What was the name of the first computer network. In what year the Internet appeared. When the abbreviation WWW appeared

In May 1961, Kleinrock published an article entitled "The Flow of Information in Wide Communication Networks." In 1962, the American scientist Licklider became the first director Technical office information processing (IPTO) and offered his vision of the network. The ideas of Kleinrock and Licklider were supported by Robert Taylor. He also proposed the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a system that later became known as Arpanet.

This computer network became the prototype of the modern world wide web.

The first steps

In the late 60s of the 20th century, the Internet began to develop. Summer 1968 working group under the chairmanship of Elmer Shapiro, discussed how the main computers can communicate with each other.

In December 1968, Elmer Shapiro, together with the Stanford Research Institute, published under the title A Study of the Parameters of Computer Network Design. This work was used by Lawrence Roberts and Barry Wessler to create the final version of a specialized mini-computer (IMP).

Later, BBN Technologies received a grant to design and build a computer subnet.

In July 1969, the Internet was discovered by the general public when the University of California at Los Angeles issued a press release.

In 1969, the first switch was shipped to the University of California, Los Angeles, and with it the first dedicated mini-computer. In the same year, the first signal is sent from the switch to the computer.

The emergence of email

The first e-mail was sent in 1971 by programmer Ray Tomlinson. The first message was transmitted between two cars literally standing side by side. After successfully sending the message, Ray Tomlinson sent emails to your colleagues, explaining how to send such messages.

The instructions for sending e-mail referred to the fact that the "dog" sign separates the username and the name of the computer from which the message is written.

This is how Ray Tomlinson became the creator of email.

Other inventions

After the creation of e-mail, scientists continued to come up with new inventions.

In 1974 a commercial version of Aparnet appeared, called Telenet.

In 1973, engineer Bob Metcalfe proposed the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating Ethernet.

In 1977, Dennis Hayes and Dale Hetherington release the first modem. Modems are becoming popular among Internet users.

Great contribution to development modern internet contributed by Tim Berners-Lee. In 1990, he invented the HTML code, which greatly influenced appearance the Internet.

Most modern internet browsers are descended from the Mosaic browser. It is the first graphical browser used on the World Wide Web and was created in 1993. Its authors are Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina.

Today we cannot imagine life without the Internet. The Internet has become for us both a source of information and a means of communication. For many, the worldwide network is an opportunity to make good money. A favorite movie, an awaited book, hot news - you can find anything you want on the Internet. But it was not always so. There were times when we did not even know about such a miracle of technology as a computer, what can we say about the Internet! I wonder who created the Internet and when. What is the history of the creation of the Internet. For what purposes the Internet was created. And whether its creators thought what their idea would result in.

Who created the computer and when: the long journey of computing

Yes, you are not mistaken! Despite the fact that the topic of our conversation is: who created the Internet and when, we will have to step back from it a little. You must admit that without “smart electronics” there would be no Internet. Therefore, first, let's find out who created the computer and when.

Due to the different classification of computers, the indications about the date of their appearance may differ. Opening "komputers" differ from the technique that we are used to seeing now.

People have always tried to simplify the painstaking computational process and automate it. Trial swallows can be called ordinary abacus and the adding machine, invented back in 1820. And in 1822, the English mathematician Charles Babbage prepared the concept of an intelligent machine, which later became considered the prototype of the first automatic computer. Unfortunately, until the full implementation of the project, there was not enough financial resources.

It is interesting! The concept of "computer" was first used in 1613. And it meant not a machine, but a person performing some computational actions.

The first experimental programmable model was a machine called the Z1. It was created by the German engineer K. Zuse in 1938. On the basis of the Z1 principle, he created the first Z3 computer in 1941, which already possessed the main characteristics of today's personal computers.

A year later, American physicists began work on the creation of an electronic "thinking machine." The project became the prototype of the first electronic computer, named ENIAC. The first computer was created by the American John Mockley in 1946.

Curious, but true!The first computers were so bulky that they often took up an area the size of a three-room apartment. And their weight reached 28 tons!

