Enterprise financial stability tests. Analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise. The purpose of this work is to study theoretical issues of assessing and managing the financial stability of an enterprise, as well as applying the knowledge gained in practice.
Theoretical basis
This section of the analysis includes several issues closely related to each other: analysis of solvency and liquidity; analysis of financial stability indicators; analysis of the creditworthiness of the borrowing organization; assessment of potential bankruptcy.
Analysis of solvency and liquidity. The solvency of the organization is the ability to timely and fully repay its debt obligations to various counterparties.
Liquidity is the ability of an organization to convert assets into cash and pay off its debt obligations. To analyze liquidity, items are compared by the balance sheet asset, grouped by the timing of their possible rapid conversion into money, with debt obligations, grouped by the degree of urgency of their forthcoming payment.
All assets that an organization can use to pay off its liabilities are usually divided into three main groups: fast-moving, medium-selling and slow-moving (see topic number 5). Hard-to-sell assets are not considered liquid assets when the organization operates under normal conditions. ... ,:. ■
Payment obligations are taken from the balance sheet liability. They consist of two main types:
short-term liabilities (total 5 rubles of the balance sheet for "-" p. 640 - 650);
long-term liabilities with the allocation of those, the repayment of which falls within the next 12 months (from the internal information of the organization). In the absence of such information, only the first group of liabilities is taken into account when analyzing liquidity according to the financial statements.
1. Coefficient absolute liquidity:
? . . Quick-selling assets . Short-term obligations
Minimum value: 0.15 - 0.25.
2. Ratio of intermediate (current) liquidity:
Quickly realizable + Average realizable assets ... Short-term obligations
Minimum value: 0.7 - 1.0.
3. Ratio of total liquidity (coverage):
Fast selling + Medium selling +
+ Slow-moving assets (total of 2 sections of the balance sheet) .
short-term obligations
Minimum value: 2.
If the ratios do not reach their minimum values, then this indicates insufficient balance sheet liquidity and insufficient degree of the organization's solvency.
For operational internal control of the analysis of current solvency, flow data can be used money for periods from one day to one month (payment calendars).
Analysis of financial stability indicators.The financial stability of an organization characterizes its ability to carry out its activities primarily at the expense of equity capital while maintaining solvency.
Financial stability in the economic literature is characterized by a different set of indicators. Frequently used absolute and relative indicators... The most generalized absolutean indicator of financial stability is the presence of a sufficient amount of sources of funds for the formation of reserves. These sources include: net working capital (PSC), long-term liabilities (DO) and short-term liabilities (KO) in the form of short-term loans, loans, accounts payable to suppliers for inventory items, the due date of which has not come. The last source in the balance sheet is not highlighted and can only be established, according to the analytical accounting of the organization, in the internal analysis.
Three sources are compared with the actual availability of stocks (3):
CHOK + DO - 3
CHOK + DO + KO - 3
The comparison reveals four types of financial situations. The first situation is characterized by the following relationships:
PSC + DO - 3\u003e 0
CHOCK + DO + KO - 3\u003e 0
This ratio characterizes the absolute financial stability, which is extremely rare in practice.
For the second situation, the following ratios are characteristic: 1.CHOK-3<0
PSC + DO\u003e 0
PSC + DO + KO\u003e 0
This ratio characterizes normal financial stability.
The third situation is characterized by the following relationships:
CHOCK + DO< 0
PSC + DO + KO\u003e 0
This ratio characterizes an unstable financial condition. The fourth situation is characterized by the following ratios: 1.CHOK-3<0
CHOCK + DO< 0
CHOCK + DO + CO< 0
This ratio characterizes an extremely unstable, crisis financial condition.
Relative financial stability is assessed by a system of financial ratios. Let's name the most common of them.
The coefficient of autonomy (financial independence) in the form of the ratio of equity capital to all sources with a standard value of 0.5. The higher the value of the coefficient, the better for organizations.
Leverage ratio as a ratio of debt and equity. Theoretically, the value of the coefficient at the level of 0.7 - 0.8 is considered sufficient. A coefficient value greater than one indicates a loss of financial independence.
Coefficient of provision of current assets with net working capital with a minimum value of 0.1. The higher the ratio, the better for the organization. !
