Differences between the official business style and other styles. Formal and business style. List of sources used

Formal business style Is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, court, as well as in different types business oral communication.

Among the book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically formed genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns of phrase - give it a generally conservative character.

For the official business style characterized by dryness, lack of emotionally colored words, brevity, compact presentation.

In official papers, the set of used language means is predetermined. The most striking feature of the formal business style is language stamps, or the so-called cliche (French. clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more cliché the document is, the more convenient it is to use it (see examples of clichés below)

Formal business style - this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style is generally characterized common and most important features... These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of linguistic means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

Linguistic signs of the formal business style of speech

Lexical signs of the official business style of speech

The lexical (vocabulary) system of the official business style, in addition to general book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliche) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, to impose control over execution, after the expiration of the term.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibi, hblack cash, shadow business;

2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);

5. The style under consideration is characterized by a wide distribution of impersonal sentences of various types, since in modern scientific speech, the personal manner of presentation has given way to impersonal ( You can say, there is an unspoken competition of projects for future social reconstruction. To modern man, this easy to understand on the model of transition to the market).

6. For scientific texts, it is characteristic to clarify the cause-and-effect relationship between phenomena, therefore complex sentences with various types of unions prevail in them ( despite the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, due to the fact that, then how, meanwhile, while and etc.).

7. Used in scientific speech and group introductory words and phrases containing an indication of source of message (in our opinion, by conviction, by concept, by information, by communication, from the point of view, by hypothesis, by definition and etc.). For instance: Answer, according to the author, always ahead of its true cause - the goal, and does not follow an external stimulus.

8. Compositional coherence of presentation is characteristic of scientific works. The interconnection of individual parts of a scientific statement is achieved with the help of certain connecting words, adverbs, adverbial expressions and other parts of speech, as well as word combinations ( so, so, therefore, now, so, besides, besides, besides, also, nevertheless, still, nevertheless, meanwhile, besides, moreover, however, despite, above all, in first of all, first, in conclusion, in the end, hence).

PUBLIC SPEECH STYLE

The journalistic style is a historically developed functional variety of the literary language that serves a wide range of social relations: political, economic, cultural, sports, etc. The journalistic style is used in social and political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television broadcasts, documentary films , some types of oratory (reports, speeches, speeches at meetings, rallies, in state and public organizations etc.).

Selection and organization of language tools journalistic style define its main functions - informative and influencing.

The function of the message (informative) is that the authors of the texts of journalism inform a wide range of readers, viewers, listeners about the problems that are significant for society. The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in journalistic style lies in the subject matter and nature of the information, in its sources and addressees. So, tV shows, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about the everyday life of citizens. The way of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes the facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, moods of the authors, contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information.

Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant spheres is accompanied in publicistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - the function of influence (expressive). The goal of the publicist is not only to tell about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude to the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open tendentiousness, polemics, emotionality, which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position.

A publicistic text is often constructed as a scientific reasoning: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways of solving it are analyzed, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. To effectively influence the reader or listener, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.

The journalistic style is characterized by alternation of standard and expression, logical and figurative, evaluative and evidential, economy of language means, clarity, laconicism, sequence of presentation with informative richness.

Language features nublicistwow steelei'm speech

Lexical features

1. The functional purpose of the words and expressions used in the journalistic style is not the same; among them are neutral vocabulary and phraseology ( event, play a role, shape, buyer, situation and others) and stylistically colored, emotionally evaluative - positive ( mercy, motherland, fraternal, dare) and negative ( clique, puppet, philistine, plant, handout to public opinionyu).

2. In the journalistic style, ready-made standard formulas are used - speech cliches ( matter, need amendments, cause damage, reform course, government composition, ruble exchange rate, negative consequences, financial market, pay attention and etc.). Newspaper clichés (stable phrases and whole sentences) are used alongside expressive, expressive, emotionally influencing language means.

3. The journalistic style is characterized by a combination of "high", book style ( power, self-sacrifice, host etc.) with a conversational style, colloquial and slang vocabulary ( hype, fuss, wet - meaning ‘to kill’, run over- in the meaning of ‘make a claim’, etc.).

4. In the journalistic style, social and political vocabulary is widely used ( humanity, publicity, president, democracy, peaceful, federal and etc.).

