Recommendations for improving the situation on the tourist market of small historical cities of Russia

Attracting investment in the region, the development of tourism in the Pskov region has been declared among the priority areas of the regional government. Help in the implementation of the tasks set up recently created in the structure of the regional administration, the Committee on Tourism, Investments and Spatial Development. On the objectives and objectives of the new unit, the issues of the development of the claimed areas of the Interfax, the Chairperson of the Committee Natalia Trowan, was told about the objectives of the development of the declared areas of the Interfax.

Natalia Aleksandrovna, Tourism Committee, investment and spatial development recently appeared in the structure of the administration of the Pskov region, for what purpose was it created?

From the title of the Committee, it is already possible to conclude about the purpose of its creation. The Committee was established to develop these areas: tourism, increasing the investment attractiveness and spatial development of the region. Tourism is one of the main directions of economic development, which is indicated in the strategy of socio-economic development of the Pskov region until 2020, therefore it was decided to give it the most attention to him and expand its functionality. Our committee will be engaged not only by the development of tourist infrastructure, but also by creating such a direction as creative industries.

We will emphasize the expansion of the range of our authentic products, and not only souvenirs, but also interior items, dishes, gastronomy, clothes - in a word, everything that the tourist could take care of himself in memory of the Pskov region.

Unfortunately, this sector is still very poorly presented and is not formatized. Of course, in the cities and regions of the region there are souvenir trading points, but, by conducting a comparison with European cities, we understand that such a volume and quality of supply, which exists outside of Russia, unfortunately, nor in Pskov, nor the more in the field - in There are no such unique places such as Pushkin Mountains. It should not forget that these are additional employment, new jobs for locals. On the other hand, tourists could leave much more in the region than they leave now.

Other key areas in the activities of the Committee are attracting investments and spatial development. Why were they united in the same committee? In the field of investment, the main task is currently the creation of modern furnished sites - the so-called industrial parks. And this is directly related to engineering and territorial development of individual municipalities.

Many issues related to investment attractiveness lie in the development area of \u200b\u200bterritories: availability of documents territorial planningThe development of infrastructure complexes in the territory, which should be coordinated with the development of the economy and the demographic situation.

What infrastructure tourist questions are needed first to solve the region to increase the number of tourists?

You need to do a lot. The city of Pskov and the area have, of course, with great potential in the development of tourism. Even our neighbors, for example, Novgorod, always emphasize that they have Novgorod, and with us, except Pskov, there are still very many attractive and interesting places for tourists. This is true. But Pskov and other objects, despite their enormous potential, must be elementary in order.

All cultural and educational tourism in a new format is urban tourism (if, of course, it is not a holiday on the beach in Egypt with a day trip to the pyramids). And the city should create such an atmosphere so that it wanted to live for four days, ten days. If you reappear to European experience and look at tourist programs for such cities such as, for example, Prague, we will immediately see that the tourist offers 2-3 excursions, and the rest of the stay in the city is free time. And the city, in turn, should offer different options for using this free time: entertainment, shopping, visiting interesting objects that have not entered the standard excursion program, such as contemporary art objects. Yes, and the elementary walk through the city should be enjoyed.

Unfortunately, according to our preliminary estimates, only a tourist can be delayed in Pskov for 3-4 days, taking into account slow dating and accommodation in the city, and now this is a maximum of 1 day. With the inclusion in the excursion program of the Islaska, Pechora and Pushkin Mountains in the medium term, the stay of a tourist in the region can be increased from the current one or two nights to four or five. The key point to achieve this goal is the improvement of the urban environment, the creation, development and implementation of creative industries into the city tissue, the formation of new shopping streets that are connected with another type of pastime required by the modern tourist.

In addition, the development of transport infrastructure is necessary - very much and very much depends on the transport. Now much attention is paid to the repair of roads, and the growth of connectedness with other cities. So, last year the diesellelectrium trades to St. Petersburg launched, flights were opened.

The third direction while weakly developed, but which is the easiest to do it, is an infrastructure. This year we will launch the information center in Pskov. In the reform stage there is a tourist site for which a full-fledged English version will be made.

Points of placement of information about the city will also be created: in hotels there should be cards so that tourists have elemental navigation in the city. Already there are approved plans, according to which at least 3-4 information stands will definitely appear in Pskov this year. In the short term, the creation of information infrastructure is the most resolved question in contrast to the two above.

- How do you feel about the prospect of development in the region of rural tourism?

Very interesting direction for the region, taking into account the fact that 33% is the share of the rural population. But it is necessary to understand that rural tourism will not give a rapid economic effect and a significant increase in the tourist flow. Its share in the tourist flow can be no more than 5-7% and then approximately 2020. Rural tourism is very important, first of all, from the point of view of self-employment.

Famous development specialist rural territories Tatyana Nefedova in his book "Rural Russia at a crossroads. Geographical essays" analyzed such a phenomenon of Russian reality as cottages. Why does rural tourism develop in Europe? Residents of megacolates go to the countryside to chat with nature. In Russia, there was always such a phenomenon as cottages, which is practically absent in Europe. Most residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg still persist cottages. Therefore, if you evaluate this direction from the point of view of getting into the market, the question arises: who will come? It will take place at least 20-25 years, while the generation of the current 25-30-year-olds, which have already become accustomed to a completely different format of consumption (and are unlikely to satisfy their rest at the cottage even in pre-pre-age), will form a request for this type of tourism.

Of course, this infrastructure should be gradually created, but rather not as just rural tourism, but combined with recreational, with environmental. For example, in the framework of the Danish-Russian Program for the economic development of the Kaliningrad and Pskov regions in the Attalovsky district, such a project is being implemented to create agricultural and environmental tourism, where there will be houses for living, and will also be able to do something with your own hands, familiarize yourself with the rural activities, play old tools. It is rather such a "mix" that may be interested. In its pure form, rural tourism requires the preparation of people, a certain type of service, culture of treatment of people.

We have unique cases: it is an Aldhrine farm, it is "honey farm", this experience is definitely necessary to distribute in the area. We have developed a joint action plan with municipalities on the gradual development of rural tourism, in which the information support system is being formed: the Methodology "How to create your guest house" is being developed, small bus development seminars will be held for employees of information and consulting centers that exist in half regions of the region, etc.

The concept of the strategy of socio-economic development of the Pskov region until 2020 is stated to form new tourist brands and new tourmarshrutes, as well as a new event series. What new brands and new events are needed by the region and is it not more effective to develop already available: Pushkin holiday, theatrical festival, historical reconstruction in Izborsk and so on?

All already existing, certainly needs to be maintained and developed, forming new products within traditional events. But what shows European experience, and what did the All-Russian Maslenitsa have shown in February in Pskov? The economic effect gives mainly urban holidays, first of all, due to active consumption. People go, buy, eat, rest. Due to this, stores work, catering, souvenir shops.

Therefore, our task is to make urban holidays much more, and not only in Pskov. They create rhythm for the city. For example, in Germany, in the summer there is not a single week so that there is no holiday, which is accompanied by a concert, the performance of the local theater, etc. So Europe pulls people away from televisions and kebabs, people communicate and spend their free time in the city. Of course, you need to bring the city in order so that people in it want to be.

Now the event calendar is very discharged. We are faced with the task - next year we must have a plan for small, not grandiose, not Russian events, but it has to lure all the time. Potential tourists should know that if they did not hit one event, they will fall on the following. Plus it is also the generation of the second visit to the region, which is very important. According to the results of research, it turned out that even in St. Petersburg there is no return tourism. And this is a big problem with Peter at the expense event tourism, development of new types of recreation, cruise communication.

And what is your attitude to the initiative of the Governor of St. Petersburg Valentina Matvienko on the creation in the north-west of the Tour Marshurt "Silver Ring"?

Very interesting initiative. The strategy for the socio-economic development of the Pskov region until 2020 stated as one of the priorities, the development of more complex routes. And when the initiator is the main drivers of the tourist flow in the northwest - it is beautiful. Petersburg is very actively working to expand its tourist enterprise, and we can help. And we in turn appear to use this powerful resource. Let it be 5 percent from this tour frequency. If we can digest this stream, to form the necessary tourism, taking into account roads, transport, logistics of our show objects - it will be wonderful.

We have already announced our readiness to cooperate, now we form a working group, work in our proposals to this project.

When creating your committee, it was stated on the need to develop new forms of investment in the region. What are these new forms and what has already been done in this direction?

Forms of attracting investment in the region should be not new, they should be more traditional. Already in the near future, we will launch the address newsletter on investors. We will conduct several road-show for investors in different directions: agriculture, tourism, hotel infrastructure, different types of industry.

On the one hand, an information mass attack will be conducted, on the other, work on the creation of industrial parks, which we have already begun. For investors, the main question: how quickly access to the Earth and to the entire infrastructure security is solved. As soon as we reduce these deadlines to a minimum at the expense of these sites, our rating in the eyes of investors will grow.

What major investment projects have begun in the region since the beginning of the year and what industries are involved in the first place?

Now there is a rise in agriculture: we have a fairly large number of investment projects, first of all, in the meat direction. So, the agreement with the Velikoluksky meat plant was signed quite recently on the creation of a pig-breeding complex on the territory of several districts. Also investors are interested in wood processing, the production of fuel pellets (pellets). There are several large projects for the construction of logistics complexes at the main checkpoints - bugs, noumkino and others.

In hotel infrastructure, there are a number of interesting investment projects that will be launched in the near future.

The key point for us is the development of industry, those industries that have the potential to attract large companies: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, building materials and other destinations.

Increasingly, the citizens of our country spend their vacation abroad, traveling in different countries. But tourist trips around the country do not stop. , following this trend, also develops. New agencies appear, tour operators, hotels are being built. Not a very difficult process. The greatest difficulty is a huge competition. And before joining their closest rows, it is necessary to decide as someone you will perform. Currently, two types of organizations are most common: tour operator or travel agent. So, who are they.

What is a tour operator and travel agent

The tour operator is a legal entity that is engaged in the formation, promotion and implementation of a tourist product, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On the basics of tourist activities in the Russian Federation". Simply put, this is an organization that prepares and promotes tourist offers. The tour operator organizes food and accommodation at the hotel. Provides transportation, excursions, etc.

To implement a tourist product in several ways. For example, using travel agencies. At the same time, all responsibility for the quality of the service provided lies at the tour operator.

