What does the timber mustache refer to? Timber mustache. Silvicultural requirements for the organization and technology of logging operations
Correct organization of logging operations is possible with the planned and timely construction of logging roads. The layout of logging roads in the logging fund is developed in such a way that the costs of their construction and subsequent operation, taking into account the costs of skidding, are minimal.
To lay a logging bar, a simplified survey of the area is performed, which is linked to the adopted technology for the development of cutting areas. The layout of the logging mustache is developed taking into account the uniform distribution.
loading points, achieving the minimum possible skidding distance, having a convenient place for setting up a workshop area. The length of the mustache depends on the accepted average distance of skidding and the location of the felling fund (its concentration) allocated to the felling for the calculated
The construction of a logging bar is carried out in the following sequence. The mustache route is preliminarily outlined according to the outline and general scheme of transport development of cutting areas. Then the route is searched on the ground and fixed (with sighting devices, landmarks, notches on trees) along the axis. A lane with a width of 8 m is being developed and the roadway is arranged. All dangerous trees along the logging whisker track at a distance of 25 m in both directions are removed.
Timber road mustaches are built by timber brigades under the guidance of a road master or a preparatory road master.
Depending on the type of coverage, timber roads are distinguished: unpaved, gravel, crushed stone, ground crushed stone, rut, reinforced concrete, stubble, snow, ice and snow-ice. The simplest (unpaved) roads are laid mainly on dry, dense soils, but during the thaw period, the work of vehicles on them is difficult. Where local building materials are available, gravel and crushed stone roads are most effective. First, the subgrade of such roads is profiled, then a sand cushion and a layer of gravel or crushed stone are poured. On ground-crushed-stone logging roads, soil and crushed stone are used, mixed in a certain proportion. To strengthen coatings from soil, gravel, crushed stone, soil-gravel mixtures and soil-gravel mixtures and soil crushed stone, binder organic or mineral materials are used: lime, bitumen, gas-generating resins, cement, etc.
The covering of tracked reinforced concrete roads is made of reinforced concrete road slabs laid along the lanes of the road train wheels, and the laths are made of logs, whips, beams, etc. When developing hard-to-reach forests, winter forest roads are important: snow roads with a cover of compacted snow, ice with a cover from ice, snow-ice, snow, treated with water.
FOREST ENGINEERING
PLACEMENT OF A FORESTRY HANDLE ON A FOREST
D.N. AFONICHEV, Assoc. department forest transport and engineering geodesy VGLTA, Dr. Tech. sciences
There are various options for placing a logging mustache in a felling area, the most common are two schemes: laying a mustache in the middle and along the edge of a felling area, but the conditions under which a mustache should be placed in the middle and along the edge of a felling area are not justified. Obviously, the placement of the mustache is determined by the width of the cutting area: with a relatively small width, it is advisable to place the mustache along the edge of the cutting area from the side of the logging highway. The choice of a specific option for placing a mustache on a felling area can be justified by comparing the costs of arranging skid trails, loading points and skidding timber to loading points for the options under consideration.
Let us denote the total costs for the construction of skid trails, loading points and skidding of timber to the loading points when placing the mustache along the edge of the cutting area Z1 (rubles), and when placing the mustache in the middle of the cutting area - Z2 (rubles). Placing a mustache along the edge of a felling area is advisable if the condition is met
If condition (1) is not met, the mustache must be placed in the middle of the cutting area.
Each of the parameters Zx and Z2 includes five cost items: Z3 is the cost of arranging loading points, rubles; Z4 is the cost of arranging main skid trails, rubles; Z5 is the cost of skidding along main roads, rubles; Z6 is the cost of arranging beekeeping trails, rubles; Z7 - costs for skidding along apiary trails, rubles. The costs of Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z7 are determined taking into account the size of the cutting area, apiaries, the location of loading points and the parameters of the logging process. By algebraic constructions, one can obtain analytical dependencies that determine the indicated costs
where m is the number of loading points located on one side of the mustache; k is the number of rows of apiaries in the cutting area;
K is the cost of setting up one loading point, rubles.
