Download a presentation on production. Production. Types of firms. Economy and economic activity
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Manufacturing process
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 2 16. Production Costs / Input Factors of production Output / Output Goods and services Enterprise Manufacturing Production is the transformation of factors of production into goods and services.
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Production function
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 3 16. Production (productionfunction) - the relationship between the number of factors of production used and the size of the output of goods and services.
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Duration of economic activity
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 4 16. Production of a short-term period - up to 1 year; medium-term period — from 1 to 5 years; long-term period — over 5 years.
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Short and long term
Chapter 3. Economy of the firm 5 16. Production The short-term period (shortrun) - the period during which the quantities of some factors of production change, while others remain unchanged. Long-term period (longrun) - the period during which the amount of all used factors of production changes.
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Constant and variable factors
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 6 16. Production Fixed factors (fixedfactors) - factors of production, the number of which does not change during the period under review. Variable factors are factors, the number of which changes during the period under consideration.
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Short term
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 7 16. Production Two factors of production: one (capital) - constant, the second (labor) - variable. Expansion of production depends on changes in the proportions between constant and variable factors. The number of firms on the market remains unchanged.
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Long term
Chapter 3. Economy of the firm 8 16. Production Both factors of production are variables. Returns to scale - if the amount of capital used increases, then the amount of labor used increases by the same amount. The number of firms on the market changes - new firms appear, and some of the existing ones go bankrupt or cease to operate.
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Average labor product
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 9 16. Production (averageproductoflabor) - the volume of production by one employee
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Labor productivity
Chapter 3. Economy of the firm 10 16. Production (laborproductivity) can be defined either as output - the amount of products produced per unit of time, or as labor intensity - the amount of time spent on the production of a unit of output.
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Factors affecting labor productivity
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 11 16. Production General economic factors - the type of economic system and the general level of economic development of the country. Intrafirm factors - increasing the technical equipment of production. Human factors - an increase in the level of qualifications of personnel, a reduction in the share of manual labor, motivation of employees for productive work, their physical and spiritual condition.
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The marginal product of labor
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 12 16. Production (marginalproductoflabor) - an increase in production as a result of hiring an additional employee.
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Production growth phases
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 13 16. Production The growth of production as a result of an increase in the number of employees with a constant amount of equipment occurs in three phases: Increasing and positive marginal product of labor (increasingandpositive). Decreasing but positive marginal product of labor (decreasingbutpositive). Decreasing and negative marginal product of labor (decreasingandnegative).
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Diminishing returns in the short run
Chapter 3. Economy of the firm 14 16. Production The law of diminishing returns (law of diminishing returns) - in the short run, when a certain volume of production is reached, the marginal product of a variable factor decreases.
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Long term
Chapter 3. Economy of the firm 15 16. Production Returns to scale (returntoscale) - the impact of changes in the size of the factors of production used on the total product of production.
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Types of returns to scale
Chapter 3. Economy of the firm 16 16. Production Constant return to scale (constantreturntoscale) - an increase in the input factors of production by a certain amount leads to an increase in production by the same amount. Increasing returns to scale (increasingreturntoscale) - an increase in the input factors of production by a certain amount leads to an increase in total production by more than the same amount. Decreasing returns to scale (decreasingreturntoscale) - an increase in the input factors of production by a certain amount leads to an increase in production by less than the same amount. Slide 19
Conclusions (2)
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 19 16. Production Labor productivity - the amount of products produced per unit of time (output), or the amount of time spent on the production of a unit of output (labor intensity). Labor productivity depends on general economic, intrafirm and human factors.
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Conclusions (3)
Chapter 3. Economy of the company 20 16. Production Production in the short run is characterized by diminishing returns to the variable factor of production (labor). When a certain volume of production is reached, the marginal product of the variable factor decreases. Production in the long run is characterized by different returns on the scale of the use of factors - constant, increasing or decreasing.