Travel agency is an organization that is engaged in the promotion and implementation of the tour operator's tourist product. In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On the basics of tourist activities." Travel agency can be opened both by a legal entity and an individual entrepreneur. This is a mediator between tourists and a tour operator who receives his commission. The travel agent buys a formed and ready for the implementation of the tourism operator. And offers its end consumer. For this sale getting a cash remuneration.

Quite often, the tourist organization combines the functions of the travel agent and the tour operator. For example, a tourist organization forms and offers a tour in Italy, acting as a tour operator. And at the same time, this travel agency acts as a travel agent, implementing a tour to France formed by another tour operator.

It is important to know that tourism happens:

• entrance - travel in the territory Russian Federation people who do not constantly live in Russia;
• exit - travel of citizens of the Russian Federation abroad;
• internal - travel within the Russian Federation of Russian citizens.

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For the opening and activities of travel agency, special permits for law are not required. Therefore, this type of travel business, as practice shows, is more common. Let's consider the main stages of the process of creating travel agency (travel agent).

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Business plan

In the first stages, the opening of any business requires a business plan. To begin with, it is necessary to determine for what purpose it is compiled for someone. For example, to obtain a loan, for a private investor, for yourself. It is necessary to calculate the amount of investment per year, six months, month. A business plan can be made on their own either in a consulting company.

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Selection of travel agency name

Much depends on the successful name of the tour package. It helps promote the company's services on the market, creates an associative series and style associated with the company. The successful name is good and quickly remembered, which is very important with great competition.

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Site creation

Nowadays, to organize your business, the Internet support is necessary. Take care of creating your own website of the company. This service can be ordered from professionals, but it is possible to make a simple site on their own. To do this, you need to choose hosting (place of "physical" storage of your site) and a domain name. This is the address of your page that should elaborate with the name of your company. So, potential customers will be easier to remember and find you.

There are many free and very detailed design designers. Select one and following the instructions and prompts, create your own website. To begin with, it is enough to make the site a single-trap, where there will be information about you, contacts, a short list of services.

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Selection of tourist destinations

Experts advise, it is better selling their products and services a narrow-directional business. Buyers are more likely to go to specialized stores. The same rule is valid in the tourist business. Its customers better offer specific tours. For example: "Our agency picks up therapeutic tours in Russia on a unique technique for children and adults." Instead of the sentence, "We will select any tour." The first option is more informative and understandable.

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How to choose tour operator partners

By signing a cooperation agreement with a tour operator, pay attention to the validity period and the amount of financial support. On the number in the federal register of tour operators. For the duration of work in the tourism business. Pay attention to the number of employees in this company, for the presence of diplomas and awards. Find out where the office of the tour operator, its size and presentability, the availability of information about the manual, etc. There are no accurate criteria for the selection of the best and reliable partners. Try to learn about them as much as possible.

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Where does the tourist business begins

So what should be started by opening the tourist business:

• office selection. In order to organize a tourist business, you need to find a suitable room. It is worth choosing a room under the office in places with maximum permeability. In the promoted shopping center, in the business center, on the central streets of the city, next to the subway;
• preparation of a business plan;
• recruitment. According to experts, decency and execution is the most important criterion in the selection of personnel. Quite often, novice entrepreneurs hire their acquaintances and relatives. Perhaps this is not such a bad choice in the tourist business;
• advertising. Type business cards, give advertisements on the Internet, spread or distribute flyers. For this work, you can hire students;
• registration of documents. About what documents need to be issued to open our own tourism business. Find out in the relevant instances. The main thing is to issue everything legally.

A person cannot exist without rest. Work brings money and, possibly, satisfaction, but physical and mental health sometimes requires a complete "reboot". For most of our compatriots, at least once a year to go abroad - this is a useful habit. So why not help them? To do this, you need to open a tourist firm that would provide high-quality and affordable services. Why not, there is nothing difficult in this business. It is noted that this article is not a step-by-step strategy to action. But it has a number of useful recommendations that can be applied in real business.

Start tourist business need from ideas

The first thing that will be needed is the idea. Believe me, in modern tourist business competition is incredible. You must be ready to join this struggle and take your place in the list of the best travel agencies. Otherwise, you can not take a job. In this field of activity there are many factors that do not depend on the head. That is why a third of companies closes after a year of work. This is real statistics. If you know how to act, then why not risk.

Premises - the basis of a good business

For a tourist company in the first place should be a choice of premises. If there is not enough money for a normal office, it is worth postponing the opening of the company to better times. Be prepared for costs. In particular, you will have to fork out for rent (about 1000 US dollars per month). Of course, this amount is very averaged. For such money, you can organize your office somewhere on the 3-4 floor of the business center in a big city with an area of \u200b\u200bno more than 15-20 square meters. meters.

The choice of office must be made based on the specifics of the business. For example, if customer service is maintained, special attention should be paid to the comfort of employees and tourists. At the same time, it is not necessary that the office of travel agency has a separate exit to the street and was located in the central part of the city.

In the case when business is focused on maintaining groups, it is better to give preference to the room near the places of large cluster of people. For example, the metro station, shopping centers and so on are perfect. In this case, the prerequisite is the presence of a separate output - this will make the service more convenient, and work is safe. In addition, video intercom should be installed at the entrance to the office. In extreme cases, you can hire a security guard.

Search for office facilities - Casual business. The easiest way to read ads in newspapers, the Internet, ask for their friends. There is another option - walk around the city, find some buildings you like and more objectively specify the possibility of removal of premises.

The selection criteria are quite simple - the presence of a telephone and a highlighted high-speed Internet line. At the same time, it is not necessary to live alone - it is advisable to work for the future. That is, the room area should be such that in the future it was possible to expand.

Good business plan - where to start tourist business

Naturally, no activities do without a good business plan, which should always be at hand. This is important, because in the document on the "shelves" the main and secondary tasks of the entrepreneur. In the plan, you need to write a development strategy, customer attraction program and advertising company, as well as take into account all possible risks. Special attention should be paid to potential expenses. In this case, all spending should be set to the 1.5 ratio, which will avoid unpleasant situations with a lack of funds.

Frames decide much - choose staff

It is important to select employees. Many novice businessmen do not pay special attention to this aspect, inviting their relatives, friends, and just good acquaintances. In principle, nothing terrible in it. The main thing is to pay attention to the two main criteria for execution and decency. Of course, newcomers in the tourist business may not be enough professional skills, but after all, the salary is not too high - about $ 150. At the same time, the head must do everything possible to improve the qualifications of subordinates. Personnel training is mandatory.

If the money from a new businessman is enough, then you can start a set of qualified and experienced employees, whose wages will be much higher. Do not do in a travel company and without an accountant, but only after the business will be "on his feet." In the first months of work there will be little, so the fulfillment of all financial tasks can be entrusted with specialized firms.

Customers - "Gold" of any business

An important question in the tourist business is to attract customers, without which it is difficult to count on the success of the activity. Customers are very grateful people. If they liked the trip, they will definitely return and bring multiple friends with them. People are not prone to change. Why risk if there is a proven option?

It is important to immediately come up with my "highlight", which will distinguish the newly discovered travel agency from existing ones. For example, differences can be in operation, promotions, bonuses, and so on. As for the advertising company, at the initial stage there will be enough leaflets, as well as ads in newspapers and the Internet.

Tourist business: What documents do you need?

And, of course, when opening a business can not do without registration of a number of documents. The requirements of the legislation must be clarified in the relevant instances. And most often a list of documents directly depends on the activity carried out. Do not do without a license for travel activities (no one has canceled it).
Successful work.

4.1. Deterrent factors

Modern understanding of the role of tourism. Despite the rapid development of tourism in the 1960-90s, it still is a phenomenon whose value is not always properly estimated in the political, economic and social life of society.

The situation in the country is due to the importance of new objectives set by the Company, which should take into account certain structural changes in a socio-political and economic nature; The need to satisfy the material needs and reassessment of intangible values.

Noting the tendency to stabilize world tourism, it is necessary to point out the importance of making serious measures for its rationalization within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), its economic and social order. Such rationalization could, on the one hand, to enable the future development of tourism on his real motivations, on the other - to allow sovereign states, various tourist organizations, state and privatized tourism sectors to realize their responsibility for the Lurisgian-sightseeing sphere and the exchanges acting as a means Stabilization, improvement of the quality of life and achieve a more balanced interethnic development.

For Russia, new goals indicate the ways that prompted other development, and not to adjust today. These include: new models for the development, management and management; Effective use - subsoil resources; raising the role of individual and local communities, regional and territorial bodies and tourism enterprises; overcoming financial, economic and social difficulties; further expansion of mass tourism; organization of new forms of leisure; The functions that the state should take on; changes in the production and accounting of tourist services; development of new models of economic management and a variety of forms and means of tourist metabolism; Study of concepts concerning wages, income and motivation of labor, humanitarian and social ties, ecology; The implementation of technical cooperation programs with the participation of domestic and foreign investments, etc.

Observations and expert assessments of the current state of tourism in many countries show that the development of foreign tourism must be accompanied by similar efforts to promote programs internal (national) tourism. Within each country, domestic tourism contributes to a more balanced position of the National Economy due to the redistribution of national income, a deeper awareness of the generality of interest and the development of activities favorable for the country's economy as a whole.

In determining the areas of social, cultural and economic development of the country, it is necessary to comprehensively take into account national and international tourist activities, which is an integral component of the necessary transformations, based on the full and harmonious identity development; equal rights of peoples in determining their fate; human right to respect for his dignity and individuality; Recognition of the identity of cultures and respect for the moral values \u200b\u200bof peoples.

Taking into account the tourist sectors (state, social and privatized), the tourist sectors (state, social and privatized), it is necessary to pay due attention to the consolidation of national forces in order to develop domestic and international tourism and recreation, based on the wide use of various seats of vacation and travel population, as well as on the movement of persons, caused by different reasons to ensure the ordered development of tourism in harmonious linking with other major needs of society. This approach makes it possible to specifically reveal the acute problems of today's domestic tourist infrastructure.

The first and obvious problem is the misordinarization of the efforts of the efforts of National Tourism. As a result, the new impulse to the disunity is not only in the intersectoral level, but also in intra-separate structures. It seemed that the practice was promoting the diversity of the forms of management and economic regulation of tourist flows and services, but the current stereotypes of the management are fairly associated with uniformity, although it is oblivated by the cloak of not only receptions and methods of management, but also the tourist product itself, the narrowing of the sphere of population coverage by tourist events.

The hidden and obvious struggle for priorities and leadership in the central structures should give way to more democratic forms of the organization of domestic tourism both within national borders and internationally.

