The standard labor intensity is determined by the formula. Calculation of the "man-hour" value. Labor intensity of work, construction of an object: types, methods of determination, application
Labor intensity (calculation formula) allows you to accurately determine the ratio of effort and time.
It makes it possible to determine the maximum possible level of performance in order to further optimize it and increase efficiency.
Labor productivity is characterized by the end result of the costs of the labor collective for a certain time interval.
For example, the formula for labor intensity can show how much output one worker is able to create in a certain time interval.
Labor productivity is determined by the ratio of two key indicators:
- Development;
- Labor intensity.
Both coefficients seem to be the most specialized in the process of determining the labor force expended, taking into account a certain time frame. With an increase in the level of the indicator, there is an increase in production indicators, economic conditions and, as a result, workers' wages.
Labor productivity calculation: algorithm
The ratio shows the ratio of the volume of the created or sold product to the number of employees involved.
The number of employees is determined using the payroll number.
Each individual worker is recorded exclusively once during each working day.
After that, the number of workers in the enterprise is added up, and then divided by the number of days subject to calculation. Also, the ratio can be calculated according to the revenue reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise.
Labor costs, as well as temporary losses in the creation of products, are recorded in the documentation of the reporting period.
Labor productivity indicators
The key accounting and planning coefficient of productivity is the number of products produced, expressed in value or in kind.
The indicators include the index of production labor, labor intensity and output.
Labor intensity (Tr) is able to show the amount of labor expended by one worker to create a unit of output.
Calculation of the labor intensity of products (formula) based on the average number of workers involved: Tr \u003d H / Q.
Indicator depending on the time interval spent: Tr \u003d T / Q.
- Where, Tr - coefficient of labor intensity;
- Q is the number of the released product, expressed in units;
- H - the average number of employees involved in the enterprise;
A more detailed method for calculating the labor intensity: PT \u003d (Q * (1 - Kp)) / (T1 * H)
- Where, T1 - labor costs of one employee;
- KP is the amount of downtime;
- PT - labor productivity.
If for the calculation it is required to determine the productivity of one employee, then the value of the average headcount will be equal to one.
The annual output of one worker can not only characterize his performance, but also make it possible to draw up a detailed plan for a future reporting period.
Production is determined by the volume of products created for a certain price (salary) of working time, by one payroll employee.
The indicator can be determined depending on two key factors: the average number of employees and the time spent on creating products.
Average number of employees: B \u003d Q / H.
Spent time: B \u003d Q / T.
- Where, B - production;
- Q is the volume of products expressed in units;
- H - the average number of employees of the enterprise;
- T - payment for the work of an employee for the creation of one unit of production.
Surely you met the term offer in print media or on the Internet? But it is difficult to determine for sure what is included in this concept. Here is everything about the concept and features of a public offer. You will also find out why there is confusion in concepts.
The formula for calculating labor productivity
Based on the calculation of the coefficients of the performance of personnel, the index of labor productivity (labor intensity) is determined.
This indicator allows you to determine the growth rate of the production process.
Calculated using the following formulas:
- Production: ΔПТ \u003d [(Vo - Wb) / Wb] * 100%
- Labor intensity of work: ΔПТ \u003d [(Tro - Trb) / Trb] * 100%
- Where, Wb - production in the base period;
- В0 - production in the required time interval;
- PT - percentage expression of the labor productivity index;
- Trb - labor intensity in the base reporting period;
- Tr0 - labor intensity for the calculated time interval.
In order for the indicator to be calculated as accurately as possible, you need to pay close attention to the following points:
- All the work that was spent on a certain type of work should be taken into account.
- It is necessary to eliminate the possibility of distortion associated mainly with factor differences in the capacity of labor.
- It is important to eliminate the reality of re-counting when past labor is taken into account.
- Proportionality of possible changes in productivity depending on changes in the level of wages.
In foreign sources, in addition to labor productivity, you can often find such a term as an indicator of productivity.
In order to calculate it, it is necessary to take into account not only the flow costs for the creation of manufactured products, but also those resources that were used directly in the process of manufacturing the product. For example, fixed and circulating capital, land.
Practical application: an example of calculating the complexity of the formula
It is necessary to calculate the growth of labor productivity in conditional-physical terms at the soap factory.
