The main ways of regulating foreign economic activity. State regulation of foreign trade activities. Need help learning a topic
The foreign economic activity of the enterprise is business activities of legal and individuals, which includes foreign trade and investment activities, international industrial cooperation, currency and financial and credit transactions. Choosing a specific look externally economic activity depends on the specialization of the enterprise, the mechanism of state regulation.
For the current stage of development of the Ukrainian economy, the most massive species foreign economic activity enterprises is foreign trade, that is, activities to carry out operations in the field foreign trade goods, services, information and intellectual property. State regulation of foreign trade activity is based on the Constitution of Ukraine and is carried out in accordance with the law and other normative legal acts, as well as generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties.
Basic principles state regulation of foreign trade are: state protection legitimate interests participants in foreign trade activities, as well as the legitimate interests of Ukrainian producers and consumers of goods and services; equality and non-discrimination of participants in foreign trade activities; the validity and objectivity of the application of measures of state regulation of foreign trade; exclusion of unjustified interference by the state or its bodies in foreign trade and damage to participants in foreign trade and the economy of Ukraine; ensuring the country's defense and state security; unity of the system of state regulation of foreign trade activities; unity of application of methods of state regulation of foreign trade activities throughout Ukraine.
State regulation of foreign trade is carried out using two methods of tariff and non-tariff.
o The tariff method includes customs and tariff regulation.
o non-tariff method provides for:
o non-tariff regulation;
o prohibition and restrictions on foreign trade in services and intellectual property;
o measures of an economic and administrative nature, contributing to the development of foreign trade activities.
Customs and tariff regulation is a method of state regulation of foreign trade in goods, carried out by applying import and export customs duties.
Customs duty - a compulsory fee levied by the customs authorities upon the import of goods into the customs territory or export of goods from this territory and which is an integral condition of such import or export.
In Ukraine, special duties are also applied:
seasonal - for the operational regulation of the import and export of goods;
special duties - as a protective measure, if goods are imported into the customs territory of Ukraine in quantities and on conditions damaging domestic manufacturers of similar or directly competing goods, and as a response to discriminatory and other actions that limit the interests of the state by other states;
anti-dumping duties - are used in cases when goods are imported into the customs territory of Ukraine at a price lower than their normal value in the country of export, if such import causes material damage to domestic producers of such goods or prevents the organization or expansion of their production in Ukraine;
countervailing duties - are applied in cases of importation into the customs territory of Ukraine of goods, the production or export of which directly or indirectly used subsidies, if such import causes material damage to domestic producers of such goods or prevents the organization or expansion of their production in Ukraine.
In Ukraine, the following types of duty rates are applied: a) ad valorem, calculated as a percentage of the customs value of taxable goods; b) specific, charged in the prescribed amount per unit of taxable goods; c) combined, combining both types of customs taxation.
Non-tariff regulation is a method of state regulation of foreign trade in goods, which is carried out by the introduction of quantitative restrictions and other prohibitions and restrictions of an economic nature.
Prohibitions and restrictions on foreign trade goods, services and intellectual property may be introduced: 1) in connection with Ukraine's participation in international sanctions; 2) in order to maintain the balance of payments in Ukraine; 3) in connection with measures of currency regulation and how, in response, measures against discriminatory actions of individual states.
Licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods is established in the following cases:
o introduction of temporary quantitative restrictions on the export and import of certain types of goods;
o implementation of a permitting procedure for the export and (or) import of certain types of goods that may adversely affect the security of the state, the life and health of citizens, property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, environment, life or health of animals and plants;
o granting an exclusive right to export and (or) import certain types of goods;
o fulfillment by Ukraine of international obligations.
Among economic and administrative measures, contributing to the development of foreign trade activities, there are:
o measures taken by the government of the state and executive authorities to promote the development of foreign trade;
o lending to participants in foreign trade, creating systems of guarantees and insurance of export credits;
o organization of trade exhibitions and fairs, specialized symposia and conferences;
o information support of foreign trade activities;
o maintaining foreign trade statistics and ensuring free access to it for all participants in foreign trade activities;
o ensuring favorable conditions for the access of Ukrainian individuals and legal entities to foreign markets.
In foreign trade, special modes of its implementation are distinguished - border trade and free economic zones. Cross-border trade is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of international treaties of Ukraine with neighboring states, providing for the provision of a special favorable regime for foreign trade activities in relation to foreign trade in goods and services, carried out exclusively to meet local needs for goods and services produced within the respective border territories.