The following aspect is the poverty of the management culture of tourism, which generates three negative phenomena: com-mercialism, bureaucracy and unevenness in the development of opportunities for national and foreign tourism in separate regions and for the main social sections and groups of the country.

New vertical associations can and should create their chains of services, routes, joint ventures, but no way have the right to the sectoral level to allow the creation of new enterprises, including joint-stock or subsidiaries, or impose a ban on them. It is the prerogative of the initiators themselves, including in the social tourism system.

Depending on the status, members of the joint-stock company use the Bank's loan, scientific developments, curricula, training scholarships, benefits for the purchase of new technologies, information and computing equipment and programs, unique domestic and foreign projects. The same principle determines the amount of contribution to society, the degree and volume of participation in international programs. The joint-stock company remains: the organization of industry vertical structures; management of them; Methodology for determining the standard and class of service; certification, licensing and certification of tourist facilities, routes, personnel; Establishment of the procedure for the issue and implementation of shares and other securities, including traveler checks and financial and credit documents.

The implementation and formation of a tourist product, commercial activities, contract work with staff and its training, the development of the tourist infrastructure of the enterprise or society are the absolute prerogative of industrial units and farms. These enterprises and associations themselves should determine the feasibility of creating regional and interregional complexes, groups, concerns, councils and other formations of the tourist profile.

Only under these conditions a civilized association can be created both directly by tourist and social state, scientific, training, transport, construction and other organizations to build the country's tourism potential. Being an operational manager of tourist property, such a joint-stock association, having a qualitatively new status, could turn into almost the Socio-State Association of Shareholders, economically and organizationally infringement of the rights and responsibility of the associates (shareholders).

The main funds must be in the primary link, which uses and reproducing them. The task of follow-up control hierarchy, if they need a primary production link, - joint actions of a group of enterprises and associations, coordination and efficient use of these funds on the scale of the specific territory, extension of working capital, the creation of the tourist infrastructure on the basis of these funds. All this must draw up the process of creating really necessary to all tourist property.

Local tourist infrastructure of underdeveloped: no tourist canteens, routes, autoprinsions, profilators, leisure centers, especially in places of mass stay holidaymakers. In other words, the task of introducing tourism in the sphere of everyday reproduction of the productive forces of a person, his physical and moral recovery is not solved in the social aspect, and therefore economically. Social function Tourism should solve the economic and social task of new forms of tourism and implemented on the basis of the main, primary, service level of services - at enterprises and tourism institutions and around them.

The development of commercial interest and enterprise is closely associated with integration and cooperation with various organizations, with small business opportunities in the structure of existing enterprises (hotels, restaurants, leisure centers, tourist clubs) and around them. Unfortunately, the significant duration of the "Dead Season" speaks of the inability to organize a tourist proposal, cycles of recreational activities (leisure and rest), taking into account individual and group Sanpocob consumers.

Tourist literacy professional workers Recreation and leisure areas are the most important task. Currently, proposals for the continuity of training of specialists and personnel are developed, including a project for the formation of a comprehensive research and production center with international structures. The essence of the project, first, in targeted financing of training programs and education of qualified workers. The source here is one - production costs. But the second, in the training sequence. Here it is necessary to distinguish between several levels and steps: 1) professional orientation (sectoral term network, production and economic studies, schools and seminars). This level is widely developed in all tourism subsystems, it should be improved, regularly updating the training programs; ? -) training personnel and specialists; 3) Postgraduate learning, i.e. retraining and advanced training. This level will also mainly be implemented on inter-sectoral, or departmental, level, where the leading role should belong to the head institutions of tourist departments.

4.2. Unity and manifold of understanding and definitions of tourism management

Man xx in. Created a science of control in the broadest sense of this concept, used in particular, among the actual issues of modern tourism.

There are many definitions of the concept of "management of tourism" used by scientists and practitioners. Management is submitted as a complex system of interdependent objects, values, disciplines and methods developed to overcome countless and different problems, difficulties and uncertainties, which are inherent in tourist activities. Constant search are increasingly effective management solutions, concepts and processes for curbing the spontaneous consequences of tourism acts as a competition over time, desperate scratch. Loss price is the extinction of tourism. While the price of victory can be an impetus in the development of tourist activities at a higher quality level. Today, the scientific approach to making management decisions is relevant.

Some senior management managers tend to address the problems of human justice, philosophical values \u200b\u200band other countless controls. Based on this, the emphasis in this chapter was made on the strategy than the actual science of management. The choice is made, of course, deliberately and easily explained.

At the same time, it is obviously growing concern to ponder managers that the problem may gradually approach the scientific conclusion of the entire management spectrum of tourism. And in this sense it is important to identify two different real dangers.

On the one hand, the likelihood of control as professional career Begins to lose its AT-tractivity among the most capable youth. One of the reasons is a lack of human participation. Young people see in management a system of increasing airlessness, i.e. states when an invisible monster throws the programmed solution that subordinates the living being (person) system. Such a reaction of thinking people in this case is clearly distorted.

It becomes obvious that even in the XXI century. The quality of control will depend on the personal qualities of the manager. Vision of the situation, honesty, justice, other social and moral values \u200b\u200b- all this will still be necessary in management. Even today it is a common denominator for sustainable and prosperous tourist organizations. The viability of each organization, which throughout the long period demonstrates its success, is directly related to the abilities of people. There is no future in science management if this connection is weak.

On the other hand, the exclusive swing of scientific understanding of management methods is a danger directly for manual practitioners. The expansion of the universality of new management methods leads to the fact that for many managers an alarming tendency appears to become actually prisoners of these methods instead of using them as a toolkit.

Management methods will actually become more specialized, because the control itself is like a function - the overall basis of any process.

4.3. Awareness of the need to change the strategy

For any industry, and for tourism, especially, economic competition, technological changes, state policy tend to constant variability. Tourist products invisibly passes throughout the life cycle, starting from the period of occurrence to complete implementation, and sometimes flies and periods of decline. The basic tourist offer in the form of gurov, routes and programs has its own characteristics and stages of the cycle. Different types of cycles are obvious in tourist consumption (breakfast - bed, guesthouse, half board, service).

Business strategy should change and, if necessary, change quickly, taking into account the emerging economic circumstances and changes in the tourist circulation. At the first stage of product development (at the concept of the concept and introduction of innovations), the moment of the solution may be an important. In the second stage, skillful marketing and efficient control over the sales network become more important elements. At the final stage, control over the current costs becomes vital. The company must be sure that at each stage of development, nothing comes out of its specific framework. However, timely awareness of the need for change in the undertaken strategy is essential in maintaining tourist circulation.

The importance of changes in the entrepreneurship strategy in order to adapt to changes in the environment can be easily illustrated.

Fifty years ago it was impossible to submit to the acquisition of a tour project on credit. Today, in the conditions of increasing demand for travel abroad, many tourist organizations provide a loan for the purchase of a trip for recreation or foreign journey. Nowadays, there was a need to convince people to enjoy this opportunity within the framework of the MNO-I of the prospects. Such a tactic helps companies to increase the contingent tourist attraction, and therefore, to ensure the growth of revenues and profitability.

An indicative example of the need to change the changed economic circumstances of the tourism management strategy was increasing in 1997-1998. The requirements of Russian tour operators and travel agents on the protection of interests within the Russian hotel and tourist-sightseeing business. It was not by chance that inland tourism 4 .

Not every tourist company or association manifests the desire to refuse to work on the programs of internal and local tourism. At least the rule of several organizations, for example, NTA 5, OJSC CSTRE-Intar - Central Tourism Council, RMAT 6, openly declared their intentions to re-engage in tourist trips and travel on the routes of the Russian Federation. These organizations persistently show the initiative to restore the employment of tourist personnel at domestic enterprises of tourism and hospitality. The same intentions showing the management of the Izmailovo Turkomple, CJSC "Verineolzhskaya" and many others out of 10 thousand enterprises and institutions of social tourism of the country. Under conditions of fierce competition, when a foreign tour operator owns 85% in Russia, a tourist package for travel abroad, the leadership of domestic tour operators and travel agencies returns to the organization of local routes, the definition of regional policies, the revival of the tourist expedition "Russia - My Motherland". The specified example illustrates a very simple judgment: a guide that sees a tendency better than its competitors will more successfully support the development of its economic goals.

Awareness of the need to transition to new areas of activity. However, the insightful control is still making changes to his entrepreneurial course. The time will come when the growth of the cost of services and tariffs in the tourist business will fall. Most companies must be fully involved in new businessIf they suggest their further development.

Check new spheres before investment. Not all tourist companies coming towards new types of business, reach the expected development. In fact, many are actually faced with a decrease in economic efficiency. Such disappointment almost always comes because the Board did not take into account the following decisive moments:

How attractive on economic characteristics and life of a specific area of \u200b\u200btourism?
- What are the market and technological efforts to take a company to open a new business?

It is appropriate to emphasize two trends. The first - many boards are emotionally and quickly involved in new perspective. The second - they are reluctant to reduce once established "reliable" products, even if they are already losing money, and do not invest adequate investments for WHOA. And if the board consider themselves obliged to justify the preservation of business losses or products, they refer to statistical manipulation and reference to unforeseen circumstances.

Often, management is not aware that financial resources and ability to manage necessary for the backup of the dying business can be used more profitably in other situations. For example, Turkish business in the tourist market of Russia went to an unprecedented simplification of administrative formalities for Russian tourists visiting Turkey. Reducing the cost of a visa sharply, abandoning bureaucratic procedures and improving information and hospitality, overcoming the language barrier in servicing tourists from Russia in their own country, he (business) has achieved for the year or two impressive success, switching tourist stream from Russia to Turkey instead of Greece.

1 See: Actual tourism problems: Sat. reports, abstracts and communications of the II All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. In 2 hours - M.: Rmat, 1998. - Ch. 2. - P. 3-6, 7-10.
2 See: Actual tourism problems: Sat. scientific papers. 1996-1997 Vol. 1.-M.: RMAT, 1997. - P. 97-129.
3 See: Actual problems of tourism "98: Sat. Scientific Labor. Issue 2.-M.: RHAT, 1998.-S. 18.
4 See: Ohov .-s. eighteen.
5 NTA - National Tourist Association.
6 RHAT - Russian International Academy of Tourism.