5. The journalistic style is characterized by the use of phraseological phrases and stable combinations.

Derivative features

In journalistic style, the following are often used:

1) abstract nouns with suffixes -ost , -st (about), -nij(e), -andj(e): personality, greed, cooperation, annulment, confidence and etc.;

2) nouns and adjectives with lexicalized prefixes inter-, all-, general-, over - : international,all-Russian,nationwide,ultramodern and etc.;

3) nouns and adjectives with international suffixes and prefixes -measure- , - ist-, -ant- , -atsij(and), anti-, counter-, de- : globalism,authoritarianism,moralist, figurant, computerization,anti-vandal, counter-reform, depoliticization and etc.;

4) words with emotionally expressive suffixes, for example, -shchin (a): military, Stalinismand etc.;

5) words formed by addition: socio-political, socio-economic and etc.;

Morphological features

The morphological features of the journalistic style include the frequency use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech:

6) elliptical sentences are incomplete sentences in which the absence of a predicate verb is the norm: There is a large garden behind the actor's house.

TALKND STYLE

The conversational style is contrasted with book styles in general. This determines its special place in the system of functional varieties of the Russian literary language. Conversational style is the most traditional communication style serving the everyday sphere of communication. It provides for close acquaintance, the social community of the participants in the conversation, the absence of an element of formality in communication.

The conversational style is characterized by massive use. It is used by people of all ages, all professions, not only in everyday life, but also in informal, personal communication in social and political, industrial and labor, educational and scientific spheres of activity. He is widely represented in fiction. Conversational speech occupies an exceptional position in modern Russian. This is the original style of the national language, while all others are phenomena of a later (often even historically recent) period.

A specific defining feature of colloquial speech is that it is used in conditions of unprepared, casual communication with the direct participation of speakers.

Linguistic features of the spoken style of speech

Intonation and pronunciation

In everyday colloquial speech, for which the oral form is primordial, intonation plays an extremely important role. In interaction with syntax and vocabulary, it creates the impression of being conversational. Easy speech is often accompanied by sharp rises and falls in tone, lengthening, "stretching" of vowels, lengthening of consonants, pauses, changes in the tempo of speech, as well as its rhythm.

Everyday colloquial vocabulary are words that are accepted in everyday life In the vocabulary of everyday colloquial speech, in addition to neutral, words are included that are characterized by expressiveness, evaluativeness. Among them: words colloquial and colloquial coloring (excites, miserable, living creatures, blond, crazy, whack). The everyday conversational style is characterized by an abundance of colloquial phraseology.

For colloquial speech, words with a situational meaning are also characteristic, the so-called situational vocabulary. These words can mean any concepts, and even whole situations, if they are well known to the participants in the dialogue ( thing, piece, carousel, music, parsley, bandura, business, question, trivia, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, pies, toys). For instance: I just can't figure this out! ie: "I just can't understand how (TV, vacuum cleaner, washing machine) works."

The main signs of colloquiality in the field of word formation are:

1) the use of words with suffixes of pronounced expressiveness, emotionality, stylistic decline, for example: - eh (liar), - ash - (huckster), - un - (chatterbox), - uzh - (tremendous), - ast - (rukasty), -sha - (doctor), - them-a (watchman);

2) the widespread use of words formed according to specific colloquial models of "semantic contraction" (reduction), ie, the combination of two or more words into one: evening newspaper - evening; urgent care - ambulance; foreign literature course – foreign : higher mathematics - tower; graduate work - diploma.

Morphology

1. Morphological features of everyday colloquial speech are manifested primarily in the very set of parts of speech. So, we can note the absence in colloquial speech of participles and gerunds, short adjectives (in their syntactic opposition to complete), a decrease in the proportion of nouns, an increase in the proportion of particles.

2. Colloquial speech is no less peculiar in the distribution of case forms. Typical, for example, is the predominance of the nominative case: Houseshoes / where to get off? Porridge / look // Not burnt?

3. The presence of a special vocative form is noted: Katya! Mom!

4. In colloquial speech, truncated versions of service words, conjunctions and particles are widely used: so, what eh, so that, at least,as well as truncated variants of nouns: five kilogram of orange (correctly: kilograms of oranges).