Product creation data and days worked per employee.
Indicators of conversion to conventional soap: soap shavings - 2.2, toilet - 1.8, laundry - 1.0.
There are two general approaches to measuring labor productivity: through indicators of output per unit of labor (time) or labor intensity - labor (time) costs for the production of a unit of volume of products (services).
The first indicator of labor productivity is output (B). An indicator of the volume of products (works, services) produced per unit of labor costs. Output is a direct indicator of labor productivity, since the more output is produced per unit of labor input, the higher the level of labor productivity. Calculated by the formula:
where V - volume of production; T - labor costs for a given volume of production.
Time worked is measured by man-hours worked or man-days. In accordance with this, when studying labor productivity, the indicators of the average hourly and average daily labor productivity of workers, as well as the average monthly (quarterly, annual, or for any period from the beginning of the year) labor productivity of workers or workers are used. These indicators are calculated as follows.
Average hourly output of a worker:
where V- the volume of products (works, services) produced in the reporting period; - man-hours actually worked by workers in the reporting period.
Average daily output of a worker:
where are the man-days actually worked by the workers in the reporting period.
Average monthly (quarterly, annual or for any period from the beginning of the year) production of a worker (employee):
where is the average number of workers (employees) in the reporting period.
Methods for determining production are classified according to the unit of measurement of the volume of production:
■ natural (conditionally natural) - used in the production of homogeneous products at individual workplaces, production teams, at the enterprise, ie when determining the production of a specific type of product (work and services). With this method, production is expressed in natural units (V \u003d q: t, Where q - the physical volume of production of homogeneous products);
■ cost (in terms of cost indicators of manufactured or sold products) - when the enterprise produces dissimilar products. When using this method, production is determined in monetary terms ( , where C is the unit price, p.);
■ labor (the measurement of labor productivity is based on the accounting of the volume of products produced in the labor time spent (standard hours)). Its advantage over others is that a more accurate measure is used in the calculations - the labor intensity of each type of product, regardless of the degree of its readiness (products, semi-finished products, work in progress). At the same time, both actual and standard labor costs are widely used.
The cost method is widespread. However, if labor productivity (PT) is calculated on the basis of manufactured or sold products, then this method overestimates the PT, since the result includes the cost of past labor - used raw materials and materials, volumes of cooperated deliveries, etc. This disadvantage is eliminated when calculating output on the basis of net production or profit, as well as when calculating the profitability of labor, which reflects the ratio of profit to costs.
If we are talking about labor productivity in industry and in the denominator, instead of the time spent, the average payroll number of PPP or the average payroll number of workers is used, then the output indicators can be respectively determined by the formulas:
Accordingly, the average number of industrial and production personnel and the average number of workers, people.
The second indicator of labor productivity is the labor intensity of production (Te). This indicator of individual labor productivity characterizes the cost of working time (the cost of living labor) for the production of a unit of output or for the performance of a unit of work.
Among the types of labor intensity of products, depending on the composition of the included labor costs, there are:
· Technological labor intensity () - reflects all labor costs of the main workers (pieceworkers and time workers) who directly affect the objects of labor;
· Labor intensity of production maintenance () - labor costs of only auxiliary workers engaged in production maintenance;
· Production () - all labor costs of the main and auxiliary workers; determined by the formula:
· Labor intensity of production management () - labor costs of employees: managers, specialists and other employees;
· Total labor intensity () - labor costs for the production of products of all categories of PPP of the enterprise. It is determined by the formula:
Total labor intensity (), determined by labor costs of all categories of PPP workers:
The total labor intensity of a unit of production is determined by the formula:
where T- hours worked by employees of all categories of PPP of the enterprise (shop), h; V- natural volume of products produced, pcs. (either in tons, meters, etc.).
The labor intensity of a product is the inverse of labor productivity. Therefore, the indicators of production and labor intensity of products are inversely related:
Allocate the actual and standard labor intensity of the product. The first is used in the analysis process, the second - in planning labor productivity.
The actual labor intensity of products is determined by the actual labor costs (in hours) for the production of a unit of production.
The normative labor intensity determines the amount of necessary (normative) labor costs (in standard hours) for the production of a unit of production in the conditions of existing production.