4.4. The focus of tourism and exchange programs

Tourist activities provide great opportunities for the manifestation of public initiative, self-identity of the population. Changes in the nature of labor (reduction of the share of manual, monotonous and unqualified labor, intensification and growth of its performance) not only lead to an increase in the array of free time, but also put new problems in social policy before the entire field of leisure and its organizers. The array of this time is a fertile field capable of carrying out for the whole society, labor collectives and for each of its members a number of functions for the conservation and restoration of labor potential and health, spiritual, cultural, moral and physical development, as well as to restore the environmental structure.

Over the past decades, the work week has decreased by more than 18 hours. Now its duration, average, workers and employees are 40 hours. The duration of vacations in most categories of workers is 30 calendar days. Increasing the value of free time requires its accounting as one of the most important criteria social production and development.

It is necessary to envisage: the interconnected development of various forms of organizing physical culture, sports and tourism in the field of production, at the place of residence; improving the material base; efficient use of sports facilities; production and provision of population sports equipment, tourist equipment; Training of training coaches, methodologists, guides.

The sphere of recreation organization in our country should turn into a large economic complex with a developed logistical base. Moreover, this sphere will definitely act as a base that form a specific economic complex around itself. Tourist activities will have a serious impact on the functioning of transport, energy, production of consumer goods; will contribute to the reorganization of the work of trade, communications, utilities, cultural institutions, health care, etc.

In addition, intensifying tourist activities, it is necessary to take practical measures to overcome negative trends in tourism and exchanges in the 90s. XX V.Ini were caused: the unevenness of the territorial and species development of tourism and exchanges, and, consequently, insufficiently consistent and uneven participation in it in various social and tourist organizations; the ineffective use of the current placement fund; Slow rates of commissioning of new facilities and insufficiency of attention to reconstruction, modernization, improving the comfort of the current tourist manufacturing base, the construction of which was carried out in the 50-80s; a imperfect network of transport and excursion services, resident tourist events, tourist rental, sales of tourist goods and souvenirs, services of cultural and sports institutions through tourism; a sharp lag in the development of the mediation of tourist organizations and the sales network; The ineffectiveness of the current to the 90th. Planning and management methods and, finally, the needs at a higher level of organization and management of tourism.

Principal installations in the field of tourism, excursions and recreation - increasing the responsibility of tourist organizations, their structural divisions for the implementation of specific programs for the development of tourist services, ensuring their accessibility for consumers with different levels of material security. At the same time, it is impractical to take into account the further development of payments and benefits for needs, which previously constituted the life rights of citizens to work, rest, health care, material support "in old age, dwelling, education, use of cultural achievements, freedom of scientific, technical and artistic creativity. Nevertheless, providing the population of services that manifest themselves as a material guarantee of their social rights is closely related to the need to meet growing requests and interests in creating an extensive and efficiently operating system of paid services.

Further development of tourism should be based on the following practical actions and measures of socio-economic nature: strengthening tourist-sightseeing activities among all groups and layers of workers, military personnel, students' students, veterans and intellectuals; improve the quality of tourist services; changing the organization and management of tourist-sightseeing work; development of the material base of national tourism; Wide use of cultural and educational tourism for the purpose of rational organization of free time, strengthening the health of citizens; improving the content of tourism and exchange programs; raising attention to the selection and education of personnel of professional organizers, staff and tourism workers; Development of promising schemes for the development of tourism, excursions, exchanges and recreation both at social and in the state-territorial level.

At the same time, it is necessary to direct efforts to develop the content of the tourist-sightseeing site at the place of residence, work and study of the population.

Ensuring the availability and mass activities of tourist-ex-curssia citizens should include: improving the quality of tourist services; improving the level of culture; the introduction of progressive forms, methods and technologies of service; organization of new types of services; overcoming differences in the provision of tourist-sightseeing services in large and small cities; Increased tourist services for village workers; rational placement of a network of tourist enterprises, institutions of excursions and recreation, approaching them to the workshop, study and residence of people; ensuring the work of these enterprises in a convenient time for the local population; availability of basic types of tourism, excursions and exchanges for all groups of the population; study of the demand and features of the formation of the needs of the population on the main types of tourist-excursion services; expansion of exchanges and excursions by improving the use of the current material tourist base; improving the effectiveness of capital investments; The direction of capital investments is mainly on the technical reconstruction, modernization and improvement of the tourist infrastructure (improvement of comfort, arrangement of recreational areas, engineering zones and communications, etc.).

To ensure further tourism development due to the reconstruction and expansion of its own material base with the involvement of resources of other industries and foreign investors for these purposes; Construction of tourist hotels, bases, campgrounds, road transport enterprises, cable passenger roads, restaurants, cafes, cafeterling, shops and other enterprises of trade and nutrition, domestic and municipal service, commissioning of residential buildings, kindergartens and nurses for the needs of the service personnel.

The same goal should be: the rational use of fixed assets by extending the season of operation of tourist facilities, the introduction of progressive forms of public service; Wide rental of tourist and sports equipment, cottage trailers to passenger cars for autotourists, bicycles and boats; Training tourists skills and ability to engage in a variety of types of tourism and sports; Creating conditions for expanding the tourist holidays of parents with children; development of a network of tourist routes with active methods of movement, pedestrian, mountain, cycling, equestrian, water, ski and other types of tourism; The use of tourism, exchanges and excursions in the educational process in the study of the history, nature and culture of the native land for the professional orientation of students.

In the new conditions, the role of local authorities, they constantly pay attention to the issues of tourist-ex-curssing activities, the needs of tourist organizations. Land plots are discharged in accordance with promising schemes for the development of tourism for the construction and reconstruction of tourist facilities in places most favorable for Radyxa and tourism, premises for the placement of tourist enterprises, institutions, clubs, tourist equipment and equipment, trading and souvenir services for tourists motorway and tourist centers, etc.

Improving service culture Answer: Joint efforts of tourist organizations and cultural institutions to significantly increase the number of museums, art galleries and exhibitions included in routes and visits objects; Strengthening work on the restoration of historical and cultural monuments; widespread use of theatrical and entertainment services; The direction in tourist-sightseeing organizations and passenger vessels of cultural workers, librarians, artists and musicians.

Improving the quality and expansion of tourist-skkingback services should be promoted: the establishment of the production of prefabricated wooden houses, special tourist furniture, towing ski lifts, advertising and information literature and souvenirs; Supply of additional buses and other necessary machinery, inventory and equipment.

The group nature of tourism is directly related to such an urgent problem as environmental protection. Collective trips strengthen human contacts with nature, develop a sense of careful attitude towards her tourists.

For Russian tourism began the XXI century. The task is to clearly define the functions of organizations engaged in the protection and development of historical, cultural and natural heritage in order to develop the industry and above all the activities of non-commercial cultural associations and various funds.

At the same time, optimal forms of assistance and participation of direct tourist organizations and associations can be distinguished. This is the adoption of standard measures to determine the resources of cultural tourism; ensuring better coordination in combination with the activities of various cultural organizations in terms of the use of historical, cultural and natural heritage for the purpose of tourist development through relevant planning measures; legislative regulation; allocation for these purposes necessary financial resources; Promoting all forms of cooperation based on bilateral and multilateral cultural tourist programs to ensure integration at subregional, regional and world levels.

4.5. Ways of development of cultural tourism

Culture is the fundamental basis for the development process, conservation, strengthening the independence, sovereignty and identity of peoples. The purpose of the development of culture is to ensure the welfare and satisfaction of the needs of society and every person. This means that every person, every people have the right to receive information, acquire knowledge and transfer their experience.

The similarity of the paths of the historical evolution of culture and tourism predetermined the community of new methods of approach to their further development: over the past forty years in most countries of the world, the process of democratization of culture and tourism occurs. Culture and tourism make up an integral part of human life. Self-consciousness and knowledge of the surrounding world, the development of the personality and achieving the goals set - all this is unthinkable without receiving knowledge of the cultural nature of the house, at work and while traveling.

Over the past decades, the concepts of "culture" and "tourism" occurred, and there is still no final and generally accepted definitions of these concepts, as they are in the transformation process. At the conference in Mexico City (1981), two definitions of culture were used. One thing more general characterFounded on cultural anthropology and includes everything that has created a person in addition to nature: all directions of public thought, economic activity, production, consumption, literature and art, lifestyle and the expression of human dignity.

Another - more specialized character and built on the "culture of culture", i.e., on moral, spiritual, intellectual and artistic aspects of human life.

The framework of the tourism concept has significantly expanded with the time of the Roman Conference (1963), which in the interests of collecting relevant statistics adopted the definition of international tourism. The Manila Declaration (1980) paid special attention to the political, social, cultural and educational role of tourism, including the I on all movement of people, regardless of motivation.

UNESCO (UNESCO - United Nations Education, Science and Culture (Headquarters - Paris, France)) and WTO owns a leading role in coordinating and standardizing cultural and tourist activities around the world. The scope of their activities also includes data collection, transmission and dissemination of accumulated knowledge and experience. General Assembly, conferences and other events held by these two organizations in which representatives of leading organizations in the field of culture and tourism are involved, represent an effective mechanism for international cooperation. Decisions taken by these organizations are the basis for developing areas and recommended practices at the national level. The Convention and recommendations of UNESCO for the protection of cultural heritage, the basic principles of which were supported by meetings of various WTO bodies deserve special attention.

Within the framework of the World Conference on Culture Policy (1972), a recommendation was adopted on the issue of cultural tourism. The principles of cooperation in the field of culture and tourism were reflected in the declarations adopted in Manila (1980) and Mexico City (1981).

Cultural and natural heritage. Use it in tourist purposes
The cultural heritage of the people make up the works of artists, architects, musicians, writers, scientists, masters of folk art - a set of values \u200b\u200bthat make sense of human existence. It covers both material and intangible works, expressing the work of the people, its language, customs, beliefs, etc.

New in the above definition is the intangible property, including folklore, fishery, technical and other traditional professions, entertainment, folk festivals, ceremonies and religious rituals, as well as traditional sports competitions, etc. Convention (1972) on the protection of world natural and Cultural heritage noted only his material or physical aspects. The WTO recommended the Member States to join this convention and be guided by both its principles and the principles of the Charter of Cultural Tourism, adopted at the International Tourism Seminar in 1976 on the initiative of the International Council on Monuments and Historical Places. Taking into account that the solution of issues related to nature and cultural heritage requires significant financial resources, the opinions of relevant organizations on the issue of who should be responsible for this direction of activity often do not coincide. In this regard, it would be advisable to raise the issue of classification, the main criterion of which should be the provision that the consumer must pay the costs of content.

