How virtual markets work. Methodological foundations of managing a "virtual" organization. Real virtuality and its types

The Pension Fund (PF) was created in the Russian Federation for the purpose of state management of pension finance. The fund was created on the basis of the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated December 22, 1990 No.

The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (PFR) is an independent financial and credit institution accountable to the government of the Russian Federation and operating in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, approved by the resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991. No. 2122-I. The PFR carries out its activities in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the laws of the Russian Federation, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation. The funds of the fund are federal property and are not included in the budgets of the corresponding levels, other funds are not subject to withdrawal. The total budget of the PFR is 1/3 of the Federal budget of the Russian Federation. The PFR includes regional branches created by the decision of the board of the fund for the implementation of state management of the finances of pensions in the republics of the Russian Federation, autonomous regions, districts, territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The Fund and its regional branches are legal entities, have a stamp with their name, settlement, currency and other bank accounts.

Initially, the main function of the Russian Pension Fund was to collect insurance contributions to finance the payment of old-age, disability and survivor pensions. However, back in 1992, in a number of regions of the country, an experiment was begun to create unified pension services (UPC), which simultaneously assign and pay state pensions. The further development of this process was Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2000 No. 1709 "On measures to improve the management of state pension provision in Russian Federation» ... He recommended the regional authorities to conclude agreements with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation on the transfer of powers to the territorial bodies of the PFR to assign and pay pensions that were at that time with the social protection bodies of the regions.

Federal Law of 17.12.2001 No. 173-FZ "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation" further expanded the functions of the PFR and made changes to the procedure for the emergence and implementation of citizens' rights to labor pensions. So, in particular, the size of the labor pension now consists of three parts: basic, insurance and funded. At the same time, the base part is financed from the federal budget, the insurance part - from the amounts of insurance contributions paid by the insured for the insured persons to finance the insurance part of the labor pension, the funded part - from the amounts of insurance contributions paid by the insured for the insured persons to the funded part of the labor pension and income from their investment. Investments of pension savings are carried out by the Pension Fund through management companies selected by citizens, or non-state pension funds.

The result of more than twenty years of development of the Pension Fund is the creation of a sufficiently strong system of pension provision for the population, in which such an important task is not dealt with by the state administration apparatus from the state budget, but separately, a specially created state institution that deals only directly with this task, and uses only own funds are not included in any budget.

Today the main tasks of the Pension Fund are:

- targeted collection and accumulation of insurance premiums, as well as financing of expenses related to social protection of the population;
- organization of work to collect from employers and citizens guilty of causing harm to the health of employees and other citizens, the amounts of state disability pensions due to work injury, occupational disease or in case of loss of a breadwinner;
- capitalization of the Fund, as well as attracting voluntary contributions from individuals and legal entities;
- control over the timely and full receipt of insurance contributions to the Fund, as well as control over the correct and rational spending of its funds;
- Carrying out research work in the field of state pension insurance;
- explanatory work among the population and legal entities on issues related to the competence of the fund.

The Fund can participate in financing social protection programs for the elderly and disabled citizens, etc.

The FIU performs the following main functions:

- receiving from payers the insurance contributions necessary to finance the payments of state pensions;
- organization of a data bank on payers of insurance contributions to the RF Pension Fund;
- individual registration of compulsory insurance contributions coming to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation from working citizens, bearing in mind in the future an increase in the size of state pensions at the expense of funds contributed by citizens;
- interstate and international cooperation of the Russian Federation on issues related to the competence of the Pension Fund.

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Introduction

1. Theoretical foundations of the formation of activities of the pension fund of the Russian Federation. The role of the Russian pension fund in the social and economic development of the Russian Federation

1.4.2 Expenditure of the RF Pension Fund

2. Analysis of the formation and use of funds of the pension fund of the Russian Federation

2.1 Formation of funds of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in 2006 - 2010

2.2 Use of funds of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in 2006 - 2010

2.3 Problems of pension legislation in the Russian Federation

2.4 Problems of the standard of living of pensioners in the Irkutsk region

3. Improving the activities of the Russian pension fund

3.1 Assessment of the effectiveness of the pension system at the current time

3.2 Measures taken by the Russian government to improve the pension provision of citizens

3.3 Prospects for the development of the pension system of the Russian Federation

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The profound qualitative changes taking place in the Russian Federation have affected all spheres of the life of Russian society and the state. In this regard, an objective need arose to revise the ingrained ideas about the activities of existing social institutions, their financial sources and the rational use of available funds.

State off-budget funds are an integral part of the financial system of the Russian Federation. In addition, they represent one of the forms of redistribution and use of the national income of the state for certain social and economic purposes.

The largest of the extra-budgetary social funds is the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, it accounts for 75% of all extra-budgetary funds. It is a centralized system for the accumulation and redistribution of funds.

The most important area of \u200b\u200btransformation for members of society social policy the state is to reform the pension system, affecting the interests of several generations for a long time.

Pension provision is considered as one of the most important social guarantees for the stable development of society, since it directly affects the interests of the disabled population, which, as a rule, makes up more than 25-30% of the inhabitants of any country, and indirectly the able-bodied population. It acquires particular importance during the period of economic transformations taking place in Russia, where at present the number of elderly people, disabled people and family members who have lost their breadwinner is over 26.3% of the total population.

Negative demographic changes, which, according to forecasts, should exacerbate the socio - economic situation in Russia in the next 10-15 years, make us look for new approaches to solving problems related to the material support of the disabled in old age, disability, in case of loss of a breadwinner.

The pension system and the mechanism for managing its finances require changes that are adequate to modern economic, social and demographic conditions, taking into account the advanced world experience accumulated by financial science. This raises the need for a deep scientific analysis of the problems associated with the implementation of the pension reform, its consequences, the functioning of the pension system and, most importantly, activities. pension fund state.

Based on the relevance of the topic, the purpose of the thesis is to study theoretical and practical foundations activities of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, as well as the prospects for its development.

Based on the goal, the following tasks were set and solved:

study the theoretical foundations of the organization of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, consider the tasks and functions of the Fund;

to analyze the sources of formation and directions of use of the funds of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation;

consider the prospects for improving the Pension system of the Russian Federation.

The subject of the research is the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

The object of the research is the theoretical foundations of the organization of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the analysis of the formation and use of its funds.

The research subject is the Russian Federation.

The sources of information when writing the thesis were: Federal laws, works of domestic and foreign authors for the period 2004-2009. and periodicals and personal observations of the author.