The coefficient of maneuverability in the form of the ratio of net working capital to equity capital. The normative value of the indicator does not yet exist. Some literary sources indicate a value of 0.3 - 0.5. The higher the value of the coefficient, the more financial maneuvering the organization has with its own funds.
To analyze changes in financial stability, an assessment of compliance with the standard values \u200b\u200bof the coefficients and their dynamics is required.
Creditworthiness analysis. Organizations quite often resort to the services of commercial banks to cover the additional need for funds. In every credit transaction for the lender there is an element of the risk of loan default, non-payment of interest. The presence of such risk makes it necessary for the bank to select criterion indicators, using
which can assess the possibility of issuing a loan to an organization, taking into account its creditworthiness class and the likelihood of the client fulfilling the terms of the loan agreement.
Credit rating indicators and their number may be different in different commercial banks. The most common indicators are liquidity, equity capital, turnover of current assets, profitability.
In the process of assessing the creditworthiness, the class of the indicator is determined by comparing its actual value with the standard value. The number of classes is taken as three. Then they give a rating score by recalculating the class of each indicator by a certain number of points. The size of the score depends on the significance of the financial indicator and their number. But the total number of points should be 100. Rating results can be as follows:
class - 100-150 points
class - 151-250 points
class - 251 -300 points
First class organizations fromthe best values \u200b\u200bof the estimated indicators can be credited with some benefits. Second-class organizations are credited on general terms. Organizations of the third class are credited on special terms. Some of them may be denied borrowing.
Assessment of potential bankruptcy.Bankruptcy is a documented inability of an organization to pay debt obligations and finance current activities due to lack of funds. One of the tasks of financial analysis is to prevent the threat of bankruptcy of a business entity.
In order to timely identify signs of potential bankruptcy, the Federal Office for Insolvency (Bankruptcy) approved Methodological Regulations for assessing the financial condition of an enterprise and establishing the nature of its balance sheet structure. Within the framework of the current legislation, the indicators of a satisfactory (or unsatisfactory) balance sheet structure cited in the above methodology have ceased to serve as a basis for declaring an enterprise bankrupt, but the system of such indicators may well be applicable in analytical practice for assessing potential bankruptcy. These are indicators such as:
liquidity ratio (coverage);
ratio of provision with net working capital of current assets;
coefficient of restoration (loss) of solvency.
If the first two ratios or one of them is below the standard value, then the solvency recovery ratio is calculated for the next six months. A coefficient value greater than one will positively characterize this situation. If the coefficient is less than one, we can talk about difficulties in restoring solvency.
If both ratios are met, then the ratio of possible loss of solvency for the next three months is calculated.
The calculation of the coefficient of recovery or loss of solvency is determined by the formula using the coverage ratio (TO p ):
where Л 1 77, and # / 7 „- coverage ratio at the end and beginning of the period; Have-period of restoration of solvency (six months) or its loss (three months); T-the length of the reporting period (usually 12 months).
Other financial indicators can be used to diagnose bankruptcy. There are also foreign methods for assessing the likelihood of bankruptcy.
1. The concept of financial stability of the enterprise and its essence.
2. Main objectives and indicators.
3. Types of financial stability, their characteristics:
Absolute;
Normal;
Unstable;
Crisis.
The types of financial strength are analyzed in accordance with Table 5.
Independent work of students on this topic provides:
1. Drawing up a balance of insolvency.
The balance sheet is divided into three sections:
The total amount of non-payments;
Reasons for non-payments;
Sources that ease financial tensions;
2. Analysis of the structure of stocks is carried out according to the data of the notional enterprise in accordance with Table 6.
Topic 5 Analysis of coefficients.
The lecture addresses the following issues:
1. The need to calculate financial ratios, their characteristics.
2. Liquidity ratios: general, critical, current liquidity.
3. Coefficients of financial stability: autonomy, the ratio of borrowed and own funds, maneuverability, provision of reserves and costs with their own sources, the real value of industrial property.
Practical (seminar) classes
At the seminars, a survey and interview are conducted on the following issues:
1. Grouping of assets according to the degree of liquidity.
2. Grouping of liabilities according to the urgency of their payment.
3. Analysis of liquidity ratios.
4. Based on the data of the notional enterprise, the analysis of the balance sheet liquidity is calculated (table 7), the calculation of the liquidity and financial stability ratios.