As for personal computers, their development began in the 1970s, when for the sake of exploration, "thinking machines" were assembled at home. And the first commercial PC was the Altair 8800. It was created in 1975 by Henry Edward Roberts.

It is impossible not to note a significant contribution to the development computer technology Americans Wozniak and Jobs. It was they who took an important step towards the computers with which we are used to working today. In 1976, these two people developed a programmable device. And the main purpose of "Apple", that is how Wozniak and Jobs called their brainchild, were video games. In the future, the whole corporation "Apple" under the leadership of Jobs began to produce personal computers.

And computers, designed by IBM in 1986, became the subject of mass exploitation in the nineties. These machines already featured a 16-bit Intel processor and software Microsoft.

Who created the internet and when

Well, that's all, let's leave the topic “who created the computer and when” - after all, she is not the hero of the day. Let's go directly to the question: who created the Internet and when. After all, the opportunities that he gives us today are simply colossal! For many today, it is the World Wide Web that is the main source of income.

By the way, if you also want to take part in generating income through the Internet, but have not yet decided on the type of activity, we suggest studying the publication.

And we go directly to the topic.

How it all began

The Internet was "born" in the United States of America. It was the US Department of Defense in 1957 that thought about the need to own a proven information barter system. So in 1969, the ARPANET project appeared, which united four scientific institutions to create an information network.

And the date of birth of the Internet is October 29, 1969, when the first communication took place between the University of Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Center. At 21:00, the first communication attempt was made, which was unsuccessful. And an hour and a half later, an employee from Standford saw on his screen a word sent to him by a representative of the University of Los Angeles.

Two years later, e-mail was already invented, through which people could communicate over the Internet. And its founder was Ray Tomlison. He also invented the "dog" symbol that is still used today in any email address. It was from 1971, when e-mail appeared, that the network was able to interest millions of users and began to be considered global.

It is interesting! IN different countries The dog symbol is called differently. For example, in Greece its name is little duck, and in Germany it is called a hanging monkey.

What's next: development prospects

1973 saw the first world debut of the Internet. To American information system Norway and Great Britain were connected via a transatlantic telephone cable.

And exactly ten years later, the term "Internet" itself appeared, which became both a means of communication and a platform for placing news and advertising feeds.

In 1988, the here and now communication service, the so-called "chat", appeared. And 1989 is considered the year of the emergence of the true World Wide Web. This has become a reality thanks to the emergence of the special abbreviation WWW. Invented single network World Wide Web Briton Tim Berners-Lee by combining existing information networks into one. He also created the browser, and in 1990 the first website.

Internet in Russia

Long time in the Soviet Union information Technology developed in parallel with the western ones. In many ways, their development became possible due to the appearance in the USSR of sources for the use of Western microprocessor base. Although Soviet scientists had their own progressive developments.

So, in the 1950s. computer networks were formed for projects to develop missile defense infrastructure. All data were accumulated on computers such as "Diana-I" and "Diana-II".

In the 1970s. data networks have also been used in civilian environments. For example, systems such as ASU-Express and Sirena, which made it possible to reserve rail and air tickets.

The first institute connected to the global network was the Kurchatov Institute. It happened in the 1980s. And in 1990 the all-Union computer network "RELKOM" was created. At the same time, the domain was registered Soviet Union.

In 1992, the first providers appeared in the Russian Federation. And April 1994 was marked by the registration of the national domain.Ru.

Who made Google: name in the studio!

If we are talking about the Internet, such important points its development, like the creation of Google and YouTube. And first, we find out the name of the one who created Google.

Today it is simply impossible to imagine the Internet without Google. It turns out that this most popular search engine in the world was born out of an ordinary student project! Moreover, its creators did not even count on success, the project was a kind of experiment.

And Google was created by two students Sergey Brin and Larry Page. In 1996, the idea emerged from the annual scientific project, which had to be handed over to partners. Then it was the search engine "Back Rub". And a year later it became known as Google. A year later, the partners have already organized their own corporation "Google".

The original staff of the company consisted of only four people under the leadership of Brin. But since 1999 only the lazy did not know about the company. The peak of success for partners was in 2004.