The work used scientific methods research: monographic, computational-constructive, abstract-logical.

pensioner insurance premium

1. Theoretical foundations of the formation of activities of the pension fund of the Russian Federation. The role of the RF pension fund in the social and economic development of the RF

1.1 Pension fund of the Russian Federation: essence, tasks, functions

The Pension Fund (PF) was created in the Russian Federation for the purpose of state management of pension finance. The Fund was created on the basis of the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated December 22, 1990. However, this Fund began to operate on January 1, 1992. Its activities are regulated by the Regulations on the Pension Fund of December 27, 1991.

There are many points of view on the definition of the term "Pension Fund".

The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation is a centralized system for the accumulation and redistribution of funds used mainly to make payments to various categories of the disabled population in the form of labor, military and social pensions, disability pensions, benefits for caring for a child until they reach the age of 1.5 years, survivor benefits, compensation payments. This point of view is shared by scientists P.N. Shulyak and N.P. Belotelova.

According to Professor A.G. Gryaznova and Professor E.V. Markina, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation is a fund of funds formed outside the federal budget, designed to financially protect citizens from a special type of social risk - loss of earnings (or other permanent income) due to disability due to old age, disability; for disabled family members - death of the breadwinner; for certain categories of workers - long-term performance of a certain professional activity.

Another point of view is shared by A.S. Unworn. The RF Pension Fund, in her opinion, is a centralized pension fund for the population.

According to the economic dictionary, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation is an independent financial and credit institution that carries out state management of pension finance.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On compulsory pension insurance in the Russian Federation" dated December 15, 2001 No. 167-FZ, the subjects of compulsory pension insurance are federal bodies state power, insurers, policyholders and insured persons.

The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (PFR) is an independent financial and credit institution accountable to the government of the Russian Federation and operating in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, approved by the resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991. No. 2122-I. The PFR carries out its activities in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the laws of the Russian Federation, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation. The funds of the fund are federal property and are not included in the budgets of the corresponding levels, other funds are not subject to withdrawal. The total budget of the PFR is 1/3 of the Federal budget of the Russian Federation. The PFR includes regional branches created by the decision of the board of the fund for the implementation of state management of the finances of pensions in the republics of the Russian Federation, autonomous regions, districts, territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The Foundation and its regional branches are legal entities, have a stamp with their name, settlement, currency and other bank accounts.

The main tasks of the Pension Fund are:

targeted collection and accumulation of insurance premiums, as well as financing of expenses related to social protection of the population;

organization of work to collect from employers and citizens guilty of causing harm to the health of employees and other citizens, the amounts of state disability pensions due to work injury, occupational disease or in case of loss of a breadwinner;

capitalization of the Fund's assets, as well as attracting voluntary contributions from individuals and legal entities;

control over the timely and complete receipt of insurance contributions to the Fund, as well as control over the correct and rational spending of its funds;

carrying out research work in the field of state pension insurance;

explanatory work among the population and legal entities on issues related to the competence of the fund.

The Fund can participate in financing social protection programs for the elderly and disabled citizens, etc.

The Pension Fund performs a number of socially significant functions, including:

receipt from payers of insurance contributions necessary to finance payments of state pensions;

organization of a data bank on payers of insurance contributions to the RF Pension Fund;

individual registration of compulsory insurance contributions coming to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation from working citizens, bearing in mind the further increase in the size of state pensions at the expense of funds contributed by citizens;

interstate and international cooperation of the Russian Federation on issues related to the competence of the Pension Fund.

accounting of insurance funds received under compulsory pension insurance;

appointment and payment of pensions. Among them are labor pensions (for old age, for disability, for the loss of a breadwinner), pensions for state pensions, pensions for military personnel and their families, social pensions, pensions for civil servants. 38.5 million Russian pensioners receive pensions from the Fund;

purpose and implementation social payments certain categories of citizens: veterans, disabled people, disabled people due to military trauma, Heroes Soviet Union, Heroes of the Russian Federation, etc.

personalized registration of participants in the compulsory pension insurance system. The system takes into account insurance pension payments of almost 63 million Russians;

interaction with employers - payers of insurance pension contributions. Information about citizens insured in the pension system comes from 6.2 million legal entities;

issuance of certificates for obtaining maternity (family) capital;

management of pension system funds, incl. the funded part of the labor pension, which is carried out through the state management company (Vnesheconombank) and private management companies;

implementation of the State Pension Co-financing Program. As of February 2010, over 2,200,000 Russians have joined the Program.

Branch of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in the Irkutsk Region

The branch of the Pension Fund in the Irkutsk region was created on the basis of the Resolution of the Pension Fund of Russia dated February 27, 1991. On October 1, 2001, the Unified Pension Service was created in the region. Since 2004, the Department has been headed by Nadezhda Sergeevna Kozlova.

The Pension Fund is an independent financial institution. The funds of the Fund are not included in the republican budget, and other budgets, funds are not subject to withdrawal.

The Pension Fund provides:

· Collection and accumulation of social insurance contributions on the territory of the region, intended for payment of pensions and benefits by social security authorities;

· Financing the expenses of social security bodies for the payment of pensions and benefits;

· Participation on the basis of concluded economic agreements in financing regional social security programs;

· Control over the correct spending of the Fund's resources, as well as, together with the tax authorities, control over the timely and full receipt of contributions to the Fund for social insurance;

· Attracting voluntary contributions to the Fund from Soviet and foreign citizens, enterprises and organizations.

Today there are 32 territorial Pension Fund Departments in the Irkutsk Region. The PFR branch serves over 700 thousand pensioners. As of the beginning of 2009, 2 million 640 thousand individual personal accounts of insured persons were registered in the personalized accounting system.

The efficiency of the OPFR specialists' work was highly appreciated by the management of the Pension Fund of Russia. Twice the PFR Branch in the Irkutsk Region was awarded the title "The Best PFR Branch in the Siberian Federal District" - in 2006 and 2007.

In order to improve the quality of work and service to the population, the Department introduces and uses modern technologies. Thus, a corporate data transmission network (KSPD) was created, thanks to which an automated exchange of information with structural units PFR both between the districts of the Irkutsk region and between the regions of the country. The population register of the Irkutsk region has been created and is being improved, which helps to constantly improve the quality of work on compulsory pension insurance of citizens and ensures the completeness of information and the timely assignment of pensions.

Particular attention is paid to direct work with the population. In Irkutsk and throughout the region, a network of client services has been created and is developing, which ensures that citizens are received on all issues at a convenient time for them throughout the working day. Off-site receptions are held regularly, the Department's specialists work in public receptions and counseling centers, and for residents of remote areas, together with the Russian Post, points are organized collective access to the Internet.

New directions of the Department's activities appear almost every year. So, in 2007, work began on providing maternity (family) capital, in 2008 - on the implementation of the program of state co-financing of additional contributions to the funded part of the pension, from 2010 the OPFR will deal with the administration of insurance contributions.