The number of rows of apiaries k depends on the placement of the mustache, when the mustache is located in the middle k \u003d 2, and when the mustache is located at the edge of the cutting area k \u003d 1.
Z4 \u003d mkC1kPT (lII + a - a0), (3)
where CT is the cost of the main line device, rubles / km;
kPT is the elongation coefficient of the main line;
1p - distance between loading points, km;
a is the length of the main road within the loading point, km;
a0 - half-width of the zone of gravity to the apiary trail, km.
Z5 \u003d 1shNBR (4)
where 1SH is the average skidding distance along the main line, km;
q is the volume of wood to be drived, m3;
Bt - the cost of skidding timber along the main roads, rubles / (m3-km).
7 - mkkpnlnCn (dy z ^ (5)
7 - 2ao It - J- (5)
where kpn is the coefficient of elongation of the apiary trail;
SP - the cost of the device of an apiary trail, rubles / km;
dy — width of the zone of gravity to the mustache, km;
z - distance from the mustache to the main road, km.
where lmB is the average skidding distance along the main road, km;
Bp is the cost of skidding timber along apiary roads, rubles / (m3-km).
If we assume that the shape of the felling area in the plan is rectangular, then the volume of wood harvested at the felling area q can be determined by the formula
q \u003d X.00 ^^^., (7)
where y is the marketable timber stock per hectare, m3 / hectare.
FOREST BULLETIN 3/2009
FOREST ENGINEERING
The average skidding distances along the main and apiary trails when the apiary trails are placed perpendicular to the logging mustache, and the main ones parallel to the mustache make up
lMB \u003d kPT;
Pv \u003d 0.5kPn ((dy / k) - z) (8)
The total costs Zx for k \u003d 1 will be
Zj \u003d mK + mC1kPT (ln + a - a0) +
100Ydylnmb1kpT +
+ (mkPnlnCn / 2a0) (dy - z) +
50Jdylnmkpnbn (dy - z). (nine)
The total costs Z2 for k \u003d 2 will be
Z2 \u003d 2mK + 2mCTkPT (ln + a - a0) +
100Ydylnmb1kPT +
+ (mkPnInCn / 2a0) (dy - 2z) +
25JdylnmkPnbn (dy - 2z). (ten)
Inequality (1) can be easily reduced to
Z2 - Zj\u003e 0. (11)
Taking into account formulas (9) and (10), after transformations, inequality (11) takes the form
mK + mCTkPT (ln + a - a0) - zmkPn ln CJ2a0 -
25YlnmkPnbn Cpy\u003e °. (12)
Since m\u003e 0 and a0\u003e 0, both sides of inequality (12) without changing sign can be divided by m and multiplied by a0
2a0K + 2a0C1kPT (ln + a - a0) -
ZkPn lnCn - 50a0YlnkPnbndy2\u003e 0. (13)
The resulting inequality is easily solved for dy
dy< (2a0K + 2a0CTkPT(ln + a - a0) -
ZkPn lnCn) / 50a0YlnkPnbn. (fourteen)
The width of the zone of gravitation to the mustache dy is positive, and therefore, from both sides of inequality (14), one can extract the square root without changing the sign of the inequality
2a0K + 2a0CTkPT x
x (ln + a - a0) - zkpnlnCn (15)
Formula (15) can be simplified by replacing an \u003d 2a0 (an is the width of the gravitational zone to the apiary trail, km) and removing the numerical constant from under the root, then placing the mustache along the edge of the cutting area is advisable if the condition
a ^ K + anCTkpT x x (ln + a - 0.5an) - zkpnlnCn
From the obtained expression (16) it can be seen that the placement of the whisker is influenced by three groups of factors: technological parameters (an, ln, a, z), economic indicators (K, CT, Cn, bn) and natural conditions (kPT, kPn, y) ... Let us investigate the effect of the apiary width ln and the liquid stock of wood y on the width of the gravitational zone to the mustache dyK, at which Zj \u003d Z2, and therefore, according to formulas (11) - (16)
a ^ K + anCTkpT x x (ln + a - 0.5an) - zkpnlnCn an ylnkpnbn
It should be noted that ln \u003d nan, where n is an integer, then formula (17) is converted to the form
K + CTkpT -
NzkpnCn nanYkpnbn
Let us take in accordance with the following values: K \u003d 35 rubles, CT \u003d 30 rubles / km, Cn \u003d 10 rubles / km, bn \u003d 0.55 rubles / (m3-km) (economic indicators are taken at the basic level), an \u003d 0.016 km, a \u003d 0.03 km, z \u003d 0.05 km. For flat terrain, we can take kPT \u003d 1.15, kPn \u003d 1.2. Liquid stock of wood
We will take Y in the range of 50-250 m3 / ha with a step of change of 50 m3 / ha, while small values
Y correspond to felling areas during forest maintenance cuttings. The distance between loading points ln can vary in a fairly wide range, and therefore we will accept the value n \u003d ln / an in the range from 1 to 12.