Free economic zones - a special regime of economic (in particular foreign trade) activities on the territory of free economic zones, which is established by the federal law on free economic zones. A free economic zone is understood as a part of the country's territory where goods are considered as objects located outside the national customs territory and therefore are not subject to customary customs control and taxation.
The creation of free economic zones pursues three main groups of goals - economic, social and scientific and technical. Among the economic goals are the inclusion of the national market in the world economic system, attracting foreign investment, increasing foreign exchange earnings in the country's budget. Scientific and technical purposes pursue the use the latest technologies, methods of organizing production, know-how. Social goals include regional development, increasing the number of jobs and ensuring employment of the population, education and training of qualified personnel.
The main incentive for the development of free economic zones is the system of incentives for investors. There are four main groups of benefits:
o tax incentives stimulating the development of production as a whole or its individual types;
o financial incentives that allow subsidizing the development of certain industries, providing discounts for the use of infrastructure, land, utilities, industrial buildings;
o foreign trade and foreign exchange incentives, allowing investors to carry out foreign trade operations in a simplified form and repatriate what was received;
o administrative privileges, simplify the registration of enterprises, visa procedures and other organizational issues.
A significant share of foreign trade activities relates to barter. Foreign trade in goods, services and intellectual property using foreign trade barter operations can be carried out only on the condition that such operations provide for the exchange of goods of equal value (services, works, intellectual property), as well as the obligation of the relevant party to pay the difference in their value in the event that, if such an operation involves the exchange of unequal goods. The procedure for exercising control over foreign trade barter operations and their accounting is established by the Government of Ukraine. In the event that foreign trade barter transactions provide for the partial use of monetary and (or) other means of payment, the procedure for monitoring such transactions and their accounting is established by the Government of Ukraine and the Central Bank of Ukraine in accordance with Ukrainian legislation.
State regulation of foreign economic relations is a set of used government bodies and services of forms, methods and tools for influencing economic relations between countries and in accordance with state and national interests, goals, objectives. The regulatory influence of the state is carried out through the adoption of laws and other state acts, government decree and decision.
With regard to international trade as the main object of regulation, governments use such instruments and methods of influence as customs tariffs, taxes, restrictive conditions, interstate treaties and agreements, measures to stimulate exports and imports.
Two main directions are known from history. economic policy governments - protectionism and free trade.
The mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity has been developed at the legislative level in relation to foreign trade. In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity", customs - tariff and non-tariff methods are provided (Fig. 5.1).
Figure 5.1. Classification of state regulation
Customs tariff methods are aimed at regulating export and import operations to protect the domestic market and stimulate structural changes in the Russian economy and are based on the Customs Code of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation "On Customs Tariff".
A customs tariff is a systematic collection of rates of customs duties imposed on goods imported into or exported from a country. Customs tariffs provide insight into how the government influences exports and imports by facilitating or hindering the import and export of goods. This one of the oldest and most important instruments of foreign economic regulation performs the following functions: fiscal, that is, it provides replenishment of the revenue side of the budget; protective, that is, it protects the national economy from excessive competition; regulating, that is, it influences the formation of the structure of production, encouraging the development of some industries and restraining others.
In Russia, import and export tariffs are used, while in the developed countries of the world the latter is not applied. The export tariff in Russia was introduced on January 1, 1992 as a temporary measure due to the significant gap between domestic and world prices for a number of goods: gas, oil, fuel oil, timber and sawn timber, etc.
The customs tariff is differentiated in accordance with the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity (TN VED), which is based on a harmonized system for describing and coding goods - the international commodity-statistical nomenclature. The Russian TN VED is still imperfect and requires deep differentiation taking into account the state and prospects of production and foreign trade.
The import customs tariff of the Russian Federation provides for 3 levels of customs duty rates:
1.basic - for goods originating from countries or economic groupings with which they are concluded trade agreements and agreements providing for mutual granting of most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment, which include Austria, Great Britain, Greece, France and other EU countries (125 countries in total);
2. maximum - for goods originating from countries or economic groupings with which there is no MFN regime (for example, Estonia), and for goods whose country of origin has not been established. These rates are 2 times higher than the base rates;
3. minimum - for goods from developing countries (Albania, Brazil, Vietnam, Turkey, etc. - 103 countries in total). Since May 15, 1996, these rates are 75% of the base.
In addition, in accordance with the tariff preferences that Russia can provide to foreign countries, duty-free import of goods is carried out from the least developed countries - Afghanistan, Benin, Mali, Ethiopia, etc. (47 countries in total), and from the CIS countries - participants Customs Union.
