Open Library is an open library of educational information. The system of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language.Social evaluativeness is the dominant of the style
Art style as a functional style finds application in fiction, which performs figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic functions. To understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific method of cognition, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.
Fiction, like other forms of art, is inherent concrete-figurative representation of life in contrast to the abstracted, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and re-creation of reality , the author seeks to convey primarily his personal experience, your understanding and comprehension of this or that phenomenon.
For an artistic style of speech, it is typical attention to private and casual , followed by the typical and common. Remember "Dead Souls" by N. V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and together they were a "face" contemporary author Russia.
The world of fiction - this is a "re-created" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech, the subjective moment plays the main role. All surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in the fictional text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in the fictional world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech.
The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. ... The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style include, first of all, the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words of a wide range of use. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic credibility when describing certain aspects of life.
In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used. , which opens in it additional meanings and semantic shades, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is due to the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of pictorial means from colloquial speech and vernacular.
Come to the fore in the literary text emotionality and expressiveness of the image ... Many words that in scientific speech appear as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and publicistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech - as concrete-sensory representations. Thus, the styles complement each other functionally. For artistic speech, especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, that is, a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or to give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from the poem by A. Akhmatova "I see everything Pavlovsk hilly ...". Variants of the author's word order are varied, subordinate to the general idea.
In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are possible due to artistic actualization., that is, the selection by the author of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.
In terms of the variety, richness and expressive possibilities of linguistic means, the artistic style stands above other styles, it is the most complete expression of the literary language.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-fiction, performs a nominative-pictorial function.
Language features of the artistic style of speech
1. Inhomogeneity of the lexical composition: combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, vernacular, dialectal, etc.
Feather grass has ripened. For many miles the steppe was dressed in swaying silver. The wind resiliently accepted him, surging, rough, bumped, drove gray-opal waves to the south, then to the west. Where a flowing air stream ran, the feather grass sloped in prayer, and a blackening path lay for a long time on its gray ridge.
The variegated grasses have faded. On the ridges of Nikla there is a joyless burnt-out wormwood. The nights were decaying quickly. At night, innumerable stars shone in the charred black sky; a month - the Cossack sun, darkening with a damaged sidewall, shone sparingly, white; the spacious Milky Shlyakh intertwined with other stellar paths. The astringent air was thick, the wind was dry, wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.(M.A.Sholokhov)
2. Use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize the aesthetic function.
Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:
- No, no, I'm alone. I'm alone there.
Where "tuda" - she did not know even close and, leaving the gate, went to the Angara. (V. Rasputin)
3. Activity of polysemous words
all styles of speech.
The river is seething with a lace of white foam.
Poppies are red on the velvet of the meadows.
Frost was born at dawn.
(M. Prishvin).
4. Combinatorial increments of meaning
(B.Larin)
Words in an artistic context receive new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the author's figurative thought.
I was dreaming of catching shadows leaving
Fading shadows of a dying day.
I climbed the tower. And the steps trembled.
And the steps trembled under my foot
(K. Balmont)
5. Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and less - abstract.
Sergei pushed the heavy door. The porch step sobbed under his foot. Two more steps - and he is already in the garden.
The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating scent of acacia blossoms. Somewhere in the branches, a nightingale was iridescent and subtly drawing out its trills.
6. A minimum of generic concepts.
Another piece of advice essential for a prose writer. More specificity. The more precisely and concretely the object is named, the more expressiveness is.
You: " Horses chew corn... The peasants are cooking " morning food"," Rustled birds"... In the artist's poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, if this is not dictated by the semantic task of the content itself ... Oatsbetter than grain. Rooksmore appropriate than birds(Konstantin Fedin)
7. Wide use of folk-poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.
The dog rose, probably since spring, has still made its way along the trunk to the young aspen, and now, when the time has come to celebrate its name-day for the aspen, all of it flashed with red fragrant wild roses. (M. Prishvin).
New time was located in Ertelev Lane. I said "fit." This is not the right word. It reigned, reigned. (G. Ivanov)
8. Verb speech
The writer names each movement (physical and / or mental) and state change in stages. The pumping of verbs activates the reader's tension.