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Manufacturing process
Slides: 20 Words: 497 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The production process in the organization. In industry, the production process is divided according to a number of characteristics. In industry, the production process is divided according to the composition of the finished product. The processes for the manufacture of mineral fertilizers are different from the processes for the manufacture of machinery and equipment. By the nature of the impact on raw materials and materials, processes are divided into mechanical, physical, etc. Each of the types of production processes can include a significant number of partial ones. The main production processes are those that result in finished products. - Process.ppt
Needs and production
Slides: 43 Words: 232 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Economy and its role in the life of society. The concept of "economics". Distribution, exchange, consumption. What the economy depends on. Production factors. Economics: Science and Economy. What is called tangible and intangible production? What is exchange, distribution and consumption? Material production. All types of industrial production. Agricultural production. Transportation. Construction. Extraction of all types of raw materials. Intangible production. Education. Healthcare. Culture and sports. Spheres of the economy. What does the economy depend on? Rest needs. - Production.ppt
Manufacturer on the market
Slides: 25 Words: 800 Sounds: 0 Effects: 1Manufacturer on the market. Production. Manufacturing and its characteristics. What is production. The process of creating different types of economic products. Industry. What should be the ratio. Questions for consolidation. What is an enterprise. Working with the tutorial. Open the diagram. Outliers. Demand law. What is demand. The action of the mechanism of market prices. Demand law. Mini testing. Marketing and its role in market conditions. Marketing. The essence of marketing research. Economy. Compose the text from separate terms. Process. Establish a correspondence between concepts and definitions. - Manufacturer on the market.ppt
Manufacturing is the backbone of the economy
Slides: 22 Words: 1327 Sounds: 0 Effects: 121Production location
Slides: 13 Words: 787 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The theoretical basis of the course. Economy of the regions of the world. Placement theory. Production location. The presence of objective patterns. The von Thünen model. W. Launhardt. Labor costs. Industrial enterprises. Raw material factor. Types of raw materials according to Weber. Alfred Weber's triangle. - Production location.ppt
Production at the enterprise
Slides: 37 Words: 1367 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Organization of production at the enterprise. Manufacturing process. Industrial production. Phase. Operations. The principles of the organization of the production process. Types of production. Factors. The production structure of the enterprise. Shop. Subdivisions. Workshops and sections are created according to the principle of specialization. Production structure. The production structure of an enterprise with subject specialization. The production structure of the workshop. The production cycle and its structure. The composition and structure of working hours. The production cycle. Technological operations. Structure. Preparatory and final time. - Manufacturing in an enterprise.pptx
Manufacturing program
Slides: 16 Words: 1675 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The concept and indicators of the production program. Production program indicators. Cost. The volume of commercial products. Gross production. Pure production. Stages of drawing up the production program of the enterprise. Development of a production program. Analysis of the volume of production. Production volume assignment. Manufacturing method and type of production. Functions of the OKP. Types of production capacity. Production volume. Productive capacity. Theoretical production capacity. - Production program.ppt
Lean manufacturing system
Slides: 38 Words: 1830 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Lean. Albert Einstein. Management concept. Business optimization process. Lean starting point. Basic principles. 5 LEAN principles. Excellent quality. Lean tools. Algorithm for implementing LEAN - ideology. Typical mistakes. LEAN culture. Philosophy. Kaizen. Kaizen system. Supplies. Kanban system. Production dimensions. Striving to reduce inventory. Information system. The main advantages of the Canban system. The main disadvantages of the system. Systems "Kanban" and "Just in time". Quality system. Conditions. - Lean manufacturing system.ppt
Sales program
Slides: 10 Words: 1281 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0"Drawing up the main production plan." Introduction: Methods for planning the required materials and production resources (MRP; MRPII). Interrelation of plans of an industrial enterprise: Place of OPP. Master production plan as the basis for MRP. The main functions of the PPP: Formation of the main production plan. The procedure for forming the OPP: input information. Contained in the enterprise computer system. 3. Data on resources (production capacity, personnel). The information must be contained in the enterprise computer system. The procedure for the formation of PPO: actions. 1. Definition and input into the system of independent needs. - Sales plan.ppt
Modern production
Slides: 16 Words: 639 Sounds: 0 Effects: 77Plan for the study of new material: The composition of modern society. Problems associated with modern production. What is modern society like? What are the predictions of modern scientists about the future of human society? What are the signs of modern society? Which industries are leading today? How has the nature of labor of modern people changed? How is control over home work organized? Describe the state of development of television and telephone communications. What are the plans for the future for these industries? What new inventions did you learn about during the lesson? - Modern production.ppt
Economy and economic activity