Based on this principle, you can offer the following classification:

The property, mostly used by tourists (festivals, views, monuments, areas, mainly visited by tourists, etc.);
- Mixed use (less significant historical monuments and museums, theaters, places visited by excursors, reserves, etc.);
- The domain, mainly used by the local population (objects of religious cult and civilian structures, cinemas, libraries, etc.).

Cultural aspects of the impact of tourism is the impact that tourism has on the material and spiritual sphere of human activity and primarily on his system of values, knowledge and social behavior.

In areas where active and diverse socio-cultural activities are observed, where tourism is traditional and where the number of tourists is inferior to the number of local people, and their cultural level is approximately the same, there is practically no special cultural impact of tourism. At the same time, in a number of industrialized districts, tourism growth may entail significant changes in the social structure, as well as in the environment and local cultural life.

This phenomenon laid the foundations of the problem of social interaction caused by contacts between cultures. The nature of the relationship between tourists and the local population is largely determined by the fact that both groups are carriers of various cultures. Contact between them causes cultural shock, which is aggravated by the fact that it happens at the moment when tourists rest, and the local population works. In addition, such contacts are temporary and usually occur as part of the relationship between the buyer and the seller.

The overall impact of tourism, however, is more complex and can be both positive and negative. The most famous positive aspects of tourism impacts:

Job creation;
- increasing income, which leads to an increase in living standards;
- ensuring a more active role for women and young people in the field of services, causing the restructuring of the social structure at the current foreground;
- the growing demand for agricultural products;
- expansion of the production of handicrafts and primarily souvenirs.

The construction of means of tourist accommodation has a positive effect on the state of the conjuncture in construction. Local infrastructure is expanding and modernized (providing drinking water, road construction, new schools, etc.). The development of tourism has a beneficial effect on the revival of folk crafts, traditions and folklore. This, in turn, leads to the revival of local cultural life, is of interest to historical monuments, customs and local traditions, thereby contributing to the defense and proper use of natural and cultural heritage.

The development of tourism causes negative consequences primarily if it occurs without prior preparation, spontaneously or is not controlled. In such circumstances, the local population does not have the ability to adapt to what is happening. Negative consequences are also diverse:

For developing areas, the development of tourist resources is not an easy business. Experience teaches that the higher the level of the development of the region, large-scale and diverse other directions of its economy, the greater the likelihood that the development of tourism will be positive. That is why it is possible to conclude that it is not tourism contributes to the development of the region, and the development itself contributes to the expansion of tourist activities.

In accordance with another point of view, tourism only plays the role of a catalyst, or accelerator processes, which are due to industrialization, urbanization, as well as the impact of press, radio and television.

The main aspects of policies in the field of cultural tourism. Above the leading role of the WTO and UNESCO at the international level in the field of tourism and culture was emphasized, attention was drawn to the coordinating role of these organizations aimed at promoting cooperation, technology transfer, experience and management methods, as well as on the development of standards in tourism and culture. Other international organizations, intergovernmental and non-governmental, directly or indirectly interested in the fact that tourism can contribute to the preservation of cultural monuments and social values, could provide certain assistance to the WTO and UNESCO in their activities.

In our country, issues related to the protection of natural and cultural heritage, as well as with its use in tourist purposes, are engaged in numerous organizations at the local, regional and national levels.

Providing organizations whose competence includes issues of culture and tourism, status, relevant powers and budget funds is the first to successfully implement their activities. The most important aspect of the activities of these organizations is the development of policies in the field of culture and tourism, which is an indispensable condition for the tasks set by society in these regions. In addition, it is necessary to support the activities of national, regional and local public organizations in the field of culture and tourism (Tourist Associations, Culture Societies, the Association of Friends of Nature and Art, etc.).

In order to ensure an effective nature of such cooperation, it is necessary that cultural and tourist organizations will inform each other about the main directions of their work.

The policy of tourist development (marketing) should include the following main aspects at the local, regional and national levels:

Preparation of the list of tourist resources, in the process of which special attention should be paid to the classification of natural and cultural heritage and the definition of the most important objects for the development of tourism;
- determination of the main tourist districts and destinations and provision of relevant legal and administrative measures aimed at protecting and developing local natural and cultural resources;
- use for tourism of various categories of national treasure, including artificial and natural, material and intangible objects, as well as the development of the creative abilities of the local population (art, crafts, folklore);
- Conducting events aimed at raising local people and tourists in the spirit of respect for the cultural values \u200b\u200bof the edge.

The creation of new forms of cultural tourism is an integral part of the process of gradual approval of the new concept of culture and tourism in the framework of the general development process in which the man is given a central place. This determines the need to transform the old forms of tourism as its role in the life of modern society becomes more and more significant.

Tourism transformation includes changes and demand. The most serious changes in terms of tourist demand reflect the economic, social and cultural development (an increase in the number of business trips, vacation trips, as well as excursions and trips on weekends). As part of the "harmonious development of tourism", a number of practical solutions are offered. Their main goal is to ensure the harmonious inclusion of tourist admission to the social fabric of society and their linking with local recreational resources by participating tourists in local social and cultural life. This should be complemented by relevant urban development planning measures. The development of tourism, taking into account the visiting environment, can be carried out in various forms. However, the main goal remains to ensure a benevolent relationship between tourists and the local population.

An example of a new approach to traditional tourism forms is a recommendation for increasing the cultural content of inclusive tours. Here is the task of enriching these most popular forms of tourism with the help of local cultural values, even if we are talking about the organization of short-term excursions and specialized tours, the purpose of which is to familiarize with local art, history and archaeology, the expositions of museums and exhibitions.

4.6. Strategy for the development of new places of tourist destination

The purpose of this section is the definition and assessment of measures taken in connection with the promotion of the development of new tourist destinations as part of the harmonious economic and social development of individual regions, by a more balanced distribution of tourist flows.

The destination may be some kind of site, terrain, region or national territory. At the commercial level, tourist destinations cover all zones visited by seasonally or year-roundly defined number of people whose reasons for travel are not limited to rest. In practice, tourist destination is a chain of a "visitor" trip, tourist.

Causes and ways to appear new destinations. Tourist destination can be divided into two categories depending on the host ability. One of them includes big cities And in a position to accept a large number of visitors without the harmful effect on this place and not disturbing the tourist look. If the level of services engaged in visitor reception, and the conditions of hygiene are quite high, the hop of the number of visitors is the insufficient capacity of the accommodation.

There are, however, zones that admit only a certain level of saturation and have a limited possibility of reception, even if the placement tools can be expanded. Purpose of this kind are, for example, sea coasts or mountain resorts, whose reception opportunities are related to the environment and are determined by the indicators such as the beach size or the length of the slopes that can be used for skiing. If the level of nasa is exceeded, it will have negative consequences for the environment and society, and as a result of visitors that the destination will represent a smaller appeal.

In these circumstances, when the degree of saturation is achieved, the intensity of the process of movement of people does not increase anymore, and some potential visitors are sent to other places, creating favorable conditions for the emergence of new destinations. It is possible to increase the demand for travel, which in itself represents the source of new destinations.

Intensification of the process of movement of people. The growth and intensification of the process of movement of people represent an important stimulus to appear new destinations. The increase in the number of travel occurs not only in the regions giving traditionally a large number of tourists and travelers. All over the world, zones also expanded, where a large number of tourists come from, thus creating tourist flows that cause redistribution in the space of new places of tourist destination. Domestic tourism plays an important role in the development of zones that have high tourist potential, but are located far from traditional markets, turning them into new tourist destination.

Technological progress in communications, transport and other sectors affecting tourism. It is clear that technological progress in the field of communications and transport affects the increase in the number of travel. The very emergence of tourism was due to a revolution in transport, which included the construction of the first railways, development of maritime transport, and then air transportation and road transport deliveries.

The creation of air transport systems had two important consequences. First, it helped to expand the process of movement of people for long distances between urban centers, which became both zones that deliver tourists and tourist zones. Secondly, it contributed to the emergence of new places of tourist destination in the most distant and hard-to-reach regions of the world. The distance practically ceased to be a hindrance to tourism.

Cars of improved quality, as well as the construction of new roads (highways and motorways) gave another impetus to the process of movement of people. This led to the emergence of new destinations, especially for internal tourism, one of the largest components of which is tourism on weekends.

Progress in communication technology also helped expand travel opportunities. Thanks to modern methods of information, especially audiovisual, currently you can offer the general public visual samples and detailed information on little-known regions and remote countries that are attractive precisely because they are unknown, thereby stimulating the imagination and creating motives for travel.

The capabilities offered by means of communication, the telephone network and the booking system make it possible to provide such a position when the required conditions are saved throughout the journey and travel, even on a very long distance, convenient and accessible to everyone who has facilities and time. The safety of the trip for all time (from departure to home return) is one of the most important reasons for increasing the intensity of the process of movement of people.

And, finally, the technological methods applied in the placement sector, especially in the hotel sector, allowed to create more convenient conditions and offer a full selection of services, which was an important contribution to the development of tourism.

Expansion of the range of motifs for traveling. A trip as a voluntary action of individuals always includes two control points: the place of departure and place of arrival. These items play a different role, and their meaning varies depending on the type of travel. The motives of travel differ in accordance with whether the place of departure or place of arrival is put in the chapter.

If you look from the point of view of sending the place of departure, then the reason for the trip will answer the classic tourist motivation. It follows from the needs of the active vacation of the modern population, which is mainly surrounded by the industrialized and urban environment. In this case, the motives are determined by the need to rest, restore forces, psychological relaxation. External considerations may not play the role when these motifs are embodied on the trip. The destination is considered optional as a goal. It is optional, individual choice.

When the emphasis is on the destination, the element of the choice disappears and the destination acquires a mandatory. If, for example, the purpose of the trip is Congress, the question of choice does not occur. It is clear that in this case you should also look for a motive that encourages traveling a person, but it should be sought in the context of the social and professional environment of this person. In this case, the motive has one orientation and includes tourist destination from the very beginning.

The initial difference in tourist motifs actually contains various types of travel and implies numerous opportunities for the emergence of new destinations. Lifestyle diversification creates a richer choice of motives for travel: various concepts of vacations have been created, which focuses on culture, rest, connection with nature, and this, in turn, determines the emergence of new destinations. In addition, the economic, political, scientific and professional activities becomes more diverse, and this periodically attracts a large number of specialists or individuals who are interested in certain areas in various localities. All of these movements of people can be classified as forced convergence in a particular destination, that is, where Congress, Conference, Colloquium, Exposition, Exhibition, Fair, Business Meeting, and so on. In the category of trips with a mandatory destination ( But based on the most choice) includes sports trips (Olympic games, championships) or various cultural events (festivals and festivities).