Gregory went downto Don, carefully climbedthrough the fence of the Astakhovsky base, came upto the shuttered window. He i heardonly frequent heartbeats ... Quiet knockedin the binding of the frame ... Aksinya silently came upto the window, peered... He saw her pressedto the chest of the hand and heardan indistinct moan escaping her lips. Gregory is familiar showedso that she opened window, stripped offrifle. Aksinya flung opensash. He becameon the fill, Aksinya's bare hands grabbedhis neck. They are so trembledand foughton his shoulders, those dear hands that tremble passed onand Gregory. (M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don")
The dominants of the artistic style are imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (up to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unbeaten expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only for this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose, a special harmonious organization of speech.
The artistic style of speech is distinguished by its figurativeness, wide use of pictorial and expressive means of the language. In addition to his typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially spoken. In the language of fiction, vernaculars and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, slang, rude words, professionally business turns of speech, journalism can be used. HOWEVER, ALL THESE MEANS IN the artistic style of speech SUBMIT TO ITS BASIC FUNCTIONS - AESTHETIC.
If the spoken style of speech mainly performs the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of the message (informative), then the artistic style of speech is designed to create artistic, poetic images, emotionally aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.
In literature, language occupies a special position, since it is one building material, that perceivable by hearing or sight matter, without which a work cannot be created. The artist of the word - poet, writer - finds, as L. Tolstoy put it, "the only necessary placement of the only necessary words" in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express an idea, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.
All this is available ONLY TO THE LANGUAGE OF ARTISTIC LITERATURE, therefore it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in the language, its strongest capabilities and the rarest beauty are in the works of fiction, and all this is achieved by the artistic means of the language.
The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. You are already familiar with many of them. These are tropes such as epithets, similes, metaphors, hyperboles, etc.
Trails- turn of speech, in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to be close to our consciousness in some way. The most common types of tropes are allegory, hyperbole, irony, lithote, metaphor, methomy, personification, paraphrase, synecdoche, comparison, epithet.
For example: What are you howling about, the night wind, about which you complain madly - personification. All flags will visit us - synecdoche. A little man with a fingernail, a boy with a finger - litota. Well, eat a plate, my dear - metonymy, etc.
The expressive means of language include stylistic figures of speech or just figures of speech : anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, multi-union, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora... The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poems and prose), rhyme, intonation .
FUNCTIONAL STATISTICS
LITERATURE
Vvedenskaya L.A., L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kataeva. Russian language and culture of speech: Tutorial for universities. Rostov N / A: Phoenix, 2005 .-- S. 23-26.
Raiskaya L.M. Russian language and culture of speech. Tomsk, 2009.S. 16-28.
Golub I. Russian language and culture of speech. http://www.hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook083/01/part-003.htm#i273
Test 1. Which statement is not true?
a. The functional style is a kind of common language.
b. The functional style is a kind of literary language.
c. Functional styles are historically and socially
conscious systems of speech means used in a particular field of communication.
d. The functional styles of the language are so named because they perform
the most important functions, being a means of communication.
Test 2. Note the erroneous statement: The following book styles are distinguished.
a. Formal and business;
d. journalistic.
Test 3. Which of the following styles is not a book style?
a. Formal and business;
b. scientific;
c. colloquial;
d. journalistic.
Test 4. Isolation of which book style cannot be considered universally recognized?
a. Scientific;
b. art;
c. journalistic;
d. formal business.
Test 5. What style of speech is characterized by such stylistic features as informality, ease and expressiveness of verbal communication?
a. Formal and business;
b. scientific;
c. colloquial;
d. journalistic.
Test 6. What language function does the spoken style perform?
a. Accumulative;
b. cognitive;
c. communicative;
d. aesthetic.
Test 7. Which of the following features does not apply to the features of spoken
Style?
a. Informality and ease of speech;
b. spontaneity and automatism;
c. accuracy and consistency of speech;
d. the ordinariness of the content.
Test 8. Check the false statement.
a. The situation of speech pays great attention to the conversational style.
b. This allows you to shorten the statement as much as possible.
c. Compression - necessary condition for the existence of a conversational style.
d. The main form of existence of the spoken style is the monologue form.
Test 9. What vocabulary is not typical for the spoken style?
a. Scientific terminology;
b. colloquial words;
c. common words;
d. colloquial words.
Test 10. In what style of speech bureaucracy is not a disadvantage?
a. Scientific style;
d. art.
Test 11. In what style of speech is the terminological vocabulary based?
a. Scientific style;
b. formal business style;
c. journalistic style;
d. art style.
Test 12. In what style of speech is not only the vocabulary of the literary language presented?
a. Scientific style.
b. formal business style;
c. journalistic style;
d. art.