The ratio of the normative labor intensity of products () to the actual () determines the coefficient of fulfillment of time norms:
Thus, the concept of "labor intensity of production" is closely related to the labor rate, rationing, which is one of the directions of growth in labor productivity.
The total labor costs for the production of zero cycle works are calculated for each object separately. The basis for calculations is labor costs per unit of work volume or the time rate in man-hours, which are taken from the normative literature. Unit labor costs (or norms of time - H vr) show the amount of labor expended per unit of volume of work and necessary for the production of a unit of good-quality products by workers of the corresponding profession and qualifications, working in conditions of correct organization of labor and production. For example, for 100 m 3 of soil during excavator development, for the installation of one column, for 10 m of the length of the seam to be closed between the cover plates, etc.
With a known actual amount of work, the standard labor costs (or standard labor intensity) in man-hours are determined:
where H vr is the time norm, taken according to the ENiR collections, man-hour.
V is the amount of work in those units for which the time rate is given.
Single normative labor costs for various types of work are set out in the collections:
ENiR - uniform rates and prices
VNiR - departmental norms and rates
MNiR - local norms and rates
The collections for the performance of each type of work include: a full description of the scope of work for operations, the composition of the professional and numerical link, prices in rubles, special conditions for the production of work are indicated.
By labor costs, you can determine the duration of each type of work in hours:
where n is the number of workers - performers of the corresponding type of work.
It is recommended to appoint a link of performers based on the information given in the ENiR collections. To speed up the performance of work, you can take 2-3 links, of course, linking the accepted number of workers with the size of the grip on which the workers are located and the shift.
Calculations are given in tabular form "header"
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Will continue. performance of work, cm |
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Prices (salary) |
for the whole volume, rub |
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one. volume, rub |
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Name of machines |
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The composition of the unit according to ENiR |
number of people |
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prof., category |
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Labor costs |
for the whole volume |
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units volume |
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for the whole volume |
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per unit volume |
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Justification |
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Scope of work |
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Name of works |
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Let us explain some of the stages in the development of the "calculation".
Columns 3 and 4 enter the amount of work on the developed object in those units for which the norms of labor costs are given in the ENiR.
In column 5, you should write down the exact "address" from where the labor costs per unit of work volume are taken (H vr). For example, entry §E 2-1-36, table. 2, в3, К у \u003d 1,2 means the following:
E2 - used ENiR, collection number 2,
1 - release of this ENiR No. 1, i.e. section "Buildings and industrial structures",
36 - the number of the paragraph in the collection number 2, the first issue,
tab. 2 - table number, since there can be multiple tables in a paragraph
в3 - the location of the cell from which the norm-time is taken; tables have alphabetic and numerical markings like a chessboard or the game "Sea Battle",
К у \u003d 1.2 - coefficient of working conditions equal to 1.2; in the notes to paragraphs or in the "Technical part" of the ENiR collection, descriptions of deviations from the working conditions for which the table is drawn up are often given. If the work to be done is consistent with the instructions in these notes, this factor should be used.
In columns 6 and 7, respectively, the time rate in man-hours from the ENiR and the calculated labor intensity for the entire volume are entered in man-hours.
Columns 8 and 9 enter the norms of machine time from ENiR in machine hours and the calculated machine capacity for the entire volume also in machine hours.
In column 12, enter the name and brand of the mechanism used in the performance of work, a manual mechanized tool, or put a dash if nothing is applied.
In columns 13 and 14, respectively, the salary values \u200b\u200bper unit of work volume (price) taken from the ENiR in rubles and the salary for the entire volume of work performed are also entered in rubles.
Column 15 enter the calculated values \u200b\u200bfor the duration of each work in shifts. Note that if labor costs from column 7 in man-hours are used to calculate the duration, then the result must be divided by the duration of the shift (8.2 hours).
Technical and economic indicators are calculated on the basis of the "Calculation":
standard labor costs of workers, man-hour
standard machine costs, mash-hour
wages of construction workers, rub.
wages of workers - machine operators, rubles
the cost of production of certain types of work: earthwork, assembly, concrete, etc., rubles.
output per worker per shift in natural measurements
specific labor intensity by type of work.
The total labor intensity per type of work people-see. divided by the volume of this type of work.