Awareness-raising work is being actively carried out, while to reach the largest audience and different strata of society, a variety of forms are used - cooperation with the media, interaction with authorities and local governments, seminars for employers and policyholders, competitions for the title of the best transfer agent and much more.

Service area and structure of the Branch

The Irkutsk Region occupies 767.9 thousand square meters. km, that is, more than 15% of the entire territory of the Siberian Federal District.

The PFR branch in the Irkutsk region is represented by 32 Departments, Departments, which include 42 client services.

Departments (Departments) of the PFR are located in the following districts of the region: Angarsk, Bodaibinsky, Bratsk, Balagansky, Zalarinsky, Kazachinsko-Lensky, Katangsky, Kachugsky, Kirensky, Kuytunsky, Mamsko-Chuisky, Nizhneudinsky, Nizhneilimsky, Olkhonsky, Sayansky, Sayunsky, Sayunsky , Ust-Ilimsk, Usolye-Sibirskiy, Ust-Udinskiy, Ust-Kutskiy, Cheremkhovskiy, Chunskiy, Shelekhovskiy, Irkutsk; Kirovsky, Kuibyshevsky, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky and Sverdlovsky districts of Irkutsk.

The branch of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation is located in the regional center - Irkutsk. Management of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in the Siberian Federal District - in Novosibirsk.

1.2 Development of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation

The PF RF was created by the Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RF dated December 27, 1991 No. 2122-1 for the purpose of state management of the finances of pension provision in the RF. PF RF is an independent financial and credit institution operating in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Pension fund and its cash are situated in state property Russian Federation. The funds of the fund are not included in the budgets, and other funds are not subject to withdrawal.

Initially, the main function of the Russian Pension Fund was to collect insurance contributions to finance the payment of old-age, disability and survivor pensions. However, back in 1992, in a number of regions of the country, an experiment was begun to create unified pension services (UPC), which simultaneously assign and pay state pensions. A further development of this process was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2000 No. 1709 "On measures to improve the management of state pension provision in the Russian Federation." He recommended that regional authorities conclude agreements with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation on transferring powers to the territorial bodies of the PFR to assign and pay pensions that were at that time with the social protection bodies of the regions.

In 1997, the federal law "On individual (personified) accounting in the state pension insurance system" No. 27-FZ came into force. In accordance with this law, the main importance for increasing the size of the pension was acquired not by the general work experience, but by the accounted insurance experience and the amount of payments that were made in the interests of the employee by his employer. In the Pension Fund system, an Information Center for Personified Accounting was created to ensure operational interaction with all territorial branches of the PFR and to maintain a database of personified accounting at the central level.

Federal Law No. 173-FZ of December 17, 2001 "On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation" further expanded the functions of the PFR and amended the procedure for the emergence and implementation of citizens' rights to labor pensions. So, in particular, the size of the labor pension now consists of three parts: basic, insurance and funded. At the same time, the base part is financed from the federal budget, the insurance part - from the amounts of insurance contributions paid by the insured for the insured persons to finance the insurance part of the labor pension, the funded part - from the amounts of insurance contributions paid by the insured for the insured persons to the funded part of the labor pension and income from their investment. Investments of pension savings are carried out by the Pension Fund through management companies selected by citizens, or non-state pension funds.

In addition to the main activity, since 2000 the Pension Fund finances social programs in the regions of the Russian Federation. In 2008, the PFR allocated 1 billion rubles for these purposes, in 2009 - 1.2 billion rubles.

The main tasks of the PF RF include A.K. Soloviev. Problems of development of the state pension insurance system in conditions transition economy // Bulletin of the RPF. - 1999.- No. 2.- S. 31 - 48:

Targeted collection and accumulation of insurance premiums, as well as financing costs in accordance with the appointment of the PF RF;

Organization of work to collect from employers and citizens guilty of causing harm to the health of employees and other citizens, the amounts of state disability pensions due to work injury, occupational disease or in case of loss of a breadwinner;

Capitalization of funds of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, as well as attracting voluntary contributions (including currency values) of individuals and legal entities;

Control, with the participation of tax authorities, over the timely and full receipt of insurance premiums by the PF RF, as well as over the correct and rational spending of its funds;

Interstate and international cooperation of the Russian Federation on issues related to the competence of the PF RF, participation in the development and implementation of interstate and international treaties and agreements on pensions and benefits in accordance with the law.

Since 2007, the PFR has been entrusted with an additional task - the issuance of certificates for maternity (family) capital.

In connection with the adoption in the summer of 2009 of a number of legislative acts, which, since January 1, 2010, have significantly changed the Russian pension system, the scope of activities of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation has significantly expanded.

First of all, the Pension Fund carried out the valorization of pensions. Valorization is a revaluation of the estimated pension capital, which is primarily aimed at those who have a long “Soviet” work experience. Pensioners with work experience prior to 2002 received a 10% increase in the amount of pension rights that they had before the start of the 2002 pension reform. In addition, for each year of Soviet work experience until 1991, 1% was added to the estimated pension capital.

If, after valorization, the amount of the pension in the amount of other payments due to the pensioner turned out to be lower than the subsistence minimum for the pensioner in his constituent entity of the Russian Federation, then the corresponding social supplement was established for such a pensioner. If a pensioner lives in a region where the living wage of a pensioner is lower than the federal one, then he has a federal social contribution to his pension, which is paid by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. If a pensioner lives in a constituent entity of the Federation, where the subsistence level is higher than the federal one, then a regional social payment is established for him, which is paid by the social protection authorities of the region's population.

Another important innovation in 2010 - the unified social tax (UST) from January 1 was replaced by insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation and compulsory health insurance funds. At the same time, the function of administering contributions to the PFR and the MHIF was transferred from the PFR tax authorities.

The pension fund is an important link in the financial system of the state, while having a number of features:

the fund is planned by the authorities and administration, and has a strict targeting;

The funds of the fund are used to finance government expenditures not included in the budget;

Formed mainly due to compulsory contributions from legal entities and individuals;

Insurance contributions to funds and the relationship arising from their payment are of a tax nature, the rates of contributions are set by the state and are mandatory;

Most of the rules and regulations of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation are applied to relations related to the calculation, payment and collection of contributions to the fund;

The monetary resources of the fund are in state ownership, they are not included in the budgets, as well as other funds, and are not subject to withdrawal for any purposes not expressly provided for by law;

spending from the fund is carried out by order of the Government or specially authorized body (Foundation Board).

The Pension Fund of Russia is managed by the Management Board and its permanent body, the Executive Directorate. The Directorate is subordinate to branches in the republics within the Russian Federation, branches in national-state and administrative-territorial entities. Locally (in cities, districts) there are authorized representatives of the Fund. The departments provide organizational work for the collection of contributions for social insurance, financing of social security agencies, regional social security programs, as well as control over the spending of funds. Finances: Textbook / V.М. Rodionova, Y. Ya Vavilov. / Under. ed. V.M. Rodionova - M .: Finance and Statistics - 1993.

