Society and culture are complex. C8 plans for the Spiritual Culture section. Themes of plans for the section Spiritual culture

Of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.


Correct Answer Content and Grading Guidelines


Points

- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic;

1) The concept of spiritual culture. / Spiritual culture - a set of products and results of spiritual activity.

2) The main trends in the development of culture:

a) the continuity of cultural traditions;

b) innovation and cultural renewal.

3) The main functions of culture:

a) humanistic function ("cultivation, cultivation of the spirit");

b) the function of broadcasting social experience (preserving and transmitting the social memory of generations);

d) regulatory (normative) function (definition (regulation) of various parties, types of social and personal activities of people);

e) goal-setting, value function (the formation of reference, idealized values, ideals that play the role of incentives and goals in human life);

f) semiotic or sign function (culture has a set of signs, symbols, for example, language).

4) The main structural elements of culture:

a) concepts and relationships between them;

b) values \u200b\u200band ideals;

c) moral principles;

d) rules and regulations.

5) Forms of culture:

a) traditional culture;

b) elite culture;

c) mass culture;

d) screen culture.

6) Elements (universal phenomena) of culture:

b) religion;

c) morality;

d) education.

7) Diversity and dialogue of cultures in modern world.

8) The specifics of spiritual life in modern Russia.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan. They can be presented in denominational, question or mixed form.




2


OR


1

The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic

0

Maximum score
2

C8.3.2.

"Science and its role in the life of society"



(other formulations of the answer are allowed without distorting its meaning)

Points

When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:

- compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a complex type plan.


One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) The concept of science. / Science is a sphere of activity aimed at obtaining and understanding knowledge. / Science is a set of structures and methods of organized cognitive activity.

2) Structural elements of science:

a) systematic views of the surrounding world;

b) a social institution, consisting of a system of research centers, institutions, associations;

c) a community of people, a scientific community.

3) Specific features of science:

a) objectivity;

b) rationalism;

c) consistency and orderliness;

d) verifiability (verifiability);

e) special language and special training.

4) The main functions of science:

a) cognitive and explanatory knowledge and explanation of the structure of the world);

b) ideological (building an integral system of knowledge about the world);

c) cognitive (epistemological) function (comprehension of phenomena and objects of the material world);

d) predictive (making forecasts about the consequences of changes in the surrounding world);

e) social (impact on people's living conditions, the nature of labor, the system of social relations);

f) production (direct productive force).

5) Science levels:

a) fundamental science;

b) applied research and development.

6) Classification of sciences:

a) accurate;

b) natural;

c) social and humanitarian.

7) Science and scientific revolutions, scientific and technological progress.

8) Ethics of science and the responsibility of scientists to society in the modern world.

9) Problems of the development of science in the modern Russian Federation.

The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.

2

Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
OR
The wording of the points of the plan reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).

1



0

Maximum score
2

C8.3.3.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic « Modern science and the responsibility of scientists "... Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.


Correct Answer Content and Grading Guidelines
(other formulations of the answer are allowed without distorting its meaning)

Points

When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:

- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic;

- compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a complex type plan.


One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) Modern science is the direct productive force of society.

2) The specifics of modern science:

a) increased opportunities to influence nature and society;

c) direct impact on the way of life and the nature of people's work;

d) the possibility of studying micro and macrocosms.

3) The main directions of scientific and technological progress:

a) space exploration;

b) genetic engineering and biotechnology (creation of organic substances with predetermined properties);

c) research in the field of creating new types of fuel and energy;

d) studying the possibilities and prospects of artificial intelligence.

4) Factors of increasing responsibility of scientists for their research:

and) dual purpose a number of inventions (creation of new types of weapons of mass destruction);

b) the moral ambiguity of a number of studies (cloning of living organisms);

c) negative, detrimental effects of a number scientific research on nature;

5) The need to preserve the humanistic essence of science.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan. They can be presented in denominational, question or mixed form.


The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.

