Prospects for the development and placement of the textile industry. Problems and prospects for the development of the light industry of the Russian Federation. Industries and enterprises of light industry in Russia

Light industry is a set of specialized industries that produce mainly consumer goods from different types raw materials. Light industry occupies one of the important places in the production of the gross national product and plays a significant role in the country's economy.

Each branch of industry has its own significance and characteristics, therefore the state in any case should pay attention to the problems and prospects for the development of any field of activity. The light industry of Russia belongs to those industries in which the production of goods intended for popular consumption... Additionally, the products that are created by this industry are sent for use in other areas of activity, which include the automotive industry and the food industry.

The light industry in Russia is currently quite well developed, since the results of its activities are effectively used for export to other countries, and at the same time the products are considered competitive in comparison with those goods that are available on the foreign market. Additionally, it should be noted that this industry provides a huge number of jobs, and most of the people employed in this area are women. Development light industry happens constantly, and at the same time it is considered an important area of \u200b\u200bactivity in the state. This is due to the fact that the light industry has a direct impact on the economic situation in Russia, and it is here that a very fast capital turnover is observed, as a result of which stagnation and other problems that are inherent in many other industries are not observed.

Additionally, it should be noted that the technological cycles in this area affect such an important industry as agriculture and chemical industry... Due to this, it is necessary to pay as much attention as possible to the development of light industry. As a result, every year the situation in this area of \u200b\u200bactivity is improving. Branches and enterprises of light industry in Russia The light industry itself is subdivided into many different branches, each of which has its own characteristics and characteristics.

First of all, it is necessary to highlight the textile and leather industries, footwear and clothing, as well as fur. The textile industry is considered the most priority, significant and profitable, since the products from its work are in demand not only in the domestic market, but in foreign countriesoh. Modern goods created at light industry enterprises successfully compete with other goods manufactured in various countries of the world. This is due to the fact that modern companies, which are numerous, and also specialize in the creation of textiles or sewing products, are trying to introduce into production as much modern and innovative equipment as possible.

The result is high-quality products that do not contain harmful components, and also have an interesting and sophisticated design. However, such innovations require rather significant costs on the part of manufacturers, as a result of which the cost of the product itself increases. This leads to an increase in the prices of goods, and the demand is constantly changing, therefore it is extremely important to establish optimal and permanent relations with other countries that will purchase light industry goods for their own use.

Certain problems in the development of light industry can be observed recently, when many European countries have introduced numerous sanctions against Russia, as a result of which a rather significant decrease in the export of goods in this industry can be observed.

As a result, many products remain unclaimed, and it is almost impossible to sell them entirely on the domestic market. This leads to the fact that enterprises engaged in this field of activity are trying with all their might to reduce the cost of manufactured goods. In most cases, this leads to a decrease in product quality, which is not a good indicator for the state of the Russian economy as a whole.

That is why the Ministry of Light Industry in Russia is trying with all its might to improve the situation, for which companies are offered very profitable terms for the purchase of innovative and modern technology, which they can purchase at low interest rates on credit. Additionally, all kinds of subsidies and allowances are provided for light industry enterprises that have come to a crisis due to the fact that they cannot sell most of their products.

It is with the help of innovative and unique equipment that it is possible to achieve that in order to obtain high-quality and reliable products, it will not be necessary to spend too much money, and the whole process will be fully automated, so there is no need for manual labor of workers. On the one hand, this is very good decision, since the cost of wages will be minimal, but on the other hand, the number of jobs in the field of light industry decreases, and this leads to the fact that a large number of people cannot find a job, which leads to an increase in unemployment.

In 2015, the share of light industry in the total production of the country was 1.4%.

The volume of products in the textile and clothing industry is 143 billion rubles.

The volume of products in the textile industry is 78.2 billion rubles.

Fixed capital investments in the textile and clothing industry - RUB 9.1 billion.

Investments in fixed assets in the production of leather, leather goods and footwear - 2.3 billion rubles.

In 2008-2015, capacities were put into operation for the production of knitwear for 4.8 million pieces, for the production of hosiery - for 33.8 million pairs.

Light industry enterprises are located in almost all constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The regions with the largest share of light industry are presented in the table. Among the Russian regions, the Ivanovo region stands out, in which light industry is the main industry.

Table 1. The share of light industry in the total production of the region in 2015,%

The light industry of Russia in 2015 included about 14 thousand enterprises and organizations, of which 1437 were large and medium-sized. 70% of the production volume falls on the 300 largest enterprises. The total number of people employed in the industry was over 550 thousand people, of which 80% were women. The share of products manufactured by orders of law enforcement agencies was about 11% of the total volume of light industry products. There are 20 specialized research institutes in the light industry.

Average accrued wages in the textile and clothing industry - 10,074 rubles / month.

Average accrued wages in the production of leather, leather goods and footwear - 10616 rubles / month.

Thus, the light industry in Russia is an area that is considered promising and interesting for investors, although it is currently going through quite difficult times. However, a crisis situation is observed in almost every area of \u200b\u200bindustry due to a significant decline in exports. However, the state is taking certain measures aimed at improving the situation, so we can expect in the near future to improve the state of this sphere of activity.

expanding state support for the technical re-equipment of our enterprises is becoming a key task. For today for these purposes federal budget subsidies for loans in the amount of 425 million rubles have already been provided. All new technological equipment supplied to enterprises is exempt from VAT and zero customs duties have been established for it.

Currently, according to the approved rules, products intended for the army must be made from domestic fabrics. Accommodation state order is indeed a serious measure to support Russian light industry enterprises. This instrument has acquired particular importance in the context of Russia's accession to the World trade organization... The conditions on which we entered allow us to place up to 100% of state and municipal orders with our own producers.

The volume of the annual order of the Ministry of Defense for uniforms and clothing is about 25 billion rubles. It is known that after the ban on imports for the state defense order, purchases of all light industry products from domestic manufacturers increased from 30% to 70%. Now we are negotiating with various Russian companies and organizations on the purchase of uniforms and branded clothing and equipment from domestic enterprises. Our manufacturers can also offer another assortment of light industrial products: bed linen, curtains, and various industrial textiles.

It seems quite logical that state needs and requirements large corporations provided at the expense of the national industry. All of the above support measures will help to ensure effective import substitution in modern international conditions.