The figure shows the graphs of the dependence dyK \u003d fly). The set of dy values \u200b\u200bof the above curves of the graphs shown in the figure, according to (16), corresponds to the condition of placing the mustache in the middle of the cutting area, and, accordingly, the set of dy values \u200b\u200bof the graphs below the curves corresponds to the condition of placing the mustache at the edge of the cutting area.
FOREST BULLETIN 3/2009
Timber mustache
"... A timber hauler is a temporary logging track with a service life of no more than a year, adjacent to a branch or mainline of a logging road and intended for the development of individual logging areas ..."
Source:
"SNiP 2.05.07-91 *. Industrial transport"
(approved by the Resolution of the USSR State Construction Committee of 28.11.1991 N 18)
Official terminology... Academic.ru. 2012.
See what "Timber mustache" is in other dictionaries:
logging - logging ... Spelling dictionary-reference
timber mustache - A temporary logging track with a service life of no more than a year, adjacent to a branch or mainline of a logging road and intended for the development of individual logging areas. [GOST 17461 84] Topics technology of the logging industry ... ... Technical translator's guide
FORESTRY - Timber, timber, timber (special). Servant for the transport of forest materials. Timber railway line. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
logging - LESOVOZ, a, m. A ship or a truck for transporting timber. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Timber mustache - 114. Timber mustache D. Abfuhrweg E. Haulroad feeder Temporary timber path with a service life of no more than a year, adjacent to a branch or a trunk of a timber road and intended for the development of individual felling areas Source: GOST 17461 84: ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Lesovozny - adj. Designed for the transportation of timber. Efremova's explanatory dictionary. T.F. Efremova. 2000 ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova
logging - logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, logging, ...
A temporary route for the removal of harvested timber from a felling area with a service life of no more than a year, adjacent to a branch or mainline of a timber road and intended for the development of individual felling areas. Choice of tracks L. u. is carried out at the stage of preparatory logging operations - a set of operations to create the necessary conditions for the main work in the logging area L. at. - part of the logging enterprise's logging network. The distance between logging units, equal to two distances of timber skidding, is set taking into account the lowest total costs for their construction and timber skidding to logging points. Depending on the type of terrain and used road trains from the cover of L. at. can be on reinforced concrete slabs, from wooden shields on a pound or sleeper base, from logs on a sleeper base (i.e., logging log roads), as well as gravel, improved lb and lb. Use as temporary L. at is not allowed. riverbeds and streams. L. at. after the expiry of the period for the removal of timber, they must be dismantled, and the lands occupied by them must be reclaimed (see Land reclamation).
1The article proposes a mathematical model and methodology that make it possible to select a rational scheme for the transport and technological development of a forest quarter, taking into account cost reduction when performing a set of preparatory and basic operations for the development of scattered felling areas and characterized by the ability to comprehensively solve the problems of performing the main moving operations of skidding and hauling wood from analysis of the placement on the territory of the forest quarter, in addition to the quarter glades limiting its perimeter, of additional temporary logging mustaches. Justification of tracks with minimal costs for laying trails and skidding timber between all pairs of analyzed sites on the territory of a forest quarter is based on a sequence of k transformations of the initial matrix and dividing the main task into subtasks of a smaller size, which makes it possible to exclude repeated accounting of the costs of laying main trails in the analysis a network of skid tracks connecting logging areas with loading points during quarterly development of forest resources.
logging mustache.
graph theory
loading point
haulage of timber
skidding
logging
forest quarter
1. Alyabyev V.I. Optimization of production processes in logging - M .: Lesn. prom-st.-1977.-232 p.
2. Kochegarov V.G., Bit Yu.A., Menshikov V.N. Technology and machines for logging operations - M .: Lesn. prom-st.-1990.-392 p.
