement of equipment allow us to determine: · such terms of repair and replacement of equipment, which minimize the cost of repair, replacement for the entire period of its operation; · To determine such terms of preventive control for detecting malfunctions, at which the amount of costs for monitoring and expected losses from equipment downtime due to failure of some equipment parts is minimized.
Slide 35
Inventory management tasks Inventory management tasks allow you to answer the following questions: · what are the optimal values \u200b\u200bof the volume of an order for the purchase or production of goods, the period of delivery of orders, the size of the stock, the moments of placing the order of the goods, allowing to minimize the total costs of purchasing, production, delivery, storage of goods; What is more profitable to produce goods or buy them; Is it profitable to use discounts on the purchase of goods, etc.
Slide 36
Planning tasks for complex projects Using network models allows you to: · build a network diagram that represents the interconnections of the project's work, which allows you to analyze in detail all the work and make improvements to the project structure even before its implementation; · Build a calendar schedule that determines the start and end times of each work, the minimum possible time for the project, reduce the number of simultaneously employed performers, reduce the duration of individual work and the project as a whole; · Operatively monitor and correct the progress of the project.
Slide 37
Routing Problems A typical routing task is to find a route from one city to another when there are many paths through different intermediate points. The task is to determine the most economical route in terms of time, distance or cost of travel. Restrictions can be imposed on existing routes, for example, a ban on returning to an already traveled path, a requirement to bypass all points, and it is fashionable to visit each of them only once (the traveling salesman problem).
Slide 38
Queuing problems Queuing problems are devoted to the study of queuing systems. The reason for queuing is that the flow of customer requests is random and unmanageable. Typical examples of such situations are the queues of passengers at the ticket offices, the queues of subscribers waiting for a call at a long-distance PBX, the queues of planes waiting for takeoff or landing. Queuing tasks allow you to determine how many service devices are needed to minimize the total expected losses from untimely maintenance and downtime of the service equipment. Slide 40 
Forecasting Forecasting is the science of the laws and methods of developing forecasts for dynamical systems. Forecast is a scientifically grounded judgment about the possible states (in quantitative assessment) of the forecast object (OP) in the future and / or alternative ways and the timing of their implementation.
Slide 41
Stages of the forecasting procedure 1. Determination of forecast objects. 2. Selection of parameters that are predicted. 3. Determination of forecast time horizons. 4. Selection of forecasting models. 5. Justification of the forecasting model and collection of the data required for the forecast. 6. Making a forecast. 7. Tracking results.
Slide 43
Methods for solving logistic problems Technical cybernetics: theory of large systems; forecasting theory; general management theory; theory of automatic regulation; graph theory; information theory; the theory of schedules, etc. Forecasting: methods of prospective economic forecasting; time series forecasting; regression and correlation analysis; logical forecasting methods; expert methods, etc.
Slide 44
Methods for solving logistic problems Economic cybernetics: theory of optimal planning; efficiency theory; qualimetry theory; functional and cost analysis; methods of marketing research; management; decision theory; production management; strategic and operational planning; pricing; quality control; personnel Management; project management; investment management; social Psychology; economics and organization of transport, warehousing, trade, etc. Compiled by: Baranova Lyudmila Vladimirovna, Mg.oec., Lecturer Theme plan
1.2.
Basic principles of efficient use of logistics in
commercial practice of the enterprise
Basic logistics concepts and systems A concept is a system of views, one or another understanding of any
phenomena, processes.
Principle - the basic, starting position of any theory, teaching,
science.
A systematic approach to logistics can be understood as a certain
a set of logistics principles.
The principle of logistics is generalized experimental data, the law
phenomena found from observations of logistics experts.
Knowledge of some principles by logistics experts makes it easy
compensate for the uncertainty of some environmental factors. When
the formation of logistics systems, mistakes can only be made
because the advantages and disadvantages of individual
principles of logistics.
Logistics principles
The principle of a systems approach.The approach to research objects as systems is one of the main
features of logistics. The maximum effect can only be obtained
in the case when the MP is optimized along the entire length from the primary
the source of raw materials up to the final consumer, and not within
a separate enterprise or division. Moreover, all the links of the LC
must work as a single well-coordinated mechanism. Therefore all the links
The LC must be considered as an integral system in order to
coordinate the economic interests of its individual elements,
technical issues, technological processes, etc.
“To really know the subject, you need to cover, study all of it
parties and all connections. We will never fully achieve this, but
the requirement for comprehensiveness warns us against mistakes ... "Principle
consistency implies an approach to the logistics system as
an object represented by a set of interconnected private
elements (functions), the implementation of which ensures the achievement
the desired effect in the required time frame, with the necessary labor,
financial and material costs, with minimal damage to
environment. The principle of consistency involves research
logistic facility, on the one hand, as a whole, and on the other
side as part of a larger system in which the analyzed
the object is in a certain relationship with other systems.
Thus, the principle of consistency covers all aspects of the object and
subject in space and time.
The principle of total costs.
One of the main tasks of logistics is to minimize the total
logistics costs throughout the LC from the primary source
raw materials to the final consumer. A prerequisite for effective
solving this problem is the ability to accurately measure
logistics costs, but this is possible only if
the system of accounting for the costs of production and circulation allows you to distinguish
logistics costs. Therefore, it is necessary to separately highlight and
analyze the costs of implementing LR, determine the most
significant costs, identify their interdependence, etc. Logistics Principles (continued)
The principle of global optimization. In the process of optimization
the structure or management of the drug requires the approval of private
the purposes of the functioning of individual elements of the system for
reaching the global optimum.
The principle of logistics coordination and integration. In the process
logistics management needs to achieve
coordinated, integral participation of all links of the drug or LC from its
beginning to end in the management of all types of flows with
implementation of the target function.
Using trade-off theory for redistribution
costs. Compromise means the harmonization of economic
interests of participants in the logistics process. At the beginning of formation
logistic approach in the formation of a logistics system
management, the criterion of the minimum total costs for
material distribution. On the one hand, this opened up new
opportunities in decision-making, but at the same time a certain
limited the effectiveness of the solutions obtained. Therefore in
further understanding came that the criterion should be
the maximum profit from the LP of all participating firms. In this way,
decrease in profit (increase in costs) in one of the drug links is permissible
and is necessary on condition that this will lead to an increase in profits
(cost reduction) of the entire drug as a whole.
Logistics Principles (continued)
Refusal to release universal technological and handling equipment. The meaning of this provision isuse of equipment that is mainly suitable for
specific conditions. Streamline streaming processes by
use of specialized equipment is possible only in
conditions of mass production and use of a wide range of
various means of production. This means that for embodiment
this principle in practice requires a high level of scientific and technical development of society.
The principle of development of logistics services. Compared with
improving the quality of the product or the release of a new product exists
much less costly way to increase competitiveness
enterprises, namely the achievement of a modern level
logistics service and its development (ensuring flexibility,
reliability and high quality: timely delivery, convenient
containers, acceptable batches, selected assortment, etc.).
Logistics Principles (continued)
A characteristic feature of the development of the enterprise logistics systemis the choice of the most suitable variant of the logistics system.