New promising projects in the field of light industry, implemented in Russia

The BTK Group company implements new project in the city of Mines for the creation of high-tech synthetic fabrics and garments from them. According to available information, the high-tech production complex is 90% ready. The company has invested about 2.5 billion rubles in production. The Kamyshensky cotton plant has been modernized by almost 50% and continues to modernize: a modern production facility for the production of cotton yarn and bed linen has appeared in the Volgograd region. But in a small town on the border with Ukraine, Donetsk Manufactura produces a very high-quality terry cloth: robes and towels. The products of this factory have a huge export potential. Such enterprises as "Termopol" and "Ves Mir" have been created and are producing highly competitive products in the field of nonwovens. An interesting example is the large enterprise "Russian leather", which organized the production of leather for the automotive industry. It is implementing an investment project for the production of special natural automotive leather with high performance properties based on new import-substituting chemical materials.

The new project OpenRussianFashion should be noted. It is aimed at promoting Russian brands abroad. There are good experiences in Milan, where this program started in September, and in Beijing.

Moscow State Textile Academy named after A.N. Kosygin

Department of Economics

Research work

at the rate:

Industry economics

State characteristic and

development trends of the Russian textile industry.

Completed: student of FEM group 51-96

Sudnik N.R.

Received by: Peksheva E.N., Associate Professor.

Annotation.

In this work, we studied and analyzed state of the art the textile industry in Russia, both financial and social. The reasons that led the industry to the crisis and possible ways out of it are considered: what needs to be done to stabilize and further increase production, conquer the domestic market and enter the world market with competitive products.

The volume of work is 20 pages, the number of tables is 3, the number of titles of used literature is 9.

Introduction ................................................. .................................................. ....four

Chapter I. Characteristics of the state of the textile industry ......... 8

1.1. The rate of production of the textile industry .......................... 8

1.2. Social problems of the industry ............................................... ...........ten

1.3. Existence in a competitive environment .............................................. .eleven

Chapter II. Reasons for the crisis in the industry .................................. 13

Chapter III. Strategy further development textile

industry ................................................. .......................15

Conclusions ................................................. ................................................eighteen

List of used literature ............................................... ..........20

Introduction.

The transition of the country's economy to market relations has led to a sharp deterioration in the situation in the textile industry.

The decline in the effective demand of the population, the deepening of inflationary processes, the crisis of non-payments, which caused an imbalance in production and circulation, led first to overstocking, and then to a landslide decline in production.

Every year the decline in production is calculated by several tens of percent: in 1994 - 47%, in 1995 - 31%, in 1996 - 28%. This is 6-7 times higher than the industry average. In 1997, the textile industry entered without money, 55% of enterprises are unprofitable (the amount of loss is 1.6 trillion rubles). Accounts payable, excluding debts on bank loans, exceeded 11 trillion rubles, which is almost 6 trillion rubles. more debt owed to the industry. And the annual production volume is 20 trillion rubles.

The industry has the lowest wages of all industries (except agriculture). Every second worker in the industry (almost 500 thousand people) works part-time work time or is on leave at the initiative of the administration. The industry accounts for 21% of all lost working time in industry.

Over the five years of economic reforms (1990-1995), the drop in production of the most important types of products in the textile industry was 2 times higher than the drop in industrial output as a whole.

The ill-considered opening of the domestic market has led to the fact that the share of imported goods in Russia reaches 65-75% of the total turnover.

In fact, the domestic textile industry lost its sales market. As a result of the privatization, the chain of stores was closed, and now enterprises are again forced to organize them.

The government, having opened the domestic market to foreign producers, thereby caused economic damage to the enterprises of the industry.

The study of the problems facing the textile industry made it possible to single out three major groups: resource, demand and technical and technological. Production of products in this industry in the early 90s. provided with the required amount of raw materials. The most raw material-intensive is the wool industry, the level of consumption of raw materials in which in 1991 amounted to 226.6 thousand tons of wool, including 111 thousand tons own production.

IN last years the raw material base of the industry was formed on the basis of natural wool and was supplemented with chemical fibers and cotton. At the same time, imports of wool, cotton and chemical fibers from the near and far abroad decreased significantly.

The financial and economic situation of textile enterprises indicates a decrease in the provision of working capital, and high credit rates, reaching 200%, do not allow solving the raw material problem that limits the production of textiles. The latter needs preferential financing of enterprises and the introduction of customs export duties for such raw materials and, above all, for several types of wool, which the domestic woolen industry needs.

The reasons for the decline in fabric production are also related to structural and demand factors. The determining factor in the continuing decline in textile production is the limitation of consumer demand. Prices for most types of textile industry have approached the level of world prices. The demand for consumer goods and especially for wardrobe items is most susceptible to changes in real incomes.

The lagging reaction of production to changes in the structure of consumers of textile products leads to an uneven dynamics of decrease in manufactured products (Table 1).

Table 1. Dynamics of the production of textiles.

The demand problem is connected both with the rise in prices and with the general economic situation - a continuous increase in the share of imports of all goods, especially textiles. In 1995, the share of imports increased to 56% of consumed products against 19% in 1994.

Cheap imported consumer goods reduce the possibility of selling domestic fabrics and finished products in the domestic market. Manufacturers of textile products cannot reduce prices, since the price of consumed resources is constantly increasing.

The technical and technological problems of the textile industry are the most complex and are associated with a decline in investment activity with an extremely acute need for investment. The creation of competitive textile products necessitates structural technical restructuring, that is, significant capital investments are required, which the enterprises of the industry do not have.

Technical condition analysis textile machinery showed that only 13% corresponds to the current level, 53% are subject to modernization and 34% require replacement as morally and physically obsolete.

In this regard, the investment policy should be based on a radical reconstruction of existing enterprises, which will reduce the capital intensity, material consumption, energy intensity and labor intensity of the textile industry.

Thus, analyzing the development of the textile and knitwear industry over the past seven years, we see that a crisis situation persists in all sectors of the textile industry.

Chapter 1. Characteristics of the state of the textile

industry.

1.1. Production rates.

It is known that the textile industry has always played a significant role in the formation of the country's state budget, since the share of allocated funds in the budget revenues was 24%.

Economic reforms in the Russian textile industry are characterized by a combination of deep depression and rapid de-industrialization of production, the growing destruction of scientific and technological potential, and an increase in social tension.