The CIS countries in September 1993 concluded an agreement on the Economic Union, which provided for the creation of free trade associations, then the Customs Union and, finally, a common market. Currently, the process of formation of the Customs Union is under way - the unification of countries pursuing a common foreign economic policy with a single customs tariff in trade with third countries. The Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan is already in operation. There is no customs control on the Russian-Belarusian border; on the Russian-Kazakh border, this control remains on the Russian side for goods from third countries.
The customs authorities must submit a certificate of origin of goods when goods are imported into the territory of the Russian Federation from countries subject to preferences and quantitative restrictions (quotas). The criteria and specifics of determining the country of origin of goods are established by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Customs Tariff".
Since February 1, 1993, all goods imported into Russia are subject to value added tax (VAT) and excise taxes, with certain exceptions.
Excise taxes are levied on a certain group of goods determined by the Government of the Russian Federation, which include wine and vodka, tobacco products, cars, fur and leather goods, jewelry.
Quantitative or so-called non-tariff restrictions are direct administrative norms established by the state that determine the quantity and range of goods allowed for import or export. Along with the type and quantity, the range of countries from which these goods can be imported is sometimes limited. Similar to customs duties, quantitative restrictions reduce competition in the domestic market from foreign goods. Quantitative restrictions can also be used to eliminate trade imbalances with individual countries, and are used as a response to discriminatory actions of other countries. State restrictions on exports are introduced most often in relation to goods that the country itself desperately needs.
Non-tariff methods, that is, various technical, administrative measures, as well as measures to protect the health of people, protect the environment, protect national security, etc., are used to one degree or another by all countries of the world, although the GAAT and then the WTO set the task is to abolish such measures as much as possible and move to the regulation of foreign trade only by tariff methods.
Non-tariff regulation methods provide for the use of special permits for the import and export of a number of goods - licenses. Quota goods are subject to licensing; specific goods; dual-use goods, the monopoly on trade of which is established by the state.
In modern practice of foreign economic regulation, quantitative restrictions are used to an insignificant extent. Countries possessing special equipment and technology used for military purposes restrict or prohibit the export of so-called strategic goods to certain countries, where they can be used to the detriment of the security of other states. Thus, the countries that are members of the NATO bloc created in 1949 a special Coordination Committee of the Consultative Group of the North Atlantic Bloc (COCOM), which develops lists of goods not subject to export and other countries, according to a separate list.
The mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity has been developed at the legislative level in relation to foreign trade. In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity", customs - tariff and non-tariff methods are provided.
The structure of the bodies and the mechanism of foreign economic activity management allow the enterprise to assess its capabilities when entering the foreign market. However, for real steps, it is necessary to carry out a huge amount of marketing work, to determine its competitive advantages, to assess the possibility of attracting foreign investors, to locate production in a free economic or offshore zone, to make a feasibility study of the project.
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On the topic: "Methods of regulation of foreign economic activity"
Methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity
The mechanism of state regulation classically includes two groups of methods:
1) Economic methods - imply an indirect impact (market, mediated by the act of purchase and sale) on the intra-farm. economic processes. First of all, these methods are applied in the field of production, where the product offer is formed. To econ. methods include instruments of the financial and credit system (change in the interest rate, discounts, subsidies), the tax system, the price mechanism, the customs system, the insurance system and the export production incentive system.
2) Direct administrative intervention in the economy - in a market economy isp. for short-term regulation, based on regulations government or management decisions.
In addition to these two groups, there are organizational and legal methods in world practice, which also include antimonopoly regulation. They are built on a legislative basis that defines the rights of various business structures and establishes the rules of competition. The mechanism of antimonopoly regulation in countries with a developed market economy is the most important means of protecting the national interests of small and medium-sized businesses. Antimonopoly regulation allows you to influence economic processes in other countries. Antimonopoly laws in a number of countries contain criteria for recognizing economic practices as monopoly and criteria for prohibiting them. An example of a criterion: excessive sales of goods and services by a specific association, the establishment, directly or indirectly, of purchase or sale prices and other transaction conditions, the distribution of markets or sources of supply, an unequal approach to partners, etc. Thus, antitrust regulation affects not only internal, but also foreign markets. It is a means of combating abuses of foreign capital and abuses in the markets of other countries. If foreign entrepreneurs aggravate the situation in the domestic market, they try to restrict or remove them with the help of, among other things, antimonopoly legislation.
In the foreign practice of foreign economic activity regulation, a set of means and instruments of regulation (regulation) has been formed, unification and harmonization of international trade systems has been carried out, legislative support has been worked out sufficiently high level, the acceleration of information flows is facilitated by a high degree of equipment of the information and technical base. And one more characteristic feature of foreign economic activity: an integrated approach to the use of a variety of complementary and interrelated methods and elements of influence on foreign trade.