Production is determined by dividing the numerical value of the indicators of the final product by the standard labor costs of workers in man-hours and multiplying by the duration of the work shift. Vyrobatka can be defined for one worker or team and has a dimension of m 3 / person, rm / person, m 2 / person. etc.
Labor intensity of production.labor intensity.
Labor intensityTr \u003d T / MLabor input types.1. t) 2. about)
3. etc) at) Total labor intensity (Tp)
Normalized labor intensity Initial rate unit of measurement – rate / hour
Actual labor intensity People\u003d norm-hour /% completed; Number IndexWhour \u003d 1 / Index Tr.fact., But IndexW≠ 1 / Index Tr.norm; IndexWhour
Planned labor intensity
At the place of employment By object of calculation
specific Tr. Specific indicators
An indicator of labor productivity is also labor intensity.
Labor intensity - This is the labor (time) costs for the production of a unit of output.
Depending on the composition of labor costs, their role in the production process, labor intensity can be distinguished: technological, production service, production, production management, complete.
Technological labor intensity (TT)- these are the labor costs of workers who carry out a technological effect on the objects of labor (these are the labor costs of the main workers - pieceworkers and workers - time workers).
Labor intensity of production service (Tob) - these are the labor costs of workers providing and servicing production in the main shops and workers in auxiliary shops (these are labor costs of auxiliary workers). This labor intensity, as a rule, is calculated for individual production service functions by multiplying the average fund of working time worked by one worker by the average number of auxiliary workers and refers to products in percent corresponding to the specific weight of each function in servicing the manufacture of a given product.
Production labor intensity (Tpr) - labor costs of all workers:
Tpr \u003d T + Tob.
Labor intensity of production management (Tu) - labor costs of managers, specialists, employees and other personnel.
Total labor intensity (TP) - these are the costs of all categories of employees
Tp \u003d Tm + Tob + Tu \u003d Tpr + Tu.
By the nature and purpose of costs distinguish between normalized labor intensity, actual and planned.
Normalized labor intensity - standardized labor costs for the manufacture of products or the performance of a certain amount of work, established for all types of labor intensity according to the current norms of time (output), service standards, etc.
The formula for calculating the complexity of work
Actual labor intensity - the actual labor costs for the manufacture of a unit of the product, the amount of work.
Planned labor intensity - labor costs for manufacturing a product or performing a certain amount of work, set taking into account their reduction in the planned period.
At the place of employment distinguish between the labor intensity of the factory, shop, district, workplace.
By object of calculation distinguish between labor intensity for operation, part, product, marketable and gross output.
Labor intensity is measured in standard hours., Man-hours, standard days.
The magnitude of the growth in labor productivity with a decrease in labor intensity can be determined either in the savings in the number or as a percentage for each group of workers
The percentage of labor productivity growth does not coincide with the percentage of labor intensity reduction. The first is always larger than the second. The ratio of these indicators is established by the following formulas
As a result of organizational and technical measures, the labor intensity of a unit of production decreased from 10 to 8 minutes. During the reporting period, it is planned to produce 120,000 publications, the annual fund of working time of one worker is 1,800 hours, the average percentage of fulfillment of the norms is 110%.
Determine the growth of labor productivity and labor savings.
1. Labor savings will be:
2. The growth of labor productivity will be
Consequently, the increase in labor productivity will be 25%, and the savings in number - 2 people.
Determine the growth of labor productivity if, as a result of the implementation of measures, labor intensity has decreased by 7%.
Labor intensity of production.One of the Indicators of labor productivity (PT) is also labor intensity.