Management solutions are selected that are the best
(optimal) for a set of indicators for given conditions. A task
is not about finding a solution better than the existing one, but about
to find the best possible solution. From the point
in terms of rationality, not only the level of quality can be assessed
decisions made (optimal solution to the problem, optimal plan,
optimal control), but also the state of the logistics system or its
behavior (optimal trajectory, optimal distribution
resources, optimal functioning of the warehouse system).
The principle of rationality. General optimization principle:
the decision is always made in such a way that thanks to
the selected option, i.e. due to the selected ratio
costs and achieved results, rational
achievement of the set goals of the logistics system
enterprises.
Logistics Principles (continued)
The principle of emergence. The larger the logistics systementerprises and the greater the difference in size between the part and
whole, the higher the probability that the properties of the whole can strongly
differ from the properties of the parts. Mismatch of local
target optima of individual parts with global target optimum
logistics system of the enterprise. Any logistics system
must be considered first at the macro level, i.e. in
interaction with the environment, and then at the micro level.
The sum of the optimal decisions made by individual employees
structural functional units of the enterprise, not
guarantees the optimization of the logistics system of the enterprise as a whole.
Thus, emergence (integrity) is a property
the logistics system to perform a given target function,
implemented only by the system as a whole, and not by its individual
elements.
Logistics Principles (continued)
The principle of hierarchy. Hierarchy is a chain of commanddownstream elements upstream according to strictly defined
steps (hierarchical ladder) and transition from the lower level to
the highest level. Hierarchy is a type of structural relationship in
complex multi-level logistics systems characterized by
orderly and organized interactions between
separate levels vertically. Hierarchical relationships
take place in many logistics systems for which
both structural and functional differentiation are characteristic,
i.e. the ability to implement a certain range of logistics
functions. Moreover, at higher levels, functions
integration and coordination (coordination).
The hierarchical structure of logistics systems is due to the fact
that the management in them is associated with the use and processing
significant amounts of data. The lower levels use
more detailed and specific information, covering only
certain aspects of the functioning of the logistics system. For more
high levels, generalized information is received that characterizes
the conditions for the functioning of the entire logistics system; at these levels
decisions are made regarding the logistics system as a whole.
The hierarchical structure of logistics systems does not exist absolutely
tough. This is due to the fact that the hierarchy is combined with a greater or
less autonomy of lower levels in relation to
higher levels. In the management of logistics systems
Logistics Principles (continued)
Integration principle. Integration means joining togetherany parts or properties. The integration principle aims at
study of integrative properties and patterns in logistics
systems. Integrative properties are manifested as a result
combining elements to the whole, combining functions in time and
in space. Logistic system as orderly
a set of elements with certain connections has
special systemic properties that are not inherent in individual
elements and allowing to obtain a synergistic effect.
A synergistic bond is a bond that, when acting together
independent elements of the logistics system provides a common
an effect that exceeds the sum of the effects of the same elements,
acting independently, i.e., the increasing connection of elements
systems.
Synergy:
the effect of mutual reinforcement of connections of one system with another at the level
material flow;
joint (corporate) effect of interaction of elements in
system.
Synergistic effect - the effect of combining actions. For example, in
rotary conveyor lines combine the functions of transportation and
processing.
Logistics Principles (continued)
Formalization principle. Formalization involves obtainingquantitative and qualitative characteristics of functioning
logistics system of the enterprise.
The principles of systems analysis in relation to logistics:
The principle of emergence
Hierarchy principle
Integration principle
Formalization principle
The system of views on the rationalization of economic activity
by optimizing streaming processes is - concept
logistics
Logistics Principles (continued)
The principle of modeling and information-computersupport The principle of modeling and computer information support. In analysis, synthesis and optimization
of objects and processes in drugs, various models are widely used:
mathematical, graphic, physical, simulation, etc.
Implementation of logistics management at present
is impossible without the appropriate information and computer
support.
The principle of developing the required complex of subsystems,
providing the process of logistics management: technical,
economic, organizational, legal, personnel, environmental
and etc.
TQM principle (total quality management)
quality. Ensuring operational reliability and high
the quality of work of each element of the drug to ensure overall
quality of goods and services supplied to end users.
Logistics Principles (continued)
The principle of humanization of all functions and technological solutionspm. All solutions must comply with environmental
environmental protection, ergonomic,
social, ethical requirements for the work of staff, etc.
For example, one of the most important elements of drugs is personnel,
able to fulfill their
functions. To attract the disciplined,
qualified personnel in the field of MP management
modern working conditions are needed, career prospects
growth, increasing the prestige of such work, etc.
The principle of sustainability and adaptability. External environment
enterprises are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and
fluctuations in market demand for goods and services, sharp
fluctuations in raw material prices, transport services, fluctuations
qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the MP, changes
terms of supply and procurement, etc. Under these conditions, the drug should be able to
rebuild, changing goals, parameters, optimization criteria,
functioning program, i.e. adapt to new
environmental conditions. This is a significant factor
stable market position.
Implementation of the principle of a systems approach. Material optimization
flow is possible within the same enterprise or even its
divisions. However, the maximum effect can be obtained only
optimizing either the total material flow throughout
from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer, or
separate, significant parts of it. Moreover, all links
material-conducting circuit, i.e. all elements of macrological and
micrological systems should work as a single coherent
mechanism. To solve such a problem, it is necessary from a systemic standpoint
to approach the choice of technology, to the design of interconnected
technological processes in various areas of material flow
and other issues related to the organization of material flows.
In more detail, the essence and principles of a systematic approach to logistics
are considered in special literature.
Basic provisions of the logistics concept
Let's characterize its main provisions.1. Implementation of the principle of a systems approach 2. Refusal to release
universal technological and material handling
equipment. Use of equipment suitable for
mostly, specific conditions. Let's not dwell here on
proof that when performing a particular operation
universal equipment, as a rule, loses to equipment,
created specifically for this operation. This position
fully applies to logistics processes. Note
only that optimization of streaming processes by using
equipment that meets specific working conditions, it is possible
only in conditions of production and mass use of wide
nomenclature of various means of production. In other words,
in order to apply a logistic approach to management
material flows, society should have a sufficiently high
level of scientific and technological development.
Basic provisions of the logistics concept
3. Humanization of technological processes, creation of modernworking conditions One of the elements of logistics systems are
frames, i.e. specially trained personnel, capable of the necessary
the degree of responsibility to carry out their functions. However, work in
the field of material management is traditionally not prestigious,
which explains the presence here of the "eternal" problem of personnel.
Logistic approach, enhancing the social value of the activity
in the field of material flow management, creates objective
prerequisites for attracting personnel with more than
high labor potential. At the same time, they should adequately
to improve working conditions. Otherwise they can become like this
called a bottleneck.
4. Accounting for logistics costs throughout the entire logistics
chain One of the main tasks of logistics is to minimize costs for
bringing the material flow from the primary source of raw materials to
the end consumer. The solution to this problem is possible only when
provided that the system of accounting for the costs of production and circulation
allows you to allocate logistics costs. Thus appears
an important criterion for choosing the optimal option for a logistics system
- minimum total costs throughout the entire logistics chain.
5.