In addition to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation (appoints and redistributes the amount of pensions), the Ministry of Communications (delivers pensions), savings banks (provide pensioners with cash) are involved in pension issues. The budget of the RF Pension Fund and the cost estimate (including the wage fund), as well as reports on their implementation, are drawn up by the Management Board. The budget is approved by the legislature. The law on the budget of the PF RF approves the total amount of revenues, including by sources, the total amount of expenses - by areas.

The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation is an independent financial and credit institution, but this independence has its own characteristics and differs significantly from the economic and financial independence of state, joint-stock, cooperative, private enterprises and organizations. As mentioned above, the RF PF organizes the mobilization and use of the fund's resources in the amount and for the purposes regulated by the state. The state also determines the level of insurance payments, decides on changes in the structure and level of monetary social benefits.

Currently, Russia uses the so-called accumulative pension system Finance. Money turnover. Credit: Textbook for universities / under. ed. prof. L.A. Drobozina - M .: Finance, Unity, 1997. - 479 p. ...

Under such a system, contributions accumulated in the pension system from payments by the employee and his employer are not spent on payments to today's retirees, but are accumulated, invested and generate income until the payer retires. All the savings of the payer and all of his investment income received from these savings are his personal property, which will ensure the payment of the pension.

Under this system, an elderly person does not depend on either the state or the younger generation. In this case, there can be no pension equalization, at the same time, the economy receives huge resources for long-term investments. In some cases, the management of pension money remains with the state, but often private companies also assume this responsibility. There may even be a system of non-state pension funds competing with each other.

The main principles by which an increasing number of countries are switching from a pay-as-you-go system to a funded system are as follows:

a) with a funded pension system, there is a direct relationship between how much a person earned and what the size of his pension will be. The money in pension accounts is the property of citizens, not the state, therefore, the reliability of pension provision in the accumulation system increases;

b) the demographic situation in the world today is such that for one elderly person, there are gradually fewer workers.

c) the funded system increases the savings rate in the country, which is very important for accelerating economic growth, especially since the main factor that determines the low level of pensions in the Russian Federation is the state of the economy and labor productivity.

Thus, the result of the ten-year development of the Pension Fund is the creation of a fairly solid system of pension provision for the population, in which such an important task is not dealt with by the state administration apparatus from the state budget, but separately, a specially created state institution that deals only directly with this task, and uses only own funds not included in any budget. Also, with this system, the necessary statistical data is collected necessary for further development pension business, and mandatory when predicting the necessary funds to provide people in need of social protection.

One of the further directions of the FIU's work is to improve the quality of customer service. The Foundation will strive to ensure that any interaction with citizens is effective and comfortable. To this end, new customer services are already being put into operation, personnel training and advanced training are being constantly carried out, the Internet is actively used to provide services or reference information.

1.3 Development of non-state pension funds in Russia

The new pension system, which has been operating in Russia since 2002, fundamentally changed the procedure for forming a pension, which now consists of three parts: basic, insurance and funded. The basic part is fixed, it is established by the state and does not depend on the length of service and salary of the insured person. And two more parts of the pension (insurance and funded) already depend only on the amount of insurance premiums paid for you by the employer. However, for various reasons, the replacement rate (the ratio of received pension to earnings), which is currently less than 30% of the average wages, in the future will decrease and, according to experts, by 2015 it may be about 15%. Moreover, the higher your income, the lower the replacement rate.

The normal replacement rate, which allows a person to maintain their usual standard of living - to rest, dress well and eat well, is recommended An international organization labor. It is 40-60%. Higher requirements are set in the EEC countries - 70%. However, such a high level of the coefficient is ensured not only by the state pension system. To bring the income of pensioners to such high level non-state pension funds are called.

Some skeptics generally doubt the need to independently accumulate for an additional pension, citing the fact that with the average life expectancy of men - 57 years - the need for the pension itself disappears. However, you should know that the average life expectancy is calculated taking into account mortality in childhood, from alcohol and drug consumption, those killed in accidents, natural and man-made disasters, etc. At the same time, according to statistics, the average life expectancy for men who lived to be 60 years old is 74 years, and for women who lived to the same age, 78 years.

Now there are several instruments for accumulating funds: you can use the services offered by banks, mutual investment funds, non-state pension funds.

If the goal is to receive a guaranteed income from invested funds after a specific period of time, then, of course, in this case, you should use the bank deposit service.

If you need to get a higher than a bank interest and there is a willingness to risk your investments, then a mutual investment fund will do.

If the goal is to have a reliable source of constant income for a long period of time after completion labor activity, then you must certainly use the service of a non-state pension fund (NPF). The safety of pension savings in NPP is ensured through the legislative regulation of their activities and the current strict system of control by the state.

Creation and development of pension funds is a new phenomenon in the loan capital market, in the market valuable papers and in general in the credit system of the state.

The basis of passive operations of pension funds - resources coming from corporations, enterprises, as well as contributions from workers and employees, usually accounting for 20-30% of all income. The share of contributions varies significantly across corporations, businesses and countries. The more powerful and richer the corporation, the lower the share of contributions from workers and employees. The capital of pension funds is formed mainly from the contributions of entrepreneurs, workers and employees, accumulated, as in life insurance, for rather long periods of time - 10 or more years. Pension funds hold long-term cash and invest it in government and private securities. Almost 80% of the assets of pension funds are securities of private corporations. At the same time, more than 30% of assets are common stocks, which allows pension funds to actively influence corporate policy. In addition, pension funds invest in the shares of their own corporations, mainly in common stock.

Bank-managed pension funds are widely used by the latter to acquire large blocks of shares large corporations, for what commercial banks receive significant commissions. This allows the majority of securities, especially stocks, to be concentrated in the hands of several funds.

The development of private pension funds in Russia began with the adoption of the RF Law “On Non-State Pension Funds” dated September 16, 1992. No. 1077. However, practically the funds began to operate officially only in 1994.

The Federal Law "On Non-State Pension Funds" dated January 10, 2003 No. 14-FZ defines a non-state pension fund as a special organizational and legal form of a non-profit organization of social security. The exclusive activities of non-state pension funds are activities for non-state pension provision, activities as an insurer for compulsory pension insurance and activities as an insurer for professional pension insurance.