Slides: 80 Words: 3121 Sounds: 0 Effects: 306Economy. "The art of housekeeping". Definitions. The sphere of human activity in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Goods and services that meet our needs and are available in society in limited quantities. Production. Material production - the creation of products and services that satisfy the material needs of people. Simple production: how much is produced, so much is consumed. Expanded production: more is produced than consumed. The process of creating wealth. Mode of production. Mode of production \u003d Productive forces + Production relations. - Production economics.ppt
Shop structure of production
Slides: 8 Words: 196 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Shop structure of production. Shop. Main production. Auxiliary production. Main production sites. Material pantry. Production lines, workplaces. Instrumental distribution pantry. Bureau of Tool Management. Workshop power engineering group. Workshop mechanic group. Support services. Laboratory. Pantry of finished products. Transport group. Service units. The production of specific products is most often carried out in a specialized workshop. Advantages of a workshop structure of management: - Workshop structure of production.ppt
Lean
Slides: 25 Words: 1075 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Lean production in the practice of Russian enterprises. Forum program. What is Lean Manufacturing? 10 ideas for lean manufacturing. 5 Essential Things to Know NEW ABOUT Lean. Lean manufacturing system profile. What should be considered when implementing lean manufacturing? 1. The scale of the business. 2. Organization. 3.Culture. What's your option? Lean implementation strategy: 9 points. Work on the forum. Questions from experts to the audience. Are the three main criteria for evaluating lean evolving (NOVOMET question)? Forum moderator's comment. - Lean Manufacturing.pptx
Value stream
Slides: 26 Words: 1208 Sounds: 0 Effects: 35Current value stream map. Value stream. Value stream (VSM). Who is responsible for the value stream. Building a flow map. Production. What we mean by value stream mapping (VSM). Why do you need a flow map. Creation of the Map of the current state. Current state flow map. Product family. Customer requirements. Average monthly order. The main stages of the process. Process steps. Data for each stage. Process data. Stock levels between stages. Stocks. Delivery details. Frequency of supply of product and raw materials. -
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Production: In the economic sense - the process of creating different types of economic product. The concept of production characterizes a specifically human type of exchange of substances with nature, or, more precisely, the process of active transformation of natural resources by people in order to create the necessary material conditions for their existence and development. One of the possible activities of an organization or an individual aimed at creating a final product or service. A structured combination of factors of production in order to achieve an end product or service. A manufacturing plant is also referred to as a "manufacturing". Modern social production includes not only material production, but also the intangible sphere - the production of intangible goods and services (new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, public education, culture, art, health care, consumer services, management, financing and lending, sports and etc.). The development of non-material production and the service sector is critically dependent on the production of material goods - its technical equipment and the amount of output.
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Production can be divided into the following areas (categories): Defense production - production of means of defense (protection) from enemies Agricultural production (and its branches - forestry, cattle breeding, fish farming, etc.) - breeding of animals and plant products using the natural forces of nature; Industrial production (mining and processing industry) - processing of raw materials into a form suitable for human consumption;
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Transfer of the manufactured product from producers to consumers: logistics and trade
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Spiritual production: new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, culture, art
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A fi rma is a unit of entrepreneurial activity, legalized and realizing its own interests through the production and sale of goods and services using various factors of production. The concepts of "firm" and "enterprise" are identical if the enterprise is an independent legal entity pursuing its economic interests.
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The simplest, oldest and most common form of economic organization is an individual (private) firm. In Russian legislation, it is now referred to as a business company with a single participant. The creator of such a company is its sole and sovereign owner. No one can tell him what he should do, and he is not obliged to share his net profit with anyone. Individual firms are usually small in size, since they cannot collect the funds without which it is impossible to create a large business. Such firms operate most often in the field of trade and services, where the capital of the firm may be relatively small.
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Partnership In a full partnership, its participants: - are engaged in entrepreneurial activity on behalf of the partnership; - are liable for their obligations with property belonging to them; - manage the activities of the partnership by common agreement; - distribute among themselves profits and losses in proportion to the share of each in the total (pooled) capital of the partnership (for example, a member of the partnership who contributed 20% of the pooled capital during its creation has the right to receive 20% of net profit in the future); - for the debts of the partnership, everyone is fully responsible, and not proportionally to their share in the authorized capital.