Basic provisions of the logistics concept
5. Development of service services at a modern level. Opportunities todaya sharp increase in the quality of most of the products
objectively limited. Therefore, an increasing number of entrepreneurs
turns to logistics service as a means of increasing
competitiveness.
Let's say there are several suppliers in the market that supply
the same product, the same quality. In this case, the consumer
will give preference to the one that is capable of
provide a higher level of service, for example, deliver goods
just in time, in a convenient container, etc.
6. The ability of logistics systems to adapt to
uncertainty of the environment. The appearance of a large number
variety of goods and services increases the degree of uncertainty
demand for them, causes sharp fluctuations in quality and
quantitative characteristics of material flows passing through
logistics systems. In these conditions, the ability of logistics
systems to adaptation and changes in the external environment is
an essential factor in a stable position in the market.
Basic provisions of the logistics concept
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
Refusal to release universal technological and handling equipment.
Humanization of technological processes, creation of modern
working conditions
Accounting for logistics costs throughout the logistics
chains
Development of service services at the modern level
The ability of logistics systems to adapt to
uncertainties of the environment
Just-intime (JIT) concept.
Just-in-time (JIT) concept.
Just-in-time concept(just-in-time, JIT).
The most widespread concept in the world is "just in
term "(just-in-time, JIT). The modern concept of building a logistics
systems in production (operational management), supply and
distribution based on synchronization of delivery processes
material resources and finished products in the required quantities
the time when the links of the logistics system need them, with
the purpose of minimizing the costs associated with the creation of stocks. Her
appearance dates back to the late 50s, when the Japanese company Toyota
Motors, and then other auto makers in Japan, began
actively implement the KANBANK logistics system. The name of this
the concept was given a little later by the Americans, who also tried
use this approach in the automotive industry.
The original slogan of the just-in-time concept was the potential
exclusion of stocks of materials, components and semi-finished products in
the production process of assembling cars and their main units.
Just-in-time (JIT) concept.
Just-in-time concept(just-in-time, JIT).
The initial statement was as follows: if the production schedule
given (while abstracting from demand or orders), then you can
organize the movement of material flows that all materials,
components and semi-finished products will be supplied in the required quantity,
to the right place (to the assembly place in the conveyor) and exactly to the designated
deadline for production or assembly of finished products. With such
staging insurance stocks that immobilize funds
firms turned out to be unnecessary. Like "See, just-in-time" concept
was based on the synchronization of logistics functions such as
supply and production, and was subsequently successfully applied in
distribution systems for finished products.
Just-in-time (JIT) concept.
Just-in-time concept(just-in-time, JIT).
Just-in-time logistics systems,
are pulling systems in which placing orders for
replenishment of stocks of material resources or finished products
occurs when their number in certain links of the logistics
the system reaches a critical level. In this case, the reserves are "pulled out"
through distribution channels from suppliers of material resources
or in the company's distribution system. In the concept "just in time
The following elements play an essential role:
demand, which determines the further movement of raw materials, materials,
components, semi-finished products and finished products;
concentration of the main suppliers of material resources near
the main company carrying out the production or assembly process
finished products;
the reliability of the suppliers, as any supply failure could disrupt
production schedule (how important is supplier reliability,
says the fact that American and European manufacturers were able to
to introduce the concept "just in time" only 10-15 years after the Japanese in
mainly due to low reliability of supply);
product quality (Japanese automakers are radically
changed the approach to quality control and management, which subsequently
resulted in a philosophy of total quality management - for all
stages of the production process and subsequent service);
Just-in-time (JIT) concept.
Just-in-time concept(just-in-time, JIT).
accuracy of information and forecasting, for which it is necessary to work with
reliable telecommunication systems and information and computer support;
increased labor responsibility and high labor discipline
all staff.
As already noted, one of the first attempts at practical implementation
the concept "just in time" was the KANBAN system, for the implementation of which
it took about 10 years for Toyota Motors to develop. Such
long term was due to the fact that the KANBAN system could not
work without the existing logistics environment of the concept "exactly in
term ", the listed elements of which are discussed above.
KANBANK system
KANBANK system
As already noted, one of the first attempts at practical implementationthe concept "just in time" was the KANBAN system, for the implementation
which from the beginning of development at the company "Toyota Motors" took about 10 years.
Such a long period was due to the fact that the KANBAN system could not
work without the existing logistics environment of the concept "exactly
on time ", the listed elements of which are discussed above.
System "Kanban" - SYSTEM of production management and
supply, developed in Japan (by Toyota) with
using logistics methods. Basic principles
system functioning are timely delivery
products to the customer, enhanced control over product quality at
all stages of production, careful adjustment of equipment,
excluding the release of scrap, reducing the number of suppliers
components, maximum approximation of enterprises
subcontractors to the location of the head, as a rule, assembly
factory.
(requirements / resource planning, RP).
Resource Needs PlanningResource Needs Planning
(requirements / resource planning, RP).
main activities. One of the most popular in the world
is the concept of "resource planning"
(requirements / resource planning, RP).
It should be noted that this approach has been used on several
factories in Europe before the outbreak of World War II, but not in
computer version.
MRP is a method for efficiently scheduling all resources
manufacturing enterprise. Ideally, it allows for
production planning in natural units,
financial planning - in value units and
provides the ability to simulate to answer
to questions like "what will happen if ...".
RP is often contrasted with just-in-time.
the view that the logistics systems of the "pushing"
type. For micro-logistic system "push" type
production of parts, components, semi-finished products and
assembly of finished products from them in accordance with a rigidly specified
production schedule.
Requirements / resource planning (RP).
Resource Needs Planning(requirements / resource planning, RP).
As a result of MP, work in progress is sort of "pushed out" from
one link of the in-house drug to another.
Basic systems based on the concept of "planning
needs, resources ", in production and supply are systems
planning material requirements for production
resource requirements planning "(MRP I-Manufacturing
Requirements Planning / MRP II - Manufacturing Resource Planning), and in
distributor - systems<планирования распределения продукции /
resources\u003e "DRP I - Distribution Requirements Planning / DRP II - Distribution
Hesource Planning).
Requirements / resource planning (RP).
Resource Needs Planning(requirements / resource planning, RP).
MRP systems handle materials, components,
semi-finished products and their parts, the demand for which depends on the demand for
GP.
The logistics concept inherent in these systems appeared
quite a long time ago, however, its implementation became feasible only with
the emergence of working computers. The main goals of MRP systems
are:
meeting the need for materials, components and products
for production planning and delivery to consumers;
maintaining low levels of reserves MP, WIP, GP;
planning of production operations, delivery schedules,
purchasing operations.
The MRP system begins its work by determining how much and in what
the time required to produce the final product, then determines
time and required amount of MP to satisfy every need
production schedule.
MRP
Basic elements of MRPThe MRP system focuses on the use of information
about suppliers,
customers and production processes for
management of flows of materials and components. Parts of the original
materials and components are planned for admission to
enterprises in accordance with the time (taking into account the insurance
advance) when they are required for the manufacture of prefabricated parts and
nodes. In turn, parts and assemblies are produced and delivered to
final assembly at the required time. Finished products
produced
and
delivered
to customers
in
conformity
from
agreed commitments.