Liquidity ratios:
General liquidity ratio;
Critical liquidity ratio;
Current liquidity ratio;
Absolute liquidity ratio.
Financial stability ratios:
Debt to equity ratio;
Maneuverability coefficient;
Coefficient of provision of reserves with own sources;
Coefficient of the real value of industrial property
The results of the analysis are summarized in table 8, which draws conclusions about the improvement or deterioration of the financial situation of the enterprise.
Topic 6 Profit analysis.
The lecture addresses the following issues:
The economic essence of profit.
Profit types in accordance with Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”.
What types of profit are interested in what users.
Assessment of changes for each indicator of profit for the analyzed period.
Assessment of the structure of profit indicators in dynamics over a number of years.
Identification of factors and reasons for changes in profit indicators and their quantitative assessment.
Analysis of financial results from other sales, non-sales and financial activities.
Analysis and evaluation of the use of net profit.
Analysis of reserves for profit growth based on optimization of sales volumes and production and distribution costs.
Practical (seminar) classes.
At the seminars, a survey and interview are conducted on the following issues:
Analysis and assessment of the level and dynamics of profit indicators.
Factor analysis of profit.
Analysis of the use of net profit.
Profitability analysis (table 9).
According to the data of the conditional enterprise (Form No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement"), all the above calculations are made.
Independent work of students. On this topic, students are expected to independently conduct factor analysis of cost. The following factors are analyzed:
Influence of labor productivity growth on cost reduction;
Increase in production and decrease in production costs;
Cost savings obtained by reducing the consumption rates of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy per unit of product;
The influence of wholesale prices on material costs;
Reduction of conditionally fixed costs;
Elimination of non-productive costs;
Changes in the structure of the production program.
Question 1. Analysis of financial stability is reduced to the calculation:
1. indicators characterizing the ratio between the types of profit and the components of an asset or liability;
2. indicators characterizing the ratio between sales proceeds and components of an asset or liability;
3. indicators characterizing the ratio between the components of an asset or a liability;
Question 2. To characterize the sources of coverage of stocks and costs, information is needed:
1. about equity capital;
2. on the borrowed capital;
3. about non-current assets;
4. about current assets;
5.necessary from 1 to 4
Question 3. The financial condition of an organization is absolutely independent if:
1. long-term funding sources are sufficient to cover stocks and costs;
2. own circulating assets are sufficient to cover stocks and costs;
3. All sources of coverage are sufficient to cover inventory and costs.
Question 4. The financial condition of an organization is unstable if:
1. own funds are less than the amount of stocks and costs;
2. solvency is violated, but there is an opportunity to restore it by accelerating the turnover of stocks, accounts receivable;
3.Long-term funding sources are insufficient to cover stocks and costs
Question 5. The organization has a normal financial stabilityif stocks and costs are fully covered:
1. own circulating assets;
2. own circulating assets and long-term borrowed funds;
3. own working capital, long-term borrowed funds, accounts payable
Answers:
| Question 1 | Question 2 | Question 3 | Question 4 | Question 5 |
Reporting
Assignment 1. Read the assignment and continue the sentence in writing in the notebook for laboratory and practical exercises.
Task 2. Read the task and fill out the proposed table in the notebook for laboratory and practical exercises.
Task 3. Read the task and fill out the proposed table according to the given initial data in the notebook for laboratory and practical exercises.
Task 4. Take the test "Analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise". Enter the results in the table of answers.
test questions
1.Financial stability
2. Analysis of the types of financial stability of the enterprise
3.Analysis of the coefficients of financial stability of the enterprise
Literature
1. Entrepreneurship in the service sector: A textbook for students of institutions of the environment. prof. Education / Krutik A.B. , Reshetova M.V. - 2nd ed. Isp. – M .: Publishing house. center "Academy", 2014
2. II Glotova "Finance, money circulation and credit": textbook (Secondary vocational education) -Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2014. - 377 p.
9. A. N. Asaul, M.P. Voinarenko, P.Yu. Erofeev Organization of entrepreneurial activity Textbook. Ed. Doctor of Economics, prof. A.N. Asaula. - SPb .: "Humanistika", 2014. - 448p.
Practical lesson
monitoring form
1. Financial sustainability - one of the characteristics of matching the structure of funding sources in the structure of assets. Unlike solvency, which evaluates current assets and short-term liabilities of an enterprise, financial stability is determined on the basis of the ratio of different types of funding sources and its compliance with the composition of assets.