Labor intensityIs the ratio of the time spent on production to the amount of products produced. Tr \u003d T / MLabor intensity has several advantages over production(W): 1. It establishes a direct relationship between the volume of production and labor costs; 2. Eliminates the influence on the PT indicator of other factors (changes in the range of products, the volume of supplies for cooperation, the organizational structure of production); 3. TP allows you to organically link the problem of measuring PT with the identification of reserves for its growth. Labor input types.Depending on the composition of the included labor costs. 1. Technological labor intensity (Tt) - these are the labor costs of workers who carry out a technological effect on the objects of labor (these are the labor costs of the main workers - pieceworkers and workers - time workers). 2. Labor intensity of production service (Tabout) - these are the labor costs of workers providing and servicing production in the main shops and workers in auxiliary shops (these are labor costs of auxiliary workers). This labor intensity, as a rule, is calculated according to individual production service functions. by multiplying the average fund of working timeworked by one worker, on the average number of auxiliary workers and refers to products as a percentagecorresponding to the specific weight of each function in the manufacturing service of this product. 3. Production labor intensity (Tetc) - labor costs of all workers (main and auxiliary): Тпр \u003d Тт + Тоб. 4. Labor intensity of production management (Tat) - labor costs of managers, specialists, employees and other personnel. It is determined by the individual production management functions performed by these categories of workers. five. Total labor intensity (Tp) - these are the costs of all categories of workers (PPP). Tp \u003d Tm + Tob + Tu \u003d Tpr + Tu. In our country, there is a methodology developed by the Research Institute of Labor, which allows you to calculate with a certain accuracy at the enterprise factory labor intensity, which is the amount of costs of all categories of PPP for the manufacture of unit products (man / hour). By the nature and purpose of costs distinguish between normalized labor intensity, actual and planned.
Normalized labor intensity - standardized labor costs for the manufacture of products or the performance of a certain amount of work, established for all types of labor intensity according to the current time (output) standards, service standards and other standards. Initial rate - norm t, norm W of servicing the number, etc. unit of measurement – rate / hour
Actual labor intensity - the actual labor costs for the manufacture of a unit of the product, the amount of work in a given period. Unit of measurement - Person / hour. Rate / hour \u003d people / hour x% of completed labor standards; People\u003d norm-hour /% completed; Number. \u003d Tr standard / fund of working time x coeff. fulfillment of norms; IndexWhour \u003d 1 / Index Tr.fact., But IndexW≠ 1 / Index Tr.norm; IndexWhour\u003d 1 / Index Tr.norm. x on the Labor Standards Performance Index
Planned labor intensity - labor costs for manufacturing a product or performing a certain amount of work, set taking into account their reduction in the planned period.
At the place of employment distinguish between the labor intensity of the factory, shop, local, separate workplace.
Labor intensity of work, construction of an object: types, methods of determination, application
By object of calculation distinguish between labor intensity for operation, part, product, marketable and gross output.
Labor intensity is measured either in absolute units of work time(man-hours, people / days, people / shifts, people / years), or in relative - (%, shares, units) In some cases, it is calculated specific Tr. Specific indicators - indicators that are calculated per unit. (unit of weight, area, etc.)
The magnitude of the growth in labor productivity with a decrease in labor intensity can be determined either in the savings in the number or as a percentage for each group of workers
The percentage of labor productivity growth does not coincide with the percentage of labor intensity decrease. The first is always larger than the second. The ratio of these indicators is established by the following formulas
Economics and Sociology of Labor (Textbook).
The labor intensity indicator has a number of advantages over the production indicator. It establishes a direct relationship between the volume of production and labor costs, excludes the influence on the labor productivity indicator of changes in the range of products, the volume of supplies for cooperation, the organizational structure of production, etc. This creates the possibility of mutual coordination of indicators at all stages of production. Labor intensity allows you to organically link the problem of measuring labor productivity with the identification of reserves for its growth.
technological complexity
full complexity
TP \u003d Ttechn + Tob + Tu
Definition and value of the labor intensity indicator.
Labor intensity is the cost of working time for the production of a unit of output. General formula for labor intensity:
where t is the labor intensity of a unit of production;
T is the time spent on the production of all products;
P is the amount of products produced.
Labor intensity is determined per unit of production in kind across the entire range of products and services included in the gross (marketable) output of the enterprise. With a large assortment, labor intensity is determined by typical products, to which all others are reduced.
The labor intensity indicator has a number of advantages over the production indicator. It establishes a direct relationship between the volume of production and labor costs, excludes the impact on the labor productivity indicator of changes in the range of products, the volume of supplies for cooperation, the organizational structure of production, etc. This creates the possibility of mutual coordination of indicators at all stages of production.
Labor intensity formula
Labor intensity allows you to organically link the problem of measuring labor productivity with the identification of reserves for its growth.
But at present this indicator is still less widespread than production. It is not always used in planning and accounting. It is not always used in planning and accounting. In a number of industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil-extracting, textile) labor intensity is not determined at all. It should be noted, however, that in the long term the value is measured and the accounting of labor costs directly by working time will increase.