Thus, batches of raw materials arrive one after another.
as if "pushing" those who had previously entered through all stages
production process.
The principle of the "Pushing System": to make assemblies and deliver them to
the next stage of production, where they are needed, or to the warehouse, so
the most "pushing" materials on the production process in
according to the plan.
IN
connections
from
those
what
MRP
systems
de facto
have
widespread, and the term is often used in
means of information, makes sense of a more detailed conceptual
consideration.
MRP System (Push System)
When is the use of MRP systems appropriate?First of all, it should be noted that MRP systems were developed
for use in manufacturing plants. If the enterprise
has a discrete type of production with a relatively long cycle
production (Assembly to order - ATO, Production to order - MTO,
Manufacturing to a warehouse - MTS, ...), i.e. when for manufactured products
there is a bill of materials and the composition of the product (exploding), then
using the MRP system is logical and appropriate.
If the company has a Process Industry, then
the use of MRP functionality is justified in the case of relatively
long production cycle (availability of MPS planning).
MRP systems are rarely used for material planning.
needs for service, transport, trade and other organizations
non-production profile, although potentially ideas for MRP systems can
be applied with some assumptions to non-production
enterprises whose activities require the planning of materials in
relatively long time interval.
MRP System (Push System)
MRP systems are based on material planning formeet the needs of production and include directly
MRP functionality, description and scheduling functionality
capacity utilization CRP (Capacity Resources Planning) and
are aimed at creating optimal conditions for the implementation
production plan for the release of products.
The main idea of \u200b\u200bMRP systems is that any accounting unit
materials or components necessary for the production of the product,
must be in stock at the right time and in the right quantity.
The main advantage of MRP systems is the formation
the sequence of production operations with materials and
components, ensuring the timely manufacture of units
(semi-finished products) for the implementation of the main production plan for
release of finished products.
The main elements of an MRP system can be divided into elements,
providing information, element - software implementation
algorithmic basis of MRP and elements representing the result
functioning of the software implementation of MRP.
MRP II
Block diagram of MRP II elementsMRP II
Production Requirements Planning (MRP II)Due to the fact that the question often arises about the differences between MRP systems and
MRP II, it should be noted that the answer is contained in the definition.
The first system carries out planning mainly material
needs for production (planning principles were
discussed earlier).
MRP II system is designed to plan all resources
enterprises for the implementation of the production plan - materials,
capacity and money. The simplified planning sequence is already
was represented by the planning loop in the figure.
The standard functions of the financial subsystem providing
cash planning discussed earlier.
Standard functions of the planning and control subsystems
production, as well as supply management, storage,
distribution and sales, typical for MRP II and ERP systems
are given below. MRP II
Product definition and
technology
Management of design
data
Drawing management system
Product configuration
Product specification
Definition
technological routes
Cost accounting
…
Note: for process
production description
products are set
special formulas
(recipes).
Planning
Development of the main
production schedule
Production planning
Planning the need for
materials
Planning the need for
production facilities
Resource planning
in the production project
Network
production planning
the project
Final assembly schedule
…MRP II
Control
Manufacturing control
Workshop management
Serial production management
…
Subsystem of supply, storage, distribution management,
sales:
Product management
Inventory Management
Storage management
Replenishment management
Procurement management
Sales management
Party management
Statistical inventory management
Distribution Needs Planning
Marketing and Sales
Electronic data interchange
ERP system, in turn, is a further development of the system
MRP II and includes enterprise resource planning for everyone
main activities.
ERP system
The ERP concept evolved from the simpler MRP (MaterialRequirement Planning) and
MRP
II
(Manufacturing
Resource
Planning
-
Planning
production resources).
It is believed that the ERP concept is an improved option
MRP II concept. But it is not, because between these two
there are significant differences in concepts. The main difference is that ERP
moves away from "commodity-material" management schemes and as one
of the most important planning factors considers interests
client.
The ERP concept assumes that the system uses only one
an integrated program instead of several separate ones. United
the system manages processing, distribution, logistics, inventory,
delivery, invoicing and accounting. A system for differentiating access to information, implemented in ERP systems, in combination with other information security measures
the company is designed to discourage both external threats
(for example, industrial espionage) and internal (for example,
theft). Implemented together with CRM-system and control system
quality, ERP systems are aimed at maximum satisfaction
enterprise needs in business management tools. The ERP concept contains:
all functions of MRP II;
all necessary reporting;
the whole set of financial functions;
sales automation;
production functions;
service delivery functions;
quality management functions;
personnel management functions;
distribution functions;
logistics functions;
engineering functions.
The ERP concept has such an important feature as the possibility of global
management of production, goods and services. This feature is very
important for large international corporations, where subsidiaries
companies and divisions interact with each other, being at
this in different countries and regions. The software tools used in ERP systems give
the ability to carry out production planning, form
order flow and assess the possibility of their implementation in departments
enterprises.
An ERP system, in contrast to an accounting system, is, first of all, a system
resource planning. It analyzes not only activities for
previous and current periods, but also constitutes future results. ERP
systems are not just data storage. They include modules
planning and optimization of resources, and most of the accounting functions
are aimed at supporting the functioning of these modules.
To implement the planning and optimization functions, the system must have
Feedback. Based on the management objectives, a plan is first drawn up,
then, in the process of performing the work, the indicators are fixed
the activities of the enterprise and their analysis. Comparing the goals and
the results achieved, a corrective action is developed. AND
the accounting system only records the results. It contains no function
to automate planning, and compare planned and actual
indicators. In other words, accounting systems perform only
a small analytical part of management, but not synthetic. In that
the main difference between the concept of an ERP system and an accounting system.
DRP system
DRP systems are a schedule (schedule) that coordinatesthe whole process of delivery and restocking of the GP in the distribution network. For
for this, schedules are formed for each link of the drug associated with
formation of gas reserves, which are then integrated into the total
requirement for replenishment of stocks of SOEs in the company's warehouses or wholesale
intermediaries. DRP systems allow achieving some competitive
advantages in marketing and logistics, namely: improve the level of service
by reducing the GP delivery time and meeting expectations
consumers, improve the promotion of new products to the market, improve
coordination of SOE inventory management, etc.
The functioning of DRP systems is based on consumer demand,
which cannot be controlled by the firm, therefore uncertain
the external environment imposes additional requirements and restrictions on
Inventory management policy of SOEs in distribution networks as opposed to
MRP systems where the production schedule is controlled by the manufacturer of the GPU and therefore the conditions are more specific. DRP systems
plan and manage inventory levels at the firm's bases and warehouses
own commodity distribution network or wholesale
intermediaries.
Lean Manufacturing Concept
ROP (re-order point)
QR (quick response)
CR (continuous replenishment)
AR (automatic replenishment)
Lean Manufacturing Concept
Lean Manufacturing ConceptIn recent years, many Western firms have organized
production and operational management has become widespread
the logistic concept of "lean production", This concept of
is essentially a development of the just-in-time concept and includes
the elements
logistic
systems
KANBAN
and
MRP.
The essence
in-house
logistic
concepts
"slim
production "is expressed in the creative combination of the following basic
components: high quality, small production size
batches, low inventory levels, highly skilled personnel,
flexible manufacturing technologies.