Conversational style syntax

The colloquial syntax is very peculiar. The conditions for the implementation of colloquial speech (unpreparedness of the utterance, ease of speech communication, the influence of the situation) have a special effect on its syntactic structure. The main syntactic features of the spoken style of speech include:

1) the predominance of simple sentences;

2) wide use of interrogative and exclamation sentences;

3) the use of sentence words ( Yes. No.);

4) the use of incomplete sentences on a large scale, the so-called "chopped speech" ( This dress / nowhere. No / well, nothing at all / if with a belt);

5) in the syntactic structure of colloquial speech, pauses are allowed due to various reasons (looking for the right word, the speaker's excitement, an unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.), repeated questions, repetitions.

The named syntactic features in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speech:

A: Are you cold? B: Not at all!; A: Did you wet your feet again? B: But how!What a rain !; A: How interesting it was! B: Lovely! -, A: The milk ran away! B: Nightmare! The whole plate was flooded //; A: He almost got hit by a car! B: Horror!, A. He was again wheeled a deuce // B: C crazy !. A: Do you know who was there? Efremov // B: Uh you!. A: Let's move to the dacha tomorrow! B: Goes!

STYLE OF ARTISTIC LITERATURE

Fiction style(or art style) is used in works of fiction: novels, stories, plays. Its functions are not only to inform and influence the reader, but also to create a vivid picture, depict an object or events, convey the author's emotions and thoughts to the reader. Unlike other styles, the style of artistic speech also has an aesthetic function. That is why the artistic style is distinguished by its expressiveness, imagery, emotionality and aesthetic significance of each of its elements. It involves a preliminary selection of language tools.

The imagery of the artistic style created with trails (metaphors, comparisons, impersonations). In artistic speech, archaisms, historicisms (to add color to the era, which is narrated), dialectisms and even conversational style elements (in order to more accurately convey the speech of the heroes, to more fully reveal their images).

In this way, fiction stylecombines features and elements of different styles... That is why it is not always singled out as a special style of the Russian literary language. And yet it has the right to exist as one of the independent styles of the language. So, the artistic style has only its inherent expressive means of speech. These include rhythm, rhyme, harmonious organization of speech.

The artistic style of speech is widely used verbal polysemy of a word, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is due to the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of pictorial means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

For artistic speech, especially poetic, is characterized by inversion, that is, changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word, or to give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring.

Plan:

1. general characteristics formal business style …… ..p.3-4

2. Text norms of business style …………………………… p.4-5

3. Language norms: drafting a text, a document ……. …… p.5-8

4. Dynamics of the norm of official-business speech ………….… P.8-9

5. References …………………………………………… p.10

General characteristics of the official - business style of speech

The word official means "government, official, official". “The language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy and impossibility of any misinterpretations” (L. V. Shcherba). Therefore, in official documents, words with a figurative meaning are not used, as well as emotionally colored and colloquial vocabulary.

The official style is characterized by just those specific words, stable phrases and phrases, which are usually called clericalisms.

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically formed genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles the stereotyped turns of phrase often act as a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it.

Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, statutes, instructions, official correspondence, business papers. The document is official - business style is distinguished by the absence of emotional coloring, dryness.

The use of language clichés and stereotypes (cliches) in official documents is mandatory, but in colloquial speech or in works of art it is inappropriate. The white paper should be short and written in such a way that you can immediately find the information you need. Therefore, in order to understand what the document is about, to whom it is addressed, a certain form is given to it.

There are several sub-styles of the official - business style:

Diplomatic Substyle - A substyle of diplomatic documents such as a diplomatic note, a government statement, a credential. It is distinguished by specific terms, most of which are international: status quo, persona non grata, ratification, preamble. Unlike other sub-styles of the official - business style, in the language of diplomatic documents there is a high, solemn vocabulary to give the document an emphasized significance, as well as the etiquette forms of politeness generally accepted in international state circulation:

Documentary sub-style - language legislative documentsrelated to the activities of official bodies, includes vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, labor code, marriage and family code. It adjoins vocabulary and phraseology associated with the work of administrative bodies, service activities of citizens.

Everyday business substyle is found in business correspondence between institutions and organizations and in private business papers, as well as in official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence), official business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol), private business papers (application , power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, bill, etc.). All of them are characterized by a well-known standardization, which facilitates their compilation and use and is designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy.

Business style text norms

Despite the differences in content and the variety of genres, the formal business style in general is characterized by a number of common features.