Test 13. Find a row that contains non-spoken style
Speech morphological forms.
a. Sixty grams, with fifty percent;
b. chauffeur, on vacation;
c. shorter, softer;
d. five kilograms of orange.
Test 14. What is the vocabulary of the words sweetheart, zainka, hard worker?
a. Neologisms;
b. evaluative vocabulary;
c. archaisms.
d. historicism.
Test 15. What style trait is NOT characteristic of the scientific style of speech?
a. Abstractness;
b. accuracy;
c. consistency;
d. emotionality.
Test 16. Is social value the dominant style?
a. Scientific;
b. formal business;
c. journalistic;
d. artistic.
Test 17. For which style is the dominant conceptual accuracy and
Abstractness?
a. Official and business;
b. scientific;
c. artistic;
d. journalistic;.
Test 18. Which style is strongly influenced by extralinguistic
Factors?
a. Journalistic style;
b. formal business style;
c. scientific style;
d. conversational style;
Test 19. Is the dominant art style?
a. Abstractness and precision;
b. imagery and aesthetic significance;
c. standardness;
d. evaluativeness and invocation.
Test 20. What style do you classify the text that contains graphics, diagrams,
Diagrams?
a. Art;
b. scientific style;
c. journalistic;
d. formal business .__
Independent work No. 1.
(The completed work must be sent to the teacher's email address no later than 2 days before the test.
e-mail: [email protected])
I. Complete the test tasks. Fill out the answer table (see below)
Which statement is not true?
a. Functional style is a kind of common language.
b. The functional style is a kind of literary language.
c. Functional styles are historically developed and socially conscious systems of speech means used in a particular field of communication.
d. The functional styles of the language are so named because they perform essential functions as a means of communication.
Note the erroneous statement.
The following book styles are distinguished:
a. Formal and business;
d. journalistic.
Which of the following styles is not a book style?
a. Formal and business;
b. scientific;
c. colloquial;
d. journalistic.
What kind of book style is not generally accepted?
a. Scientific;
b. art;
c. journalistic;
d. formal business.
What style of speech is characterized by such stylistic features as informality, ease and expressiveness of verbal communication?
a. Formal and business;
b. scientific;
c. colloquial;
d. journalistic.
What is the main linguistic function of the spoken style?
b. cognitive;
c. communicative;
d. aesthetic.
Which of the following is not a spoken style?
a. Informality and ease of speech;
b. spontaneity and automatism;
c. accuracy and consistency of speech;
d. the ordinariness of the content.
Mark the incorrect statement.
a. The situation of speech pays great attention to the conversational style.
b. This allows you to shorten the statement as much as possible.
c. Compression is a prerequisite for a conversational style to exist.
d. The main form of existence of the spoken style is the monologue form.
What vocabulary is not typical for the spoken style?
a. Scientific terminology;
b. colloquial words;
c. common words;
d. colloquial words.
In what style of speech is bureaucracy not a disadvantage?
a. Scientific style;
b. formal business style;
c. journalistic style;
d. art.
In what style of speech is the terminological vocabulary based?
a. Scientific style;
b. formal business style;
c. journalistic style;
d. art style.
In what style of speech is not only the vocabulary of the literary language presented?
a. Scientific style.
b. formal business style;
c. journalistic style;
d. art.
What vocabulary do the words sweetheart, hunky, hard worker refer to?
a. Neologisms;
b. evaluative vocabulary;
c. archaisms.
d. historicism.
What style trait is characteristic of the scientific style of speech?
a. Abstractness;
b. accuracy;
c. consistency;
d. emotionality.
Is social value the dominant style?
a. Scientific;
b. formal business;
c. journalistic;
d. artistic.
For which style is conceptual precision and abstractness dominant?
a. Official and business;
b. scientific;
c. artistic;
d. journalistic;.
Is the dominant of the art style?
a. Abstractness and precision;
b. imagery and aesthetic significance;
c. standardness;
d. evaluativeness and invocation.
What style would you classify text that contains graphs, diagrams, diagrams?
a. Art;
b. scientific style;
c. journalistic;
a. 1st person singular;
b. 1st person plural;
c. 2nd person plural;
d. 3rd person singular.
20. The vocabulary is not typical for the scientific style of speech:
a. Generally used;
b. general scientific;
c. vernacular;
d. terminological.