The main objectives of the lean manufacturing concept are:
high standards of product quality;
low production costs;
quick response to changes in consumer demand;
minimum equipment changeover time.
Lean Manufacturing Concept
Lean Manufacturing ConceptThe lean manufacturing concept is based in part on the principle
"pulling systems". In relation to this concept, this principle
means: no warehouses, only minimal inventory on the shelves, all
stocks - at workplaces, that is, only those
Components,
which
necessary
for
satisfaction
order
consumers.
In foreign practice, among other logistics concepts for
in the last decade, various
demand-driven techniques (DDT) options. This concept was developed mainly as a modification
RP concept in terms of improving response to changes in consumer
demand.
The most famous are four of its options:
the concept of "point of order (reorder)" (re-order point, ROP);
the concept of "quick response" (QR);
concept (logistics strategy) "continuous replenishment
stocks "(continuous replenishment, CR);
concept
"automatic
replenishment
stocks "
(automatic
replenishment, AR).
test questions
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is a concept?
List the conceptual provisions of logistics.
Expand the essence of each of the conceptual provisions
logistics.
How does the total cost principle differ from the principle?
using trade-off theory to
reallocation of costs?
What is a logistics compromise?
Why for the effective functioning of drugs
fundamentally important "the principle of humanization of all functions
and technological solutions in drugs "?
Select and justify 2-3 of the most important, in your opinion
view the conceptual provisions of logistics.
Enable Effects
1 of 44
Disable Effects
See similar
Embed code
In contact with
Classmates
Telegram
Reviews
Add your review
Annotation to the presentation
The presentation on the topic "Fundamentals of the theory of logistics" defines the flow, logical operations, a complex system, gives the properties of the system, "Six rules of logistics", functional areas of logistics management, conceptual provisions of logistics.
- Logistics flows
- Logical operations
- A complex system
- System properties
- Object and subject of logistics
- "Six Rules of Logistics"
- Functional areas of logistics management
- Conceptual provisions of logistics
To teach a lesson by a teacher
Format
pptx (powerpoint)
Number of slides
The words
Abstract
Present
Purpose
Slide 1
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
Slide 2
Logistics flows
Flow is the directed movement of a set of something conditionally homogeneous (for example, products, information, finance, materials, raw materials, etc.).
Slide 3
Material flow
The material flow is MR, work-in-progress, GP, considered in the process of applying to them various logistic (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and technological (machining, assembly, etc.) operations and referred to a certain time interval.
The dimension of the MP is the ratio of the dimension of the product (units, tons, m3, etc.) to the dimension of the time interval (day, month, year, etc.).
Slide 4
Information flow
Information flow is a flow of messages in speech, documentary (paper and electronic) and other forms, generated by the original MT in the considered LAN, between the LAN and the external environment, and intended for the implementation of control functions.
Slide 5
Financial flow
Financial flow in logistics is understood as the directed movement of funds circulating inside the drug, between drugs and the external environment, necessary to ensure the effective movement of a certain MP.
Slide 6
Service flow
In addition to the material, informational and financial type of flows, there is also a service flow, which is the number of services provided over a certain time interval. A service is understood as a special type of activity that satisfies public and personal needs (transport services, wholesale and retail, consulting, informational, etc.).
Slide 7
Logistic operations
Logistics operations are an independent part of the logistics process, performed at one workplace and / or using one technical device; a separate set of actions aimed at transforming material and / or information flows. LO with MP include packaging, loading, transportation, unloading, unpacking, packaging, sorting, warehousing, packaging, etc.
Slide 8
Logistic systems
System is a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity.
An element of a system is a part of a system that cannot be conditionally divided into its component parts.
Slide 9
A complex system
A complex system is a system with a branched structure and a significant number of interconnected and interacting elements (subsystems) that have different types of connections, capable of maintaining partial operability in the event of failure of individual elements (robustness property).
Slide 10
Big system
A large system is a complex system that has a number of additional features: the presence of subsystems that have their own purpose, subordinate to the general purpose of the entire system; a large number of various connections (material, informational, energy, etc.); external communications with other systems; the presence of elements of self-organization in the system.
Slide 11
System properties
1. Integrity and segmentation. A system is an integral set of elements interacting with each other, but for the purposes of analysis, the system can be conditionally divided into separate elements.
2. Integrative qualities (emergence) - qualities inherent in the system as a whole, but not inherent in any of its elements separately.
Slide 12
3. Links are what connects objects and properties in a system process into a whole. There are connections between the elements of the system that determine the integrative qualities of the system. The connections between the elements of the system should be more powerful than the connections of individual elements with the external environment.
4. Organization is an internal orderliness, consistency of interaction of system elements, a certain structure of connections between system elements.
Slide 13
Micrologistic and macrologistic systems
Micrologistic systems are subsystems, structural components of macrologistic systems. They are associated with a specific enterprise and are designed to manage flows in the production, supply and marketing process.
Macrologistic system is a large control system of small businesses, covering enterprises and industrial organizations, intermediary, trade and transport organizations of various departments located in different districts, regions of the country or in different countries.
Slide 14
OBJECT, SUBJECT, PURPOSE, TASKS AND FUNCTIONS OF LOGISTICS.
Slide 15
Object and subject of logistics
The object of the study of logistics are end-to-end MT, service flows and accompanying financial and information flows.
The subject of the study of logistics is the optimization of MT, service flows and related financial and information flows.
Slide 16
"Six rules of logistics"
Describe the ultimate goal of logistics management:
1. Cargo - the desired product;
2. Quality - of the required quality;
3. Quantity - in the required quantity;
4. Time - must be delivered at the right time;
5. Place - to the right place;
6. Costs - with minimal costs.
Slide 17
Logistic function
A logistic function is an enlarged group of LOs, homogeneous in terms of the purpose of these operations, and significantly different from another set of operations.
Slide 18
Functional areas (spheres) of logistics management:
- procurement logistics;
- production logistics;
- distribution logistics;
- transport logistics;
- inventory logistics;
- warehousing logistics;
- service logistics;
- information logistics.
Slide 19
CONCEPTUAL PROVISIONS OF LOGISTICS.
Slide 20
Basic principles
- The principle of a systems approach
- Total cost principle
- The principle of global optimization.
- The principle of logistics coordination and integration
- Using trade-off theory to reallocate costs
- Refusal to release universal technological and handling equipment.
Slide 21
- The principle of development of logistics services
- The principle of modeling and information and computer support.
- The principle of developing the required complex of subsystems
- The principle of TQM (total quality management) - total quality management.
- The principle of humanization of all functions and technological solutions in drugs.
- The principle of sustainability and adaptability.
Slide 22
LOGISTIC DECISION-MAKING METHODOLOGY.
Slide 23
Methodology
Methodology is the study of structure, logical organization, methods and means of activity.
The modern theory of logistics is conceptually based on four methodologies:
- systems analysis (general systems theory),
- cybernetic approach (cybernetics),
- operations research,
- prognostics.
Slide 24
System analysis
General systems theory is a scientific discipline that develops methodological principles for the study of systems. The main feature of the general theory of systems is the approach to research objects as to systems.