2

Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
OR
The wording of the points of the plan reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).

1

The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic

0

Maximum score
2

C8.3.4.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Social and personal significance of education"... Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.


Correct Answer Content and Grading Guidelines
(other formulations of the answer are allowed without distorting its meaning)

Points

When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:

- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic;

- compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a complex type plan.


One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) Education as a social institution. / Education is a key factor in the transmission and enhancement of social experience.

2) Basic principles of modern Russian education:

a) the humanistic nature of education, the priority of universal human values, the individual's right to free development;

b) unity federal education with the right to the originality of the formation of national and regional cultures;

c) the general availability of education and the adaptability of the education system to the needs of students;

d) the secular nature of education in public institutions;

e) freedom and pluralism in education;

f) the democratic, state-public nature of management, the independence of educational institutions.

3) Main trends in the development of education:

a) humanization (taking into account individual spiritual needs and needs of participants in the educational process);

b) internationalization (convergence of national educational systems, the formation of a single global educational space);

c) humanitarization (increasing the role and importance of social and humanitarian academic disciplines);

d) computerization (informatization of education).

4) The education system and its elements:

a) preschool education;

b) basic and secondary general education;

c) primary and secondary specialized education;

d) higher professional education;

e) additional education for children and adults.

5) The main directions of modernization of Russian education.

6) Continuing education, variability, individual educational trajectory - the need for a person's success in modern society.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan. They can be presented in denominational, question or mixed form.


The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.

2

Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
OR
The wording of the points of the plan reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).

1

The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic

0

Maximum score
2

C8.3.5.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Religion and its role in the life of society"... Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.


Correct Answer Content and Grading Guidelines
(other formulations of the answer are allowed without distorting its meaning)

Points

When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:

- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic;

- compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a complex type plan.


One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) Religion as a universal form of culture. / The essence of religion and religious beliefs

2) Characteristic signs religions:

a) belief in the supernatural;

b) recognition of the theocentric picture of the world;

c) the idea of \u200b\u200bcreationism (the creation of the world by higher forces);

d) irrationalism and mysticism.

3) Structural elements of religion:

a) views of the world, which are based on faith in God, deity, spirits, ghosts and other supernatural beings who created everything on Earth and man himself;

b) actions that make up a cult in which a religious person expresses his attitude to otherworldly forces and enters into a relationship with them through prayer, sacrifice, etc.;

c) norms and rules of behavior that a person must follow in his daily life;

d) uniting believers into one organization (denomination, church).

4) Functions of religion:

a) ideological (formation of a holistic picture of the world);

b) regulatory (regulation social relations and human behavior);

c) compensatory (support and comfort of people in difficult psychological moments of their lives);

d) communicative (facilitating communication and communication between people).

5) Stages of development of religion:

a) early archaic religious views (totemism, animism, shamanism, etc.);

b) national religions (Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Judaism, etc.);

c) world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam).

6) Religions and confessions in the modern world.

7) Religious consciousness and freedom of conscience.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan. They can be presented in denominational, question or mixed form.


The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.

2

Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
OR
The wording of the points of the plan reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).

1

The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic

0

Maximum score
2

C8.3.6.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "World religions"... Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.


Correct Answer Content and Grading Guidelines
(other formulations of the answer are allowed without distorting its meaning)

Points

When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:

- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic;

- compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a complex type plan.


One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) The concept of world religions. / World religions are the religions of most people in the world.

2) Characteristic features of world religion:

a) widespread in the world;

b) openness, denial of ethical selectivity;

c) a universal set of values.

3) The most important world religions:

a) Buddhism;

b) Christianity;

4) The confessional world of world religions.

5) Humanistic mission of religions in the modern world, religious tolerance and freedom of conscience.

6) The confessional world of modern Russia.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan. They can be presented in denominational, question or mixed form.


The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.

2

Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
OR
The wording of the points of the plan reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).

1

The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic

0

Maximum score
2

C8.3.7.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Art in the spiritual life of society"... Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.