Check the preferred sentence for scientific writing.
a. The Archean era appears to have been characterized by volcanic activity.
b. The Archean era was apparently characterized by volcanic activity.
c. It is better to feed the crossbills with pine and spruce cones.
d. This wheat grows well and gives a lot of grain.
Find a linguistic formula that is inappropriate in scientific speech.
a. We are happy with the results ...
b. We are terribly pleased with the results ...
c. We are satisfied with the results obtained during the research.
d. We are quite satisfied with the results.
23. In one hundred and forty suns, the sunset blazed.
and. gradation
in. hyperbola
with. grotesque
24. Dissuadedgolden grove / Birch cheerful tongue ...
and. metaphor
in. impersonation
with. metonymy
I am a king, I am a slave, I am a worm, I am a god "
and. antithesis
in. ellipsis
Test 17. The dominant artistic style of speech is
Test 15. The morphological forms not typical for the spoken style of speech are given in the row
Test 14. The vocabulary of not only the literary language is presented in the style of speech
Test 13. Emotional-expressive vocabulary is most fully presented in
Test 12. The language of fiction has an impact on development
Test 11. Extra-linguistic factors have a great influence on style
Test 9. Vocabulary is not typical for the colloquial style
Test 7. A trait such as
Test 6. The main language function of the spoken style is
Test 3. Does not apply to the book style of speech
a) formal business;
b) scientific;
c) colloquially everyday;
d) journalistic.
a) scientific;
b) artistic;
c) journalistic;
d) formal business.
Test 5. Style features such as informality, ease and expressiveness of speech communication characteristic of the style
a) formal and business;
b) scientific;
c) colloquially everyday;
d) journalistic.
a) accumulative;
b) cognitive;
c) communicative;
d) aesthetic.
a) informality and ease of speech;
b) spontaneity and automatism;
c) accuracy and consistency of speech;
d) routine content.
Test 8. The statement is incorrect:
a) The speaking situation pays great attention to the speaking style.
b) This allows you to shorten the utterance as much as possible.
c) Compression, simplification - extremely important condition for the existence of a conversational style.
d) The main form of existence of the spoken style is the monologue form.
a) scientific terminology;
b) colloquial words;
c) common words;
d) common words.
Test 10. In practical application, styles often mix, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ begins to interact with each other. This process is called:
a) semantic flow;
b) written flow;
c) speech flow;
d) oral flow.
a) journalistic;
b) formal business style;
c) scientific;
d) colloquially everyday.
a) vernacular;
b) dialects;
c) jargon;
d) literary language.
a) colloquial and everyday speech;
b) formal business speech;
c) scientific speech;
d) technical style.
a) scientific;
b) formal and business;
c) journalistic;
d) artistic.
a) sixty grams, with fifty percent;
b) a chauffeur on vacation;
c) shorter, softer;
d) five kilograms of orange.
Test 16. Words honey, rabbit, hard workerrefer to
a) neologisms;
b) evaluative vocabulary;
c) archaisms;
d) historicism.
a) abstractness and precision;
b) imagery and aesthetic value;
c) standard and objectivity;
d) evaluativeness and invocation.
When was the science of stylistics formed?
2. What was the prerequisite for the formation of stylistics as a science?.
Stylistics belongs to ancient rhetoric, but it is relatively young.
Recorded in the 20th century.
The origins of stylistics were poetics and rhetoric.
Rhetoric - the teaching of the verbal expression of thought provided for the selection of words, their combinations and the study of figures of speech
The significant role of the works of Lomonosov. In these works, the foundations of stylistics are laid as a teaching about the expressive means of language.
The theory of Lomonosov's 3 calmness caused controversy, on the basis of this theory, 2 directions arose about the study of languages \u200b\u200b(innovator-Karamzin, archaist-Chemists)
High calm - high, solemn, stately. Genres: ode, heroic poems, tragedies, oratory.
Average calm - elegies, dramas, satire, eclogs, friendly compositions.
Object and subject of stylistics
The subject of stylistics - the subject of stylistics is the expressive possibilities and means of different levels of the language of the system, their stylistic meaning and color, as well as the pattern. Use Yaz in different areas and situations of communication
The object of stylistics - The object of the study of stylistics is the units of the language system of all levels in their totality (sounds, words, their forms, phrases, sentences), i.e. language is studied "along the entire section of its structure at once" (GO Vinokur). Low calm - comedies, letters, songs, fables.