There are the following types of financial stability:
1) absolute stability of the financial condition, when there is a surplus of sources of formation of stocks and costs;
2) normally stable financial condition - stocks and costs are provided by the amount of own funds;
3) unstable financial condition, when stocks and costs are provided by own and borrowed funds;
4) crisis financial condition - stocks and costs are not provided at all by sources of formation.
A stable financial condition is a constant payment readiness, sufficient provision with own circulating assets and their effective use, clear organization of settlements, and the presence of a stable financial base.
Assessment of financial stability allows external subjects of analysis (primarily partners in contractual relations) to determine the financial capabilities of the organization for the long term, which depend on the structure of its capital; the degree of interaction between creditors and investors; the conditions on which external sources of financing are attracted and are contracted.
Horizontal (time) analysis - comparison of each reporting item with the previous period. This method makes it possible to identify trends in changes in reporting items or their groups and, on the basis of this, calculate the basic growth rates. The value of the results of horizontal analysis is significantly reduced in the context of inflation, but these data can be used for interfarm comparisons.
Let's analyze the financial stability of the enterprise using absolute indicators.
A generalizing indicator of financial stability is the surplus or lack of sources of funds for the formation of stocks and costs, which is determined as the difference between the size of sources of funds and the amount of stocks and costs.
FS \u003d SOS-ZZ,
where: FS - financial stability of the enterprise;
SOS - own working capital;
ЗЗ - the total amount of stocks and costs.
To characterize the sources of formation of stocks and costs, several indicators are used that reflect different types of sources:
Own working capital;
Availability of own and long-term borrowed sources (FT) for the formation of reserves and costs or functioning capital;
Surplus (+) or deficiency (-)
The total value of the main sources of formation of stocks and costs:
FD \u003d Capital and reserves + Long-term liabilities + Loans and credits - Non-current assets.
Surplus (+) or deficiency (-) FD \u003d VI-ZZ
With the help of these indicators, a three-component indicator of the type of financial situation is determined
It is possible to distinguish 4 types of financial situations:
1. Absolute financial stability. This type of situation is extremely rare, represents an extreme type of financial stability and meets the following conditions: FSO; ФтО; Фо0; those. S \u003d (1,1,1);
2. Normal financial stability, which guarantees solvency: FS< 0; Фт0; Фо0; т.е. S={0,1,1};
3. Unstable financial condition associated with a violation of solvency, but in which it is still possible to restore equilibrium by replenishing sources of own funds by reducing accounts receivable, accelerating inventory turnover:<0; Фт<0;Фо0;т.е. S={0,0,1};
4. Crisis financial condition, in which the enterprise is on the verge of bankruptcy, since in this situation cash, short-term securities and accounts receivable do not even cover its accounts payable: FS<0; Фт<0; Фо<0; т.е. S={0,0,0}.
The task of the analysis of financial stability is to assess the degree of dependence on borrowed funding sources. This is necessary to answer the questions: how independent the organization is from a financial point of view, whether the level of this independence is increasing or decreasing, and whether the state of its assets and liabilities meets the objectives of its financial and economic activities.
2. To analyze financial stability, the following indicators are used :
1. The coefficient of autonomy (K a) is one of the most important characteristics of the financial stability of an enterprise, its independence from borrowed capital and is equal to the share of sources of funds in the total balance sheet:
K a \u003d Equity / Total funds.
The financial independence ratio (K zav) is the reciprocal of the equity ratio:
K z \u003d 1 / K a.
The ratio of debt and equity capital, or the financial risk ratio shows the ratio of borrowed funds and equity:
K fr \u003d Raised funds / Equity.
Equity capital flexibility ratio:
K man \u003d Own working capital / Equity.
The investment coverage ratio shows what part of fixed assets and other non-current assets is financed by external investors:
K pdv \u003d Long-term liabilities / Non-current assets /
Equity ratio of material stocks:
K mz \u003d Own working capital / Inventories.
Equity to borrowed funds ratio:
K ss / ss \u003d (Raised capital + Short-term bank loans)
Equity
Equity mobility ratio:
K mob \u003d (Equity - Non-current assets)
Equity
Shows the degree of mobility of the company's own funds.