According to the law, a private pension fund is formed as non-profit organization, accumulating pension contributions and making pension payments in accordance with the terms of the agreement. To increase the collected funds, the pension fund must transfer them to a special institution (commission) for managing the assets of the pension fund (ALCO). With the exception of a pre-agreed share in the form of commissions, all income received from commissions is used exclusively for purposes specified in the charter of the fund (mainly for the payment of pensions). This is the manifestation of the non-profit nature of the non-state pension fund (NPF). Private pension funds do not use different schemes of pension payments: payment of a lifetime pension; pension payments for a specified number of years, but not less than five; lump sum payment parts of the pension amount and the guaranteed amount of pension payments during a specified period (a number of years). At the same time, funds use options with inheritance of pension amounts.

A successful strategy for the development of a non-state pension fund requires the right choice of regions, types of enterprises and a specific contingent for individual coverage. In accordance with these tasks, the organizational structure of the non-state pension fund should also be built. This dramatically expands and at the same time complicates the range of activities. Non-state pension funds in Russia should perform the following functions that are not typical for them:

Acquisition in favor of the client of a fund of shares of enterprises and granting him an interest-free loan for this;

Issuance of interest-free loans for the purchase of real estate (summer cottages, apartments);

Increasing the client's protection against unemployment;

Opening and maintaining special stores selling at discount prices for seniors and low-income customers.

Currently, there are 250 non-state pension funds operating in Russia, 100 of them are assessed as quite strong.

According to the Law "On Pension Funds" (2003), pension reserves are invested by non-state pension funds solely for the purpose of their preservation and growth. NPFs are obliged to take care of the safety of deposits in the interests of the participants. Analysis of the statistics allows us to say that NPFs consistently show a high percentage of investment in shares and bonds of Russian companies. The total volume of investment in shares and bonds of Russian companies reaches almost 80% for some NPFs (NPF GAZFOND), which makes the portfolios of these funds quite risky. Despite the existing restrictions on investments in one type of financial assets, a special investment procedure approved by the NPF Inspectorate for a sufficiently large number of funds allows them to pursue an unbalanced policy. Serious deviations from investment norms can be observed in NPFs and on promissory notes, government bonds of the federal level. And, nevertheless, non-state pension funds are showing fairly stable growth.

A significant increase in the number of non-state pension funds in the Russian market is expected in the near future. Statistics show an increase in the number of management companies focused not on the creation of mutual investment funds, but on working with pension reserves. The successful functioning of non-state pension funds will enable Russia to move to a balanced pension system.

1.4 Formation and direction of use of funds of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation

The income of the RF Pension Fund is formed from the following sources:

deductions from the unified social tax to the Federal budget;

deductions from the single tax for special taxation regimes received by the Federal budget;

insurance premiums;

federal budget funds;

amounts of penalties and other financial sanctions;

income from placement (investment) of temporarily free funds of compulsory pension insurance;

voluntary contributions of individuals and organizations, paid by them not as policyholders or insured persons;

other sources not prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

At present, the employer transfers to the Russian Pension Fund 20% of the wage fund to the UST, which are used to form three parts of the labor pension:

base - a fixed part that is set as a flat amount. Its size is differentiated depending on the type of pension (old age, disability, etc.), the group of disability and the presence of dependents;

insurance - a differentiated part, which depends on the results of the work of the insured person, reflected in his individual personal account in the form of estimated pension capital;

accumulative - a part calculated from the accumulated amounts of insurance premiums and investment income reflected in the special part of the individual personal account.

The basic part provides a minimum guaranteed income in the event of an insured event. The size of the insurance and funded parts of the labor pension is determined by law.

The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation ensures the fulfillment of the main function in the pension system - financing the payments of assigned pensions in a timely manner. The possibility of transition from a pay-as-you-go pension system to a funded one was laid down in 1996, when the Federal Law "On individual (personified) accounting in the mandatory pension insurance system" was introduced. It established the legal basis and procedure for recording information about citizens who are subject to the actions of the Federal Law "On State Pensions of the Russian Federation" dated May 5, 1997, No. 77-FZ. In accordance with this Law, an insured person is a person who is covered by compulsory pension insurance, as well as a person employed in a workplace with special (difficult and harmful) working conditions, a person for whom insurance premiums to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The most significant part of the budget of the RF Pension Fund is insurance premiums paid by pension insurance entities. These include: employers (enterprises, institutions, organizations), peasant farms, tribal family communities of small peoples of the North, individual entrepreneurs, notaries, lawyers and private detectives.

For these categories from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009 (Chapter 24 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, part 2 "Unified social tax" becomes invalid from January 1, 2010 (Federal Law of 24.07.2009 N 213-FZ)). The corresponding interest rates are set:

20% for employers;

15.8% for agricultural producers and peoples of the North;

14% for taxpayers - organizations and individual entrepreneurs who have the status of a resident of the technology-innovative special economic zone and make payments to individuals working in the territory of the technology-innovative special economic zone;

20% for taxpayers - organizations operating in the area information technologies, with the exception of taxpayers who have the status of a resident of a technology-innovative special economic zone

7.3% for individual entrepreneurs;

5.3% for lawyers and detectives in private practice.

Funds entering the budget of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation are directed to:

payment in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and international treaties of the Russian Federation of labor pensions and social benefits for the burial of deceased pensioners who did not work on the day of death;

transfer of funds in an amount equivalent to the amount of pension savings accounted for in the special part of the individual personal account of the insured person to a non-state pension fund chosen by the insured person to form the funded part of the labor pension;

delivery of pensions paid from the PFR budget;

financial and logistical support for the current activities of the insurer (including the maintenance of its central and territorial bodies).

Along with budgetary funding and extra-budgetary social funds, an additional source of funds allocated for social development are non-state pension funds (NPF), operating on a voluntary commercial basis. The beginning of the NPF's activity is connected with the adoption of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On non-state pension funds" on September 16, 1992

With the help of NPF, additional opportunities for the State Pension Fund are provided. Non-state pension fund is a non-profit social security organization, the exclusive type of activity of which is non-state pension provision of the participants of the pension fund.

1.4.1 Payment of insurance contributions to the RF Pension Fund

The main and most important change in the calculation of payroll taxes can be recognized as the abolition of the UST, Chapter 24 is excluded from the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Together with the abolition of the UST, the regressive scale of tax payments was canceled.

In this case, the basis for calculating insurance premiums in relation to each individual is set in an amount not exceeding 415,000 rubles on an accrual basis from the beginning of the billing period.

Insurance premiums are not levied on payments and other remuneration in favor of an individual (under labor or civil law contracts (work contracts, services)) in excess of 415,000 rubles on an accrual basis from the beginning of the billing period. Thus, in 2010, the maximum tax burden for each employee for an ordinary organization will be 107,900 (415,000 * 26%), for organizations using special regimes: 58,100 (415,000 * 14%)

In 2010, there was no general change in rates, they remained at the same level:

1. Rates of insurance premiums for all policyholders (with the exception of agricultural producers, organizations and individual entrepreneurs with the status of a resident of a technical and innovative special economic zone and organizations applying special tax regimes)

Table 1

2. Rates of insurance premiums for agricultural producers

table 2

3. Rates of insurance premiums for:

Table 3

4. Rates of insurance premiums for organizations and individual entrepreneurs applying the uniform agricultural tax

Table 4

During 2011 - 2014, reduced rates of insurance premiums are applied for payers of insurance premiums:

4) for payers of insurance premiums who make payments and other remuneration to individuals who are disabled of I, II or III groups.