An integrated approach to the regulation of VTD includes:
I. Interstate regulation incl. methods: * bilateral and multilateral agreements and treaties (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT, intergovernmental trade, economic and payment agreements, codes and conventions), * instruments for regulating foreign exchange markets, * systems of lending for export-import operations and insurance of currency risks, standard conditions "Incoterms".
II. National regulatory systems - incl. a set of permissible methods for restricting exports and imports using non-tariff elements or tariff preferences, monetary funds, methods of stimulating export production, technical standards, standards and requirements for imported goods.
Consider the II national regulatory systems. Intra-national methods can be combined into 4 groups: 1. Non-tariff restrictions, 2. customs and tariff regulation, 3. monetary instruments, 4. incentives for nat. exporters.
Non-tariff restrictionsforeign trade operations is a set of restrictive and prohibitive measures that prevent the penetration of foreign goods into domestic markets. The purpose of these measures is not only to strengthen the competitive conditions of the importing country, but also to protect the national industry, protect the life and health of the population, the environment, morality, religion and national security.
Non-tariff restriction measures include: * measures of financial impact and * methods of administrative regulation.
The financial impact is provided by a system of customs and targeted fees, taxes and duties, in addition to customs, which are levied upon the import of goods. They are also called para-tariff. Fixed and sliding rates are used as instruments of these methods. Rolling rates (rolling import taxes, compensatory import duties on agricultural products) change depending on the state of the conjuncture and the state's economic policy. Because As moving rates are difficult to predict, the position of importers deteriorates. Fixed fees mainly increase the domestic price of imported goods, they include domestic specials. taxes, variable import duties, anti-dumping and countervailing duties in relation to goods of specific importers and to compensate for incentives and subsidies to domestic exporters-producers, border taxes and duties on clearance and movement of goods.
The methods of administrative regulation of imports are diverse, these are various kinds of quantitative and cost restrictions aimed at reducing the volume and level of imports of certain goods from any source or limiting their receipt from a particular supplier. Methods admin. regulations include the following:
§ Prohibitions (embargo) - forced measures, take an open and veiled form. Open bans are a complete ban on trade based on UN decisions and some unconditional partial bans * / on imports of goods that could cause damage different areas life of the state, or * / for export, for example, precious metals and securities. Bans are full and partial. Partial, in turn, are conditional (for those suppliers who do not comply with national rules) and unconditional. Also, partial bans include seasonal and temporary import bans. Veiled bans - restrictions on the passage of foreign ships into internal waters, restrictions on the sale of certain goods in retail chains... Prohibitions on the import and export of goods are established in the presence of a deficit or, conversely, the need to prevent it.
§ Quotas are limits on the size of imports using global, individual, seasonal, tariff and other types of percentage limits. The global quota sets a limit on the volume of imports in value or physical terms at certain period, the value for importing countries is not broken down. Individual quota - the size of imports in relation to specific countries or a specific product. An individual quota is usually fixed by a trade agreement and has the character of a bilateral quota (counter obligations of states are limited). Seasonal quotas limit the amount of agricultural imports at certain times of the year. Quotas are aimed at the balanced development of foreign trade and balances of payments, regulating supply and demand in the domestic market, fulfilling international obligations and achieving mutually beneficial agreements at intergovernmental negotiations.
§ Licensing is a restriction in the form of obtaining a right or permission (license) from authorized state. authorities for the import / export of a certain volume of goods. Licensing is a temporary measure used in cases of temporary limitation of unwanted imports, or for the purpose of rational use of foreign exchange, or as discriminatory actions, or to obtain counter-concessions. If a customs duties ineffective, they introduce licensing. Each state has a list of goods, the import of which is licensed. Types of licenses - general and individual. General license - a permanent permit to a company for the right to import certain goods from the countries listed in it without limiting the volume and value. Individual license - one-time permission for one trading operation with specific type goods. Licenses are registered, non-transferable, usually valid for 1 year.
§ Contingency is an integral element of licensing. This is the establishment by the state of centralized control over export and import by limiting the range of goods within the established quantitative or value quotas for a fixed period of time. Observation of the issuance of quotas is carried out through the provision of licenses. The contingent is allowed in cases of overcoming a difficult external financial situation or eliminating the balance of payments deficit. Has always been banned by the GATT, but is often used by countries citing exceptional circumstances. The contingent of goods in developed countries (ferrous metals, medicines, food, textiles, the most important types of raw materials) brings large profits to companies that work with the contingent. Tariff contingents (referred to as tariff methods) allow the import of a certain amount of goods at reduced customs duties or duty-free.