3. Rukomoinikov KP Graphoalgorithmic approach to substantiating the rational technology of quarterly development of forest areas // Bulletin of the Moscow State University of Forestry - Lesnoy Bulletin.-2014.-№ S2.-S. 96-103.
4. Rukomoinikov K.P. Substantiation of the methodology for calculating the main technological parameters of the development of the quarter // Lesnoy Vestnik. 2007. – No.4 (53) - - P.96-102.
5. Rukomoinikov K.P. Development of infrastructure for quarterly development of forest areas // Lesnoy Zhurnal. - 2008.- No. 2 - P.36-41.
6. Skrypnik V.I., Kuznetsov A.V. Justification of the feasibility of building temporary timber roads (mustache) // Actual problems of the forestry complex: Sat. scientific. tr. according to the results of the international scientific and technical conf. Issue 30. Bryansk: BGITA, -2011.-C. 168-171.
7. Skrypnik V.I., Kuznetsov A.V., Ratmanova Yu.A. Methods of minimizing costs for primary forest transport // Uchenye zapiski of Petrozavodsk State University. Series: Natural and technical sciences. Petrozavodsk: PetrSU, -2012.-No.4, -S. 98-101.
8. Shegelman I.R., Skrypnik V.I., Galaktionov O.N. Technical equipment of modern logging - SPb .: Profi-inform-2005. -337 s.
9. Shegelman I.R., Skrypnik V.I., Kuznetsov A.V. Analysis of performance indicators and assessment of the efficiency of logging machines in various natural and industrial conditions // Scientific notes of Petrozavodsk State University. Ser. "Natural and technical sciences" -2010. -No. 4 (109) .- C. 66-75.
10. Shegelman I.R., Skrypnik V.I., Kuznetsov A.V., Pladov A.V. Timber haulage by road trains. Technics. Technology. Organization- SPb .: PROFIX- 2008.- 304 p.
The problem of increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the primary forest transport network of forest enterprises is given attention in the studies of scientists from PetrSU, VGLTA, SPbLTA, MGUL, TsNIIME, SSC LPK, Perm State Technical University, etc.
The tasks of substantiating the expediency of the construction of temporary logging whiskers in the development of small felling areas were analyzed in the works. The paper proposes dependencies for compiling a program for determining the critical value of the volume of timber haulage from a cutting area, at which it is advisable to place a temporary logging barn adjacent to the cutting area, nomograms are constructed to simplify calculations in real production conditions. Recommendations are given for the implementation of skidding of timber by tractors along main roads outside the cutting area to the loading point adjacent to the timber road or quarterly clearing at the border of the forest quarter, if the planned volume of timber removal is less than the justified critical value.
However, these studies do not imply an effective analysis of the possibility of placing temporary logging roads within the quarter in the presence and joint consideration of the possibility of skidding timber to the quarter clearings limiting the perimeter of the forest quarter in the conditions of a well-developed, operating quarter network on the leased area and the simultaneous development of several located on the territory of the quarter. forest areas with various volumes of logging work on their territory.
The purpose of the study is to substantiate a rational technological scheme for the placement of temporary logging mustaches and a network of loading points during the quarterly development of forest areas, taking into account the existing quarter clearings that limit the perimeter of the forest quarter.
Material and research methods. The proposed methodology is based on the implementation of the method for solving the p-median problem in terms of integer programming. The sequence of calculations involves the comparison of the analyzed sections with the vertices of the graph. In this case, the number of vertices of the graph depends on the number of developed cutting areas and can be increased depending on natural conditions and the required degree of detail of the calculation results by dividing large cutting areas into parts and displaying them on the graph as its new tops. Simultaneously with the vertices of the graph, characterizing the developed cutting areas within the forest quarter, the vertices are marked on the graph, characterizing the possible locations of loading points near the quarterly clearings that limit the quarter. Possible options for laying main roads on its territory are marked as the edges of the graph, their lengths and projected costs for their placement are fixed.