The share of the textile industry in the total gross product fell to 1.8% (8% in 1990). The proportion of revenues received by the budget was only 1.9%.

At the same time, an outstripping decline in production is observed in enterprises producing general industrial products. Domestic textile goods provide today less than a third of the reduced effective demand of the population.

The development of the downward trend in the volume of production in the textile industry could not be stopped in 1996. The production of fabrics of all types in Russia decreased by 19.6% compared to similar data in 1995. Table 1.1 shows the rate of production of the most important textile goods in Russia as a whole by the level of this indicator in 1995

Table 1.1. The rate of production of textile products (to its level in 1995).

Note to Table 1.1. Textile and haberdashery products were manufactured in the amount of 145.8 billion rubles. The rate of their production in comparison with its level in 1995 was 99.6%. The numerator of conditional fractions contains data for Russia as a whole, in the denominator - for JSC Concern Rostekstil.

The development of the garment industry today is strongly influenced by new technologies. At the same time, in the harsh conditions of a market economy, only those players who offer not only high-quality, but also original aesthetically and design products manage to maintain the demand for their products. There are also niches in which typical methods of production of textiles, more often used for household needs, are used. Regardless of the direction of the factory, the garment industry requires participants in this market segment to regularly update the production infrastructure. Today it is not just a matter of switching to automatic lines, but the task of a comprehensive modernization of the technical infrastructure.

Garment technology

Garment manufacturing processes can be divided into three categories: cutting, manufacturing and inspection. The first includes technologies for forming a cutting map, calculating material, preparing raw materials and flooring, drawing up a pattern for the layout of patterns, etc. Depending on what tasks of the clothing industry a particular enterprise solves, employees use one or another method. For example, directly cutting the material is carried out manually or mechanically, by cutting or punching.

Garment manufacturing technologies also represent an extensive group of techniques. Among them are direct sewing, thread joining, stitching, stitching, topstitching and quilting. Each operation is also implemented in several ways, the choice of which depends on the operating conditions of the factory.

As for the technologies for ensuring product control, in production, a kind of revision of materials is usually carried out in terms of qualitative and quantitative characteristics, after which grading is carried out and a product passport is drawn up. The modern garment industry is actively introducing control stages using automated equipment or special measuring instruments that allow you to accurately assess the characteristics of products.

Equipment for the manufacture of sewing products

A significant breakthrough in technical modernization in the garment industry took place 20 years ago, when engineers and technologists were able to achieve a sharp increase in the speed of machines. At the moment, the existing indicators of the sewing pace are considered optimal. Operation in several modes today is implemented by units with thyristor control and AC drives. In this case, the technological process can be carried out in a separate order or as one of a group of tasks that a universal installation solves.

For example, there are special units for laying finishing lines along the edges of overcasting materials. These blanks include cuffs, valves, shirt collars, etc.

It is important to emphasize that the technology of the clothing industry in the form of the same stitching or cutting is realized with different parameters. That is, even if the machine is focused on performing one function, the operator can specify the characteristics of the operation in different formats.

For example, the mentioned thyristor control implies the ability to change the stitch length and the direction of the ruler along the edge. The most advanced mechanisms also provide for the ability of machines to carry out automatic corrections of the work process, depending on the indicators of the sensors. Of course, the sewing industry does not do without.This group can include support, fixation and transportation units that implement an indirect additional function in production process... These are usually semi-automatic machines operated by the operators themselves.

Concept of related sets of equipment

Practice shows that effective is possible only if the equipment is not isolated, but combined into one complex. Developers of sewing machines have been working in this direction for a long time, offering multifunctional installations. Such models perform several operations simultaneously, at the output providing a product with a certain degree of readiness. This is not to say that the integrated method allows you to cover a complete list of technological actions and also it cannot be said that the units are combined into one machine. Still, this concept is conditional and only demonstrates the principle of the approach, which achieves a tight interface of technical equipment, which maximally optimizes the technique of manufacturing products.

In particular, the modern garment industry operates machines that allow the licking of armholes along the back and on the shelf, the gathering of sleeve ditches, stitching of sleeves and other related operations in a single complex of several machines.

But it is also important to consider another aspect. While complex production lines certainly provide high efficiency with minimal labor costs, they cannot always compete with the traditional, siled approach of performing technical sewing in quality parameters.

Manufacturing process control

Traditional methods of control and management are reduced primarily to methods technical organization individual sites production workshop... Physically, operations can be controlled in three ways: manual, semi-automatic and automatic. Some equipment models provide three modes at once, but this is rare - more often there are two formats, one of which is automatic.

With the help of the user interface, the operator specifies the program according to which one or another operation with certain parameters is implemented. In particular, a modern garment factory can automatically lay out patterns in accordance with the scheme that was put into the computer. The schemes and commands themselves are usually set using the menu. Mechanized management methods also do not completely go out of the industry, since in some cases they turn out to be more efficient and economical. This applies to small enterprises and individual lines in which the use of automated production is economically unjustified.

Computer technologies as a control tool

Controllers and microprocessors are being actively implemented in the garment industry. These are small devices responsible for controlling various technological processes. For example, one microprocessor can control dozens of operations simultaneously.

Of course, physically actions are performed by means of mechanized hydraulic and electromechanical units and assemblies, which are precisely the commands of the controller. The initial link for the generation of certain solutions are sensors and detectors. This can be, for example, a device for monitoring the remaining thread length. As it ends, a corresponding signal is sent to the processor, after which the controller gives a command to automatically bookmark new coil... A striking illustration of such approaches is the thread trimming mechanism. With this equipment, the sewing factory without operator intervention can automatically reduce the length of the trimmed thread ends to match the thickness of the eyelet of the needle. Most often, edging movable mechanisms are used in zigzag stitch machines.

The complexity of the operation of computerized production facilities lies in the fact that the operator or a group of service personnel must work out in detail the programs and modes of operation of the controller, otherwise the slightest error in the parameters being set will lead to a large scale rejection when it comes to mass production.

Raw materials used in production

Sewing production requires the use of a wide range of materials, including accessories. The raw material base is formed mainly by textile materials. These include polyester, woolen, semi-woolen, cotton and viscose fabrics. For some garments, a group of duplicating materials is also required, which includes dublerin, non-woven and various linings in the form of twill, polyester and viscose. Fur of natural and artificial origin is also in demand. We can say that this is a premium raw material for the garment industry, which ultimately affects the price tags of products.