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The concept of the type of production, the basis for their classification, the calculation of the coefficient of consolidation of operations.
TYPE OF PRODUCTION A set of organizational, technical and economic characteristics due to the nomenclature, scale and regularity of production
Production types Single Mass Serial
One-off production is focused on the production of piece goods of a varied and non-constant range of specific purposes
Serial production production of identical products in periodically repeating batches or series of a certain size
Mass production continuous production of a large number of similar products over a long period of time
The retention rate of operations characterizes the number of operations per job per month on average
Calculation of the ratio of consolidation of operations (Kzo): Kzo - the ratio of consolidation of operations; Мд - the number of names of parts assigned to the workplace; Mod - the number of operations assigned to the workplace. Kzo \u003d Md * Mod
Mod \u003d F pol. Ob. - useful fund of equipment operation time; Kzagr.opt. - optimal load factor (0.85); t pcs. min is the minimum piece time from the technological process; a - coefficient taking into account the losses for repair and adjustment of equipment; N is an annual program.
T is the number of working days in a year; B - the duration of the shift; T "- the number of pre-holiday days; B" - the number of hours of reduction of pre-holiday days; S is the number of shifts. F pol.ob \u003d (T * B-T "* B") * (1- a) * S * 60
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Production is the backbone of the economy Work relieves us of three great evils: boredom, vice, need. Francois Voltaire
The material needs of people are satisfied through the acquisition of various economic benefits.
Classification of economic benefits short-term long-term present benefits future direct indirect interchangeable complementary
Production is the process of creating economic goods (goods and services) to meet the needs of people.
Historical types of production Natural production was historically the first to emerge. consumer and producer are usually the same. Commodity production is associated with the division of labor and specialization within production. leads to an intensification of exchange processes not only in the form of donation, but also in the form of trade
Purpose and results of production A product is the result of economic activity, embodied in things and services. properties: use value, that is, the ability to be useful, needed by people, and exchange value, that is, the ability to exchange for other goods. All goods, depending on the purpose, are divided into two groups: means of production (machines, work buildings, equipment); consumer goods (food, clothing). Services are economic activities that meet the personal needs of the population and society as a whole.
Difference between goods and services The service does not have a physical form The goods are first produced and then consumed. The Service, as a rule, is consumed immediately at the time of its production.
Factors of production Economic resources are everything that is used in the production of goods and services. (production factors) Natural resources (land, minerals, water, forest) Labor resources (people with their ability to produce goods and services) Capital (money capital, means of production i.e. real capital) Information resources (knowledge necessary for economic activity)
"Three whales" of production labor power (labor) objects of labor (land) means of labor
Labor Labor is the totality of a person's physical and intellectual abilities, that is, the labor force that he uses in the production process. Labor indicators, productivity, efficiency. Labor productivity is the amount of products produced per unit of time, and intensity is the employee's energy consumption per unit of time. Features of labor labor mobility unequal qualifications inability to determine the quality of an employee when concluding a contract includes social, psychological, political and other aspects
Means of production - include the means of labor and objects of labor. Means of labor are by means of which people create the necessary goods (tools, machines, equipment, production facilities). Subjects of labor are what people influence in the process of labor; they constitute the material basis of the future product (natural raw materials, materials, energy). Features limited compulsory human participation, as well as dependence on objective climatic conditions.
Information resources The structure of the market is diverse, it includes scientific and educational institutions, mass media, storage bases, a large number of intermediaries.
Economic resources are paid
Economic efficiency is getting the maximum possible benefits from available resources. Indicators of production efficiency Labor productivity (the average cost of products produced by one worker) Material intensity (consumption of natural resources per unit of output) Capital intensity (use of capital to produce goods) Comparison of the cost of goods produced with the cost of all resources used is called profitability
The division of the production process into a number of separate operations, stages performed by different workers, is called the division of labor. The manufacture of individual products based on the division of labor is called specialization.
Production capacity is the maximum number of goods and services that can be simultaneously produced for a certain period of time, given the resources and technology