The spontaneous appearance of the destination. In order to attract travelers, each destination should have their own appearance, which would justify the visit.

Some destinations appeared spontaneously in various districts, when none of individuals, enterprises, associations or organizations acted directly in terms of attracting travelers or the organization of reception. The organizers of trips and advertising will appear later, but this destination has already been developed.

This type of destination includes picturesque areas (mountain landscapes, flat woodland or coast) or interesting places that have gained special fame. Places rich in mineral and thermal sources with therapeutic properties become mineral resorts, when they are constantly visited by a large number of people who are sent there in the hope of correcting health.

In other cases, unknown places are associated with special events, which quickly attracts public attention to them. This may be because a film was filmed in this place or a major event of a historical, cultural or advertising nature occurred. At the same time, there are places that are highly valued for a long time due to their artistic heritage and who were destinations even before the contemporary phenomenon of tourism.

Planning new destinations. In modern conditions, the human and technological potential increased rapidly. Information systems received particularly widespread. The process of movement of people is not an exception to this rule, and the influence of its uncontrollable growth is difficult to predict and send to the right direction. In this regard, planning new destinations in accordance with more stringent criteria relating to the development of tourism is a logical alternative. The location, the scale and nature of the future destination should be selected in order to achieve the best balance in the movements of people to provide a more equitable redistribution of tourist flows and contribute to the economic and social development of various regions.

The nature of the tourist destination. Geographical location. The geographical location represents the first element in establishing the nature of the tourist destination. It is the main component of the destination and linked to other elements into a single integer, which is for the visitor, the image of the destination. In some cases geographical location In itself is a source, raw materials to create an incentive for the trip (beaches, mountains, mineral springs, etc.).

The climate is one of the important factors (the average number of sunny days a year, monthly temperature, precipitation, wind). Flora and fauna also contribute to a specific contribution to the attractiveness of the tourist destination. Ground and underground water resources are of particular importance for the functioning of the tourist resort under ideal conditions. And the last element to be noted is the distance of destination from zones supplying tourists.

Infrastructure. One of the main infrastructure problems (roads, highways, railways, sea and air transport, ports and airports) is to facilitate the movement of people between the areas supplying tourists and destinations. But the infrastructure also includes systems of supply, purification, processing used water.

Other infrastructure elements are energy sources, transmission and distribution of energy.

Society accepting tourists. The characteristics of the company hosting tourists is determined primarily by demographic factors (age and sexual structure, migration, population growth, activities, etc.), which are important when evaluating the human resources of the region. First of all, it is necessary to take into account the economic activity of the Company (agriculture, industry, services sector), as well as the impact of this activity on the environment.

An important factor is the standard of living of the local population: the income and distribution of it among various segments of the population, access to education, health care, social security, etc. The spiritual and cultural nature of the company hosting tourists is formed by its cultural and artistic buildings and various scientific, cultural and artistic events (meetings, concerts, exhibitions, festivals, folklore, etc.), as well as the production of craft products.

Services required for the process of movement of people. In addition to the overall economic activity, characteristic of the entire population, the area and zone of tourist reception should be able to provide specific services necessary for the places of tourist destination. These services are provided by the local population due to existing or new classes required by the presence of visitors: staff for travel agents, accommodation services, car rental, transport from airports, ports or railway stations, as well as guides and other personnel specializing in receiving delegations.

In hotels, personnel are required for reception (including delivery of baggage and elevator operation), room cleaning and for various additional services. In addition to hotel personnel, you should mention the persons placing visitors in their homes.

For the restaurant sector, a qualified composition of workers (cooks, confectioners, waiters) and auxiliary staff are also required. Places and forms of leisure Activity: Theaters, cinema, stadiums, sports fields, icy rollers, high-speed slopes and slalomes, funicular, swimming pools, beaches, concert halls, bars, cabaret, etc. All these types of leisure and Constructions should be managed and operated by personnel with different specialties: from artistic and folklore groups to mechanics responsible for the operation of equipment and mechanisms.

Trade arising in the process of people's movements is another source of economic activity of the population engaged in tourist reception. The originality of certain local products, various types of local trade (bazaars, fairs, etc.), the desire to bring home souvenir from this zone - all this is an incentive for shopping. Food, sports shops, photo products, shops on beaches, newspaper and tobacco kiosks, book shops. It is also important to sell craft products and objects of folk art, which enjoys very great demand Visitors, especially those who arrived from distant countries, or those belong to another cultural environment.

And finally, staff is also required for a number of public services: healthcare (doctors and auxiliary composition in medical institutions and pharmacies), public transport, mail, telecommunications, etc.

In certain places where tourists gather, it is also necessary to provide services to highly specialized personnel: doctors and technicians for treatment in balneological resorts, translators for congresses and other international events, as well as personnel specializing in organizing such meetings.

Goals of development of new destinations. The emergence of new places of tourist destination is closely related to the overall concern of states regarding international and national problems faced by modern society. Some of these problems are particularly acute (for example, a sharply pronounced inequality between developed and developing areas, unemployment, rejection of natural resources, etc.).

In search of solutions to these problems, it is impossible to miss the contribution from the type, which can be made as a result of the process of movement of people and the ability of new tourist destination places to revive the zones in which they are located. When determining the new places of tourist destination, the priority of goals should be taken into account, i.e. the creation of new jobs, the development of backward areas, environmental protection.

Development of areas of economic depression. In order for the tourist destination to play a positive specific role in the development of this region, especially in the long term, it is necessary to take into account three elements:

In the area where we are talking about, there should be no other field of activity that would be beneficial for him;
- the development of tourist destination should not interfere with the stable functioning of existing activities (for example, agriculture) and should not cause damage to the environmental or socio-cultural environment;
other existing sectors of the activity in this area should not interfere with the creation of a new tourist destination.

As a logical investigation of the above-mentioned development project should be well combined with the economic and social life of this area. Therefore, existing natural, historical and cultural factors need to be used reasonably. The infrastructure required for the tourist destination should be organized in such a way as to allow other sectors to receive benefits from it, and that the functioning of the tourist destination contributes to the development of existing sectors and stimulated the creation of other activities.

Creating workplaces with year-round employment in new destinations. It should be avoided to create new destinations focused solely on vacationing and leisure. In places of purpose of this kind, employment will always be seasonal. Destinations, trips to which are forced character (for example, terminal and wellness resorts), have a high probability of year-round action. They can function as a result of seasonal turnover of international and domestic clientele.

The main advantage of the constant action of these destinations is that stable jobs are being created for a large number of employers with very different qualifications.

Another way to create permanent jobs is to organize national and international meetings, conferences, congresses, colloquiums, symposia, round tables, business meetings, etc.

A decrease in the saturation of traditional destinations by distributing the movement process of people. Traditional destinations primarily experience high pressure as a result of the process of movement of people during the season "Peak". The greater fame is the locality, the higher its saturation. Although people have become more demanding on the quality of the environment, many still attach more importance to the social prestigious, which is related to the fame of the place where they spent their holidays than the quality of the holiday itself.

As general strategy There are two options for the movement of people. The first consists of actions in areas that deliver tourists where, with the help of advertising, an attempt is made to create demand for new destinations. This option is particularly applicable to destinations located in underdeveloped zones.

The second option is to create destinations along the main tourist routes.

This most direct impact on tourist flows does not exclude the need for active promotional activities in tourist markets. The nature of the new destination, which is intended to reduce saturation in the traditional destination, may be similar to the nature of the traditional destination, such as the creation of new ski tracks next to the saturation of winter resorts.

The response to new types of demand. All forms of the development strategy of new places of tourist destination are based on two main ideas:

a) models that have been successfully implemented in the past are not a guarantee of the success of the new destination;
b) A new destination should be developed in such a way that it can flexibly respond to changes that may occur on the market.

At the heart of these two ideas lies the same factor: constant changes in demand.

Thus, new destinations must correspond to changes in the demand and motives of trips that traditional destinations cannot be satisfied sufficiently; It is necessary to focus on the motives of tourist, cultural nature, the organization of rest, the desire of individuals to re-open the delights of rural life, the movement "back to nature" and so on.

Models of development of tourist destination. The tourist area management is carried out in accordance with the plan of its development and is a complex process of harmonizing relations between man and the environment.

Model A. The axial development of historical forces or cultural centers inside the zone. This model of tourist destination is based on the assumption that the main emphasis will be placed on the environment or cultural and artistic legacy existing in this region. If you use this model, it is extremely necessary for cities, historical attractions. In this case, the main axis of development of new destinations is the creation of infrastructure: a wide network of motorways, railways, airports, telecommunications, etc. The purpose of this infrastructure is to ensure the functional integration of various elements that form part of this territory: rural and urban settlements, coastal zones , land areas.

The areas of residence and recreation should be located both in those areas where the local population lives and in the centers allotted for visitors. When conducting new construction, it should be considered with a local architectural style and auxiliary buildings should not be too concentrated. The basic principle of this model is to combine buildings for visitors with those that are intended for the local population. This model implies not the creation of a new tourist destination, but the development of a network of attractions of interest to tourists.

Due to the fact that the destination is multipurpose, it is likely to function yearly. It will stop the outflow of the local rural population and will stimulate the "resurrection" of the ancient crafts, the historical and cultural resources will revive, will give a impetus to efforts on their restoration and preservation.

Model B. The development of a zone characterizing new interest centers. This is a variant of the model and in the sense that it also provides for the simultaneous development of the entire zone. But in this case, the efforts invested in the development of infrastructure are accompanied by the need for construction and equipment of a number of centers of interest to travelers.

The main territorial element is the environment, the development of which, as a rule, was not engaged before. This model assumes that the operations will be long-term and large-scale both in physical and in financial Plan. That is why the main assumption in the development strategy, which is based on this model, is that all possible investors will be taken into account and the necessary funds are sought.

The artificial element should be harmoniously combined with the natural environment when ensuring that this environment is used in the best possible way. If we are talking about the sea coast, the development should be planned in such a way as not to create a barrier between the sea and the coastal zone. Free spaces are recommended to alternate with built-up. Their density should depend on the profile of the territory and the needs of visitors. The main dwellings are distinguished by the population of this zone. It is necessary to ensure the working relationship between newly built centers and traditionally populated zones in order to include new destinations in the economic and social life of the region.

Model V. The gradual development of a large new zone as a counterweight to existing natural areas of attracting tourists. The main difference of this model is that it has a length in time and its area gradually expands. The choice of sites for new destinations is based on approaching to the largest centers with a large number of visitors.