It is interesting! Truly fabulous conditions have been created for the employees of the company, distinguished by their democratic character. For example, 20% of the working time employees can go about their business, compensating for their maximum return in the remaining 80%. Also, staff are allowed to bring to workplace their pets.

By the way, on the pages of our site you can find an interesting review, which will introduce you even closer to this search engine.

So, the name of who created Google was recognized. Let's move on to the second point and find out who created YouTube and when.

Who created YouTube and when

Not two, but three people took part in the creation of YouTube. And it happened in 2005. It is noteworthy that the creators of YouTube, as well as the founders of Google, did not even think that their innocent venture would find such success.

So, when - in 2005, who created YouTube - S. Chen, C. Hurley and D. Carim. All these comrades, while working at PayPal, decided to bring personal service to life.

The original YouTube format was somewhat different from the format we are used to seeing today. The benchmark for its creation was the HotOrNot service, where users could share their photos and rate the pictures of other users. But the concept of partners was still based on the video.

This is curious! Initially, the project was conceived as a kind of dating site with video content. Therefore, the date of registration of his domain was February 14.

The first video appeared on the service in April 2005, when one of the creators of YouTube appeared in front of cages with elephants. It was an unremarkable video that lasted 18 seconds. But the main objective - public testing of the site - has been achieved.

It is noteworthy that newly registered users posted videos of various topics on the site, and not just for the purpose of dating. So, already in May 2005, the developers changed the concept and abandoned the original idea of \u200b\u200bthe dating site.

Now attention!In November 2006, YouTube was acquired by Google. The company is constantly working to improve the service by developing new applications.

YouTube appeared in Russia in 2007. Today, in addition to news, music and humorous video materials in great demand use the so-called video blogs, where users upload subject videos, targeted at a wide audience.

Conclusion

Well, it's time to return from the virtual world to the real world. Today, we not only found out who created the Internet and when, but also found out when the computer appeared and who created the popular services Google and YouTube. Now ask yourself the question: what would we do without all this? Reflect at your leisure: you can come to completely different conclusions!

We can name the creators of the steam engine, airplane, or cinema. However, many brilliant scientists and teams of entire universities took part in the creation of the Internet. The technology developed rather slowly, so in different years contribution to the formation of " global web"Were contributed by a variety of people.

Like most other advanced technologies for its time, the Internet appeared as military development... The first attempts to create a wireless means of communication began in the midst of the Cold War. The US leadership was concerned about the USSR's successes in space exploration. According to a number of American military specialists, space technologies would make the Soviet Union absolutely invulnerable in the event of an armed conflict. Therefore, immediately after the successful launch of the Soviet "Sputnik-1" in 1957, the development of a new system for data transmission began in America. All research was conducted under the auspices of the US Department of Defense and was kept in deep secrecy. In building new technology the technical departments of the best universities in the country took part.

In 1962, an employee at the University of Massachusetts, part-time in the Office of Advanced research projects under the US Department of Defense (ARPA) - Joseph Licklider - offered his solution to the problem. Licklider believed that communication could be done through computers. Under his leadership in the 1960s, work began on a project called ARPANET. It was planned that messages in such a network would be transmitted entirely, but such a transmission had several serious flaws: the inability to interact with a large number of users, high cost, inefficient use of network bandwidth, inability to function normally when individual network components were destroyed.

A scientist from the University of California, Paul Baran, began to work on eliminating these shortcomings. The result of his work was a new way of transmitting information - packet switching. In fact, each message was split into several packets, each of which went to the addressee through its own channel. Thanks to this technical solution, new network data transmission became practically invulnerable.

At the end of 1969, a historic event took place - the first message was transmitted over the ARPANET. The communication session took place between the universities of California and Stanford and was crowned with success only on the second attempt. It took an hour and a half to transmit the short word “login” over a distance of 640 km. At that time, only 4 computers located in different universities in America were connected to the network. By the early 1970s, e-mail was established, allowing the exchange of messages within the network. And at the same time, the Internet ceased to be an exclusively American system. Universities of Hawaii, Great Britain and Norway joined the network. As the number of computers on the network grew, their interaction became slower and out of sync.