Table 5

With regard to insurance pension contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the distribution of rates for the insurance and funded parts has changed:

1. For the period 2010 - 2011 for all policyholders (with the exception of agricultural producers, organizations and individual entrepreneurs who have the status of a resident of a technical and innovative special economic zone and organizations applying special tax regimes) the following insurance premium rates are applied:

Table 6

	The maximum size of the base to be indexed for each individual	Base indexing coefficient	Insurance premium rate	To finance the insurance part of the labor pension	To finance the funded part of the labor pension
				For persons born in 1966 and older		For persons born in 1967 and younger
For all policyholders (with the exception of categories of policyholders for which reduced rates of insurance premiums are established for the period 2010)
	415,000 rubles	Not installed
For all policyholders, with the exception of categories of policyholders, for which reduced rates of insurance premiums are established for the period 2011 - 2014)
	415,000 rubles	-<> <> - the indexing coefficient of the base will be entered into the table after its establishment.

2. For agricultural producers

Table 7

Organizations and individual entrepreneurs with the status of a resident of a technical-innovative special economic zone;

Organizations and individual entrepreneurs using a simplified taxation system;

Organizations and individual entrepreneurs paying UTII;

For public organizations disabled people, as well as payers of insurance premiums who make payments and other remuneration to individuals who are disabled of I, II or III groups in relation to these payments and benefits.

Table 8

4. For organizations and individual entrepreneurs applying the uniform agricultural tax

Table 9

During 2011 - 2014, reduced rates of insurance premiums are applied for the following categories of policyholders:

1) for agricultural producers, for organizations of folk arts and crafts and family (tribal) communities of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, engaged in traditional economic sectors;

2) for organizations and individual entrepreneurs who have the status of a resident of the technology-innovative special economic zone and make payments to individuals working in the territory of the technology-innovative special economic zone;

3) for organizations and individual entrepreneurs applying the uniform agricultural tax;

4) for policyholders making payments and other remuneration to individuals who are disabled of I, II or III groups.

Table 10

Payment of insurance premiums.

Payers of insurance premiums who make payments and other remuneration to individuals, the amount of insurance premiums to be transferred to off-budget funds is determined in full rubles. The amount of insurance premiums less than 50 kopecks is discarded, and the amount of 50 kopecks or more is rounded to the full ruble. Monthly payments are due no later than the 15th day of the calendar month following the calendar month for which the monthly mandatory payment is charged.

Entrepreneurs who pay insurance premiums for themselves must transfer them no later than December 31 of the current calendar year. These contributions are not subject to the need to round off the amounts to be transferred.

Reporting on insurance premiums to the Pension Fund and Social Insurance Fund.

As for the FSS, there are no major changes.

By the 15th day of the calendar month following the reporting period, a report must be submitted to territorial body Social Security Fund.

In addition, by the 1st day of the second calendar month following the reporting period, it is necessary to submit reports to the territorial body of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation on the calculation of the accrued and paid insurance premiums for compulsory pension insurance and for compulsory health insurance in compulsory health insurance funds.

In the 2009 report, everything remained unchanged - payers of insurance premiums for compulsory pension insurance, no later than March 30, 2010, submit to the tax authorities a declaration of insurance premiums for compulsory pension insurance for 2009 in the form approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Assessments and news of the virtual reality market

In May 2018, LG Display announced a technology that the company claims will eliminate dizziness and nausea when immersed in virtual reality (VR). The development was created with the participation of Sogang University.

The technology in question, through algorithms artificial intelligence converts low-definition video to high-definition content in real-time. The delay time between the user's movements and what he sees in the virtual reality helmet is five times reduced.

Delayed and blurry images often lead to dizziness and nausea. LG Display technology eliminates this problem and also reduces power consumption. High-quality and comfortable viewing of VR content is provided without the use of additional graphics processors and devices, since deep learning allows you to use only the internal memory of the helmets.

One of the reasons for nausea when immersed in virtual reality is to "trick" the brain. The position and movement of a person in space is fixed by the vestibular apparatus located in the inner ear. It is this organ that transmits information to the brain about what is happening with the body at the moment. Together with the information received by other senses (in particular, the eyes), the brain determines what the rest of the body needs to do and feel.

In virtual reality, the indicators of the vestibular apparatus and the organs of vision differ, since a person sees movement, but the body remains at rest. The brain perceives visual information as a hallucination, which can be experienced when poisoned, and therefore causes nausea to cleanse the body. This phenomenon is called kinetosis.

On April 9, 2018, the analytical company CCS Insight published the results of a study that showed little business interest in smart glasses. The situation may change in the coming years.

According to experts, in 2017, companies around the world purchased only 24 thousand sets of augmented reality (AR) glasses.

The potential of this technology is obvious, but so far most companies are testing a small number of devices to understand how they fit into their activities, said CCS Insight analyst George Jijiashvili, quoted in a press release.

Experts predict that within a few years, organizations will move from testing smart glasses to full commercial implementation, and their sales in the corporate sector will reach 1 million units in 2022. The growing demand for such gadgets is pushing electronics manufacturers to enter this market. According to unofficial data, Apple is preparing an AR device.

Augmented reality has become “one of the hottest new areas of technology for smartphones,” so interest in it is growing, says George Dzhidzhiashvili. Billions of dollars are being invested in this technology, he said, and significant improvements could be seen in 2017-2018 in terms of size, weight and design of smart glasses.

CCS Insight predicts that in 2018, global sales of virtual and augmented reality headsets will amount to 22 million units worth $ 1.8 billion. By 2022, sales of such equipment will jump fivefold to 121 million units.

Most often, such gadgets are bought for games. The study showed that 70% of users of Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, Sony PlayStation VR, etc. purchase games for these devices, and among owners of VR headsets for smartphones, more than 50% of people download free and paid games.

Technology guidelines for the VR industry were first presented at the VR Industry Forum (VRIF) in the US. The document covered issues of production, content compression, storage and distribution of information, as well as user safety.

Specifically, the guidelines include a 360-degree description of the content, its features and benefits. The authors of the document clarify the difference between human vision and the characteristics of VR products on the market. These differences can lead to unpleasant symptoms for users, which, according to the authors, should be taken into account by VR product developers.