§ "Voluntary" self-limitation of supplies - an unofficial agreement between the exporting and importer countries to restrict the import of certain goods to the importer's market in the form of either a reduction in volumes, or an increase or decrease in prices by imposing their commercial terms on the partner in order to profit by harming the interests of the counterparty. Restrictive business practices include: collusion between supplier and buyers to allocate markets and set prices; the exporter's use of discriminatory prices and commercial terms; delivery "on load" - with conditions in relation to competitors. The voluntary restriction is classified as a "gray zone" and is contrary to the GATT. Countries. For example, Japan in 1989 was forced to accept a "voluntary" refusal to increase the export of cars to the United States for a period of 5 years. One of the options for restrictive practice: voluntary export restrictions, when a trade barrier in the form of a quota protecting the importing country is introduced at the border of the exporting, not importing country.
§ Norms, standards and regulations - special requirements for imported goods, in order to comply with the safety and protection of the natural environment. But in practice, in a third of cases, isp. to protect the interests of national manufacturers, for example, the United States obliges foreign car suppliers to expand the use of American-made components. Types of impacts: 1. prohibition or restriction on the import of goods or materials that pollute the environment; 2. protectionism in relation to industrial equipment, vehicles, the operation of which leads to pollution of the atmosphere and air; 3.on the quality of the goods - to protect the interests of consumers, for example, appliances, medicines, food products, information on the packaging about the dangers of the goods, about disposal and recycling. (Countries have specific sanitary and veterinary regulations regarding the import of agricultural products, food products, perfumes, which impose restrictions on the use of dyes, additives, for example, hormones for livestock in the production.)
§ Anti-dumping measures are used by the importing country to pressure exporters of other countries in order to protect their market from foreign products. The dumping criterion is the comparison of the actual prices of the imported goods with the prices of the domestic market in the exporting country and the establishment of the fact of the sale of the goods at a reduced price. Antidumping measures are reduced to levying compensation from the exporter in the form of a duty for damage to the national industry and the manufacturer in favor of the national. manufacturer. The rate of the anti-dumping duty is set individually. The duty is charged only after the special. investigations to confirm the fact of dumping and determine the amount of damage. There are temporary and permanent anti-dumping duties. Temporary ones are of a precautionary nature, permanent ones can force the exporter to leave the market. Example, in the 1990s. dumping supplies of Russian ferrous metals and steel to the American market. When in 1998 this volume increased by 92% over the year, the United States, in search of a compromise with Russia, introduced a quota and fixed the price level. For example, the United States imposed high customs duties to combat dumping of TVs from Japan, Korea, Singapore, Canada. And Mexico, not having own production TV sets, for a long time supplied 70% of TV sets imported from Japan at reduced prices to the American market, because there were no duties on the export of machinery from Mexico.
§ Orders of customs authorities - related to the observance of formalities and procedures in relation to goods crossing the customs borders of the country. There are several of these regulations: national and international (set out in customs conventions). According to international rules, the prescriptions of the customs authorities should be reduced to a minimum of requirements and procedures and equally applied to goods and vehicles of different countries, without creating additional obstacles to foreign trade. Cargo and vehicle should follow from customs borderby customs territory under customs controlto the place customs clearance, the cargo is subject to declaration and customs inspection.
§ Other measures: control over export-import supplies and the level of prices, requirements for the payment of advance customs duties, import deposits - an interest-free cash deposit made by the importer on special. a bank account as a condition for an import operation.
Customs and tariff regulationimplies a cost impact on export-import flows in the process of crossing state borders. Tariff regulation determines the procedure and methods of customs taxation of goods, types of tariffs and duties, the reasons for the establishment and collection of customs duties, the regime for granting customs benefits. (In the future, tariff regulation should become the only mechanism for regulating foreign trade.) Types of customs and tariff regulation:
§ Customs tariff, preference, quota. The customs tariff (the main instrument of the tariff regulation mechanism) is a systematized list of rates that determine the amount of payment for import and export goods, i.e. customs duties. The customs tariff covers about 2/3 of the foreign trade turnover of developed countries. By increasing the price of imported or exported goods, it influences the volume and structure of foreign trade. Functions of the customs tariff: 1) protectionism in relation to domestic goods and 2) fiscal as a replenishment of the state budget, 3) allows you to form a positive foreign trade balance, 4) increases the inflow of foreign exchange. There are import and export customs tariffs, simple and complex. A simple customs tariff provides a uniform rate for each item in the range, regardless of its country of origin. The complex customs tariff involves the establishment of two or more rates for each product, depending on the country of origin, and the highest rate of the complex tariff (general) is set for those states with which no special tariffs have been concluded. agreement, and a lower (conventional) one for the most favored nation countries. Tariff preferences are complex customs tariffs that provide for especially preferential duties for specific countries, usually in the formation of closed economies. unions; in fact, duty-free. Tariff quota - the amount of goods within which they can be imported duty-free or subject to a reduced rate of duty.