As for the accessories and finishing materials, they include sewing cotton-lavsan threads, reinforcing fibers, buttons, rivets and various hardware. It is important to note that fittings differ in many characteristics, even if functionally the same elements correspond to each other. Through shape, color and texture, manufacturers convey the design shades of a particular part.

Manufactured products

The assortment of clothing is huge, but do not forget that garment factories are engaged not only in the production of such things, but also produce technical products using the same textiles. One way or another, the basis of the assortment of any garment factory is clothing, which is presented in different groups and subgroups. In particular, it can be coats, hats, pants, sundresses, swimwear, etc.

Different signs are used to order and classify products. In particular, products are distinguished by material, shape, seasonality, purpose and other parameters. The clothing industry that specializes in the production of certain products can also be classified accordingly.

Recently, highly specialized factories are also spreading, which cover a specific segment and strive to take the place of a leader in it. These include enterprises engaged in the manufacture of extreme clothing, uniforms, things for anglers and travelers, etc.

Main consumers of sewing products

Most of the manufactured products are used to cover the household segment. Participants in this market are guided by the needs of the average consumer, offering not only clothes, but also carpet materials, home textiles, and consumer goods. Again, specialized clothing industry enterprises often cooperate with law enforcement agencies, medical institutions and representatives of the construction industry. They offer these consumer groups products in the form of geotextiles, membrane insulators, underlays and other specific materials.

Separate areas in which garment factories also present their products include furniture production, sports, tourism, and mechanical engineering. In these areas, the garment production of light industry is represented only indirectly, but some products this segment produced only with the use of textiles. For example, for tourists, manufacturers offer backpacks, sunbeds and tents made of materials of increased strength. Large factories are developing unique technologies for the production of raw materials, which are subjected to multi-stage processing to obtain the necessary protective properties.

Development of the garment industry in Russia

The future of the industry largely depends on technological innovations, but not only they determine the direction of further development. Small and large enterprises are paying increasing attention to logistics optimization. Transportation, storage of raw materials, turnover within production lines - these and other stages require maintaining high efficiency, otherwise their organization costs unreasonably high costs. Of course, the sewing industry in Russia has also advanced in technological support in recent years. But, unlike foreign manufacturers, the same automated and robotic lines are more often used on conveyors of large enterprises that manufacture standard products.

Original products in small batch formats are still produced with traditional mechanized equipment. Computerization, in turn, leaves its mark on more than just controls.

Thanks to special programs the garment industry in Russia got the opportunity effective development new design solutions within individual production units.

Conclusion

The success of garment factories depends on a wide range of different factors. Among them are the level of technical equipment, and the quality of the raw materials used, as well as labor productivity. At the same time, the modern clothing industry cannot but be guided by requests target audience... Some manufacturers initially choose a specific narrow niche, while other factories cover a wide audience of consumers, adjusting the direction of production depending on the trend. Also, the chosen development approach to a large extent determines the methods of planning the enterprise's activities.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

GENERAL INFORMATION

Textiles are products made from flexible, soft fibers and threads (fabric, cotton wool, nets, etc.), usually made from yarn on a loom. Textiles also include fabrics that are not fabrics: knitwear, felt, modern nonwovens, etc.

The textile industry is a group of light industry branches engaged in the processing of vegetable (cotton, flax, hemp, kenaf, jute, ramie), animals (wool, silk of silkworm cocoons), artificial and synthetic fibers into yarn, threads, fabrics. It includes the following industries:

cotton

woolen

silk

woolen

silk

hemp jute

Textile is one of the main materials used in light industry. Until the end of the 19th century, only natural materials were used in the textile industry - cotton, wool, silk. Then, artificial (based on natural polymers) and synthetic (from hydrocarbon raw materials) fibers are becoming more widespread.

CLASSIFIER OKVED

According to the all-Russian classifier of species economic activity (OKVED), textile production belongs to the section 17 of the same name, which has the following major subsections:

17.1 "Spinning textile fibers"

17.2 "Weaving"

17.3 "Finishing of fabrics and textiles"

17.4 "Manufacture of finished textile products, except for clothing"

17.5 "Manufacture of other textiles"

17.6 "Production of knitted fabric"

17.7 "Manufacture of knitwear"

INDUSTRY SITUATION ANALYSIS

Today the situation in the world is developing in such a way that the bulk of textile production is concentrated in developing countries, which have sufficient raw materials (for example, cotton) and cheap labor. Developed countries import fabrics to make ready-made garments from them, which are then exported to developing countries. At the same time, territorially, the very production belonging to a developed country may be located in another state.

The light industry of the USSR covered all stages of production - from the production (cultivation) of raw materials to the manufacture of garments. Today, the domestic light industry is experiencing serious difficulties, primarily due to the non-competitiveness of products in terms of price - Asian countries that use cheap labor offer much cheaper products. Moreover, the quality of Russian fabrics is often significantly higher. The share of domestic products today is no more than 30% of the market. It is almost impossible to determine more precisely the quantity due to the presence of “gray” imports. According to experts, the only competitive segment is the production of workwear, supported by government orders.

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ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM THE FEDERAL STATE STATISTICS SERVICE

Rosstat data, which the service obtains by collecting official data from market participants, may not coincide with the data of analytical agencies, whose analytics are based on surveys and the collection of unofficial data.

Figure 1. Dynamics of financial indicators of the industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

Figure 2. Dynamics of financial coefficients of the industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

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According to the Federal Service state statistics, in the period from 2007 to 2015. there is a stable trend of revenue growth in the industry. Since there are no data on sales volumes in physical terms, it is not possible to conclude whether revenue is growing only due to price increases, or sales volumes in product units are also growing. At the same time, the indicators of gross profitability and profitability of sales are also growing. The growth was especially sharp in 2015. These data are somewhat at odds with the data of independent sources.

The indicators of accounts receivable (in 2015 + 67% versus 2007) and accounts payable (in 2015 + 101% versus 2007) significantly increased, which indicates problems in mutual settlements with customers and suppliers. High receivables may indicate a shortage working capitalthat can be covered with loans. The dynamics of the ratio between borrowed and own funds confirms this conclusion: the ratio of borrowed funds to equity increased from 3.66 times in 2007 to 5.62 times in 2015.