Composition and placement of assets of an economic entity, dynamics and structure of sources of financial resources, availability of own circulating assets. Analysis of relative and absolute indicators of the financial stability of the enterprise. Sources of asset financing. Analysis of the composition and movement of equity capital. Calculation and assessment of the value of net assets. Assessment of structural components that form equity capital. Analysis of accounts receivable and accounts payable.
Topic 6. Diagnostics of insolvency (bankruptcy).
Criteria for assessing the insolvency (bankruptcy) of organizations. Express diagnostics of bankruptcy. Fundamental (predictive) diagnostics. Analysis of the borrower's creditworthiness: creditworthiness classes, methods for assessing creditworthiness. Assessment of potential bankruptcy: reasons for bankruptcy, regulatory framework, methods for establishing an unsatisfactory balance sheet structure for insolvent enterprises, methods for predicting possible bankruptcy of enterprises The composition and assessment of the movement of borrowed funds. Analysis of the organization's depreciable property. Analysis of profitable investments in material assets. Generalization of the results of the analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise and determination of ways of financial recovery.
Section III. Analysis of the financial results of the enterprise.
Topic 7. Analysis of the dynamics and structure of the financial result.
Analysis of the level and dynamics of financial results according to the reporting data. The main types and signs of the classification of the organization's expenses, Analysis of the influence of factors on profit. Analysis of profit dynamics. Analysis of distribution and use of profits: analysis of the formation of net profit, analysis of distribution, use of net profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise.
Topic 8. Analysis of the coefficients of profitability (profitability).
Factor analysis of the organization's profitability. Profitability analysis: a system of profitability indicators and their relationship; methodology for calculating profitability indicators; detailed analysis of the return on equity by factors; identification of opportunities to improve the economic efficiency and profitability of the enterprise. Assessing the impact of financial leverage.
Topic 9. Assessment of business activity of the enterprise.
General assessment of the organization's business activity. The system of qualitative and quantitative criteria for business activity. Calculation and analysis of financial and operational cycles. Ways to reduce the duration of the operating cycle. Analysis of the structure of current assets.
Topic 10. Analysis of cash flow.
Concept and types of cash flows. Factors affecting the formation of the company's cash flows. The composition of the funds. Analysis of cash flows according to reporting data. Cash flow analysis methods: direct and indirect. The relationship between cash flow, profit and working capital.
5. Educational technologies +
Comprehensive study of the discipline "Financial Analysis" involves mastering the materials of lectures, educational literature, creative work of students in the course of practical and interactive classes, as well as systematic performance of tasks for independent work of students.
During the lectures, the main issues are revealed within the framework of the topic under consideration, emphasis is made on the most complex and interesting provisions of the material being studied, which should be taken into account by students. The lecture materials are the basis for preparing the student for practical and interactive lessons.
The main goal of practical and interactive lessons is to control the degree of assimilation of the passed material, the progress of students' independent work and consideration of the most difficult and controversial issues within the framework of the topic of the practical lesson. A number of issues of the discipline that require an author's approach to their consideration are presented by students in the form of abstract reviews with their subsequent assessment by the teacher and a brief presentation in a practical lesson or heard in practical lessons in the form of messages (10-15 minutes) with a discussion of them by the group students. In practical lessons, the methodology for solving typical problems is analyzed.
For the successful preparation of oral messages in practical classes, in addition to the literature recommended for study, one should use publications on the topic under study in the magazines "Finance", "Finance", "Glavbuh", "Accounting", "Money and Credit", "Financial Management" , "Economic analysis", "Expert", "Kommersant", etc. Provides for individual work (consultations) with students in the course of studying the material of this discipline.
The learning process should combine both active and interactive forms of conducting classes (computer simulations, business games, analysis of situations, master classes). Recommended innovative computer technologies based on operating systems Windows, Linux, Open Sourse, as well as Internet resources (websites of educational institutions, departments, magazines, information and reference systems, electronic textbooks), which, due to their global distribution, are becoming a mandatory component today. educational standards.
When conducting classes in the classroom, interactive equipment (computer, multimedia projector, interactive screen), which can significantly intensify the learning process. This is ensured by the following provided capabilities: displaying the contents of the desktop of the operating system of the computer on an active screen, measuring the size of a blackboard, by the available multimedia means; by means of remote control of a computer using an electronic pencil and a tablet. The use of interactive equipment during classes requires knowledge and skills in the ACTIVstudio program and the ability to use information technology.