§ Customs duty is a monetary collection, or tax, levied by the state on goods, property and valuables when they cross the customs border. Customs duty increases the value of the goods and reduces their competitiveness. The levels of customs duties are differentiated depending on the degree of readiness of the goods and the level of economic development of states. Trend: the increase in the level of customs duties as the degree of processing of products increases, duties are higher in developing countries than in developed countries, the reason is protectionism. Customs duties are * ad valorem (% to the price of goods), ** specific (monetary units / unit of weight), *** mixed, **** alternative (* or ** at the discretion of the customs authority). Depending on the country of origin, customs duties are maximum, minimum and preferential. Customs duties are used to tax imports, export duties are not used in developed countries, only in some developing countries.
§ Import taxes. Tax and customs duty affects the price of goods, imported goods are taxed as well. Import taxes are 1) equalizing, or border - levied at the time of crossing the customs border by imported goods and correspond to the rates of similar internal taxes; 2) special - reduce the size of imports when it is impossible to increase customs duties. Analogue of customs duties for specific goods; 3) taxes and fees for customs clearance - reimburse the costs of clearing goods, for example, fees for storing goods in customs warehouses, statistical and stamp duties, port fees ... Purpose - to reimburse the costs of customs clearance; 4) sliding - similar to customs duties, but their rate is not fixed. They rise when world prices go down and go down when they rise, thereby achieving a constant price level in the domestic market; a kind of sliding - countervailing import taxes for a specific product and regulate its production, export and import.
Incentive measures for national exporters in developed market economies
foreign economic national exporter regulation
The methods of incentives for exporters are aimed at ensuring priorities and various kinds of privileges. They are varied and flexible.
§ State lending - providing loans to the exporter through the state. banks and special fin. institutions with the participation of the state, for example, exporters to cover the difference between a high domestic price and a low world price, as well as by issuing state. guarantees for export credits, when the state assumes all the risks of export deliveries.
§ State. export insurance - associated with commercial and political risks
§ Tax and financial incentives - suppliers of exported goods are exempt from paying taxes for a certain period - from proceeds from export operations, from property, preferential depreciation; exemption from indirect taxes on scarce raw materials; refund of customs duties and taxes paid when importing raw materials for the needs of export production.
§ Organizational and technical assistance of the state to national firms in the development of new markets and expansion of exports. Incl. provision through the state. commercial information bodies, representing the interests of private exporters in government organizations, training personnel for foreign economic activity. Ministries different countries create specials. institutions to assist in finding large orders, informing about international auctions, finding partners abroad.
State Import policy is aimed at: 1) protecting the national industry, 2) creating a preferred regime for the import of certain goods.
Foreign exchange regulation system
An integral part of foreign economic activity is currency regulation and currency control. International settlement and monetary relations of Russia with foreign countries, the procedure and scope of foreign currencies russian enterprises, organizations and citizens are regulated on the basis of the adopted law of the Russian Federation "On currency regulation and currency control."
§ Exchange rate - the ratio of the national currency to the currency of another country. The function of the exchange rate is to ensure the proportionality of the exchange of currencies, the basis of which is their purchasing power in relation to goods within the country. The exchange rate also depends on the level of currency convertibility (the ability to exchange for other foreign currencies).
§ Devaluation and revaluation - isp. in acute competitive struggle in foreign markets or inflation. Devaluation is an official depreciation of the national currency in order to level the foreign economic balance by increasing exports and reducing imports due to rising prices for imported products. Revaluation - on the contrary, an increase in the rate of nat. currency has the opposite effect. The revaluation is prompted by the actions of other states wishing to strengthen the competitiveness of their goods in the markets of countries with an active balance of trade and payments.
§ Foreign exchange control. One of the methods is buying and selling in. currency by central banks in order to limit the rate of the national currency. The purpose of foreign exchange control is to ensure compliance with foreign exchange legislation in the implementation of foreign exchange transactions. The main areas of foreign exchange control are: determination of the compliance of foreign exchange transactions with the current foreign exchange legislation and the availability of licenses and permits necessary for them; verification of the fulfillment by residents of obligations in foreign currency to the state, as well as obligations to sell currency in the domestic foreign exchange market of the Russian Federation; verification of the validity of payments in foreign currency, as well as verification of the completeness and objectivity of accounting and reporting on foreign exchange transactions; as well as on transactions of non-residents in the currency of the Russian Federation.