Figure 3. Accounts receivable and accounts payable by industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles

Figure 4. Shares of regions in the gross revenue of the industry in 2015

CONCLUSION

Despite the positive data from Rosstat, the textile industry in Russia is in decline due to the low level of competitiveness of products. The market is filled with cheap products from Southeast Asia, most of which are "gray" imports.

Some experts believe that the way out of their current situation is to accept experience developed countriesimporting textile products. The Government of the Russian Federation, however, has developed programs for the support and development of light industry, including the textile industry, as an integral part of it. Development of a specialized segment of polyester fabrics is expected.

In general, even with a successful reorganization of the industry, it is hardly worth expecting its growth in the next 5-7 years. The technologies used in the industry are highly labor and capital intensive.

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Course work in the discipline: Economics of the National Economy

Completed: student gr. MEG-07-4 Mityaeva V.A.

Irkutsk 2008

Light industry is a branch for the production of consumer goods, which must meet the needs of the country's population. The main task of light industry is to meet the growing needs of all segments of the population.

Today the share of light industry in the total production of the country is about 1.3%, which is very small for this industry. To understand the reasons for such a low percentage in the total volume of production, it is necessary to analyze the state of the industry and the problems of its development. To increase the share interest, it is necessary to find ways to develop this industry. The purpose of this work is to analyze the development problems and offer prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation.

The work consists of an introduction, a main part and a conclusion. The main part is divided into three sections. The first section sets out the general theoretical foundations, the second section contains a brief description of the territorial structure of light industry, the third section discusses the problems of the industry, ways of solving them and development prospects.

To write this work, we mainly used popular science magazinesas well as official documents and tutorials. Analysis of the literature showed that the state of light industry is not given due attention, and the material presented does not give a complete picture of the light industry of the country as a whole.

Light industry is one of the branches of the complex producing consumer goods. This industry is manufacturing and produces products for the population: fabrics, clothing, footwear, knitwear, hosiery and fur products, hats, textile and leather haberdashery. In addition, light industry enterprises supply fabrics and cords for the production of tires, steel rope cores for coal mines and the metallurgical industry, filter and sieve fabrics for the food, chemical and electrical industries, fabrics and other products for agriculture, fabrics for conveyor belts, used in all industries in Russia. Thus, light industry enterprises, along with consumer goods, produce raw materials and auxiliary materials for other sectors of the national economy.

In the light industry, there are 20 research institutes that are specialized in accordance with groups of industries and serve the textile, knitwear, sewing, leather and footwear and fur subsectors. Institutes have their own developments, many of which were recognized at the annual international salons inventions. But at the same time, in recent years, a tendency has emerged to destroy the scientific and technical potential and the previously effectively functioning system of training specialists, which is primarily associated with insufficient funding.

Light industry affects the general economic situation in the country, because, firstly, it is an industry with a rapid capital turnover; secondly, its technological cycle involves agriculture, chemical industry and other industries.

The raw material base of the light industry in Russia is underdeveloped, since does not meet the needs of the industry for raw materials.

Agriculture is the main supplier of natural raw materials for light industry. Flax growing is in a difficult situation: the sowing of fiber flax is decreasing, and its yield is falling. Flax growing is unevenly distributed: over 60% of the harvested raw materials are in the Central Federal District, 25% in the North-Western District, and only 15% in all the rest. Today flax growing is the only supplier of domestic plant raw materials, and the prices for flax fiber are the lowest of all types of fibers.

At the moment, the needs of the flax industry for raw materials are met through imports, and Belarus is the main supplier of flax.

Natural wool is provided mainly by sheep. Recently, their livestock in Russia has decreased, and the quality of wool has deteriorated. Only wool coming from breeding farms fully meets all the quality requirements, but such wool comes in little, since it is the breeding stock that has decreased to the greatest extent.

The light industry could provide itself almost completely with natural leather raw materials, but a significant part of it is exported from Russia.

The raw materials for the production of twisted products (twine, ropes) are hemp, jute and sisal. Hemp is made from the stalks of hemp, the crops of which have been declining since 1960, and jute and sisal are imported from abroad.

Cotton is not grown in Russia, therefore, after the collapse of the USSR, the developed cotton industry is completely based on imported raw materials. Cotton - raw comes mainly from Uzbekistan, also from Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, a small part comes from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.

In addition to natural raw materials, light industry uses synthetic and chemical fibers, artificial leather supplied by the chemical industry. The initial raw materials for their production are refined products, natural gas, coal tar. The main delivery areas are the Central and Volga Federal Districts.

In the structure of light industry, there are about 30 sub-sectors, which can be combined into three main groups:

Textile industry, which includes linen, cotton, silk, woolen, knitted fabrics, as well as primary processing of flax, wool, net-knitting industry, felting and felt, production of nonwovens and others.

Clothing industry.

The leather and footwear industry, which also includes the fur industry.

Factors for the location of light industry enterprises are diverse and have their own characteristics for each industry, but the following main ones can be distinguished:

Labor resources. This factor provides for a large number of people and highly qualified specialists.

Raw material factor. This factor mainly affects the location of enterprises for the primary processing of raw materials. For example, enterprises for the primary processing of leather are located near large meat processing plants.

The consumer factor. Finished products of the garment industry are less transportable than raw materials. For example, fabrics are more economically transportable than finished products. In the textile industry, on the contrary, finished products are more transportable than raw materials. For example, when washing, the wool becomes 70% lighter.

The main branch of the light industry in Russia is the textile industry. Despite the fact that it belongs to the typical "old industries", in the era of the scientific and technological revolution, the production of textile fibers did not decrease. The textile industry accounts for about 70% of the total volume of sold marketable products of the entire light industry in Russia.

The main products of the industry are fabrics that are used to meet the needs of the population and are used as raw materials and auxiliary materials in the clothing, footwear, food industries, mechanical engineering and other industries.

The cotton industry is the leading branch in the structure of the textile industry. Historically, the Central Federal District is the main concentration area for the cotton industry. The reasons for this location of the industry were many years of experience in the development of the linen, silk and cloth industry, the availability of equipment and qualified work force, availability of the consumer, provision of transport. These factors led to the growth of the cotton industry in the Moscow and Ivanovo provinces. Currently, the leading factors in the location of the industry are the availability of a consumer, the availability of a skilled labor force and the provision of employment in the regions of heavy industry.