Another scientist who worked at ARPA, Winston Surf, was engaged in establishing the integration of computers into a single network. Surf has developed two protocols:

• transmission control protocol (TCP);
• and additional Internet Protocol (IP).

Thanks to the joint work of the two protocols, it became possible to establish communications between many computers located around the world.

Internet before WWW

In the 1980s, ARPANET was already a fairly convenient tool with which universities, research laboratories and institutes could communicate with each other. In 1984, the domain name system emerged. Each of the computers connected to the network was assigned its own domain name. Over time, this system has changed: the domain has become just a part of a set of email addresses, and not the name of a specific device. For convenience, usernames and domain names were separated from each other by the @ symbol. Later, a new way of communicating on the network appeared: computer owners could not only send files to each other, but also communicate in real time in special chats.

In order to simplify the exchange of e-mail in 1991, the first corresponding program appeared. However, all this time the Internet remained only a set of channels for transferring data from one computer to another, and only the leading scientists of Europe and the USA used it. The revolutionary decision that made the Internet the property of all computer owners was the emergence and further development WWW systems.

The emergence of WWW

In the early 1990s, English physicist and programmer Tim Berners-Lee began work on open system, which would allow placing various data on the network, so that any user could have access to them. It was originally planned that this system would allow physicists to exchange the necessary information. This is how the well-known global network appeared - the World Wide Web (WWW). To place and search for data on the digital network, additional tools were required:

• hTTP data transfer protocol;
• hTML language, thanks to which it became possible to design websites;
• The URI and URL with which a specific page could be found and linked to.

The very first site in the world was created in August 1991 by Berners-Lee himself. On the page with the address info.cern.ch, the creator of the global network described the new data placement system and how it works.

Over the next five years after the creation of the WWW, 50 million users joined the network. To facilitate Internet surfing, a browser was developed - Netscape, in which there were already functions for scrolling and following hyperlinks. The first search engine was Aliweb, which was later replaced by Yahoo !. Since the internet speed was very slow, the site builders could not use a large number of images and animations. The first sites were predominantly text-based and were rather inconvenient for users. For example, in order to follow a hyperlink, the user had to type on the keyboard the serial number of this hyperlink, indicated in square brackets.

In 1992, America passed a law allowing the use of the Internet for commercial purposes. After that all large companies started to acquire their own sites. Pages appeared with the help of which it was possible to reserve a table in a cafe, order food or buy something from consumer goods. Many major magazines and newspapers began to publish their issues on the Internet. To get access to such an electronic edition, you had to buy a subscription.

A new milestone in the digital revolution was the emergence social networksthat allowed people from all over the world to communicate.

In Russia, the introduction of Internet technologies began in 1990, and in 1994 the domain.ru appeared. Initially, Russian sites, as well as American ones, were mainly devoted to advanced technological developments and news from the world of science. The very first domestic site was the catalog of English and Russian-language resources located at 1-9-9-4.ru.

Before you start reading this article, we offer you a small survey, and after reading the article you can test your own knowledge of the history of the Internet. So, when do you think the internet came about?

Today, few people can imagine themselves without access to the Internet, each of us has a lot of gadgets, computers, tablets, smart TVs and many other devices that are firmly entrenched in our lives. And I'm sure that many of us periodically ask themselves the question - and when was the internet is invented? What year, by whom?

The first prototype of the Internet appeared in the United States of America back in 1969. All this took place in the strictest secrecy, the development was carried out directly by the United States Department of Defense and the goals of its creation were far from those in which we now use the world wide web.

The APRANET network was created for the following purposes:

• exploring ways to maintain stable communications in the face of a nuclear attack;
• conducting experiments in the field of computer communications;
• development of the concept of distributed control of military and civilian structures during the war.
• combining the scientific potential of research institutions;

The abbreviation APRANET stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The first ARPANET server was installed on September 1, 1969 at the University of California, Los Angeles. The Honeywell 516 computer had 12 KB random access memory... These are ridiculous numbers by today's standards, but back then it was just a "beast". At the beginning of its activity, the APRANET network looked like this:

However, progress did not stand still, and by 1980 the network had changed and expanded significantly.