The ratio of labor intensity and production. There is an inversely proportional relationship between labor intensity and output, i.e., with a decrease in labor intensity, output increases, and with an increase, it decreases.
If, for example, the labor intensity was 5 minutes, and then it decreased by 20%, or up to 4 minutes, then the output per shift will increase from 84 pcs. (), i.e. 21 pcs. (105-84), or 25% ().
The relationship between an increase in production and a decrease in labor intensity is calculated using the following formulas:
where a is the percentage of labor intensity reduction;
в - the percentage of increase in production.
Types of labor intensity. The following types of labor intensity are distinguished, depending on the composition of the labor costs included in it:
technological complexity(Тtechn), which includes all labor costs of the main workers - both pieceworkers and time workers;
labor intensity of production maintenance(Tob), determined by the labor costs of auxiliary workers;
production labor intensity(Tpr), representing the labor costs of all workers (main and auxiliary):
labor intensity of production management(Tu), including the labor costs of engineering and technical workers, employees, junior service personnel and security;
full complexity(TP), representing the labor costs of all categories of industrial production personnel:
TP \u003d Ttechn + Tob + Tu
Each of the specified types of labor intensity can be standard, actual and planned.
Normative labor intensity is the cost of working time per unit of product, established according to the current time standards, service standards, staffing table, etc.
The actual labor intensity is the actual cost of working time per unit of production in a given period.
Planned labor intensity is the planned expenditure of working time per unit of production in a given period.
Planned labor intensity is the planned expenditure of working time per unit of production.
The labor intensity of a separate operation, part, product, process, marketable output, gross output, etc., can be determined.
Labor intensity is considered either in absolute units of working time (man-minutes, man-hours), or in relative units (percent, shares).
Determination of technological complexity. Normative technological labor intensity of piecework and time-based jobs. The initial data for determining the standard labor intensity are: the volume of manufactured products, the technological process of its manufacture, normalization charts, lists of time rates (production), service rates, equipment productivity rates, headcount standards, staffing tables or the arrangement of the main working time workers at work places.
The normative labor intensity of piecework is determined by summing up the piece-calculation norms of time.
When working as a brigade, the standard labor intensity includes the sum of the normalized time spent by all members of the brigade.
With multi-station (multi-unit) service, the standard labor intensity can be calculated by the formula:
where Тн is the normative technological complexity of the operation;
F is the duration of the work shift, hour;
m is the number of workers simultaneously servicing the equipment.
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Unlike photography of a working day, timing is used to study the costs of only operational time. Depending on the purpose of timing, either the operation as a whole or individual labor techniques are studied, all elements of which are constantly repeated in a certain sequence.
Timing is carried out in order to obtain the initial data:
- for the design of time standards for elements of manual and machine - manual work,
- to establish norms of operational time for an operation,
- to establish norms of time, accompanied by the improvement of the technological process of performing standardized work and the organization of work in the workplace,
- for the study and implementation of advanced techniques and methods of labor, etc.
For the design of technically sound norms, timing is carried out according to labor methods. For each technique, the starting and ending fixation points are established, which represent the moments of the beginning and end of their implementation, that is, the boundaries of the action.
The number of observations during timing is set depending on the required accuracy of the norms (the permissible relative error value of the arithmetic mean values \u200b\u200bof the timing series) and the series stability coefficient.
The processing of the results of time-keeping observations includes technological and mathematical analysis of time series.
Technological analysis is the study of the data of each time series in order to establish the feasibility of storing in them the time measurements obtained during observations. So, from the time series, measurements should be excluded that are the result of errors of the performer, observer or caused by a violation of technology, the procedure for servicing the workplace, etc.
In the mathematical analysis of time series, the average length of time spent for each series is calculated and the actual stability coefficient of the time series and the working operation as a whole is determined.
Photo timing (photo accounting) is used to simultaneously determine the structure of time costs and duration of individual elements of a production operation.
Photo timing is a combination of working day photography and timing. It differs from the photograph of the working day by a smaller division of the operation into elements, and from timekeeping in that not only the duration of the operational time is recorded, but also other categories of expenditure of working time.