Correct Answer Content and Grading Guidelines
(other formulations of the answer are allowed without distorting its meaning)

Points

When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:

- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic;

- compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a complex type plan.


One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) Art as a special form of spiritual culture. / Art is a way of knowing the world through artistic images.

2) Characteristic features of art:

a) irrationalism;

b) symbolism;

c) subjectivity;

d) imagery and clarity.

3) The most important functions of art:

a) hedonistic (gives a person joy);

b) compensatory (makes up for a person's dissatisfaction with real life);

c) communicative (is a means of communication in the cultural space);

d) aesthetic (transformation of the world based on beauty);

e) educational (the formation of moral and aesthetic qualities of a person);

f) cognitive (forms an artistic, aesthetic picture of the world).

4) Basic arts:

a) the art of words (literature);

b) the art of sound (music);

c) the art of color (painting);

d) the art of gesture (dance, pantomime);

e) synthetic arts (theater, cinema).

5) Universal and national in the development of art.

6) The specifics of art in information society: the emergence of new types of art.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan. They can be presented in denominational, question or mixed form.


The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.

2

Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
OR
The wording of the points of the plan reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).

1

The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic

0

Maximum score
2

C8.3.8.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Morality and ethics in people's lives"... Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.


Correct Answer Content and Grading Guidelines
(other formulations of the answer are allowed without distorting its meaning)

Points

When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:

- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic;

- compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a complex type plan.


One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) Morality as a special form of spiritual culture. / Morality is a set of norms approved by public opinion.

2) The most important aspects (sides) of morality:

a) cognitive (the formation of a moral picture of the world);

b) evaluative (assessment of social phenomena and actions of people from the standpoint of good and evil);

c) regulatory (a set of norms provided by public opinion).

a) good and evil;

b) duty and conscience;

c) justice;

d) honor and dignity;

e) happiness.

4) Moral culture of the individual and society.

5) The golden rule of morality is a universal law of human life in society.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan. They can be presented in denominational, question or mixed form.


The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.

2

Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
OR
The wording of the points of the plan reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).

1

The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic

0

Maximum score
2

C8.3.9.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Philosophy and its role in the spiritual life of society"... Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.


Correct Answer Content and Grading Guidelines
(other formulations of the answer are allowed without distorting its meaning)

Points

When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:

- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic;

- compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a complex type plan.


One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) Philosophy as a special form of spiritual culture. / Philosophy is a special form of a person's spiritual mastery of the surrounding world.

2) Areas of philosophical knowledge:

a) ontology (knowledge about existence, about being);

b) epistemology (the doctrine of knowledge);

c) philosophical anthropology (the doctrine of man);

d) social philosophy (the doctrine of society).

3) The purpose of philosophy in society:

a) formation methodological foundations cognitive activity;

b) the search for answers to the fundamental questions of the existence of man and society.

4) General and different between philosophy and science.

5) Idealism and materialism - the main directions in the philosophical search.

6) The relevance of philosophical search in the modern world.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan. They can be presented in denominational, question or mixed form.


The wording of the points of the plan is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.

2

Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
OR
The wording of the points of the plan reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).

1

The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic

0

Maximum score
2



The spiritual life of society is the result of people's activities in the production, consumption and transmission of spiritual values \u200b\u200bin the field of art, science, technology, education, etc. The spiritual life of society is the result of the activities of people in the production, consumption and transmission of spiritual values \u200b\u200bin the field of art, science, technology, education, etc.




THE CONCEPT OF "CULTURE" Wide meaning Narrow meaning This is everything that is created by a person (society) as a result of physical and mental labor This is the moral state of a person (society), determined by the material conditions of life and expressed in his life, education, in the achievements of science, art, literature














2. Mass media Mass media: press, radio, television - carry out massive influence. Functions of mass communication: informational - providing people with different information; regulatory - impact on the audience; cultural studies - familiarization with the achievements of culture and art, preservation of cultural traditions.