Federal Law of December 8, 2003 No. 164-FZ "On the Basics of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity" (as amended on August 22, 2004, July 22, 2005).
Methods are officially allowed in the Russian Federation:
1) customs and tariff regulation;
2) non-tariff regulation;
4) measures of an economic and administrative nature that contribute to the development of foreign trade activities and provided for by this Federal Law.
Customs and tariff regulation in the Russian Federation is carried out through import and export customs duties. Non-tariff regulation isp. in exceptional cases:
§ temporary restrictions or bans on the export of especially important goods (according to a special list) in case of their lack for domestic consumption
§ restrictions on the import of agricultural products or aquatic biological resources in order to * reduce the surplus of goods on the Russian market, * replace the growing. imported goods, if there are no opportunities for its production in the Russian Federation, etc. - introduce quotas.
§ licensing isp. with * temporary restrictions on the export of goods, * goods that pose a threat to life, health, property, environment, * exclusive right to export
§ Special protective measures, anti-dumping measures and countervailing measures - to protect the interests of growing up. producers
§ Pre-shipment inspection with the issuance of a certificate of passing the pre-shipment inspection - in order to protect the rights and interests of consumers, counteract distortion of information about imported goods, and understate their value.
§ Measures to regulate foreign trade in services and intellectual property are established if these measures to protect the national. interests: incl. observance of public morality or law and order; protection of life or health of citizens, environment, life or health of animals and plants; to fulfill the international obligations of the Russian Federation; national defense and state security; to ensure the integrity and stability of the financial system, to protect the rights and interests of investors, depositors, etc.
§ Special types of prohibitions and restrictions on foreign trade in goods, services and intellectual property are introduced: * / for the purpose of participation of the Russian Federation in international sanctions; * / in order to maintain the balance of payments of the Russian Federation; * / related to measures of currency regulation; * / retaliatory measures against foreign states.
§ Zones of border trade and free economic zones.
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term paper, added 06/22/2010
Concepts and methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity. Areas of foreign trade activities, development of state regulation of the movement of goods across the customs border. Powers of public authorities.
term paper, added 06/08/2009
The main types of government intervention in the market economy. Types of state regulation of the economy. A combination of market and state mechanisms for regulating the economy. The most important directions regulation of the economy in the Russian Federation.
term paper, added 06/04/2015
Functions of the state in the modern economy. Government regulation methods. State investments and entrepreneurship development. Legal, administrative and economic methods of influencing the economy. Forecasting and planning.
presentation added 06/03/2016
The concept and essence of foreign economic activity, its main goals and objectives, principles and regulatory framework, the mechanism of state regulation. Methods for realizing the export potential of the Krasnodar Territory, problems and solutions.
Foreign economic activity (FEA) - This is an economic entrepreneurial activity of legal entities and individuals in the field of international exchange of goods, services, movement of material, financial and intellectual resources.
According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, all economic entities operating in the sphere of production and circulation can independently carry out foreign economic operations.
A special place in foreign economic activity is occupied by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation (CCI), which unites entrepreneurs, various associations and foundations. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry promotes business cooperation with foreign partners: represents the interests of its members in various international organizations, patents inventions, conducts examinations, organizes exhibitions, protects the rights of entrepreneurs in international arbitration courts, creates a single information system, forms a non-state register of enterprises and entrepreneurs and performs other functions.
The mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity has been developed in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity", which provides for the following regulation methods:
§ customs tariffs;
§ non-tariff.
Customs-tariff and non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity is determined by the list of basic documents required for customs clearance:
· Invoice, which indicates the name (list) of exported or imported products, unit price, quantity and total cost;
· Passport of the exporter (importer) transaction or barter transaction, drawn up in authorized banks;
· Certificate of conformity to GOST of the Russian Federation (for goods requiring safety confirmation);
· A certificate of passage of goods at the request of customs authorities, if necessary;
· Licenses for licensed goods.
Customs tariff methods aimed at regulating export and import operations to protect the domestic market and stimulate structural changes in the Russian economy. In separate documents - the Customs Code of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Customs Tariff” - customs mechanisms are specified.
customs tariff - system of rates of customs duties, which are levied on goods imported into or exported from the country. It performs the following functions:
§ fiscal - Provides replenishment of the budget revenue;
§ protective - protects the national economy from excessive competition;
§ regulating - influences the formation of the structure of production, encouraging the development of some industries and holding back the development of others.