Analytically - calculation methods of labor rationing provide for the calculation of norms for normative materials. These methods provide the necessary degree of validity of the norms at a significantly lower cost in comparison with research methods for collecting the initial information.
The standards are differentiated by types of production, types of work (locksmith, welding, machine tools, etc.) and are set for labor methods, complexes of labor methods, labor actions and labor movements. The presence of a large standard material allows you to calculate a technically justified rate of time for an operation
T \u003d Top + Tob + Tpt + Toth + Teese,
where Top- a technically justified norm of operational time, Tob- the norm of time for servicing the workplace, Tpt- the norm of time for the non-overlapping part of technological breaks, The one- the norm of time for rest and personal needs, Teese- the norm of the preparatory - final time.
4. Labor productivity, its essence and measurement. Factors affecting labor productivity.
EMPLOYMENT
The efficiency of accelerating the growth rate of labor productivity.
Labor productivity is the most important indicator of labor efficiency and the level of production and economic activity of an enterprise. The higher the productivity of labor, the lower the labor costs for the production of a unit of output or work and the lower its cost.
Labor productivity reflects the costs of total labor: living and past, reified in the means of production. The main component in the total cost of labor is the cost of living labor, which create material wealth. Labor productivity is the efficiency of people's production activities, expressed by the ratio of labor costs and the amount of material goods produced. Labor productivity is measured by the number of products in physical, monetary or conventional terms for a certain period (hour, shift, year) or time spent on manufacturing a unit of production.
The growth in labor productivity occurs as a result of the fact that the share of living labor costs decreases, and the share of past labor increases so that the total cost of production decreases. The increase in labor productivity is an objective economic law.
Distinguish between the productivity of social labor as a whole in the national economy, local or group in an industry, sub-industry, individual at an enterprise, in a team, at a workplace.
The productivity of social labor is determined by dividing the national income by the number of workers employed in all branches of material production.
To determine local and individual labor productivity, indicators can be used: production output and labor intensity of production.
The production output per unit of time is determined by the formula
B \u003d Q / T,
where Q- the volume of products produced, T - costs of working time.
Labor intensity is calculated by the formula
t \u003d T / Q.
When determining labor productivity, five methods are used: natural, conditionally natural, index, labor and cost.
The natural method is used where homogeneous products are produced and homogeneous works are performed. Labor productivity in this case is determined by dividing the manufactured products in natural units (tons, pieces, square meters) by the number of employees.
With the conditionally natural method, labor productivity is determined by dividing the number of conventional units of production by the number of employees. All types of products are conventionally reduced to one through reduction coefficients, determined by the ratio of the labor intensity of individual types of products.
The essence of the index method is to determine the index of growth in labor productivity by weighing the indicators of labor productivity for certain types of work as a percentage of the proportion of the contingent involved in their implementation.
Measuring labor productivity with the labor method involves using the labor intensity indicator as a measure of production. The volume of production is determined in standard hours by multiplying the volume of production in physical terms by the standard time for the manufacture of a unit of production. The labor method requires the use of scientifically - based norms of the time.
The cost method provides for the measurement of production and labor productivity in monetary terms. It is used for enterprises producing heterogeneous products. The complexity of the cost method lies in the choice of the most appropriate for specific conditions method of calculating the volume of production in monetary terms.
The labor productivity of employees of the network of railways and departments is measured in conditional - natural units - the number of tonne - kilometers produced per one employee of the operational contingent engaged in transportation, and is calculated using the formulas
Pt network, roads \u003d (Pl) gr / Chsp \u003d (Pgr l + K Rp l) / Chsp,
Fri dep. roads \u003d (Pl) gr / Chsp \u003d ((Pl) n + K Pp l) / Chsp,
where (Pl) gr - freight turnover, given tonne - kilometers,
Pgr l - freight turnover, tariff tonne - kilometers,
Pp l - passenger transportation, passenger - kilometers,
TO- coefficient of reduction for passenger turnover,
CHP -the average number of employees engaged in transportation, people,
(Pl) n- freight turnover of the railway department, operating ton - kilometers.
The indicators used to measure the labor productivity of employees of individual rail enterprises are shown in Table 1.1.