The development of new tourist destination places is opposed to excessive development of some zones with natural attractive factors. Thus, new destinations with a large number of attractive factors will be inevitable with centers, moderate in their saturation, but integrated into the life of society.

Model Development with weak saturation and active contacts "Visitor - local resident". This development option is based on various prerequisites for organizing a new tourist destination. The zone is selected, where there are no urban centers and modern infrastructure. Since the probability of capital investments is extremely small, the main attractive factors are the nature and hospitality of the local population.

As a tourist destination area (Tourist village) includes a number of rural settlements in which the placement of visitors is fully integrated. Thus, the activities of local residents and tourists are also integrated, which allows them to better get acquainted with each other through direct contact. In particular, guests can be able to participate in the main types of employment of local residents (fishing, agriculture, crafts, etc.).

The profits received from tourism will give the opportunity to take part of the local population in addition to their income from the main types of economic activity, not forcing them to abandon the usual types of classes or traditional lifestyles.

This model is based on the principle of gradual development of tourist destination in order to avoid cultural shock arising from the presence of broad masses of tourists. It is important and the fact that the traditional activity of the local population continues without interrupting.

Models for marketing new tourist products. The development of new places of tourist destination depends mainly from the possibility of selling this product on the market. All development projects are impossible without a thorough study of the marketing methods of new tourist products.

Deep market study is the first requirement. It will allow you to find the ways of a sharp reduction of costs for product promotion. The main goal is to determine which areas of the market are the most profitable and promising.

Marketing strategy as a whole should be closely related to the tourist site profile. Thus, the destination described in the model A, requires wide advertising, taking into account the diversity of the sentence. Global advertising of the entire region is a characteristic feature of a marketing strategy for the type of destination described in the model B, but efforts to advertise a common product will be aimed at the allocation of various items or attractive centers that exist in this zone.

Characteristic traits of marketing for tourist products described in models in and g are based on the sentence of a proposal to clearly defined market sections. For example, for destinations located within the country, not far from the seaside resorts, advertising will be directed primarily on the clientele of these seaside resorts.

Measures to create a tourist product. Providing infrastructure. One of the main difficulties in creating a new tourist destination is related to infrastructure. Investments in this area do not bring direct income, and it is difficult to determine to what extent social entrepreneurship should participate in the creation of infrastructure.

The level of complexity of infrastructure depends on the profile of the tourist destination and its importance. In certain situations, the construction of access roads, water supply and sewage systems, power lines can be injured. In any case, quick access to intercity messages should be provided (usually airports), the system of highways and zones where new tourist destination have been created. So, on the coast, parking should be created for yachts in an amount corresponding to the capacity of destinations. In zones with complex, multifunctional means you need to create modern systems Communications (for example, Telex, computer network To book places in hotels, in transport, etc.), means of synchronous translation, etc.

Encouraging activities aimed at diversifying the tourist offer. Year-round activity depends on the creation of permanent jobs in a new destination. This goal can be achieved if the destination and its ability to receive visitors will correspond to a number of tourist motives (wearing both mandatory and optional).

With the aim of mass involvement of persons traveling on the motives of cultural nature, steps should be taken to hold traditional events (folklore, festival, etc.), the creation of schools for learning ancient folk arts and crafts (dancing, pottery, weaving, sewing of national clothes ).

It is recommended to provide all-effective support for organizing sports competitions, especially those that are traditional in the destination area. Such events attract a large number of participants and viewers from various regions of the country and guests from abroad.

Determining the type of property. If you do not take into account when a new destination is created on the basis of existing structures, the government's intervention sets the problem of communication between public and state property.

In some cases, state or regional authorities create infrastructure and then transmit (sell) places for the construction of the necessary structures. Another option, this is when the whole project is fully built by the state or the regional authority and subsequently the destination is operated by local bodies or transferred (sold) to tourist or mixed companies. Options depend on policies on the spot, the level of economic and social development and the type of tourist destination.

Selection of buildings. number different types Buildings (hotels, bungalows, secondary residencies, restaurants, bars, casino, etc.) is determined on the basis of legislation governing tourist development, and depending on the type of tourist destination.

Preservation of local culture and creating a typical architecture. Measures to integrate the new tourist destination to the economic and social structures of the region should be aimed at harmonious integration of buildings, activities and traditional values \u200b\u200bof the local population. The architecture of new buildings is the most important element in this series of events, since this is the most visual aspect of the new development.

The choice of a single architectural plan for the entire operation is an effective protection against the styles in the styles. If a desire to build on other architectural samples, the regional or local urban development plan and its strengthening is absolutely necessary to protect the local culture.

Preparation of provisions governing the maximum possibility of reception. The development plan should contain provisions governing the maximum admission ability.

Provisions governing the number of visitors in this zone should also contain a special mention of construction free areas. Thus, the problem of saturation can be presented in a wider plan, which takes into account not only the filling of the accommodation tools, but also the distribution of means of placement in the development zone.

Knowledge of the clientele (motifs of mandatory and optional). At the stage of planning a new destination, sufficient information should be obtained about the clientele so that you can answer the question of who this product is created. At the operation stage, it is necessary to find the answer to the question: who are our guests? Since tomorrow's clients will differ in both the socio-professional structure and on the rebirth, measures to study the clientele must be dynamically treated in time. Thus, it is necessary to regularly apply to specialized institutions for fresh information about the possibilities of changing the profiles of travel motifs: new types of active holidays and leisure (sports, excursions, water sports, etc.), trends in travel based on mandatory character (scientific, professional or business classes and interests).

Facilitating the promotion of new destinations in the domestic and international markets. The right to submit social tourism abroad should be regulated, promoting the market demand for tourism destination. At the same time, you need to fully or partially finance advertising activities or promotion.

Ensuring access to new destinations to all segments of the population. Provisions regulating the operation of new places of tourist destination must contain clear conditions.

New destinations should be available to all categories of visitors. The plans for their development it is necessary to provide inexpensive means of accommodation available for social layers with moderate income. Additional measures are needed to stimulate youth tourism.

The development of new places of tourist destination requires joint efforts to cooperate between social tourism authorities, state and regions. Among such measures, you can call joint planning and construction, protection and environmental protection and advertising campaigns - when new destinations are created in regions remote from the main tourist markets.

4.7. World tourist complex as a supersystem

Tourists choose from the whole complex of services offered to them the most pleasant and attractive. The enjoyment obtained from any harmonious whole, and ample opportunities for this are a factor determining the choice. However, the combination of a set of attractions, good transport, good food organization, availability of hotels and ample opportunities for entertainment are not an optimal set of conditions for the successful functioning of the tourist complex.

Specialists involved in planning tourist complexes on a holistic basis must have a gift from a holistic perception, a comprehensive vision of many small problems of the outside world. At the same time, the first step in planning should be the formation of an inductive basis for a holistic perception.

Until now, when planning tourist complexes, no attention was paid to the fact that the purpose of tourism is the dialogue between the traveler and the phenomena of another world. Most often, the tourist was done by means of achieving commercial success, however, until now the medium tourist noticed rarely.

Spiritually liberated tourist of the future - often traveling individually tourist - during his trips, it seems from the objects visited by him, depending on which he builds its further activities (which is well known to the guides of tourist groups). In addition, in the future, the tourist will constantly monitor how it is served, and this will become its characteristic feature. An integrated approach to tourism services stimulates the curiosity of the tourist and contributes to the development of his personality. This cannot be achieved by providing only specialized services.

The World Tourist Complex is also subject to universal laws, since, due to these laws, it exists - because, like other social systems, it depends on natural factors.

If the climate and weather conditions of different times of the year can be considered as changes in a certain subsystem of natural factors, then the tourist complex is definitely we can consider as an organic system that grows and dies. It develops as a living organism, - from the lower to the highest, from the simpler for more complex forms. It consists of a variety of subsystems and elements that can be classified primarily in geographical, temporary and thematic principles.

At the first acquaintance with the system of supply in the field of tourism, it becomes obvious that it mainly consists of tourism facilities as such (as initial motivators, what determines the demand and for which tourists choose this region), as well as from the complementary secondary elements, and It is the services that make tourist trips more pleasant. To connect the main elements of the tourist complex (OETK) with secondary elements of the tourist complex (VETU), which acquire market value only in their totality, the third subsystem is necessary - organizational services, or organizational elements of the tourist complex (Corporation).

Next to these subsystems of proposals within the framework of the common tourist complex there is also a demand subsystem. It includes tourist agencies and trips organizers that form an intermediate link between supply and suggestions, ensuring the satisfaction of the demand of tourists, people traveling on business trips, conference, congresses, etc., as well as people relating to special sociological groups ( For example, disabled).

The structure of these subsystems is presented in detail below, in the structural model of the tourist complex. Tourist complexes of all discharges, whether it is the World Complex, a complex of a separate country, a separate region (for example, the Moscow region) or the area (for example, the district of Sergiyev Posada), have the same structure.

Structural model of a holistic tourist complex. The tourist complex includes at least one element of four subsystems. The value of each of the components of the whole can be understood and evaluated, only understood and evaluating the significance of all other components. Therefore, the study of the tourist complex as a whole should be started with the simultaneous consideration of all its components. These components are:

1. Basic elements of the tourist complex (OETK):

Natural features of the region;
- cultural features of the region;
- Specially created for the tourist complex as its main elements objects, structures, etc.

2. Secondary elements & NBSP tourist complex (WETC):

Transport service system;
- power supply system and hotel service;
- entertainment and spectacular sphere;
- retail system; Guides services.

3. Organizational elements of the tourist complex
(Organization):

Organization of planning and management in the field of tourism;
- Advertising and information;
- Marketing organization.

4. Elements of the subsystem of demand of the tourist complex:

Tourist agencies;
- organizers of travel;
- individual tourists;
- Organizers of day excursions.

Impeccable close interaction between the four subsystems is the main prerequisite for the successful functioning of the complex as a whole. Only subject to intensive interaction and exchange of information between all subsystems, when each individual client (guest or tourist) offers an optimally balanced set of services, we can talk about the tourist complex as a theoretically perfect unified system. Consequently, when planning and implementing tourism development activities, you should always strive for optimal results.

To study the above structural model, a region was chosen in which, due to its diversity and uniqueness, as in any other, the action of the elements of the subsystems appears. This is the region of Sergiyev Posad, the world-famous historical and cultural city with a developed tourism infrastructure. There is urban tourism here. Tourists come here to spend their vacation. Grand events are organized in the city, as in the area. In addition, through Sergiev, Posad passes the highway connecting the Moscow region with the North-West of Russia, as a result of which a significant number of people traveling through the city is passing through the city. As part of the tourist complex of the region, it is closely associated with tourist complexes of neighboring architectural and historical centers visited by a huge number of tourists.