The vertices of the resulting graph are numbered in the following sequence: initially, the vertices of the graph corresponding to the areas marked near the quarterly clearings are numbered, and then all analyzed cutting areas in the quarter.
The costs of arranging loading points at each of the analyzed sections are predicted. If, due to some reason, the placement of a loading point on the territory of the cutting area is impossible, then the costs of its arrangement are equal to. The volume of harvested wood is forecasted at each of the cutting areas.
Let's take - as a distribution matrix, in which
Let us assume if the peak is the median peak (i.e., on this section of the forest quarter, there is a loading point and there are access roads that provide the possibility of transporting wood using timber vehicles to the timber warehouse) and, in the case when it is not supposed to be placed on the analyzed site loading point and arrangement of timber transport routes.
The proposed methodology provides for a reduction in the total costs of maintaining existing quarterly clearings in an operating state, placement of additional logging roads, main roads on the territory of the forest quarter, arrangement of a given number of loading points, skidding timber to them, and takes into account the costs of transporting wood to a timber warehouse. The use of the technique involves minimizing the objective function:
The physical meaning of the terms taken into account in the objective function is as follows:
The first term characterizes the total costs of laying all main roads connecting the developed areas in the forest quarter, and skidding timber through them to loading points:
where are the minimum total costs for the laying of main roads connecting sections i and j, and for skidding wood between the designated sections, f.e .;
The second term takes into account the total cost of arranging loading points:
where is the cost of placing the loading point on the - site, e .;
The third term takes into account the possible costs of laying a timber road:
where 
various options for laying transport routes from the analyzed site to areas located at quarterly glades, corresponding to the minimum costs of laying main roads (temporary logging roads), m; - the number of sites adjacent to the quarterly glades, pcs; - additional costs associated with the transformation of 1 running meter. main roadway to the timber road, e .;
The fourth term takes into account the additional costs of moving timber vehicles along additional timber roads, the analysis of the feasibility of placing them in the forest quarter is an integral part of this method:
where is the cost of machine-change of timber transport used for timber hauling, e .; - cut timber stock at each of the analyzed areas, m3; - the average speed of movement of timber vehicles in idle and cargo directions along additional timber roads laid in the forest quarter, m / s; - average load per trip of timber transport, m3; - the number of hours of operation of timber transport vehicles per shift, h; - the coefficient of using the time of changing timber transport vehicles; 
- the minimum distances from the analyzed site located at the quarterly glade to the corner of the forest quarter in the direction of which the timber is transported to the timber warehouse.
Restrictions imposed on the objective function:
For all analyzed areas, a condition must be met that guarantees that any analyzed vertex is attached to one and only one median vertex (i.e., any analyzed area (felling area) in the territory of the forest quarter is connected through a main road with only one loading point).
On the territory of the forest quarter, to ensure the performance of all cutting operations, one or more loading points must be located (i.e., in the column characterizing the areas in the forest quarter, there must be at least p median peaks). The fulfillment of this condition is ensured by the introduced restriction on the number of loading points in the forest quarter.
The number of options for placing loading points near the quarterly clearing used in the analysis must comply with the condition:
For all analyzed sites, a condition must be met that guarantees that any analyzed vertex can be attached only to the vertex included in the median set (i.e. if, then, since the joining of any analyzed site (felling area) on the territory of the forest quarter through the main drag or network of main roads to the second section can be justified only if a loading point is located on the second section).
The values \u200b\u200bare integers and can range from. Similarly to the method for solving the p-median problem in terms of integer programming, it is advisable to transform this condition into an expression:
Each site (cutting area), taken as the median peak, must be connected by a main road or a network of main roads and quarterly glades with one or more sites located on the border of the forest quarter.