Average headcount per month
Tasks for solving and methodological instructions for them
Labor productivity
is an indicator of the economic efficiency of the employee's labor activity. Labor productivity is measured by the ratio of the number of products produced (work performed, services) to the time spent on producing products (works, services) 
or to the number of employees of H who have produced a given volume of products (who have performed a given volume of work or services), labor productivity is calculated using the formulas:
(2.7)
(2.8)
Production is determined by the formula:
(2.9)
where 
- volume of products produced or work performed, rubles, m 3, units, t, m 2, etc .;
- labor costs, man-years, man-months, man-days, man-shifts, man-hours.
There is an inverse relationship between production and labor intensity:
and 
.
(2.10)
Natural method measurement of labor productivity is used in the case of production (release) of homogeneous products.
With the release of a variety of products and a frequently changing assortment, the output is determined in labor terms - in standard hours or in man-hours. To do this, the amounts of work are multiplied by the appropriate time rates and the results are summed up. This method of determining the volume of products (works, services) and labor productivity is called labor method .
When cost method measuring labor productivity the volume of products (works, services) is expressed in monetary terms. The method allows you to compare the contribution of each category of workers to the total output (by enterprise, industry, etc.) in accordance with the specific weight of each category.
Labor intensity - this is an indicator , characterizing the costs of living labor, expressed in working hours, for the production of products, performance of work, services.
Labor intensity indicator works - This is the inverse of labor productivity. The labor intensity indicator is calculated by the formula:
(2.11)
where T is the cost of working time;
Q is the number of products produced.
Labor intensity is measured either in standard hours (standard days) of work, or in actual hours (man-hours, man-days) spent on production. In the first case, there will be standard labor intensity, in the second - actual. The relationship between them is determined by the degree of compliance with the norms:
,
(2.12)
where 
-
percentage of completion of production standards;
-actual labor intensity, man-hour;
- standard labor intensity, standard hours.
There is a certain relationship between the indicators of labor productivity and labor intensity: the lower the labor intensity, the higher labor productivity and, accordingly, the greater the volume of work performed. The relationship between them is determined by the formulas:
where 
-the percentage of growth in labor productivity with a decrease in labor intensity by 
-reduction of labor intensity,%.
where 
- the percentage of labor intensity reduction with an increase in labor productivity by 
- productivity growth,%.
EXAMPLES OF SOLVING TYPICAL PROBLEMS
Example 2.4
A team of workers of 5 people produced 80 parts per shift. Calculate the output of one working team per shift and hourly output.
Decision.
The output of each worker will be:
per shift - 80: 5 \u003d 16 (parts);
per hour -16: 8 \u003d 2 (details).
Example 2.5
A team of workers of 5 people per shift (8 hours) produced 20 units of products AND, for which a time rate of 0.6 standard hours per unit is established, and 120 units of production AT, for which the time rate is set at 0.25 standard hours per unit. Calculate labor productivity (shift production) of one worker in labor terms.
Decision.
standard hours.
Example 2.6
If a team of five people completed the volume of work in the amount of 3,000 rubles per shift, calculate the labor productivity of each employee (output) per shift and per hour of work.
Decision.
An employee's shift production will be:
In cm \u003d 3,000: 5 \u003d 600 rubles,
respectively for an hour of work:
In H \u003d 600: 8 \u003d 75 rubles.
Example 2.7
The enterprise produced 20 units of products within a month AND, the complexity of production of which is 0.5 man-hours, and 120 units of products AT with a labor input of 0.25 man-hours. Determine the average labor input per shift.
Decision.
man-hours.
Example 2.8
If the normative labor intensity of production is 180 thousand standard hours, and the actual one is 150 thousand man-hours, determine the average production rate.
Decision.
The average production rate will be equal to:
H ext \u003d (180,000: 150,000) ´100% \u003d 120%.
The norms are fulfilled by 120% on average.
Example 2.9
As a result of the planned organizational and technical measures at the enterprise, it is planned to reduce the labor intensity of work Tr by 20%, how much will labor productivity increase?
Decision.
Ppt \u003d (100 x 20) / 100 - 20 \u003d 25%.
PT will increase by 25%:
if the labor productivity of the PT increases by 20%, then the labor intensity of TP will decrease by 16.7%:
Ptr \u003d (100 x 20) / 100 + 20 \u003d 16.7%.