The customs tariff is differentiated in accordance with the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity (TN VED), which is based on the Harmonized System for Description and Coding of Goods (CTS) - the international commodity-statistical nomenclature.
In Russia, import and export tariffs are used, although in some countries of the world the latter is not applied. Export Tariff in Russia was introduced on January 1, 1992 as a temporary measure due to the significant gap between domestic and world prices for a number of goods: gas, oil, fuel oil, timber and lumber, etc.
Import customs tariff The Russian Federation provides for three levels of customs duty rates:
· base - for goods originating from countries or economic groupings with which trade agreements and agreements have been concluded, providing for the mutual provision of the most favored nation treatment (PHB);
· maximum - for goods originating from countries or economic groupings for which MFN is not used (for example, from Estonia), as well as for goods whose country of origin has not been established; these rates are higher than the base;
· minimum - for goods from developing countries (Albania, Brazil, Vietnam, Turkey, etc. - 130 countries in total); these rates are less than the base rates.
In addition, in accordance with the tariff preferences that Russia can provide to foreign states, duty-free import of goods from the least developed countries (Afghanistan, Benin, Mali, Ethiopia, etc. - 47 countries in total) and from the CIS countries - members of the Customs Union (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan).
The amount of customs duty ( TP) when importing and exporting goods is determined as a percentage of the customs value of the goods ( TS):
TP \u003d TS × P/ 100,
where P- customs duty rate,%.
The most common method for determining the customs value is the method of valuation at the price of the transaction with the imported goods. In practice, the customs value is the value indicated on the invoice.
In addition to tariffs, are used non-tariff regulation methods - various technical, administrative measures, as well as measures to protect human health, protect the environment, protect national security, etc.
Non-tariff regulation methods include:
§ licensing, i.e. issuance of special permits for the import and export of a number of goods - licenses. Licenses are one-time and general (for a period of one year). Licensed goods are subject to quotas, specific goods, dual-use goods, the monopoly on trade in which is established by the state;
§ quotas(quota definition) - prohibition and restriction of export and (or) import. It is used as a protective measure when a sharp increase in imports threatens the national production of certain goods, and complies with the rules of world trade established by the GATT / WTO. In Russia, the procedure for taking such measures is provided for by the Procedure for Investigation Prior to the Imposition of Protective Measures, approved on December 21, 1995.
State regulation of foreign economic activity is carried out through the use of economic and administrative, tariff and non-tariff methods of regulation. Due to the fact that the classification of methods for regulating foreign economic activity is based on different grounds, the same method can be classified as economic and tariff, or as administrative and non-tariff. It should be noted that the integration of the Russian Federation into the system of the world community presupposes the use of the economic method of influence as a priority method of state regulation of foreign economic activity. The economic methods of regulation include customs and tariff regulation, tax regulation. An example of an administrative method is quota and licensing.
It is generally accepted that the methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity are classified into tariff and non-tariff methods.
Tariff regulation of foreign economic activity is carried out through the establishment of customs duties and refers to the economic methods of regulation.
Non-tariff regulation is the government's impact on entrepreneurial activity in the foreign economic sphere, not related to the application of the customs tariff and using economic and administrative measures. Non-tariff regulation can use both incentive measures and protective - restrictive ones. Non-tariff methods of regulation include: the establishment of quantitative restrictions through quotas and licensing, the establishment of a permitting (licensing) procedure for export-import operations, the introduction of direct bans and restrictions on exports and (or) imports, the establishment of a state monopoly on the export and (or) import of certain types of goods , the establishment of restrictions on the implementation of foreign trade activities by granting the exclusive right to export and (or) import of certain goods, the application of protective measures against the import of goods, tax regulation of foreign economic activity, the establishment of export control, foreign exchange control, quality control of imported goods, as well as the application measures aimed at stimulating exports. The legislation established new ways of state regulation of foreign trade activities. These are the monitoring of the export and (or) import of certain types of goods and the pre-shipment inspection provided for in the Law "On the Basics of State Regulation ..." Some of the methods of regulation of foreign economic activity provided by the Law will be considered separately below.
The impact on the activities of entities conducting foreign economic activity can be direct and indirect. For example, the establishment of customs rates refers to the type of indirect impact of the state on the foreign economic activity of economic entities. Having established high customs duties on the import of any product, the state does not encourage its import, although it does not restrict or prohibit it. A direct method of government influence is, for example, a ban on the export or import of any product or the establishment of quantitative restrictions on the export or import of a specific product.