Justification of the minimum costs for laying trails and skidding between all
pairs of analyzed areas of the forest quarter
To solve this problem, it is necessary to substantiate the methodology for calculating the minimum total costs for laying main roads and skidding wood between all pairs of analyzed areas and.
To implement this task, mathematical dependencies were derived, taking into account the peculiarities of the technological process of logging operations in the conditions of quarterly development of forest areas and a variety of natural and production conditions of the analyzed areas, which allow filling and transforming all sequential matrices, intermediate values \u200b\u200bof the justification of the minimum costs for laying trails and skidding between all pairs of analyzed areas of the forest quarter.
To fill in the initial matrix, covering the values \u200b\u200bof the minimum total costs for laying main roads and skidding wood only between the nearest pairs of the analyzed areas and directly connected with each other by the main road, without realizing the possibility of laying it through the territory of another cutting area, a mathematical relationship was proposed:
where - the cost of laying the main road between the sites and located on the territory of the forest quarter, e .; - the distance between the sections and, m; - the cost of machine-changing equipment involved in the logging of timber, e .; - the average volume of a bundle of timber to be drived, m3; - the number of hours of operation of the machine involved in skidding, per shift, h; - coefficient of use of shift time when skidding timber; - average speed of movement of the vehicle involved in skidding in idle and cargo directions along main roads, m / s.
If the main road connecting the analyzed areas and does not exist, the element of the initial matrix is \u200b\u200bassigned the value + ∞. The elements of the original matrix are assigned the value + ∞.
The proposed technique is based on a sequence of transformations of the original matrix. The task is broken down into smaller sub-tasks. The principle of dynamic programming is applied, where the optimal solution to a smaller problem can be used to solve the original problem. At the same time, according to Floyd's algorithm, at each subsequent iteration, the new matrix represents the minimum total costs for laying main trails and skidding wood between pairs of analyzed sections and with the restriction that the path between all pairs of sections and as intermediate sections contains only sections out of the multitude.
To calculate the elements of all subsequent matrices, it is recommended to use the recurrence relation:
where is the number of the analyzed matrix of values \u200b\u200b(iteration number); , - respectively, the distances between the sections and, obtained from the results of the matrices and, m; , - respectively, the costs of laying the main road to the first nearest section on the way between the sections and, obtained from the results of the matrices and, e.
The elements,, of the last result matrix are assigned the value 0.
The results of the last iteration are substituted into the previously proposed objective function. The search for a solution can be carried out using linear programming methods.
Results of the study and their discussion. The proposed methodology for justifying the minimum costs for laying trails and skidding between all pairs of analyzed sections of the forest quarter makes it possible to exclude repeated accounting of the costs for laying main trails when analyzing the network of main trails connecting logging sites with loading points on the territory of the forest quarter. Using the results, it is possible to displace loading points at some distance from the values \u200b\u200blaid down in the calculations, or to place timber along a temporary timber haulage, but it should be borne in mind that moving loading points in the direction of timber removal will lead to an increase in the cost of transport and technological development of the forest quarter in accordance with the following addiction:
where is the value corresponding to the change in the total costs of the development of the forest quarter, unit units; - deviation from the calculated position of the loading point in the direction of skidding (removal of wood), m; - volume of work on skidding timber from felling areas connected by main roadways with a loading point, m3; , respectively, the cost of laying 1 running meter. main road and 1 rm. logging mustache.
Conclusions. The proposed mathematical dependencies and methodology make it possible to provide the possibility of a comprehensive accounting of the main relocation operations of skidding and hauling of wood and the analysis of the location of additional temporary logging whiskers on the territory of the forest quarter, in addition to the quarter glades limiting its perimeter.
Reviewers:
Shirnin Yu.A., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of TOLP, FGBOU VPO Volga State Technological University, Yoshkar-Ola;
Tsarev E.M., doctor of technical sciences, associate professor, professor, Volga State Technological University, Yoshkar-Ola.
Bibliographic reference
Rukomoynikov K.P. GRAPHOANALYTICAL APPROACH TO JUSTIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE OF PLACING A FOREST MANNER ON THE TERRITORY OF THE FOREST QUARTER // Modern problems of science and education. - 2014. - No. 6 .;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id\u003d16418 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"