These include:

1) concise, compact presentation, economical use of language means;

2) the standard arrangement of the material, the often obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, cash documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) the wide use of terminology, nomenclature names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion of complex abbreviated words and abbreviations in the text;

4) the frequent use of verbal nouns, from nominal prepositions (on the basis, in relation, in accordance with, in the case, in force, for purposes, at the expense, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, in view of the fact that , due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.). As well as various stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case ...; on the grounds that ...; for the reason that ...; with the condition that ...; thus that ...; the fact that ...; the fact that ... etc.);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with a listing;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

The main feature of the official paper is its standard form: all applications, powers of attorney, certificates and other business papers are written in the same way. Since a significant part of the text of such papers is repeated in all documents of this type, for many of them there are forms on which the repeated text has already been printed.

Language norms: drafting the text of the document.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this, undoubtedly, makes them easier and easier to use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice, ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out.

It is customary to write envelopes in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its own advantage for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication, are quite appropriate in it.

There are ready-made, familiar phrases in speech that are easily reproduced in any situation. Such phrases are called clichés, which exist in all styles of speech.

Unlike clichés, stamps are hackneyed expressions with a tarnished lexical meaning and worn out expressiveness. A speech full of cliches cannot be called expressive; on the contrary, it is a stylistic defect.

Stationery is words and expressions used in an official business style. But when they infiltrate other styles, it violates stylistic norms.

Chancery: in order to execute the decision, in order to avoid accidents, I attach to the application, present a certificate, place of residence, according to the order, state, cancel, make an offer (s), give preference, after the expiration of the contract, after leaving school, etc.

The form of each type of document is also stable, generally accepted, standard. A stamp in the official style is justified, appropriate: it contributes to the accurate and concise presentation of business information, facilitates business correspondence.

As an official document, the autobiography has the following structure:

a) the name of the document,

b) the text of the biography (where possible, the exact dates of events are indicated);

d) date of writing (under the text on the left). In the text of the biography, the writer indicates his last name, first name, patronymic; day, month, year and place of birth, social status of the family; informs about education, labor and social activities.

Syntax models used in business correspondence:

we inform (you about) that ...; we inform (you about) that ...; we inform (you) that ...; we notify (you) that ... Joint-stock company (company) applies (to you) with a request (to) ... or ... with a request (to you) about ...; the district administration expresses a wish (desire, hope for) ... or ... really hopes for ...; according to instructions ...; thanks to the directions; in connection with refusal ... (decision, indication, conduct, delay, difficulties, anticipated improvements, possible clarifications) ...; in accordance with the agreement (plan, indication, implementation, improvement, success, clarification, implementation) ...

Information required for a resume:

1. Surname, name, patronymic.

2. Address, telephone.

3. Date of birth.

4. Marital status.

5. Education (name of educational institution, diploma qualification).

6. Work experience.

7. Additional information (computer skills, knowledge foreign languages etc.).

An example of an autobiography:

From 1967 to 1977 she studied at the secondary school number 285.

In 1977 she entered the history department of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute.

In September 1983 she worked as a teacher at the secondary school № 75 in Moscow.

From 1989 to the present, I have been working as the director of the above-named school.

Married. I have a daughter.

Husband - Pavel Igorevich Vasiliev, born on August 17, 1959. He currently works as a teacher at the Academy of Postgraduate Education.

Daughter - Natalya Pavlovna Vasilyeva, student.

I live at the address: 129311, Moscow, st. Academician Korolev, 30, apt. 74.

Formal business style is designed to serve the legal relationship between citizens and the state, in connection with which it is applied in various documents: from state acts and international treaties to business correspondence. The most important style functions are - message and impact - are implemented in such official documents as laws, regulations, decrees, orders, contracts, agreements, statements and many others. This style is also called administrativesince it serves the realm of official business relationship, the area of \u200b\u200blaw and public policy. Its other name is business speech - indicates that this style is the most ancient of the book, and its origins must be sought in business speech Kievan Rus, since legal documents (Pravda Russkaya, various agreements, letters) were created already in the 10th century.

The official business style stands out for its stability, isolation and standardization. Despite the wide variety of business documents, their language strictly obeys the requirements of the official business presentation. It provides for the accuracy of the wording of legal norms and the need for the absolute adequacy of their understanding; the composition of the mandatory elements of the document registration, ensuring its legal validity; standardized presentation; stable forms of material arrangement in a certain logical sequence, etc.