Trends in the spiritual life of modern Russia Characteristics: The mosaic of domestic culture (many types of culture). Weakened the sense of the national idea. The difference in the cultural situation of capitals and provinces. Lagging technological equipment of the national culture. Consumers of cultural products are changing - people.



Society and culture.

Culture (in the broadest sense of the word) is everything created by the hands and spirit of man (material and spiritual culture), that is, it is a "second nature", in contrast to the primordial nature-nature.

The main goal of culture is to ensure the production, functioning and transmission from generation to generation of significant ideas, values, customs, beliefs, traditions, norms and rules of behavior, through which people organize their life.

Society is a set of forms of organization of life and activities of people, an integral system of joint life of individuals (relationships, interaction, order, traditions, culture).

The main goal of the society is to ensure the exchange of social information between representatives of different societies and cultures, as well as their unity.

Society and culture differ in the way they influence a person and how a person adapts to them.

The determining factor in the fate of humanity today is not the structure of society, but the degree of development of culture.

Social institutions of culture.

The word "institute" comes from lat. instituturn, which means "establishment, establishment, organization". Social institutions are an integral part of the social structure, one of the main categories of sociological analysis of society, which is usually understood as a network of ordered and interdependent relationships between various elements of a social system, which fixes the ways of organization and functioning characteristic of a given society. The concept of a social institution is borrowed by culturology from sociology and jurisprudence and in many respects retains the semantic coloring associated with the norms of the regulatory activity of a person and society, but it has acquired a much broader interpretation, allowing one to approach cultural phenomena from the side of their social establishment.

Most often, a social institution is understood as some more or less stable complex of formal and informal rules, principles, attitudes that regulate various spheres of human activity and organize them into a single system. With the help of the considered category, a certain community of people performing certain roles, organized by means of social norms and goals, is designated. Just as often when saying social institutions, mean the system of institutions through which one or another aspect of human activity is legalized, ordered, preserved and reproduced in a society where certain people are empowered to perform certain functions.

Social Institute - a stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, attitudes that regulate various areas human activity and organizing them into a single system

In a narrow sense Is a system of institutions through which one or another aspect of human activity is legalized, ordered, organized in a society where certain people are empowered to perform certain functions.

In a broad sense - these are specific socio-cultural formations that ensure the relative stability of ties and relationships within the social organization of society, some historically conditioned ways of organizing, regulating forms of social (including cultural) activity.

All social institutions are also forms of culture that act as an instrument of communication between culture and society, culture and civilization.

The process of forming social institutions is called institutionalization.

Society is a very complex system of socio-cultural institutionalized formations as a set of economic, political, legal, moral, ethical, aesthetic, ritual and other relations. From the point of view of sociology, the most fundamental social institutions present in most, if not all, sociocultural formations include property, family, production units of society, science, a system of communicative means (acting both inside and outside society), education and education, law, etc. Thanks to them, the functioning of the social mechanism takes place, the processes of inculturation and socialization of individuals are carried out, the continuity of generations is ensured, skills, values \u200b\u200band norms of social behavior are transmitted.

General structural elements of social institutions:

    the purpose and scope of the institute;

  • normatively conditioned cultural roles and statuses;

    means of regulation.

Any social institution arises only when the need for its existence is realized.

Types of social institutions

    state;

  • production organizations;

  • system of communication tools;

    upbringing and education;

Functions of social institutions

    regulation

    the control

    life support

    inculturation and socialization

    ensuring integration

    provision and establishment of communication

    conservation, preservation and reproduction of culturally significant activity regulations.

Sociological schools in cultural studies.

The most prominent representative of this school is the Russian sociologist, cultural scientist, who lived most of his life in the United States, Pitirim A. Sorokin (1899-1968), author "Social and Cultural Dynamics".