“Content should be shot or created in such a way as to reduce motion blur or movement to comfortable levels, as flickering images can lead to quick fatigue or disorientation,” the document says. “To reduce discomfort, it is recommended to use images with a higher frame rate and prepare content based on the capabilities of the display.”

The guideline reviewers looked at audio and video formats when creating VR. For example, for full-size 360-degree video, they recommend creating stereoscopic images with a depth of 10 bits and a size of 4096 x 2048 for each eye.

It should be noted that the document is presented as a draft and contains notes requiring further discussion by market participants. VRIF President Rob Koenen said that the principles developed serve two main purposes: first, to maintain interoperability in the virtual reality ecosystem, and second, to provide users with a top-tier VR product.

The Venture Reality Fund: Investors love virtual reality

Investments in the entertainment sector VR and AR (virtual and augmented reality) increased in the second half of 2017 to $ 2.3 billion, according to The Venture Reality Fund. This is 79% more than in the same period last year, the fund clarifies and predicts that the trend for investments in the industry will only intensify.

In total, within the framework of the study, the fund analyzed 450 companies that are currently developing software, tools, as well as platforms and applications for VR and AR. Investments in enterprises showed the most growth - the fund estimated that at 69%. Investment in tools and platforms increased 56%, and investment in stereo display infrastructure increased 47%. The volume of the market for games based on virtual reality grew by 40%.

The market is shifting from mainstream 360-degree video to true virtual reality. Experts believe that the release of standalone helmets Oculus Go and HTC Vive Focus will positively affect the development of VR and AR in 2018. The interest of Hollywood companies Disney, DreamWorks Animation, Sony Pictures, HBO, Viacom and AMC also affects the development of the sector.

Apple made its contribution to this segment by acquiring the VR headset company Vrvana. According to TechCrunch, the deal amounted to $ 30 million. Apple plans to release its own augmented reality headset, while the technology for the new gadget will not depend on the smartphone - the headset will have its own operating system running on a separate microchip.

Besides the entertainment segment, VR and AR are used in business; in particular, developers offer their clients virtual tours by apartment.

According to the venture company Venture Reality Fundoperating in Silicon Valley and the company Lucid Web, the number of firms working for european market in the field of virtual reality, almost reached 300.

VR Fund data, in particular, was obtained from research through meetings and conference calls with regional representatives companies throughout Europe.

VR Fund specialists studied about 300 startups and selected 116 of them for the first part of the report. Research has shown that games represent the most competitive industry, including well-funded companies such as nDreams (UK), Resolution Games (Sweden), Solfar Studios and CCP Games (Iceland). Also invested are technologies for managing computer reality, virtual projects for the real estate market, as well as helmets for immersion in the virtual world. Medical centers and fitness companies, in turn, use the capabilities of virtual systems for training, psychological treatment and rehabilitation of patients.

Assessment and forecast of the Institute of Contemporary Media

The project was implemented by the members of the VR Consortium: CROC and the Modern Media Institute (MOMRI) together with the Vesti Ekonomika portal from March to May 2017. During the study, 247 managers and specialists of various profiles were interviewed, representing more than 200 largest companies Russia from all key sectors of the economy.

The main result of the study is that the level of awareness of representatives of the largest Russian companies and industries about the possibilities of using virtual reality technologies in business is high, both in the real sector and in the service sector. Almost two thirds - 65% of respondents know about the possibility of using VR and AR technologies in enterprises... The greatest awareness of real cases of embedding VR in technological and business processes was demonstrated by representatives of such industries as metallurgy, mechanical engineering, construction industry, energy, transport companies, as well as the financial sector and IT / Telecom. As examples of the real use of virtual and augmented reality technologies, the study participants named solutions for industrial, construction and engineering design, residential real estate sales, virtual reviews of production facilities, the use of VR in employee training (simulators and simulators).

Almost a quarter - 24% representatives russian business said that in their companies have already implemented or are planning to introduce virtual reality technology (15% of those who took part in the survey reported that such technologies are already being introduced or implemented in their companies, and 9% of those surveyed said that such implementation is planned in the foreseeable future). 41% of those surveyed answered that although virtual reality technologies are not being implemented in their business, they are familiar with examples of such implementation in other companies. 35% of respondents have not heard about the use of VR in business. Most of the enterprises already working with VR and AR technologies represent the real sector of the economy (mechanical engineering, mining and processing, energy). Key areas of technology adoption included personnel training, design and marketing. This means that in the very near future the share of VR projects in the corporate segment on the Russian market will increase and the demand for VR devices and professional visualization systems will increase.

Representatives of companies that are not yet working with VR technologies are moderately optimistic: 70% of them consider the use of virtual reality within their organization and industry as possible and promising, and almost two-thirds (65%) named specific examples of using this technology in other companies ... At the same time, managers are more likely to talk about the potential of VR implementation, while specialists express skepticism, not understanding how exactly the technology can be applied in their professional activities. Among those who plan to develop VR technologies within their companies, in addition to the manufacturing sector, one can single out telecom, retail, financial organizations. Potential areas named by respondents are wide - from design and training to marketing tasks, sales, communication with clients. Interest is also aroused by augmented reality, which has a fairly high growth potential in the business segment and the b2b2c (business-to-business-to-consumer) sector due to the shorter development period for AR applications content and the penetration of mobile devices.

The study also revealed objective factors hindering the introduction and widespread dissemination of virtual reality technologies in the corporate sector. According to the respondents, the main obstacle is the high cost of solutions and technologies, and at the same time, there is no clear correlation with economic efficiency... In addition to high costs, respondents also named technical limitations and the high complexity of implementing VR technologies. This indicates the lack of a sufficient number of qualified specialists on the market capable of implementing and maintaining professional VR systems.

IDC: The market will grow by 130.5% to $ 13.9 billion

Augmented and virtual reality (AR / VR) devices continue to gain traction in the mass market. According to the June 2017 IDC forecast, global shipments of specialized AR and VR helmets will grow from almost 10 million units. in 2016 to just under 100 million units. in 2021, showing a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 57.7%.

The main volume of supplies falls on devices of virtual reality, and the most popular in this category are VR devices without their own display (screenless viewers), using the capabilities of a smartphone as the cheapest option. The second half of 2016 saw an increase in shipments of three highly publicized models - Sony's PlayStation VR, HTC Vive and Facebook's Oculus Rift.

As for specialized devices, augmented reality headsets continue to lag somewhat behind virtual reality devices. The reason is not that AR is less in demand, but that it is more difficult to achieve. IDC expects VR headsets will continue to lead in terms of shipments over the forecast period, but AR will have a much larger impact on the industry as a whole. Consumers are likely to get their first experience of augmented reality on a mobile phone or tablet rather than a dedicated helmet, and Apple's recent ARKit only confirms this.