Systems analysis is a methodology of general systems theory, which consists in the study of any objects by representing them as systems, carrying out their structuring and subsequent analysis.
Slide 25
- decomposition task means representing the system in the form of subsystems, consisting of smaller elements;
- the task of the analysis is to find various kinds of properties of the system, its elements and the environment in order to determine the patterns of behavior of the system;
- the synthesis task is to create a model of the system, determine its structure, parameters that ensure the effective functioning of the system, solve problems and achieve the goals set on the basis of knowledge about the system obtained in solving the first two problems.
Slide 26
Cybernetics
Cybernetics is a science about the general laws of control in nature, society, living organisms and machines, which studies information processes associated with the control of dynamic systems.
The cybernetic approach is the study of a system based on the principles of cybernetics, in particular by identifying direct and feedback connections, studying control processes, considering the elements of the system as some kind of "black boxes" (systems in which only their input and output information is available to the researcher, and the internal structure may not be known).
Slide 27
· Goal-setting task - determination of the required state or behavior of the system;
· The problem of stabilization - keeping the system in the existing state in conditions of disturbing influences;
· The task of executing the program - transferring the system to the required state in conditions when the values \u200b\u200bof the controlled variables change according to the known deterministic laws;
Slide 28
· The task of tracking is to ensure the required behavior of the system under conditions when the laws of change of controlled quantities are unknown or change;
· Optimization problem - keeping or transferring the system to a state with extreme values \u200b\u200bof characteristics under given conditions and constraints.
Slide 29
Slide 30
Operations research
Operations Research is a methodology for applying mathematical quantitative methods to justify problem solutions in all areas of purposeful human activity.
The main postulate of operations research is as follows: the optimal solution (control) is a set of values \u200b\u200bof variables at which the optimal (maximum or minimum) value of the efficiency criterion (objective function) of the operation is achieved and the specified constraints are met.
Slide 31
Modeling
Modeling is the process of studying a real system, including building a model, studying its properties and transferring the information obtained to the simulated system.
A model is some material or abstract object that is in a certain objective correspondence with the object under study, carries certain information about it and is able to replace it at certain stages of cognition.
Slide 32
Slide 33
Resource allocation problems
Distribution tasks arise when the available resources are not enough to carry out each of the planned works in an efficient way and it is necessary to allocate resources in the best possible way according to the selected optimality criterion.
Slide 34
Equipment repair and replacement tasks
The tasks of equipment repair and replacement make it possible to determine:
Such terms of refurbishment and the moments of equipment replacement, at which the costs of repair, replacement for the entire period of its operation are minimized;
· To determine such terms of preventive control for detecting malfunctions, at which the amount of costs for monitoring and expected losses from equipment downtime due to failure of some equipment parts is minimized.
Slide 35
Inventory management tasks
Inventory management tasks answer the following questions:
· What are the optimal values \u200b\u200bof the volume of an order for the purchase or production of goods, the period of delivery of orders, the size of the stock, the moments of placing the order for the goods, allowing to minimize the total costs of purchasing, production, delivery, storage of goods;
What is more profitable to produce goods or buy them;
Is it profitable to use discounts on the purchase of goods, etc.
Slide 36
Planning tasks for complex projects
Using network models allows:
· Build a network diagram that represents the relationship of the project's work, which allows you to analyze in detail all the work and make improvements to the project structure even before its implementation;
· Build a calendar schedule that determines the start and end times of each work, the minimum possible time for the project, reduce the number of simultaneously employed performers, reduce the duration of individual work and the project as a whole;
· Operatively monitor and correct the progress of the project.
Slide 37
Route selection problems
A typical route selection task is to find a certain route from one city to another, when there are many paths through different intermediate points. The task is to determine the most economical route in terms of time, distance or cost of travel. Restrictions can be imposed on existing routes, for example, a ban on returning to an already traveled path, a requirement to bypass all points, and it is fashionable to visit each of them only once (the traveling salesman problem).
Slide 38
Queuing tasks
Queuing problems are devoted to the study of queuing systems. The reason for queues is that the flow of customer requests is random and unmanageable. Typical examples of such situations are the queues of passengers at the ticket offices, the queues of subscribers waiting for a call at a long-distance PBX, the queues of planes waiting for takeoff or landing.
Queuing tasks allow you to determine how many service devices are needed in order to minimize the total expected losses from untimely maintenance and downtime of the service equipment.
Slide 39
Sequencing tasks
The standard formulation of the task of ordering (scheduling): there are many parts with certain technological routes, as well as several machines on which the parts are processed. Then the ordering consists in determining such a sequence of processing each part on each machine, which minimizes the total duration of all work, or the total delay in processing parts, or losses from delay, etc.
Slide 40
Forecasting
Forecasting is the science of the laws and methods of developing forecasts for dynamical systems.
Forecast - a scientifically grounded judgment about the possible states (in quantitative assessment) of the forecast object (OP) in the future and / or alternative ways and the timing of their implementation.
Slide 41
Stages of the forecasting procedure
1. Definition of forecast objects.
2. Selection of parameters that are predicted.
3. Determination of forecast time horizons.
4. Selection of forecasting models.
5. Justification of the forecasting model and collection of the data required for the forecast.
6. Making a forecast.
7. Tracking results.
Slide 42
Methods for solving logistic problems
Mathematics: probability theory; math statistics; theory of random processes; matrix theory; factor analysis, mathematical logic; theory of fuzzy sets, etc.
Operations research: linear, non-linear and dynamic programming; game theory; theory of statistical decisions; queuing theory; inventory management theory; simulation method; method of network planning and management; efficiency theory, etc.
Slide 43
Technical cybernetics: theory of large systems; forecasting theory; general management theory; theory of automatic regulation; graph theory; information theory; scheduling theory, etc.
Forecasting: methods of prospective economic forecasting; time series forecasting; regression and correlation analysis; logical forecasting methods; expert methods, etc.
Slide 44
Economic Cybernetics: Theory of Optimal Planning; efficiency theory; qualimetry theory; functional cost analysis; marketing research methods; management; decision making theory; production management; strategic and operational planning; pricing; quality control; personnel Management; project management; investment management; social Psychology; economics and organization of transport, warehousing, trade, etc.
View all slides
Abstract
Lesson summary.
Social studies grade 11.