In the structure of the textile industry, the linen industry is also distinguished. Today 70% of fabrics produced in our country are fabrics for industrial and technical purposes. Insufficient production of fabrics of the costume and dress assortment. Also, flax is used to make waterproof overalls, canvas canvas for sheltering equipment, tents, fire hoses, and so on.

Initially, the industry was located near the flax-producing regions, but now the raw material factor plays a lesser role. The provision of qualified personnel is of paramount importance for the location of the enterprise in the region, and the primary processing of flax is concentrated in flax-growing regions.

The woolen industry produces a variety of products: household fabrics, blankets, carpets, and more. Most of the woolen fabrics are used for personal consumption and only 5% are used for technical purposes.

The enterprises of the garment industry are more evenly located throughout the country than the enterprises of the textile industry. They are available in almost every region and mainly meet the internal needs of the region. The main factor in the placement of enterprises in the garment industry is consumer. This is due to the fact that it is more economical to transport fabrics rather than finished products. Typically, clothing factories are concentrated in large industrial centers.

In recent years, the Russian garment industry has been quite successfully cooperating with foreign countries, using the form of international cooperation, i.e. placing orders for russian enterprises for the production of clothing according to models and materials from foreign countries. Foreign manufacturers in our country are attracted high level professional training of specialists and at the same time low labor costs, as well as territorial proximity to the western market. For Russian manufacturers of the garment industry, cooperation with foreign manufacturers can improve the quality of products and make them more competitive in the domestic and global markets.

Shoe production is a mass, diversified production, with a quick change of assortment and is focused on mass consumption. Another distinguishing feature of this production is the increased material consumption and labor intensity. In Russia, for the production of leather goods and products from them, only 75% of the leather raw materials procured in the country is used, and 25% of the raw materials are exported abroad. An important task of this branch of light industry is to strengthen its own raw material base.

Shoe industry enterprises are currently mainly concentrated in the European part of Russia, namely in Moscow, Kirov, Tula, Penza regions and some others.

The leather and footwear industry also includes the leather goods industry. The enterprises of the leather goods industry produce bags, gloves and mittens, cases, sports balls and other leather goods. The main production centers are concentrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

In addition, the fur industry is distinguished as part of the leather and footwear industry. It includes raw-dyeing and furrier-sewing production, where dressing, dyeing and finishing of various types of furs and fur raw materials are carried out and various types of products are manufactured from them.

Light industry, in comparison with other industries, has a less pronounced territorial structure, since there are some kind of enterprises in almost every region. However, it is possible to distinguish specialized areas, especially in the textile industry, producing a certain range of products. For example, the Ivanovo region specializes in the production of cotton products and ranks first in Russia in terms of output. The Central Federal District specializes in the production of all branches of the textile industry, and only in this Federal District the light industry is a branch of specialization. Most often, light industry subsectors are complementary to the economic complex of the region.

Further, in the characteristics of enterprises in different regions, statistical data on the volume of output for each enterprise are used. To understand how large a share a company occupies in the structure of production, you need to know the total volume of production. Statistical data are given on the basis of the light industry performance in the first half of 2003. In total, the enterprises of the clothing industry produced goods worth 12505 million rubles; in the leather and footwear industry produced 684 million square meters. dm of chrome-tanned leather, 21.3 million pairs of shoes, 2,245 thousand pieces of bags and 64 thousand pairs of gloves.

The development of light industry in this district is conditioned by history. Here there is a large scientific and technical base, qualified personnel, great consumer demand and provision of transport, as well as providing employment in areas of heavy industry.

The Central Federal District accounts for 1/3 of the light industry production in the Russian Federation.

The Central Federal District is the main area of \u200b\u200bconcentration of the cotton industry. More than 90% of all cotton fabrics in the Russian Federation are produced here. The first place is occupied by the Ivanovo region, 70% of Russian cotton fabrics are produced here. There are about 40 enterprises of the cotton industry in the Ivanovo region, followed by Moscow and the Moscow region in terms of output. Here the cotton industry is represented by the Orekhovsky Combine, the Glukhovsky Combine and others. It is worth noting the large enterprise "Trekhgornaya Manufaktura", here, according to the results of the first half of 2003, the output was 41 million rubles. Cotton industry enterprises are also located in Ivanovo, Smolensk, Kaluga, Tver, Yaroslavl regions.

The Central Federal District is the main region for the production of linen fabrics. The main production centers are Vyazniki (Vladimir region), Gavrilov-Yam (Yaroslavl region), Vyazma (Smolensk region).

The production of woolen fabrics is developed in the Bryansk region (Klintsy), Ivanovo region (Shuya) and others.

In the Central Federal District there are enterprises for the production of clothing industry products. In the Moscow region there are enterprises "Bolshevichka", "Firm" Cheryomushki "," PTSHO Salut "(Moscow region). According to the results of the first half of 2003, the company produced products worth 282, 112 and 87 million rubles, respectively. In the Vladimir region - "Vyaznikovskaya sewing factory" with a production output of 69 million rubles, "Children's clothing", with a production of 68 million rubles, "Sobinovskaya sewing factory" with a production output of 64 million rubles. In the Ivanovo region - "Aivengo sewing factory" with a production output of 71 million rubles. Here are the largest enterprises that produce products worth over 40 million rubles.

The Central Federal District is the leader in the production of leather goods and footwear. In Moscow and the Moscow Region there are factories "Egoryevsk-Obuv" with a production volume of 459 thousand pairs, "Parizhskaya Kommuna" with a production volume of 247 thousand pairs, "Sports Shoes Factory" with an output of 170 thousand pairs. In the Central Federal District, there are footwear enterprises such as MUA Production (Vladimir Region) with an output of 1,100 thousand pairs and Torzhok Shoe Factory (Tver Region) with an output of 609 thousand pairs. These are the largest enterprises in the leather and footwear industry.

In addition, in the Central Federal District there are enterprises that produce chrome tanned leather, such as Ostashkovskiy kozhzavod (Tver region), Russian Kozha (Ryazan region), Kozha-m ( Lipetsk region) with a production output of 204, 81 and 40 million sq. dm, as well as enterprises for the production of finished leather goods. The main ones are Medvedkovo (Moscow) with the production of 448 thousand bags, Belga (Moscow region) with the production of 57 thousand bags and 12.5 thousand pairs of gloves, Torzhskaya leather haberdashery factory (Tverskaya region), producing 12.6 thousand pairs of gloves.