4. Definition of style.
Stylistics is a section of linguistics that has the main subject of style in all linguistic meanings of this term, as an individual manner of performing speech acts
Stylistics explores the evolution of styles, the language of the artist. Lit. In its development universal techniques
Objects of stylistics yavl. Study of expressive means of lang. Figures and tropes that are not associated with any particular style
Javl stylistics The connecting discipline between linguistics and literary studies
Unlike the sciences that have units, the stylistics of units does not have units and the carriers of meanings are phonetic, lexical, etc.
The main task of stylistics is the study and description of functional styles. A certain style norm, describe the stylistic properties and features of linguistic units, i.e. stylistic coloration
6. Functional style of speech.
The functional style is a historically developed and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of \u200b\u200bhuman activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this area and their specific organization.
The internal structure of a style, the main style-forming factor, is the circumstance that affects the principles of organization in a particular functional variety, which affects the actualization of certain categories of vocabulary of grammatical categories in a given functional variety.
7. There are the following grounds for highlighting functional styles of speech:
The sphere of human activity ( the science, right, politics, art, everyday life);
The specific role of the addressee of the text (student, institution, reader of newspapers or magazines, adult, child, etc.);
Style target ( training, establishing legal relationship, impact, etc.);
Preferential use of a certain type of speech (narration, description, reasoning);
The predominant use of one or another form of speech (written, oral);
Speech type ( monologue, dialogue, polylogue);
Communication type (public or private)
Set genres (for scientific style - essay, textbook etc., for formal business - law, reference etc.);
Characteristic features of the style.
Substyles Function Style.
Styles of speech have varieties, in another way these styles are called sub-styles: popular science, religious, technical.
The main features of each style (dominants).
The main features of the scientific style: 1) the main form of speech is written, 2) the main goal is to communicate objective information.
The main features of the official-business style: 1) high terminology, exists mainly in writing.
The main features of the journalistic style: 1) used in newspapers, television programs, social political magazines, documentaries, 2) the main function is message and impact, 2) this style is intended for a mass audience. different professions and cultures that are weakly interacting with each other.
The main features of the speaking style of speech: 1) communication in the original form, 2) use in a wide range of informal, unofficial relations, 3) use in all spheres of life.
10 book speech stylesThere are 4 book styles: scientific, official-business, journalistic, artistic.
Conversational style
Purpose of speech: Direct everyday communication
Situation of speech: Sphere of everyday relationships, informal setting
Speech genres: Friendly conversation, private conversation, private letters
Language tools: Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary
Style features of speech: Emotionality, imagery, concreteness, simplicity.
Book styles
SCIENTIFIC STYLE
Purpose of speech: Communication of scientific information, explanation of facts
Setting of speech: Formal setting
Speech genres: Scientific article, report, educational literature, dissertation
Language tools: Terminology and professionalism
Stylish features of speech: Severity, consistency, objectivity, accuracy, abstraction and generalization.
OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE
Purpose of speech: Communication, informing
Situation of speech: Sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal
Speech genres: Laws, orders, decrees, resolutions, protocols, references, instructions, etc.
Language tools: Official business vocabulary, standardized speech patterns
Styles of speech: Precision without any other interpretation
JOURNALISTIC STYLE
Purpose of speech: Function of influence through the media
Setting the speech: Speaking in newspapers, magazines, radio, television, rallies and meetings
Speech genres: Article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory
Language means: Social and political vocabulary
Style features of speech: Consistency and at the same time imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, invocation.
ART STYLE
Purpose of speech: Language of fiction
Situation of speech: Direct impact on the reader, his feelings, emotions
Speech genres: Epic, Lyrical, Dramatic
Language tools: Using the full wealth of vocabulary
Stylish features of speech: Imagery, emotionality, the ability to use different styles.
11. Speaking and writing Speaking - this is sounding speech, it uses a system of phonetic and prosodic means of expression; it is created in the process of speaking; it is characterized by verbal improvisation and some linguistic features (freedom in the choice of vocabulary, the use of simple sentences, the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamation sentences of various kinds, repetitions, incomplete expression of thought). Oral speech presupposes the presence of an interlocutor. The speaker and the listener not only hear but also see each other. Therefore, oral speech often depends on how it is perceived. The reaction of approval or disapproval, the remarks of the listeners, their smiles, laughter - all this can affect the nature of speech, change it depending on this reaction. The person speaking creates, creates his speech immediately. He works at the same time on content and form. Oral speech is perceived by ear. To reproduce it again, special technical means... Therefore, oral speech should be structured and organized in such a way that its content is immediately understood and easily assimilated by listeners. The oral form of the literary language is presented in two of its varieties: colloquial speech and codified speech.