For all forms of business writing, strict compliance with the literary norm at all language levels is mandatory: it is unacceptable to use lexical and phraseological means of a colloquial, vernacular nature, dialect, professional jargon words; non-literary variants of inflection and word formation; colloquial syntactic constructions. The official business style does not accept expressive elements: evaluative vocabulary, high or low words (humorous, ironic), figurative expressions. The most important requirement for the language of the document is the objectivity and impartiality of the presentation of facts.

The formal business style functions mainly in written form, however, is not excluded and oral, in particular, speeches by statesmen and public figures at ceremonial meetings, meetings, receptions. The oral form of business speech is characterized by the full style of pronunciation, special expressiveness of intonation, logical stress. The speaker can admit a certain emotional uplifting of speech, even the inclusion of foreign-style linguistic means, without violating, however, the literary norm. Incorrect stress, non-literary pronunciation are inadmissible.

Vocabulary official speech is characterized by the wide use of special words and terms (legal, diplomatic, military, economic, sports, etc.). The striving for brevity leads to the use of abbreviations, compound abbreviated names of state bodies and supranational entities, as well as institutions, organizations, societies, parties, etc. ( RF, CIS, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Airborne Forces, Air Force, FDI, housing and communal services, LDPR, MUP, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, Rosstat). Since the structure of state bodies, the names of parties and social movements are subject to change, many new words appear and this part of the vocabulary is constantly updated and replenished.

Business and official texts use words and expressions that are not accepted in other styles: above, below, above, proper, prohibited, deed, punishable and so on. These include stable phrases: preventive measure; appeal; civil status act; an act of disobedience; House arrest etc. Regular use of such words and expressions that do not have synonyms contributes to the accuracy of speech, excludes other interpretations.

Morphological the features of the official business style are largely determined by its nominal character: here there is an absolute predominance of nominal parts of speech with an insignificant use of verbs. The inappropriateness of the expressive coloring of official speech makes it impossible to use interjections, modal words, a number of particles, words with suffixes of subjective assessment, adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees. Nouns denoting positions are usually used in the masculine form ( accountant, director, laboratory assistant, postman, controller etc.).

The high frequency of verbal nouns is a consequence of the consolidation of stable turns of speech (synonymous with verbal expressions): the procedure for drawing up and executing a transportation plan; in order to improve the procedure for collecting taxes etc. In such turns of speech, a chain of genitive forms of nouns often arises ( clarification of the conditions for the commission of a crime; verification of compliance with passport regulations), which makes the phrase heavy and sometimes makes it difficult to understand.

Adjectives and participles in business speech often act in the meaning of nouns ( sick, resting, undersigned); short forms of adjectives ( must, obliged, obligatory, necessary, accountable, judged, responsible). The use of such forms is dictated by the prescriptive nature of business speech: Calling experts is required to establish the causes of death (Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR).

The selection of pronouns in business speech is indicative: here personal pronouns are used me, you, he, she, they due to the complete lack of individualization of speech and concreteness, accuracy of the statement. Instead of demonstrative pronouns this, that, such etc. words are used given, present, corresponding, known, specified, above, below etc. Indefinite pronouns do not find application in business speech at all: someone, something, something etc.

To characterize the verbs in official speech, its noun structure is also important, which determines the high frequency of linking verbs ( is, becomes, comes true), replacing the verbal predicate with a combination of an auxiliary verb with a noun calling the action ( provide assistance; carry out control; take care etc.). In comparison with other book styles, the business style has the lowest frequency of verbs: for every thousand words there are only 60 of them (in the scientific style - 90, in the artistic speech - 151). The prescriptive nature of the official business style, the predominance of stating and descriptive types of speech in it over narration and reasoning determine its static nature, the displacement of verb forms by verbal nouns.

Among the semantic groups of verbs presented in the business style, the main role is given to words with the meaning of obligation ( should, should, imputed, undertake), as well as abstract verbs indicating being, the presence ( is, is). See for example:

Persons who were in constant education and maintenance, are obligedto deliver maintenance to persons who actually raised them, if the latter aredisabled and in need of assistance and cannot receive support from their children or spouses.

In official speech, impersonal forms of verbs are more commonly used - participles, gerunds, infinitives, which especially often appear in the meaning of the imperative mood ( take into account; make a suggestion; recommend, withdraw from use etc.).

Forms of the present tense serve as a prescription: Businesses are responsible ...; The tenant is responsible for the property (such verb tense forms are called hereby regulations).