By the end of the 1970s, various data transfer protocols began to develop rapidly, which were standardized in 1983. John Postel played a very important role in the development and standardization of network protocols. On January 1, 1983, the ARPANET completely switched from NCP to TCP / IP, which is still successfully used to connect networks. It was in 1983 that the term "Internet" was assigned to the ARPANET.

But time does not stand still and competitors do not sleep, already in 1984 the ARPANET network had a serious rival, the US National Science Foundation (NSF), which founded its own an extensive inter-university network NSFNet (National Science Foundation Network), which was made up of smaller networks. This network had a much higher throughputthan ARPANET, and within a year more than 10 thousand computers were connected to this network. The title of the "Internet" network began to move smoothly to NSFNet.

In 1989, in Europe, within the walls of the European Council for Nuclear Research (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN), the concept of the World Wide Web was born. It was developed by the great British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who within two years created the HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), the HTML standardized document markup language on the World Wide Web. Most web pages contain HTML markup descriptions. HTML is interpreted by browsers; the resulting formatted text is displayed on a computer monitor, or mobile device and URIs.

On December 20, 1990, Tim Berners-Lee, while working in Switzerland, created and connected to the network the world's first website. The Briton just wanted to make it a little easier for fellow scientists from CERN to find the necessary information for which he invented a hypertext electronic page. The first site looked like a simple text page with a few phrases and links describing what the "World Wide Web" is and how to use it. By the way, this very first site in the world operates to this day, and is available for viewing at the link http://info.cern.ch

When did the Internet appear in Russia? In Russia, the first network connected to the Internet was the RELCOM network, created in 1990 on the basis of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow. The creators of the network - physicists - sought to get a channel of operational communication with their Western colleagues, primarily for joint research. However, as is often the case, the Russian Internet subnet they created soon acquired an independent significance. In 1996, this network already had about 300 nodes and had tens of thousands of subscribers.

How many users are there on the Internet? Today, more than 3.5 billion people worldwide have access to the Internet. Most users from developing countries - about 2.5 billion According to the UN, the total world population in 2016 reached 7.3 billion people.

To summarize, we can say with firm confidence that there is no definite answer to when the Internet appeared, but in our opinion, the most correct answer to this question will be this option:

Good afternoon friends. Most homes in our country now have computers. We are so used to them that they become integral part at home. Many people without the Internet do not see the meaning of their existence.

People are already accustomed to it, if something is unknown, you need to look on the Internet. How to make a veranda? - look on the internet. What will the weather be like soon? Also, the Internet will easily tell you.

And when did the Internet appear, and in what year? Most users find it difficult to answer about this, despite the fact that it has become so firmly established in our lives. But, let's then we, try to deal with this issue?

So what is the Internet, or the global network? I would call it a community of computers interconnected through special cables or wave connections. Computers can range from small size, like pocket PCs, to huge size, with a whole lot of knowledge, processing quite a lot of information.

The history of the Internet is quite interesting. But what is it? When did the worldwide network appear? The story of the emergence of the global network begins with the first computer. I already wrote an article -? But, about the first appearance of the Internet, I have not yet mentioned.

When the internet appeared briefly

The preconditions for the emergence of the worldwide network originate in the 50s of the last century. We can say that the Internet began to emerge with the beginning of the Cold War. In the 50s, the USSR, in contrast to the United States, began to create its own intercontinental missiles.

These missiles could deliver a nuclear charge to America. This greatly worried the Americans. They began to think about lightning fast data transmission devices if war broke out.

At the time, ARPA was responsible for creating new technologies for the US Army. It also gave the idea to the US government to use networked computers for this. The nodes of this network were located in special rooms that will not fail if one or more of them are destroyed. Of course, all this was controlled by the Pentagon.

Four companies were commissioned to create such a network: - The University of Utah, the University of Los Angeles, California and a research center from Stanford.

The US Department of Defense followed these studies and also handled their finances. The basis for the emergence of the Internet was a technology that was created by an engineer from the United States Leonard Clayton in 1961.

Its essence is that information flows were divided into packets (sequence) over a special network, and their chain can be transmitted through the network. At the same time, there are alternate routes between 2 nodes. If one refuses, the information will flow differently.