{!LANG-5148ef9da620ba833c963110fdb6ce5c!}
{!LANG-a4e3ad907793146bad186b1195750c6c!}
{!LANG-73814dbbab66dddc1b07ed6bd2fe125c!}
{!LANG-fbbd28a3aed44083a8180b3506154ae8!}
{!LANG-aa437d8b59ad0e5a79fc2a2d6e279f82!}
{!LANG-05e0ab499a8fe95d604d162da8e0fd4e!}
{!LANG-2242ad9c0594c7ee9e2e7c2bf47ca969!}
{!LANG-d267b7a3f9b63bc0c2aeec93310c5801!}
{!LANG-dfc776debb5defbb23d1b005d8fb1539!}
{!LANG-7e24164cfff323912e743e1ee09e9f83!}
{!LANG-aa437d8b59ad0e5a79fc2a2d6e279f82!}
{!LANG-91c54eeb25838153e73a75fb7b972432!}
{!LANG-8d77350bdd7eef7ec33a054255ce2c0f!}
{!LANG-cc7fc29c165a6aa7a69812c19698b254!}
{!LANG-545411d5e4ba639094e492505fdf3b02!}
{!LANG-ef32b156fa91c6c5188e95b4037dd5f4!} - {!LANG-a337f3d66a3247c2a80d93cc38e46b3e!}
{!LANG-6513400e46c31a9db9db0256ec492ed1!} | ||
{!LANG-181657f343d8e805be9ac5e2dd98a4c5!} | {!LANG-a0589319f16a567b2fa88e7efd1549d0!} | {!LANG-7a75befd51ec649754a56d8cc402fcd9!} |
{!LANG-68e891150733bf5974f842e9b8eda7bb!} | {!LANG-aae4686ac9d35b3d7a49c1b900696cf5!} {!LANG-cc65d7a2a42a7b3cf79f3ff811ad183f!} | |
{!LANG-0642c01762b3b0a156a0b78cedb7f237!} |
Lesson summary.
Social studies grade 11.
{!LANG-5148ef9da620ba833c963110fdb6ce5c!}
{!LANG-da4cba01995a8c6d8b1b81ff8ae29fcf!}
{!LANG-e2a1868604f8481bc03efcc95e23cc8d!}
{!LANG-a4e3ad907793146bad186b1195750c6c!}
{!LANG-6bcb1926d62fb7d3fad3b261bbf11389!}
{!LANG-99daa2d2af522155994f354281833f41!}
{!LANG-73814dbbab66dddc1b07ed6bd2fe125c!}
{!LANG-6adcebc9dd6253ae884f2af549886b6f!}
{!LANG-fbbd28a3aed44083a8180b3506154ae8!}
{!LANG-aa437d8b59ad0e5a79fc2a2d6e279f82!}
{!LANG-91c54eeb25838153e73a75fb7b972432!}
{!LANG-8d77350bdd7eef7ec33a054255ce2c0f!}
{!LANG-ae5ed181c1043e0c50498c6db445b92c!}
{!LANG-05e0ab499a8fe95d604d162da8e0fd4e!}
{!LANG-89cb78801d1c5a0cfc8484bc36d79711!}
{!LANG-b9f50c76f9f40d9ed8396a108f26b5ab!}
{!LANG-33c98d1ced9d8d42655a067177a8bceb!}
{!LANG-2242ad9c0594c7ee9e2e7c2bf47ca969!}{!LANG-04c33d0a077c345e0a833a3fcb859067!}
{!LANG-1166dd5b19a70ba66761e7c5a748d1cf!}
{!LANG-ebdc50baf3cdf8307870b02280d346db!}
{!LANG-d267b7a3f9b63bc0c2aeec93310c5801!}
{!LANG-dfc776debb5defbb23d1b005d8fb1539!}
{!LANG-7e24164cfff323912e743e1ee09e9f83!}
{!LANG-aa437d8b59ad0e5a79fc2a2d6e279f82!}
{!LANG-91c54eeb25838153e73a75fb7b972432!}
{!LANG-8d77350bdd7eef7ec33a054255ce2c0f!}
{!LANG-05bcf2707acc6c38ce36eacddae06c0f!}
{!LANG-cc7fc29c165a6aa7a69812c19698b254!}
{!LANG-a199ec4796b9f22d1f32a3d444c7dbb5!}
{!LANG-f3f2934b4e680c9485652f40dd1cfeb9!}
{!LANG-1285f05c17cb82cf104f07aa8306623c!}
{!LANG-f7f87c469d9c69818306f2267406c951!}
{!LANG-d9474a0ce4f5dd69218f6e830f521a81!}
{!LANG-4a0022c4ea97a4b956886c577fda0c67!}
{!LANG-1ff6cbd07aecbf8ec7deed6671359967!}
{!LANG-d88ec7fc513aeef76d9161ab65832ec7!}
{!LANG-29a22d586b9071a23e584774f4d16436!}
{!LANG-c5847a6f29ae5754d3a09fc0c3f0280b!}
{!LANG-80fe75fe441f2a6d3bbfaa54a80ecbc0!}
{!LANG-f0a2c47e0ec078c493c8eca638f94fba!}
{!LANG-4e7a90d30315a841a15c799da446882f!}
{!LANG-23a6ec09e8cb2e6b668bc363a842bf6c!}
{!LANG-8cf9385ffe04af925396dee6c9bfb1d6!}
{!LANG-4d93ea25f8acbe983759f1eefecaccd2!}
{!LANG-008f1f72628bd81fe2319021fb74dbb9!}
{!LANG-37d60f01e7bdaacbed73cea3e0405821!}
{!LANG-20670ffac10ec9bf16aceeccc90e2211!}
{!LANG-c8ccfc93f595446396b10c8e62e791fe!}
{!LANG-545411d5e4ba639094e492505fdf3b02!}
{!LANG-ef32b156fa91c6c5188e95b4037dd5f4!} - {!LANG-79bba6838de1b1a355f94a494f6d4e5c!}
{!LANG-ba19e5beb825e2611e86a6acbf74dca4!}
{!LANG-6a2caf7ab9c002e97a91f140ae8a5268!}
{!LANG-6513400e46c31a9db9db0256ec492ed1!} | {!LANG-cf5d9d78243ed2bea7b278a7699c651e!} | {!LANG-4403673af9bbd753b77e86ee66c9c707!} |
{!LANG-181657f343d8e805be9ac5e2dd98a4c5!} | {!LANG-a0589319f16a567b2fa88e7efd1549d0!} | {!LANG-7a75befd51ec649754a56d8cc402fcd9!} |
{!LANG-68e891150733bf5974f842e9b8eda7bb!} | {!LANG-aae4686ac9d35b3d7a49c1b900696cf5!} {!LANG-cc65d7a2a42a7b3cf79f3ff811ad183f!} {!LANG-ef45053b59ca3a5bc66547c1eb87c5a8!} | {!LANG-b04a690549d77353f45c47f094aba241!} |
{!LANG-513ad5d168ead683e3141bd03ff4f9a2!} | {!LANG-dd889f90c92ced341c0be171b49fd025!} | {!LANG-c6d9eebc092e7cda298e331f5452e860!} |
{!LANG-0642c01762b3b0a156a0b78cedb7f237!} | {!LANG-fc0effc367dc4c1520a6f0ed9912b055!} | {!LANG-08a6b60291e13a82002c8ec372e1787d!} |
{!LANG-eda9044312b76bdcbcf4e8465879c004!}
{!LANG-bc8672a11135fa22ccad8379ed47f17e!}
{!LANG-970eec97eb964970c9e36718553d31dc!}