Speaking Serves such a linguistic sphere as communication, which is characterized by the ease of communication; informality of relations between speaking people; unprepared speech; direct participation of speakers in the act of communication; widespread use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, etc.). Codified speech used mainly in official spheres of communication (symposia, congresses, conferences, meetings, sessions). Most often, it is prepared in advance (presentation with a lecture, report, message, information, report). She is characterized by a moderate use of non-verbal communication.
Written speech Is speech, graphically fixed. It can be thought over and corrected in advance. It is characterized by some linguistic features (the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, passive constructions, strict adherence to linguistic norms, the absence of extra-linguistic elements, etc.). Usually addressed to those who are absent. The one who writes does not see his reader, but can only mentally imagine him. Written language is not affected by the reaction of those who read it. Written speech is designed for visual perception. During reading, it is always possible to re-read an incomprehensible place several times, make extracts, clarify the meaning of words, check the correct understanding of terms in dictionaries
12. Oral public speechA variety of the oral form of the literary language used in all kinds of public speeches on socially significant topics. Together with colloquial speech constitutes the oral form of the literary language, which is realized in two varieties - spoken and public - and is opposed to its written form. Some researchers call the oral form of the literary language its oral-spoken variety. The separation of spoken and public speech is based on differences in the communicative function, in the topic and situation of speech. K U. p. R. the speaker resorts when performing primarily the functions of communication and influence in the presence of an intellectualized topic and in a situation of public communication in the production and socio-cultural spheres.
13. How were the styles of speech formed?The concept of style (or syllable) as a special quality of speech originated in ancient poetics and rhetoric (Greek stylos - a stick pointed at one end, which was used to write on wax tablets; the other end of the stick was in the shape of a spatula - wax was leveled with it, erasing what was written). The ancients said: "Turn the stylus!", Which literally meant "erase what is written", and figuratively, work on the syllable, think
written. "With the development of the science of language, the ideas of scientists about what style is, changed. Contradictory opinions on this issue expressed by modern scientists. However, the common thing is the recognition of the functional nature of styles, their connection with a certain sphere of speech communication and types of human activity, the understanding of style as a historically developed and socially conscious set of methods of using, selecting and combining language units.
1.Passing style of speech-main function - communication.
2.Official business style of speech.
3.Scientific style of speech. (17-18 centuries)
4. Artistic style of speech (11th century)
5.Publicistic (18th century)
SCIENTIFIC STYLE OF SPEECH:
14.Formation.15. Characteristic features. 16. Features of the development of scientific speech in Russia.
The emergence of the scientific style is associated with the diversity of the spheres of human activity, at first the scientific style is close to the artistic one, later the scientific terminology was supplemented by Latin, which became an international scientific language. style took shape in the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the 2nd half of the 18th century, thanks to Lomonosov, scientific. terminology. He replaced foreign terms with domestic ones, in other cases introduced into circulation well-known Russian expressions to denote scientific concepts, gave foreign language terms forms close to the norms of Russian grammar. The scientific style was finally formed in the 19th century.
The form of speech is written, the main purpose of communicating objective information. The content side makes its demands on the form of existence of scientific speech. Primordial the formexistence of scientific speech writtenand this is no coincidence. First, the written form fixes information for a long time (and this is exactly what science, reflecting the stable connections of the world, requires). Secondly, it is more convenient and reliable for detecting the slightest informative inaccuracies and logical violations (which are irrelevant in everyday communication, but in scientific communication can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth). Thirdly, the written form is economical, as it gives the addressee the opportunity to set his own pace of perception. So, for example, a scientific report, which takes 40 minutes orally, by a well-prepared addressee in this field can be perceived in writing in 5 minutes (reading "diagonally"). Finally, fourthly, the written form allows you to refer to information repeatedly and at any time, which is also very important in scientific work. and oral form is also often used in scientific communication, but this form in scientific communication is secondary: a scientific work is often first written, working out an adequate form of transferring scientific information, and then in certain versions (in a report, lecture, speech) they are reproduced in oral speech. The primacy of the written form leaves a noticeable imprint on the structure of scientific speech. In Russia, the scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century together with scientific activities the largest scientists of this time.