Nature as one of the main elements of the tourist complex. The main natural feature of Sergiev Posad is the surrounding forests. Since the potential of this forest chain is far from being fully used by VETEC subsystems, visitors to the city located in the region perceive them just like a great background. However, as VETEC subsystems are developed (in particular, the network of restaurants and entertainment and entertainment objects) the attractive force of this element will be able to quickly and constantly increase. Only in close relationship with all other subsystems, each subsystem, including a combination of natural elements of the tourist complex, is able to realize its potential.

Currently, the unique nature of the district of Sergiev Posad is used for tourism purposes only in a very modest scale. There are numerous opportunities that may remain unused in the implementation of programs aimed at the development of urban and district tourism under the implementation of the VETC and OETK. There would be appropriate events for the development of tourism in the vicinity of the city.

Culture as one of the main elements of the tourist complex. Features of the culture of various regions of the world increasingly encourage people to spend travel vacation with cognitive objectives. Objects visited by tourists in this case contribute to the expansion of their overall outlook and their spiritual enrichment. So culture as a set of major elements of the tourist complex is the main subsystem of elements.

Sergiev Posad as a city where the center of the Moscow region is located, has numerous architectural monuments, mainly relating to the classical samples of Russian architecture, the listing of which can be infinite.

Elements of the infrastructure of the tourist complex. The above-mentioned subsystems of natural and cultural elements are often the main for the main elements of the tourist complex, specially created as part of the tourist infrastructure.

In urban tourist complexes, there are halls, cathedrals, temples, churches, ensembles, thematic parks, etc.

This subsystem, tourist firms pay special attention when planning their activities. In existing tourist conversion complexes in order to improve the proposal, they affect this subsystem mainly.

To ensure the full development of the three elements three discussed above, the presence of two more subsystems of the tourist complex, with which these three groups of elements should join the strategic union. These subsystems are five groups of secondary elements and three groups of organizational elements of the tourist complex.

The subsystem of secondary elements of the tourist complex is an complementary system of services, and the subsystem of organizational elements of the tourist complex is a system of planning and active stimulation of all elements of the complex.

The subsystem of secondary elements of the tourist complex (VETC) includes the following types of additional services:

1) Elements of transport services;
2) Elements of the system of nutrition and hotel service;
3) elements of a system of leisure facilities and entertainment;
4) elements of the retail system;
5) Services of guides and accompanying persons.

These groups of elements make up a certain skeleton, to a certain extent not subject to the laws of a holistic organization. First of all, we are talking about transport infrastructure, which, as all relatively unchanged structures, has a property, on the one hand, to provide support, and on the other on the frost. Thus, the transport infrastructure with holistic planning should be given primary attention.

A person who is located in the city or terrain who is not a permanent residence must provide food and should also take care of its safety. For a person traveling during his holiday or leisure, these needs are not in the full sense of the word by physical needs, the satisfaction of which is necessary for its physical existence. Rather, they relate to the same category as the demand for luxury items.

Although these minor types of services that exist in the tourist complexes of cities and regions themselves, as a rule, cannot radically increase the flow of tourists, they significantly contribute to the successful functioning of the tourist complex, part of which they are.

The secondary elements of the tourist complex are most appreciated "Rule of equal, corresponding to each other opportunities (Balance of Capacities)", which states that if the possibilities of transport infrastructure do not meet quantitative and qualitative requirements (for example, insufficient in order to serve all Riding for any holiday), there is a serious disharmony, as well as this is in other secondary elements of the tourist complex.

Too big opportunities are also an interference as too small. Ultra-high, or prestigious, quality in the future will create the same obstacles to commercial success, as well as extremely low quality.

Consequently, those who make decisions and implements planning in the field of tourism, should feel the same responsibility for the state of this subsystem, as well as the condition of the subsystems of the main elements of the tourist complex.

The subsystem of organizational elements of the tourist complex should consist of the following elements:

1) tourism management (tourism policy, the main objectives pursued in this area, organizational issues, etc.), planning at the city or regional level;
2) tourist advertising and information;
3) marketing in the field of tourism.

Tourism in this city or region can successfully develop only if this subsystem of organizational elements of the tourist complex will be truly a dynamic system organizing harmonious interaction between all subsystems and those engaged in such issues as an increase in the thematic wealth and diversity of tourist facilities, their territorial expansion and diversity and An increase in hours of their work.

The tourist complex even with an excellent organization of all the above-described subsystems and elements will remain "dead" without a demand subsystem. It is thanks to her a tourist complex becomes an organism. The demand subsystem consists of three groups of elements:

1) persons traveling on a business trip either for the congress, holiday, manifestation, conference, etc.;
2) tourists;
3) persons traveling for sociological reasons (visiting relatives, pilgrimage, etc.).

Demand performs in two concrete forms:

1) individual trips or individual tourism;
2) Group trips.

The main elements of the tourism demand infrastructure are firms engaged in organizing travel, tourist agencies, airlines, organizers of congresses, conferences, associations, large enterprises and marketing organizationsserving tourist firms.

The strategic planning of the activities of the tourist complex of this city or region should be focused on both its customers themselves, to any category they relate and on spiritual capital received from them through regular and comprehensive surveys.

Tourism develops in our country at a huge speed. This is a fairly profitable industry, which is ideal for where to start a tourist business, and how to make it successful you will learn in this article.

Business registration

Tourist activity is not subject to licensing, it can be engaged in both legal entities and private entrepreneurs. Before starting tourist business from scratch, all legal actions established by law should be performed.

The tour operator must have financial support or banking guarantee:

• International tourism - 30 million rubles;
• Inbound tourism - 10 million rubles;
• Domestic tourism - 500 thousand rubles;

It is not necessary to have such an amount in a bank account. It is enough just to insure your activities. The cost of the insurance policy is 0.4% of the total. The tour operator must be registered in the Unified Federal Register.

In addition, it is necessary to obtain a certification certificate that is a confirmation that all services provided by your company comply with the established standards. The more in your office of various diplomas and certificates, the more customers will trust you. It may be diplomas issued for charity, or for participating in various advertising campaigns.

Start-up capital

If you do not have the tools that you can invest business, at first you can not rent a room for office. Enough have many acquaintances and friends, telephone and computer with internet access. Sell \u200b\u200btours that offer large tourist companies and get commissions from this. Came money earned to save the starting capital.

In addition, you can get a bank loan for property deposit. It is not necessary to hope for investors as they reluctantly invest in tourist activities.

In order for the business to develop, it is necessary to invest in it a certain amount of money.

Scheme: Business Plan Travel Agency

Basic articles of expenses:

• Office rental;
• Salary to employees;
• Advertising.

You will spend 6-12 thousand rubles for tourist business registration. If you want to avoid problems related to the design of documents, you can purchase a ready-made business. The acting travel agency costs 1-1.5 million rubles. For this money, you will get a well-established business with advertising, accumulated client Base and office. But this option is suitable for entrepreneurs who have quite serious capital. And, as a rule, profitable business No one will sell, so be careful before buying.

In general, the organization of tourist business will need a small starting capital. Open this case can anyone.

Room

Under office, you can remove a small room, an area of \u200b\u200bno more than 20 square meters. meters. It must be in an area with good transport accessibility, developed infrastructure and convenient parking. The best place to develop a tourist business is the city center. Usually there are many potential customers.

Pay special attention to the signboard. It should be bright and attractive. You can use for this volume letters or a glowing box.

Equipment

Try to make a good repair in the office, since your future customers are wealthy people who are accustomed to comfort. In the corner of the client, put a sofa and a small table. The interior of the room can be issued in the corporate style and add some tourist attributes. Prepare jobs for employees.

To do this, you will need:

• Chairs;
• Tables;
• Phones;
• Computers;
• Office equipment.

Choose good Internet providerSince the success of your business largely depends on this. A slow connection or communication breaks can cause the client to give up your services.

Criteria for choosing employees

Do not take to work your friends or relatives. Friendly relationship is quite difficult to translate into business. Hire staff that will meet your requirements.

Travel agency staff should know foreign languages \u200b\u200band have experience in this area.

Pay special attention to the personal qualities of applicants:

• Maneru of the conversation;
• The ability to competently state thoughts;
• The ability to allocate important moments;
• Serious attitude to work;
• The ability to communicate with unfamiliar people and find a common language with the most demanding customers.

The presence of these qualities is much more important than experience in the tourism business, as employees will communicate directly with customers.

At the start, it is enough to hire a 2-3 manager who will find customers, and engage in their service. On their salary you will have to spend the same amount as the office rental. To improve labor productivity, promote employees with prizes and free holidays.

On the tourist market In our country there is a high level of competition. Therefore, if you decide to open the tourist business and want to keep afloat, you need to stick to simple rules:

1. First of all, develop a competent business plan of the travel agency. Remember that your competitors will be large companies that have been working on the market. If you do not have experience in this area, you can finish special courses, and work for some time by the tourism manager. Thanks to this, you can get an idea of \u200b\u200bhow travel agencies work;
2. Decide on the direction of activity. Work in the area in which you are most competent. For example, if you were engaged in organizing tours to Europe, you can continue to work in this direction;
3. Create links. Your task is to convey to potential customers that they can completely rely on your agency. Thanks to this, you will save customer time and funds that would have to spend on advertising.

Profit

To understand whether the tourist business is beneficial, it is necessary to deal with what income is getting such a company. The profit of the travel agency is the difference between the cost of the tour from the tour operator and the price on which it was sold to the client.

How to create a profitable tourist company in Russia

Additional income can be obtained from providing advice to customers, as well as sales of air tickets. If we talk about commissions that travel agency receives from the sale of vouchers, then in small firms it is 10-15% of the cost of the tour, and in well-known tour operators - 18-20%. It follows from this that the profitability of this business is very significant. If you sell approximately 3 vouchers per day, you can earn about 150 thousand rubles per month.

Travel agency for franchise

It is worth noting that the tourist business in Russia is susceptible to serious risks. Many young companies cease their activities in the first month of work. To avoid this, you can purchase a franchise from a well-known travel company. A beginner entrepreneur can use her brand, a management model and business methods. But for it will have to pay a certain amount. According to experts, to purchase a franchise is much more profitable than to cover losses arising from independent activities.