6. Educational and methodological support of students' independent work. Evaluation tools for monitoring progress, intermediate certification based on the results of mastering the discipline
6.1. Types of independent work and forms of control
| N p / p | Name of topics | Content of independent work | form of control |
| Essence, goals and objectives of financial analysis. | Poll | ||
| Financial analysis information database. | Working with educational literature | Poll | |
| Financial analysis methods and tools. | Work with educational literature, preparation of an abstract review | Protection of the abstract review | |
| Analysis of the property status of the enterprise. | Working with educational literature | Poll | |
| Analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise. | Working with educational literature | Testing | |
| Insolvency (bankruptcy) diagnostics. | Work with educational literature, preparation for the colloquium | Colloquium | |
| Analysis of the dynamics and structure of the financial result. | Working with educational literature | Poll | |
| Analysis of the coefficients of profitability (profitability). | Working with educational literature | Testing | |
| Assessment of the business activity of the enterprise. | Working with educational literature | Poll | |
| Cash flow analysis. | Working with educational literature | Testing |
Approximate topics of abstract reviews
1. The essence, goals and objectives of the financial analysis of the enterprise.
2. Informational database of financial analysis.
3. Methods and tools for financial analysis of the enterprise.
4. Features of the financial analysis of enterprises of various types and activities.
5. Analysis of the property status of the enterprise.
6. Analysis of the sources of formation of the property of the enterprise.
7. Analysis of the net assets of the enterprise.
8. Comprehensive analysis of the assets and liabilities of the enterprise.
9. Analysis of the dynamics and structure of non-current assets of the enterprise.
10. Analysis of the company's current assets.
11. Analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise using absolute indicators.
12. Analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise using relative indicators.
13. Domestic and foreign methods of diagnostics of insolvency (bankruptcy) of enterprises.
14. Possibilities of using foreign methods for assessing the likelihood of bankruptcy in Russian conditions.
15. Analysis of the cost of production and sales of products of the enterprise.
16. Analysis of the dynamics and structure of the financial result of the enterprise.
17. Analysis of the use of the company's net profit.
18. Factor analysis of the coefficients of profitability (profitability) of the enterprise.
19. Analysis of indicators of business activity of the enterprise.
20. Analysis of the cash flow of the enterprise.
6.3. Methodical instructions for independent work
Independent work of students during the semester is an important part of the educational process and is necessary to consolidate and deepen the knowledge gained during the session in lectures, practical and interactive classes, as well as for individual study of the discipline in accordance with the program and recommended literature. Independent work is performed in the form of preparing homework or messages on specific issues, an abstract review.
Quality control of independent work can be carried out using oral questioning at lectures or practical classes, holding a colloquium, discussing prepared abstracts, and testing.
Oral forms of control will help to assess the students' proficiency in the genres of scientific speech (discussion, dispute, message, report, etc.), which reveal the ability of students to convey the necessary information, competently use language means, as well as public speaking techniques for contact with the audience. Written work will help the teacher assess the mastery of sources, the scientific style of presentation, which is characterized by: consistency, accuracy of terminology, generalization and abstraction, richness of factual information.
Abstract review
An abstract is a summary of the content of the original document. An abstract-review, or an abstract review, covers several primary documents, provides a comparison of different points of view on a specific issue. General requirements for an abstract review: information content, completeness of presentation; objectivity, undistorted fixation of all provisions of the primary text; correctness in the assessment of the material.
In the abstract, students demonstrate the ability to work with periodicals and electronic resources, which are sources of relevant information on the problems of the discipline being studied.
Referencing is an intellectual creative process that includes comprehension of the text, analytical and synthetic transformation of information and the creation of a new text. The tasks of the abstract review as a form of student work are to develop and consolidate the following skills:
· Implementation of an independent search for statistical and analytical material on the problems of the studied discipline;
· Generalization of materials from specialized periodicals;
· Formulation of reasoned conclusions based on the reviewed materials;
· A clear and simple statement of thoughts about what you read.
The implementation of abstracts (reviews) will broaden the student's horizons in the chosen topic, will allow a more complete selection of material for the future final qualifying work.
The topics of abstract reviews are periodically revised taking into account the relevance and practical significance of the problems under study for the country's economy.