Forms of the future tense acquire different shades in the context (obligations, prescriptions; possibilities close to necessity): Borders will beas they existed on October 1, 1941 year (i.e. established by contract); Military command will highlight ... (\u003d "should highlight"). Another meaning of the future, typical for business texts, is the future conditional (surreal), which is usually found in complex sentences with subordinate conditions: The sum insured is paid if during the year will comepermanent disability.

The functioning of the past tense forms is quite consistent with the tasks of business speech. One of the typical meanings is the past of an underlined statement, a pronounced fixation of what is communicated in writing (agreement, contract, etc.):

Ukraine confirms that it translatedfunds ... to pay off part of the debt for the previously supplied Russian gas; We, the undersigned..., examined, measured, compareddrawings and acceptedsingle-family panel house (act).

Verbs imperfect as more abstract in meaning than perfect verbs, prevail in the genres of business speech general (constitution, codes, statutes, etc.). Forms of the perfect type are used in texts of more specific content (orders, instructions, minutes of meetings, resolutions, acts, contracts). Such forms of the verb are used in combination with modal words in the sense of obligation and express a categorical command, permission ( must report; has the right to prescribe; is obliged to transfer; undertake to provide), as well as the statement ( the ministry considered, took measures, made a proposal; organized, paid, completed etc.).

Syntax the formal business style reflects the impersonal nature of business speech ( Complaints are submitted to the prosecutor, the carriage of goods is carried out ...). In this regard, passive constructions are widely used, which allow one to abstract from specific performers and focus on the actions themselves ( By competition, credited ...-, Ten patients were taken; 120 applications were registered; The lead time is extended on condition ...).

Syntactic constructions in official speech are full of clichéd phrases with abortable prepositions: for purposes, in connection, on the line, on the basis of and etc. ( in order to improve the structure; in connection with the specified complications; loss of cooperation and mutual assistance; based the decision ). Such clichés are a specific feature of the formal business style. The use of such syntactic constructions is necessary to express typical situations; they facilitate and simplify the drafting of standard texts.

In official business documents, creative unions are more often found than subordinate ones (since the law, the charter prescribes, and does not explain, proves). At the same time, a feature of business speech is the predominance of complex syntactic structures: a simple sentence is not able to reflect the sequence of facts to be considered in the official business plan.

Conditionally infinitive constructions play an important role in the official business style (especially in the texts of laws, where this is motivated by the target task - to stipulate the conditionality of a legal norm). A characteristic feature of business speech is also the use of infinitive and impersonal sentences with the meaning of obligation. In order to achieve laconicism and accuracy, parallel syntactic constructions are often used (participial and adverbial turns, constructions with verbal nouns).

The business style syntax is characterized by a strict and definite word order in a sentence, which is due to the requirement of consistency, consistency, and accuracy of expressing thoughts. A stylistic feature is also the predominant use of indirect speech... Direct speech in an official business style is resorted to only in cases where it is necessary to quote verbatim legal acts or other documents.

In the design of texts of the official business style, paragraph division and heading play an important role; requisites - permanent elements of the content of the document: names, dates, signatures, and also accepted for this document graphic design... All this is of paramount importance in office work, testifies to the literacy of the compiler of the document, his professionalism and culture of speech.

Formal business (business) style serves a purely formal human relationship: the relationship between government and the population; between countries; between enterprises, organizations, institutions; between the individual and society; between a person and various organizations.

The official business style of speech can be divided into two types - two sub-styles:

a) official documentary, that is, the language of diplomacy, laws: an international treaty, a note (a diplomatic appeal of one government to another), a communique (an official message, mainly on international issues), a memorandum (a diplomatic document detailing the government's views on any issue), law , charter, civil act, official communication, etc .;

b) everyday business, that is, clerical (order, order, official correspondence, business papers: statement, characteristic, autobiography, power of attorney, receipt, certificate, report, protocol, memo, etc.).

The main defining feature of such a text, the dominant of the official business style as a whole, is the limiting avoidable precision... This determines such signs of style as strict tonality, standard means of expression. In general, the formal business style is characterized by stylistic uniformity and rigor, objectivity and partly impersonal presentation. Emotionality, subjective evaluativeness and colloquiality are contraindicated to him. Business texts are characterized by substantial completeness, accuracy, clarity, and cumbersome structures (due to the desire for accuracy). In this respect, the business style approaches the scientific one.