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What year did the Internet appear

The tests began. One of the first took place on October 29, 1969. Two PCs were connected to each other, located 640 km from each other. Moreover, the first computer was at Stanford University, and the second, in California. The communication cables were rented from the telephone company.

creators of the ARPANET

The connection speed was 56 Kbps. The essence of the experiment: - One of Charlie Kline's employees from Los Angeles sent the word LOGIN. The other, Bill Duvall from Stanford, was supposed to see him on his screen and report it over the phone.

At 9pm they made their first attempt, but Charlie Cline managed to send only 3 LOG characters. At half past eleven the experiment was repeated again. And he succeeded! Bill Duvall saw the word LOGIN perfectly.

The question - when did the Internet appear, can be answered on October 29, 1969! It's like his birthday! This network was named ARPANET. By the end of 1969, all these universities were united into one network.

Hence, in connection with the development of a packet switching network, a fast and high-quality digital communication was created, based not on telephone lines. ARPANET was not only the ancestor of codes and files for the military, but also became something of a springboard for other networks.

But the history of the global network continued, and in 1971, a certain Ray Tomlison created e-mail and wrote a program thanks to which people could write letters to each other on the Internet. Tomlison created the @ (dog) icon. This sign still remains part of any email address.

Interesting fact! The @ sign is called differently in different countries - the Greeks call it a little duck, the Germans call it a hanging monkey, the Danes call it an elephant's appendage, and so on.

The first international connection took place in 1972. Computers from Norway and Great Britain were connected. In the same year, a satellite connection was launched with a university in Hawaii. The number of hosts became 100 in 1977.

Internet Protocol TCP / IP

The next major development happened in 1983. That year, the ARPANET changed the transfer of information from NCP to TCP / IP. This protocol for transmitting and receiving information is still used today.

TCP - deals with converting messages into a stream of information on the side that transmits the data. Then he is engaged in collecting packets back into messages, only on the side that receives.

IP - deals with packet address management. IP sends them to the right directions between different nodes of the global network and allows the interconnection of different networks.

When the Internet Protocol (IP) appeared, the name internet acquired a global status as a concept of a huge association of many computers for inter-network communication.

Since the mid-eighties, the NSFNET network began its creation, which united a huge number of PCs located in different universities in America. Along with this, other networks began to be created, such as CSNET, BITNET and others. Since about the mid-nineties, the ARPANET was eliminated, and the servers of this network were connected to other networks.

When the Internet appeared in Russia

In the Russian Federation, the Kurchatov Institute (Institute of Atomic Energy) was the first of the institutes to be connected to the global network in the early eighties. Also, in the nineties the UNIX network - RELCOM was created. This network was linked by DEMOS and IAE.

DEMOS was created at the end of winter 1989 with the aim of developing software and creating new local networks of computers. This network has been connected to the European UNIX EUnet since August of the same year.

It is the first commercial company in the Soviet Union to establish data exchange with Western networks.

When the abbreviation WWW appeared

WWW stands for World Wide Web, which stands for World Wide Web. This is a very important step in the creation of the Internet. It was created in 1991. It is based on the use of hypertext.

Hypertext means text that contains a link to another fragment of this text (Web - page) of the same document or to another document. When a person clicks on such a link, the browser or other program takes the user to the piece of text to which it directs him.

Who invented the world wide web

It was invented by Briton Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Kayo. It was Tim who made the first server in history. He also created the first browser. Tim used hypertext links to better navigate the Internet.

Who created the first site

I think you have already guessed that the first site was created by the same Tim Berners-Lee. He created it in the ninetieth year. The site had the address http://info.cern.ch/.

What the first browser looked like

The creation of WWW services and browsers that can display Web pages on a PC has led to a real boom in the global network. The GUI browser was introduced in 1993. It was the first of its kind and it was called NCSA Mosaic.

All these discoveries and inventions, especially the WWW, have created the conditions for connecting the mass user to the Internet. Nowadays, everyone can travel across the vastness of the worldwide network. The number of people using the Internet is growing exponentially.

When the Internet appeared, what year, you now know. I wish you success!

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