In his writings, Sorokin presents the history of mankind as a change of integral sociocultural supercommunities, internally linked by a certain unity of values \u200b\u200band meanings. Culture is defined by the author as value system... It sets the point of reference, determines the direction of the coordinate axes when making certain decisions, when choosing a particular path of movement of a social organism.

According to Sorokin, thanks to the analysis of values, it is possible to identify the types of culture, to reveal its dynamics, to predict the future of civilization. In history, according to the researcher, there is an alternation of three main types of culture: ideational, idealistic and sensual.

By the first type of culture, Sorokin understands a culture that is based on the principle of supersensibility and superintelligence of God as the only reality and value. This type of culture was characteristic of Brahminical India and Greece from the beginning of the VIII century. to the end of the 6th century, for medieval Western European culture. This type of culture was distinguished by integrity, which made it possible to harmonize the existence of an individual individual, free him from the painful process of choosing values \u200b\u200bas goals of life. However, this type of culture was doomed to disappear. Already in the 12th century, Sorokin believes, the destruction of the ideational value system began, which led to the emergence of an idealistic culture.

The fundamental feature of an idealistic culture is the existence of two value systems that complement and mutually restrict each other. This type of culture is oriented towards both God and man. A culture of this type existed in Greece in the 5th-6th centuries. BC e., during the early Renaissance, when the idealization of man reached its climax. As examples confirming the validity of his assessments, Sorokin cites the poetry of Petrarch, the painting of Raphael, and the prose of Boccaccio. This type of culture disappears by the beginning of the 15th century.

The sensual type becomes its successor, the basic principle of which is the statement: objective reality and its meaning are sensual. Sensual art is secular art, it reflects not spiritual, but bodily beauty, seeks to give the viewer sensual pleasure. The second distinguishing feature of sensory art is its realism: it seeks to convey the surrounding reality with the maximum degree of plausibility, reflecting what is perceived by our senses directly. However, art of this type does not penetrate deep into things, it is illusory.

Contemporary art (and more generally contemporary culture), according to Sorokin, is sensual in nature. It reaches its peak in its development by the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Having passed the flourishing point, the sensual type of culture becomes sterile and internally contradictory. Having exhausted all the possibilities of its development, it is gradually giving way to a new type of culture - ideational, for which the future belongs.

Sorokin believes that modern Western society is going through a social crisis. The researcher emphasizes that the reason for this crisis is hidden not in accordance with the material basis of the superstructure (as the classics of Marxism say about it), not in the exhaustion of the reserve of time allotted for the existence of Western civilization (as, for example, Spengler believed), but in the change of types of cultures.

Bibliography

    Golovashin, V.A. Culturology: textbook / V.A. Golovashin. - Tambov: Publishing house of Tamb. state tech. University, 2008 .-- 204 p.

    Dedyulina MA, Papchenko EV, Pomigueva EA .. Lecture notes on cultural studies. Textbook. allowance. Publishing house of technol. Institute of SFedU. - Taganrog, 2009 .-- 121 p.

    Culture and culturology: dictionary / comp. and ed. A.I. Kravchenko. - M .: Academic Project; Ekaterinburg: Business book, 2003 .-- 709

    Culturology / E. V. Golovneva, N. V. Goryutskaya, N. P. Demenkova, N. V. Rybakova. - Omsk: Publishing house of OmSTU, 2005 .-- 84 p.

    Culturology: Textbook. for stud. tech. universities / Call. author; Ed. N.G. Bagdasaryan. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Higher. shk., 2001.S. 38-41.

    Culturology: Textbook / Ed. Yu.N. Solonina, M.S. Kagan. - M .: Higher education, 2010 .-- 566 p.

    Culturology: Tutorial / Ed. prof. G.V. Dracha. - M .: Alfa-M, 2003 .-- 432 p.

    Culturology: Textbook / Compiled and Responsible. editor A.A. Radugin. - M .: Center, 2001 .-- 304 p.

    Rudnev V.P. Dictionary of culture of the twentieth century. - M .: Agraf, 1997 .-- 384 p.