{!LANG-1150f06a7167c06c223de11f1a99a569!}
{!LANG-1d2358ac0ad1969ce23b9e9d44f114df!}
{!LANG-a3f9f8c02ba923727dfbd5d9eb551554!}
{!LANG-578b21e246ed3b1b21668726dc8fa5ad!}
{!LANG-3bbab8689025a044a2de11b649c9d9c5!}
{!LANG-71cc40c8489082b3e25b8024ffb581dc!}
{!LANG-c71aebc3c308b830fd2538be2fb4d4b2!}
{!LANG-3346af8e80945c157deb93ec9bf40230!}
{!LANG-308d288a2baede48d4c5b8ef5ba7e7c9!}
{!LANG-bcf98dce5681b0da9f85a87725d1f8ae!}
{!LANG-83ba2c843daeb10520d47c6daa94554f!}
{!LANG-9c311b68d71516736009bd938e938423!}
{!LANG-a2c5b146e6bb8364d7bbb5fef9da09b3!}
{!LANG-75d3cc467689eccc56af3323b14e6043!}
{!LANG-0fc986040ff895c9b2ce12225a4c7762!}
{!LANG-b735afe4aec1f5e615a2a0aa883a8ce2!}
{!LANG-48d75f4ab6b81cfc127bc900b20a0035!}
{!LANG-68a2e08cb4467f49b7f5762c6ec9b758!}
{!LANG-0e9b1710ca913f3f546a3e81c59935e4!}
{!LANG-d61d2abc6db5a83f0f5f65f5edacfabd!}
{!LANG-29501a528df4750f187efdc9dbabfa69!}
{!LANG-f7b55dfe21d0ea450c82d3ec1b6d75e8!}
{!LANG-9c5e3cb668ecbfbc808f11acb1f86926!}
{!LANG-176eee3b29ec39cdb2eeadec1e43b912!}
- {!LANG-3a0cc73aa599582bf76a64827c3add55!}
- {!LANG-2cfd640d3a1cbdada30e1a75ab71ed64!}
- {!LANG-732058d873b54e79727cd553e7c748f8!}
- {!LANG-8f43df9af746d5b7a4f35835a654cd8d!}
{!LANG-e6479973a5db1bd7ae8d348f17aa8174!}
{!LANG-bd5a3af6824c25d8751394f839971fa7!}
{!LANG-7747cf95a5e015cd91b40bc16d4f56e0!}
{!LANG-18a0447ab74848e62c1b25ed9ae7965c!}
{!LANG-52bf4519bd9399736326b169f23a443a!}
{!LANG-9188ddc2924f318bedf6e4c377b9e3c6!}
{!LANG-772670821a1d0ab2edc261d859f55e73!}
- {!LANG-2c0f6754dc18849fadef449be356d41c!}
- {!LANG-54262a5d760e402fdac8a6e58e20a635!}
- {!LANG-cf67cf3ebef2377af1278f9983e96287!}
- {!LANG-04a5010fc4b382cd396d311a20dfdfd1!}
{!LANG-5d83018244afe9c978873e6ae17644af!}
{!LANG-60db74e4de203c8daeabedb656bef616!}
{!LANG-000c7e7c01a41fcdea73be4ee2e7d63b!}
{!LANG-b4d69973076275c2b959c137a6fd1a71!}
{!LANG-c82a0e7c85bc0ead629e7a8b3c1bc930!}
{!LANG-e6591370ed95f4ac6a7a75026b5f6d01!}
{!LANG-ae956ef262a91250a1c7ed5568d24136!}
{!LANG-d32b464cd8583167e908c9baca6bbedd!}
{!LANG-ba97a6bcb94fc4b57990563dfa0deed7!}
{!LANG-e391a2499d19dbccef0ee907988eea7d!}
{!LANG-093a41a4e192113780161d3292852d1d!}
- {!LANG-f6c38bfbf7dcdd2b8b7d80ea41cbe120!}
- {!LANG-539554ddb120005ef8ce712d7a48d6ab!}
- {!LANG-8bd0d3f2f8fb4feef250b5a11ec3eaa3!}
- {!LANG-99b522b9606d7dee9613c83de675581b!}
{!LANG-9c1740fccb2f3cba077df3b3648cdc46!}
{!LANG-cd57ed098c6cdce25dc33a7ac24496ee!}
- {!LANG-38b8bf4143a50ee5ab891be774537866!}
- {!LANG-ea80c4832ff0083a2202b2120c750645!}
- {!LANG-30445631523d0c69cac662542fe82925!}
- {!LANG-0b80daa00fc04b1037c1ef031597d5d0!}
- {!LANG-a9b66519fe026b5a95faae1fd141438d!}
{!LANG-8e1e3ce7d76e12256c93eb1356b698d4!}
{!LANG-e31261b0229fed1d77cd75db78669a8d!}
{!LANG-98695ce79c85d2d7c036c596dee5a031!}
{!LANG-b7f51be1f6f3f8359f73551ca1750ab8!}
{!LANG-6040c3900ba25a29d80cc53036245228!}
{!LANG-cd57ed098c6cdce25dc33a7ac24496ee!}
- {!LANG-bedc4cdfba3999e6ee239c665c91d7b4!}
- {!LANG-833c01164ee8113e225338ce09ccc114!}
- {!LANG-29730dfe937dabf193f2ea009638300e!}
- {!LANG-61532747677499f145adf0c955c7af69!}
{!LANG-d9af9694ee11ae6393a724547cd72cff!}
{!LANG-fb5ac180aadb5a23a46e261d9adb6f8c!}
{!LANG-e6e84439bf389280021bc380fb5dff79!}
{!LANG-2537527b09b7d55cc6a8cafe032e4e95!}
{!LANG-4da6b08e89c99eb6da1945f7e540b4d8!}
- {!LANG-4fc96da7a177b93776f3a8cb92e98b48!}
- {!LANG-862ba52f8681e220bcc1b29ab2148339!}
- {!LANG-8a5076329747a300307a5e6e8ff5381f!}
- {!LANG-1972e12b20ce067ba8493eedcef93756!}
{!LANG-8b6def4e43e07489730a030b7448d3b5!}
{!LANG-cd57ed098c6cdce25dc33a7ac24496ee!}
- {!LANG-906970a226fda10c1b8272dadc287a5d!}
- {!LANG-b99b49f94bf7cf44038e7482580f2e37!}
- {!LANG-90eab01b735f654e52358a02cd1d09c2!}
- {!LANG-91755afdee1376e4fcaf657bd3c8676e!}
{!LANG-a6c3157e98deefd41b15baabf1d451fd!}
{!LANG-ff9f07ebaa18260b688e131e187d103b!}
{!LANG-f8b4cc29ec1f67b99b2a61d9c3740651!}
{!LANG-af86db2086e3a0d69e9f4d6d10470977!}
{!LANG-a9f44b9bae0b9c9399cbc8ec9f9b7e01!}
{!LANG-4d484aad52638a32f10c22bed33afe21!}
{!LANG-44be2870d1bceba2f6d69bbb5afecfc3!}
{!LANG-4a2af4d0074872345fa6284324c7a58b!}
{!LANG-2f27e2830b43b2bb76ce5c483741f607!}
{!LANG-a5f3352c8949593df9279e12df81d25f!}
{!LANG-0462c5c7bbe545b26ba236ae7a23d8cd!}
{!LANG-40f9dafd9091e553feb2010cfd8b2a33!}
{!LANG-14c7c74336ca8aaed2a052ff4dd8cffe!}
{!LANG-ed5959b196963f56fc5081758a65ccaa!}