As mentioned above, light industry has a less pronounced territorial structure and, as a rule, complements the economic complex of the region. If in the Central Federal District it is a branch of specialization, then in other federal districts it did not. Nevertheless, the places with the highest concentration of light industry enterprises can be identified.

The cotton industry is represented in the Chuvash Republic, Volgograd, Saratov and Novosibirsk regions, Krasnodar and Altai regions.

Plants for the production of linen products are located in the Northwestern Federal District, in the Pskov and Vologda regions, 3.3% of Russian linen fabrics are produced here. There are also enterprises in the Volga, Ural and Siberian federal districts. The largest of them are located in Kazan, Kirov, Yekaterinburg and Biysk.

The Volga and Ural Federal Districts are in second place in the production of woolen fabrics. The main enterprises are concentrated in the Tyumen, Sverdlovsk, Ulyanovsk and Penza regions.

In contrast to the enterprises of the textile industry, the enterprises of the clothing industry are located more evenly throughout the country. They are found in almost every region of the country, but there are the largest ones. These are such enterprises as "Corporation" Gloria-Jeans "with the production of goods in the amount of 1592 million rubles and" Donetsk Manufactory "with the production of goods in the amount of 181 million rubles, located in the Rostov region. Also, large enterprises are the Pskov Sewing Factory Slavyanka with the production of goods worth 309 million rubles; "Grammer" with the production of goods in the amount of 178 million rubles, located in the Kaliningrad region; "Elegant" with the production of items worth 136 million rubles, located in the Ulyanovsk region; the enterprise "Sinar" with the production of goods in the amount of 127 million rubles, located in the Novosibirsk region and others.

The location of enterprises of the leather and footwear industry is consumer-oriented. The greatest concentration of enterprises in this industry is observed in the western part of the country, but there are large enterprises in the eastern part as well.

Consider enterprises located in the European part of the country.

Among the enterprises producing footwear, the largest enterprise is Bris-Bosphorus with a production volume of 5839 thousand pairs. It should also be noted the enterprises "Shoe company" Unichel "( Chelyabinsk region) with a production volume of 646 thousand pairs; "Davlekanovskaya shoe factory" with an output of 641 thousand pairs and "Oktyabrsky shoe factory" with an output of 466 thousand pairs, located in Bashkortostan. Large enterprises there is also in the Tambov, Samara, Rostov, Kaliningrad regions.

Among the enterprises producing leather goods, the largest are the following: "Pekof" (Penza region) with a production volume of 258 thousand bags; Piterbag (St. Petersburg) with a production volume of 177 thousand bags; Ladies Style, Women's Choice and Exclusive, located in the Tula region and producing 96, 84 and 72 thousand bags, respectively.

Of the enterprises located in the eastern part of the country, the following should be noted. In the shoe industry - the Kors enterprise with a production volume of 222 thousand pairs of shoes, located in the Novosibirsk region. In the leather haberdashery there is the Siberia enterprise with a production volume of 12.8 thousand pairs of gloves.

In 1999 and 2000, light industry enterprises used the created opportunities to expand import substitution, increasing the growth rate of production volumes up to 20% annually.

However, since 2001 in the light industry there has been a slowdown in the growth rate of production, and then its decline, the financial and economic indicators of the industry have worsened.

In order to understand what this is connected with, it is necessary to consider the problems of the development of light industry.

3.1. Problems of the development of light industry in the Russian Federation.

The main reason for the crisis in the light industry is the technological backwardness of most enterprises, which leads to a decrease in the competitiveness of products. To get out of this situation, it is necessary to activate innovative activities, the main task of which is the implementation and use of the results scientific research and development at enterprises. An analysis of the situation in the field of innovation showed that the demand for basic scientific and technological achievements and technologies is quite low, which increases the technological lag of the industry. The innovation activity of enterprises is mainly constrained by the lack of financial resources; among other reasons, they distinguish too high costs for innovations and their long payback periods.

To enhance innovation, the following measures are required:

1. Improvement of the regulatory and legal system by the state, in order to increase the innovative activity of the enterprise;

2. Economic support for enterprises participating in innovation activities;

3. Support for innovation at the regional level;

4. Development of international cooperation in the field of innovation.

To improve innovation, it is necessary to have research institutes.

There are also staffing problems... First, there is a lack of qualified top and middle managers. Secondly, many executives lack the knowledge and initiative necessary for the successful transfer of production from command-and-control methods of functioning to market and successful development of the enterprise in modern conditions... This problem can be solved by training new and retraining old personnel.

For a separate branch of light industry there is a problem of the raw material market. First of all, this is the problem of the textile industry, the main raw material for which is cotton. In Soviet times, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan were the main suppliers of cotton, but with the collapse of the USSR, economic ties were also broken. Due to the desire of the former Soviet republics to earn more money, raw materials were supplied at dumping prices outside the former Union, which reduced the supply of cotton to Russia. This problem can be solved by reducing the share of cotton products and changing the structure of production.

Despite the existence of serious problems in the development of light industry, there are also promising areas of development.

It should be noted that today in Russia there is a sufficient raw material base for light industry, which can be used with greater efficiency. Already now Russia can almost completely satisfy the needs of enterprises in flax fiber, leather and fur raw materials, artificial fibers, threads, wool. It is required to solve the issues of production in a sufficient amount of synthetic fibers and threads.

One of the promising areas of development will be a change in the structure of production of the textile industry, a decrease in the share of cotton and an increase in the share of linen products. This requires a broad development of flax processing processes not only at the enterprises of the linen industry, but also at the enterprises of the cotton industry. In the future, the following tasks should be solved:

I. Creation of a reliable base of domestic natural raw materials by increasing the gross yield of flax, as well as the release of flax from the production of technical products;

II. Replacement of a part of the purchased cotton fiber for linen at the enterprises of the cotton industry due to the development of new technologies;

III. Development of export potential through the supply of flax, as well as high quality linen fabrics and finished products.

Also, for the future development of the industry, it is necessary to improve the quality of products and make them competitive in comparison with imported goods. This requires the modernization of production and the development of the scientific and technical industry. In the near future, it is advisable to develop already existing techniques and technologies in the direction of existing technological equipment, which makes it possible to more fully use domestic natural and chemical raw materials in order to expand the range, improve the quality and competitiveness of products.