When choosing a topic for an abstract review, you should consult with the leading discipline teacher. A student can propose his topic for an abstract review, having previously justified his choice.
When determining the topic of the abstract review, it is necessary to proceed from the possibility of collecting the specific material necessary for its writing in the periodicals.
An abstract review on a chosen topic is carried out, as a rule, according to periodicals for the last 1-2 years, as well as using analytical information published on specialized Internet sites.
Three main components are distinguished in the structure of the abstract review: bibliographic description, the abstract text itself, and reference apparatus. In connection with this requirement, the following plan for describing each source can be proposed:
· Full title of the article or material;
· Structure of the article or material (what parts it consists of, a short summary for each section);
· The problem (and its relevance), considered in the article;
· Output data of the source (periodical or non-periodical publication, year, month, place of publication, number of pages; e-mail address).
The description of one source is 1-2 pages.
In the final part of the review, the student gives a resume (0.5–1 pages), in which he gives the main provisions for each source and compares different points of view on the problem being identified.
Colloquium
Colloquium (from Latin colloquium - conversation, conversation) is one of the forms of training sessions, a conversation between a teacher and students on a specific topic from the curriculum.
goalconducting a colloquium consists in clarifying the level of knowledge gained by students as a result of listening to lectures, attending seminars, as well as as a result of independent study of the material.
Within the framework of this goal, the following tasks:
· Finding out the quality and degree of understanding of the lecture material by students;
· Development and consolidation of skills of students' expression of their thoughts;
· Expansion of options for self-targeted training of students;
· Development of skills of generalization of various literary sources;
· Providing an opportunity for students to compare different points of view on the issue under consideration.
the teacher should have an idea:
· About the quality of the lecture material;
· About the strengths and weaknesses of their methods of lecturing;
· About the strengths and weaknesses of their methodology for conducting seminars;
· About the level of independent work of students;
· About the ability of students to conduct a discussion and prove their point of view;
· About the degree of erudition of students;
· About the degree of individual mastering of the material by specific students.
As a result of the colloquium the student must have an idea:
· About the level of their knowledge on the issues under consideration in accordance with the requirements of the teacher and in relation to other students of the group;
· About the shortcomings of independent study of the material;
· About their ability to present material;
· About their ability to lead a discussion and prove their point of view.
Depending on the level of preparation of the group, different approaches to the colloquium can be used.
If the majority of the group hardly perceives the content of the lectures and demonstrates an insufficient ability to actively operate with the semantic units and terminology of the course in practical classes, then the colloquium can be divided into two parts. The teacher first introduces the basic concepts contained in the program. This should take no more than a quarter of the session. The remaining three quarters should be devoted to discussion, during which students must make sure and, most importantly, convince each other of the validity and evidence of the received vision of the issue and its correspondence to real practice.
If the teacher is dealing with a more prepared audience, thinking independently and actively assimilating the semantic units and terminology of the course, then the colloquium must be held in such a way that the students themselves formulate the concepts outlined in the program, express diverging points of view and give practical examples. The teacher is left with the role of a moderator (leading the discussion), who at the end “only” summarizes the joint results.
Testing
Control in the form of tests can be used after studying each topic of the course.
Final testing can be carried out in the form:
· Computer testing, i.e. the computer randomly selects questions from the database according to the degree of difficulty;
· Written answers, i.e. the teacher asks a question and gives several answer options, and the student writes down the numbers of questions and the numbers of the corresponding answers on a separate sheet.
To achieve greater reliability of the test results, the text should be structured so that students have no more than 40-50 seconds to answer one question. The final test must include at least 60 questions throughout the course. This means that the final testing will take a whole lesson.
Test results can be assessed in two ways:
1) on a 5-point systemwhen students' responses are graded as follows:
- "excellent" - more than 90% of the answers are correct;
- “good” - more than 80% of the answers are correct;
- "Satisfactory" - more than 70% of the answers are correct.
Students who correctly answered less than 70% of the questions must subsequently retake the test. In this case, it is necessary to check that the test version is different;
2) according to the pass-fail system, when more than 70% of the questions are correct to be credited in this discipline.
6.4. Evaluation tools for monitoring and student certification
6.4.1. Sample questions and tasks to prepare for the test (tests to check the quality of material possession).
1. The company is recognized as liquid if (continue on its own) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………