However, there is no identity between these styles. For business texts, these requirements, in contrast to scientific ones, are vital. Business text cannot become a document without them. Actually, a document then becomes a document when it is drawn up and certified in a certain, standard form. It is no coincidence that special forms, letterheads, etc. are so widely used in business communication.

Language tools	Examples of
Language level: Vocabulary
General literary words that have received special meanings (names of persons according to their function; documents and their parts; designation of actions of officials, official procedures).	The plaintiff, the defendant, the taxpayer, the depositor, the tenant, the contractor, the order, the order, the instruction, the telephone message, the act, the personal account, the agenda, were present, listened, I argue, I do not mind, agreed.
Stationery (that is, words that are not used outside the business style).	Appropriate, above, undersigned, named.
Low frequency, often archaic (outdated) vocabulary used in diplomatic documents.	His Highness, His Excellency.
Compound words, graphic abbreviations with strictly established rules for their reduction.	Technical supervision, Ministry of Energy, rayfo, region (region), head (manager), corresponding Member (Corresponding Member), etc. (and so on), cm. (look).
Standard forms of document presentation (stamps).	Pay attention to; in order to ensure; behind reporting period; the following disadvantages are noted; in a spirit of mutual understanding; contracting parties; having listened and discussed; to prosecute; Based on the foregoing.
Language level: Morphology
The predominance of nouns (especially verbs, which often form phrases with incomplete verbs).	Execution, decision, indication, acceptance, delivery; take part, express regret, have application, influence.
The frequency of "stringing" the genitives of dependent nouns (and adjectives).	Importance strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime; sanitary maintenance common property of a residential building of municipal housing stock.
The almost complete absence of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person and the corresponding forms of the verb (with the exception of statements, powers of attorney and other special documents, as well as orders, where the form is used - i order).	I, Petrova Nina Vasilievna, trust Petrova Anna Ivanovna ... to receive my scholarship ...; ask free me from my studies ...
The frequency of verbs in an indefinite form, as well as the predominance of present tense forms with the meaning of obligation and prescription.	Enroll, dismiss, appoint, approve the initiative, it is recommended to withhold, should be considered.
The use of masculine forms when naming women by profession.	Teacher T.P. Sosnovskaya, chief plot I.G. Khokhlova.
Replacing simple prepositions ( because of, by and others) registered.	In view of lack of food, due with the beginning of the heating season, according to order.
Mandatory use of a capital letter in personal and possessive pronouns.	ask Your his consent, I appeal to You with the request.
Language level: Syntax
The use of complex syntactic constructions with a large number of isolated and clarifying turns, homogeneous members, introductory and inserted constructions.	I, Ivanova Svetlana Pavlovna, 1st year student of the Philological Faculty of the Kuban state university, I trust Anna Ivanovna Petrova, who lives at the address: Krasnodar, st. Stavropolskaya, 3, apt. five; passport: series 63 00, No. 354974, issued by the Komsomolsk OVD of Krasnodar on May 3, 2002, to receive my scholarship in the amount of 1200 (one thousand two hundred) rubles.
Widespread use of impersonal sentences with the meaning of prescription, order, necessity.	It is necessary to improve, instruct the headman, provide a certificate, consider it necessary, strengthen control.
No substitutions of a noun with pronouns and, accordingly, repetition of nouns and phrases.	Turnout defendant mandatory and hearing in the absence defendant only allowed: 1) with express consent defendant; 2) if it is proved that defendant has avoided serving a summons to court or is hiding from the court.

The formal business style in life is much more common than you might think. You see it in instructions, in any documents of organizations (it does not matter, government or commercial), in legislative acts, in methodological developments and so on.

Examples of formal business style:,.

The main function of this style is informing - the message is extremely accurate and concise information. Therefore, the information richness of texts written in an official business style is very high, although it is difficult to understand.

Read about all styles of speech (text).

Tired of homework and essays?

Try your luck and maybe you will get lucky today. Just imagine how your life will change if you hit the jackpot 🙂
In general, sign up - it's absolutely free. And then you decide for yourself what you are lucky in.

Formal business style characteristics

Among the main style features are the following:

• informative focus - in order to remain in the exclusively administrative and legal sphere of activity;
• accuracy and standard formulation - sometimes to the detriment of ease of perception;
• a rigid logical structure of both sentences and the text itself as a whole;
• lack of emotionality and evaluativeness - in texts written in an official business style, there are either facts or well-grounded hypotheses, and a subjective approach to the things presented is completely excluded.