IDC believes there is a big opportunity for specialized AR helmets in the commercial segment. If we talk about vertical markets for healthcare, manufacturing, personnel maintenance on the ground and in design, there is a huge level of interest and investments are already being made. This is facilitated by a wide range of products, some of which are already available for purchase, but most of them are manufactured outside the United States.

Revenue for the global augmented and virtual reality (AR / VR) market will reach $ 13.9 billion, an increase of 130.5% from $ 6.1 billion in 2016, IDC said in early 2017. AR / VR spending is expected to accelerate over the next few years, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 198.0% over the forecast period 2015-2020. As a result, expenditures will reach $ 143.3 billion by 2020.

The consumer market will be the largest segment of augmented / virtual reality over the forecast period, and global spending on hardware, software and services in 2017 will reach $ 6.2 billion, an increase of 130.5% over last year, IDC said. The second most expensive sector will be the industrial sector, where virtual and augmented reality applications are gradually finding themselves in everyday use. Discrete (piece) manufacturing and retail are expected to be the only two segments where AR / VR spending will exceed $ 1.0 billion this year.Retail by 2020 is showing a five-year growth rate (CAGR) of 238.7% will overtake discrete manufacturing to become the largest AR / VR spend. Likewise, continuous manufacturing will rank third in 2020, ahead of the personal and consumer services segment. The highest growth rates after retail during the forecast period will be demonstrated by transportation (CAGR 233.7%) and healthcare providers (CAGR 231.8%).

VR spending, including glasses, software, consulting and systems integration services, in 2017 and 2018 will exceed AR spending, mainly due to consumer interest in games and paid content. After 2018, spending on augmented reality systems will jump ahead, especially in healthcare delivery, product design, and management applications.

Geographically, the US will account for $ 4.3 billion of all AR / VR spending in 2017; followed by the Asia-Pacific Region excluding Japan (APeJ) ($ 2.6 billion) and Western Europe (almost $ 2.5 billion). The consumer market will be the largest segment of AR / VR spending across all three regions in 2017; it is followed by individual and consumer services at APeJ and discrete manufacturing in the US and Western Europe. By 2020, discrete manufacturing will be the largest cost segment in the US, and retail will be the second largest in APeJ.

CCS Insight: VR headset sales could grow fivefold by 2021

Sales of virtual reality devices for smartphones continue to account for the lion's share of sales in the VR segment of the market. Agency CCS Insight in his research predicts that in 2017, 14 million VR headsets will be sold, and in 2018 - up to 25 million. Moreover, analysts expect a fivefold increase in sales by 2021 - up to 70 million headsets. The volume of this segment of the VR market will be $ 500 million in 2017 and will grow to $ 1.4 billion by 2021.

The total market for VR-compatible devices is estimated at $ 1.5 billion in 2017 and $ 9.1 billion by 2021. According to analysts, by 2019, specialty devices will begin to generate significant revenue for companies that offer commercial products in this area.

The AR market will grow relatively slowly. Significant growth is not expected until 2019, with sales of 1.5 million units. By 2021, up to 5 million units will be sold with a total value of $ 2.5 billion. Despite the potential of the technology, it has not yet received mass distribution - in 2016, only 100 thousand units of devices were sold. AR headset sales aren't expected to grow significantly until the early 2020s.

PwC, Digi-Capital, Goldman Sachs data

The range of applications for virtual reality is wide: it is used for entertainment (movies and video games), in the field of medicine (surgery and examination), in engineering and production. Virtual reality not only simplifies activities, but also opens up new opportunities previously unavailable. The most famous VR devices launched on the market this year are: Oculus Rift from Oculus VR (purchased by Facebook in 2014), HTC VR from HTC, Steam VR and Playstation VR from Sony. Despite the abundance of products, the path of virtual reality technology is just beginning, and we will see real achievements in this area in the future.

Consulting and research companies predict the rapid growth of the VR and AR market in the next 5 years. In particular, the company's report PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) Entertainment and Media Survey: Forecast 2015-2019 it says a breakthrough in virtual reality is expected in 2016, which will attract more users in 2017 and 2018. 2016 will see the launch of the first luxury VR headset kits from Oculus, Sony and HTC for immersive VR experiences, followed by similar equipment from other manufacturers.

Company analysts Digi-Capital predict that in 2020 the volume of the global market for the production of VR-content in different directions will exceed $ 30 billion. At the same time, more than half of this amount will be spent on films, TV programs and games in virtual reality format.

According to Goldman sachs and Venture Beat, in 2016, about 250 startups and technology companies in the field of virtual reality were launched in the world and more than 18 million VR devices were sold.

Association of Augmented and Virtual Reality AVRA (Russia)

The number of actively developing companies in the country has tripled: from 60 to 183. By location and activity, 105 companies are located in Moscow, 25 in St. Petersburg, and the rest are located in cities throughout the country.

The AR / VR market is experiencing a clear rise not only in the number of companies, but also in the level of projects being implemented compared to the beginning of 2016. This is facilitated by the interest from investors, both venture capital funds and business angels, who together invested over 700 million rubles in AR / VR companies in 2016. For comparison, in 2015, the total investment amounted to about 200 million rubles. Deal sizes vary widely from a $ 15,000 seed investment to $ 2.5 million from Sistema VC to the MEL Science education project.

As a result of the analysis, the Association presented the Map russian market augmented and virtual reality and told how this market is developing in Russia now.

Market of augmented and virtual reality in Russia

How virtual markets work. Methodological foundations of managing a "virtual" organization. Real virtuality and its types

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Introduction

1. Theoretical foundations of the formation of activities of the pension fund of the Russian Federation. The role of the Russian pension fund in the social and economic development of the Russian Federation

1.4.2 Expenditure of the RF Pension Fund

2. Analysis of the formation and use of funds of the pension fund of the Russian Federation

2.1 Formation of funds of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in 2006 - 2010

2.2 Use of funds of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in 2006 - 2010

2.3 Problems of pension legislation in the Russian Federation

2.4 Problems of the standard of living of pensioners in the Irkutsk region

3. Improving the activities of the Russian pension fund

3.1 Assessment of the effectiveness of the pension system at the current time

3.2 Measures taken by the Russian government to improve the pension provision of citizens

3.3 Prospects for the development of the pension system of the Russian Federation

Conclusion

List of used literature

Similar documents

Real virtuality and its types

Assessments and news of the virtual reality market

The Venture Reality Fund: Investors love virtual reality

Assessment and forecast of the Institute of Contemporary Media

IDC: The market will grow by 130.5% to $ 13.9 billion

CCS Insight: VR headset sales could grow fivefold by 2021

PwC, Digi-Capital, Goldman Sachs data

Association of Augmented and Virtual Reality AVRA (Russia)

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