For the perspective development of light industry, it is necessary to increase the investment attractiveness of production. This requires an appropriate regulatory framework, and it should be profitable for an entrepreneur to invest funds in light industry enterprises. On the one hand, in light industry the turnover of funds occurs 2-4 times, which in itself is already profitable. But besides this, it is necessary to change the financial and legal policy of the state in relation to light industry. On the part of the state, the priority measures aimed at creating conditions for the development of the industry will be:

1.Reduction of import customs duties on highly efficient technological equipment for light industry, not produced in the Russian Federation;

2.optimization of customs duties on raw materials and materials used by light industry enterprises;

3.inclusion in the existing and developed federal target programs of the most important works aimed at introducing new technologies in the light industry

4. suppression of illegal import of light industry goods into the territory of the Russian Federation and improvement of the mechanism for receiving and using humanitarian aid;

5. suppression of illegal production of light industry products

6. activation of work on the implementation of measures to improve the supply of raw materials for the light industry ''.

Same state activity is aimed at supporting the export of products, as evidenced by the Concept for the development of state financial support for the export of industrial products, approved by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 14, 2003 No. 1493-r.

Light industry of the Irkutsk region

The light industry of the region includes the organizations OJSC "Sewing firm" ViD ", LLC PKF" Revtrud ", LLC" Bratsk sewing factory ", LLC" Telminskaya sewing factory ", LLC" Blik ", LLC" Spetsobuv ".

Dynamics of production in the light industry of the region

Indicator name

Physical volume index,%
Industrial production volume, million rubles
Share in industry,%
Investments, RUB million
Number of enterprises, units
Number of employees, people
Average monthly salary, rubles

The volume of products shipped in 2005 amounted to 424.8 million rubles, the weighted average industrial production index in 2005 was 104%.

Main problems:

1. Annually increasing imports of light industry goods from Southeast Asia, Germany and the CIS countries. At the same time, the rate of increase in the import of goods outstrips the rate of growth of production in the region.

2. Inefficient use of production capacity in some organizations (the percentage of utilization is no more than 50%).

3. Wear technological equipment (its active part).

4. Low level of management.

5. Low wages.

6. Lack of opportunity for light industry organizations to receive long-term loans for 10 - 15 years to replenish working capital, technical re-equipment of production and release of competitive products.

7. Lack of textile mills in the region, the location of the main producers of raw materials and materials in the European part of the Russian Federation.

The main tasks of the development of the light industry of the region and the ways of their solution

	Solutions
Implementation of highly effective business plans aimed at the release of competitive products, technical re-equipment of production, ensuring employment of the population of the region	1. In the manner prescribed by law, provision of regional state support for investment projects implemented by light industry organizations, placement of regional state orders.
2. Creation of favorable conditions for the promotion of products of domestic manufacturers to the domestic and foreign markets.
3. Ensuring the implementation of mutually beneficial trade between the organizations of the light industry of the region and other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the creation of joint organizations.
4. Assistance in organizing the export of finished products, including to Mongolia, to expand sales markets.
5. Assistance in the creation of an effective mechanism to suppress illegal imports, as well as control over the observance of the quality and certification of products imported into the territory of the Russian Federation.
6. Assistance in the organization of specialized exhibition and fair events with the participation of domestic manufacturers.
7. Assistance in the organization of education, training, retraining and advanced training of managers and specialists of enterprises in the industry

Measures to increase the output of competitive products, preserve jobs, increase wages, increase tax deductions are provided by organizations annually in the developed business plans (investment projects). Long-term investment projects on technical re-equipment of production at OJSC “Sewing firm“ ViD ”, LLC“ Spetsobuv ”, LLC“ Blik ”. Mutual obligations between the regional administration and light industry organizations are enshrined in annual Agreements, the implementation of which ensures the solution of the tasks set for the current year.

Production growth in the light industry of the Irkutsk region

In 2005, for the first time in the last five years, production growth was observed in the light industry of the Irkutsk region.

In the sectors "Textile and clothing production" (for large and medium-sized enterprises) the growth was 102%, in the "Production of leather, leather goods and footwear" - 111.9%. In Russia, these indicators were 97.8% and 98.5%, respectively. In the subjects of the Siberian Federal District: Krasnoyarsk Territory (95.2% and 91.9%), Kemerovo region (58% and 63%), Novosibirsk region (85.7% and 45.7%), Altai region (88.3% and 83.6%).

Positive results have been achieved thanks to the purposeful work of the department for the development of the industrial complex. More efficient use of regional budget funds has been ensured. As a result, 38 million rubles (48%) of those envisaged in the regional budget for 2005 were allocated in the form of a regional state order at the regional light industry enterprises. In 2004 this amount was 20 million rubles (27%).

In 2005, the regional budget provides 145 million rubles for the purchase of soft equipment. Most of these funds are planned to be directed in the form of government orders to light industry enterprises in the Angara region. This will increase the growth of production volumes and the development of light industry enterprises in our region.

At the same time, the department for the development of the industrial complex is completing work on the approval of a draft agreement between the regional administration and the regional light industry enterprises. Securing the relevant obligations in the agreement will ensure the efficient operation of enterprises, subject to mandatory state support. This will ensure this year the achievement of the industrial production index at the level of 105-107%, the preservation of four thousand jobs and an increase in tax payments up to 10%.

Conclusion.

Having analyzed the state of the industry, the following development directions can be proposed:

1) carrying out technological modernization of light industry enterprises and ensuring on this basis a stable innovative development industry;

2) ensuring deep processing of domestic raw materials, both natural (flax, wool, leather and fur) and chemical fibers and threads;

3) reduction of imports of raw materials from abroad;

4) legislative support for the sustainable position of domestic producers through state regulation.

5) ensuring the protection of the domestic market from the competition of illegally imported products;

6) ensuring the protection of the internal market from the competition of low-quality products;

7) solving the problem of staffing, training and retraining of specialists.

The implementation of the main directions will increase the efficiency of the industry, ensure the transition to an innovative path of development, modernize enterprises, increase the competitiveness of products and the share of domestic goods by russian market, expand export opportunities for light industry.

Expansion of the market for domestic goods in light industry will improve the economic situation in the country, as well as increase the percentage of light industry in the total volume of production.

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For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site