At linguistic levels, style features are manifested as follows:

• in vocabulary - as a rule, the texts mainly use words and terms of the official business sphere;
• in morphology - stationery and language cliches are actively exploited ( stable expressions); complex prepositions;
• in syntax - the texts of the named style are composed mainly of significant in length, voluminous sentences, as a rule, complex and variously complicated.

Formal business style: case studies

Let's look at examples of our style to make its features clearer.

Excerpt from the doc:

According to the Civil Code Russian Federation, society with limited liability (hereinafter - LLC) is recognized as approved by one or more persons commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares determined constituent documents... Unlike a joint stock company, the right to a share is not confirmed security, a share, but only a certificate, which, in accordance with the charter of an LLC, can be issued to its founders.

1 . In vocabulary of the given excerpt, the following layers can be distinguished:

• words that are called common: participants, documents, society, persons, limited;
• terms: shares, limited liability company, code, founder, authorized capital, share, commercial organization;
• speech cliches: according to the code, as opposed to, according to.

2. Let's analyze the morphology specified excerpt from the document. The following points should be highlighted here:

• verbal nouns prevail: organization, founders, participants;
• often there are nouns with a common meaning of persons: persons, participants;
• stringing nouns in the instrumental and genitive cases: Unlike a joint-stock company, the right to a share is not confirmed by a security or a share, but only by a certificate, which, in accordance with the charter of an LLC, can be issued to its founders;
• the predominance of participles and participles over verbs.

3. Syntax. There are also interesting points here:

• sentences, as a rule, are voluminous (in this case we have two such sentences, and they completely constitute the above passage);
• the sentences use the direct word order: a limited liability company is recognized ..., the authorized capital ... is divided;
• according to the purpose of the statement in the above passage, all sentences are narrative;
• a complex proposal is additionally complicated, firstly, by the participatory turnovers (defined by the constituent documents), and secondly, by homogeneous members (According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a limited liability company (hereinafter - LLC) is a commercial organization approved by one or several persons, charter whose capital is divided into shares).

Excerpt from the doc:

During the war in the village. Borovoy survived 45 houses out of 77. The collective farmers had 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs left. Most of the orchards on personal plots, as well as an orchard with a total area of \u200b\u200b2.7 hectares belonging to the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm, were cut down. The damage caused by the German fascist invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers is estimated at 230,700 rubles.
Inhabitants in the village were 64 out of 370 when our military units arrived.
There were cases of forcible removal of residents to work for the occupiers ... Currently, it is fully restored in the village. Borovoy farm "Krasnaya Zarya" collective farm.

1. In vocabulary note the following layers:

• words of general use: survived, residents, gardens.
• terms and common expressions: damage, abduction, total area, Nazi invaders.
• frequent speech cliches: remained in stock, the damage caused is calculated, took place, most of the gardens.
• despite a rare inversion (there have been cases of forced abduction), the word order is most often straightforward: most of the gardens ... were cut down, the damage ... is calculated, the inhabitants ... were numbered;
• a large number of numerals expressing statistical data: 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs remained.

2. Parse the morphology the quoted passage. As you can see, this example is the same as in the first:

• verbal nouns and nouns with abstract meaning prevail: abduction, work, occupants, arrival, time, damage;
• nouns that have a common meaning of persons: residents, occupiers, collective farmers;
• there is a stringing of nouns in the instrumental and genitive cases: the damage caused by the German fascist invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers.

3. In syntax the following points should be noted:

• sentences are cumbersome, usually dry and informative;
• the word order used is direct: inflicted by the fascist German invaders on the property of the collective farm and collective farmers;
• according to the purpose of the statement, which is usually narrative, and non-exclamatory in intonation.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the formal business style is one of the most insidious. His formulations are so perfected that they are firmly engraved in the memory, and therefore clericalisms and language clichés actively penetrate into books, making them look like a bad translation from a foreign language.

Remember: the impersonal and detached vocabulary of business style is a great evil for good literature. what words and phrases you choose for your stories and novels. And if bureaucracy has penetrated them, expel them mercilessly!

All materials posted on the site are intended for non-commercial use and are protected by the legislation of the Russian Federation (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part Four).
Copying is prohibited.
Partial citation of articles and training materials is possible only with the obligatory indication of the source in the form of an active link.