Diplomatic speech etiquette. What is etiquette and protocol? Psychology of business relations in international cooperation
Norms and rules of diplomatic etiquetteTable of contents:
Introduction 3
1. The concept of diplomatic etiquette 5
2. Diplomatic Protocol 9
3. Protocol service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and its activities 16
Conclusion 25
References: 27
Introduction
In a developed community, there are unwritten rules of behavior that determine the framework of permitted actions on the part of certain individuals, these frameworks are determined by the degree of socialization of society. A higher level of personality requirements is distinguished by such a kind of socialization as etiquette. A special role in the life of society, or rather in foreign economic activity states playing diplomatic etiquette or protocol.
According to the diplomatic dictionary, "etiquette" is defined as strictly defined norms of behavior that are used mainly at the court of monarchs, in diplomatic relations, or established measures of moral everyday behavior. "Etiquette" comes from the French. "Etiquette" and is defined as a set of norms of moral behavior; norms of conduct in diplomatic relations; norms of politeness; rules of etiquette.
Interstate relations are, first of all, interpersonal relations and success in these relations depends on the personal characteristics of individuals, on their ability to convince and win over the interlocutor. It should be especially noted how important it is for employees of the diplomatic service to know and correctly apply the instructions of the diplomatic protocol in their activities. This is explained by the fact that ignoring or ignorance of certain norms of behavior sometimes leads to undesirable results, not so much for the person himself, but even for the state on whose behalf the person is acting, which ultimately results in a complication of the situation in bilateral relations between countries.
Reciprocity is one of the fundamental principles of bilateral relations between countries, reflected in the norms of diplomatic protocol and etiquette. The legislation of many countries directly states that many diplomatic privileges and immunities are granted to diplomatic and consular representatives of other countries on the basis of the principle of reciprocity.
A departure from reciprocity in the observance of diplomatic protocol and etiquette can be viewed as an unfriendly act and entail retaliatory steps.
On the basis of reciprocity in bilateral relations of the country, restrictive measures can also be taken - there are cases of mutual actions on accusation of employees of diplomatic missions as persona non grata, followed by an offer to leave the host country. Usually, such steps lead to a crisis and tension in bilateral relations.
1. The concept of diplomatic etiquette
Etiquette is a word of French origin. Etiquette includes the rules of courtesy and politeness adopted in society. Etiquette is based on the rules of conduct, which are universal, since they are observed not only by representatives of a given society, but also by representatives of the most diverse socio-political systems that exist modern world... Each country makes its own amendments and additions to etiquette, due to the social system of the country, the specifics of its historical structure, national traditions and customs.
There are several types of etiquette, the main of which are:
court etiquette - a strictly regulated procedure and forms of treatment established at the courts of monarchs;
diplomatic etiquette - the rules of conduct for Diplomats and other officials during contacts with each other at various diplomatic receptions, visits, negotiations;
military etiquette - a set of generally accepted rules in the army, food and manners of behavior of servicemen in all spheres of their activity;
general civil etiquette - a set of rules, Traditions and conventions followed by citizens when communicating with each other.
Most of the rules of diplomatic, military and civil etiquette are to one degree or another identical.The only difference is that diplomatic etiquette from the accuracy of compliance rules of etiquette the prestige of the country they represent depends on diplomats. Failure to comply with the rules of etiquette can lead to complications in relations between states.
As the living conditions of mankind change, education and culture grow, some rules of behavior become obsolete, others are corrected or replaced by new ones. What was previously considered indecent becomes generally accepted, and vice versa. But the requirements of etiquette are not absolute: compliance with them depends on the place, time and circumstances. Behavior that is unacceptable in one place and under some circumstances may be appropriate in another place and under different circumstances.
The norms of etiquette, in contrast to the norms of morality, are conditional and are in the nature of an unwritten agreement about what is generally accepted in human behavior and what is not. Every cultured person should not only know and observe the basic norms of etiquette, but also understand the need for certain rules and relationships. The ability to behave correctly in society facilitates the establishment of contacts, contributes to the achievement of mutual understanding, and creates stable relationships.
A tactful and well-mannered person behaves in accordance with the norms of etiquette not only at work and at official ceremonies, but also at home. There are also people who are polite and helpful at work, with acquaintances and friends, but at home they do not stand on ceremony with their loved ones, are rude and tactless. This speaks of a person's low culture and poor upbringing. Genuine politeness, which is based on benevolence, is conditioned by a sense of proportion and tact, suggesting what can and cannot be done under certain circumstances.
Modern etiquette regulates the behavior of people in everyday life, at work; in public places and on the street, at a party and at various kinds of official events - receptions, ceremonies, negotiations.
So, etiquette is a very large and important part of universal human culture, morality, morality, developed over many centuries of life by all peoples.
Business etiquette includes rules for conducting business meetings, presentations, receptions, rules for using business cards, rules for business correspondence, rules for exchanging gifts and souvenirs, rules for telephone conversations, etc.
Business meetings have become a reality in Russian life, where fundamental issues are resolved and agreed decisions are made. Business meetings can be conducted in the form of conversations and negotiations. If a conversation is an exchange of views, points of view, information, then the purpose of negotiations is to find a solution to the problem, lead to a reasonable agreement, and reach mutual understanding.
When performing their functions, organizing official events, participating in ceremonies and procedures, diplomats act in accordance with the diplomatic protocol, which is understood as a set of generally accepted rules, traditions, conventions observed by governments, state representations abroad (embassies, consulates, etc.) and their employees when communicating with each other. Diplomatic protocol and civil etiquette are two different things.
Official events include various receptions and ceremonies held on the occasion of national holidays, historical anniversaries, the arrival of foreign delegations, heads of state and government, etc.
The rules and regulations of the protocol that have developed by now governing almost everything external forms diplomatic practice. Depending on the relationship with one side or another, when applying the rules of the protocol, they are given more or less solemnity, the number and level of participation of officials is expanded or reduced, etc.
One of the important forms of international contacts between states is meetings and conversations between heads of state services with diplomatic missions. Such meetings and conversations are aimed at maintaining and developing political, economic, trade, cultural and scientific and technical ties, striving to develop bilateral friendly relations. The parties agree on the day, hour, place of the meeting or conversation in advance, and also agree on the topics of negotiations and their participants. Any party can initiate a conversation.
Receptions, as well as official breakfasts, lunches and dinners are held by heads of state, government, ministers, as well as embassies, consulates, trade missions of the country abroad.
Receptions are conducted by military attaches, commanders of ships visiting foreign bases, as well as representatives of the local military command and civilian authorities in order to honor the arrived military guests.
Diplomatic receptions are also held regardless of any events, in the order of daily diplomatic work. In the practice of diplomatic missions, these techniques are the most common. Not numerous in terms of the number of invitees, such receptions represent a convenient opportunity for establishing contacts, strengthening and expanding contacts, obtaining the necessary information, influencing local circles in the right directionexplaining the foreign policy of their country.
Over the years, a kind of language of diplomatic etiquette with its own terms and concepts has developed in diplomatic practice. It is unacceptable to ignore these rules. "Overlooked" courtesies or compliments are tantamount to intentional disrespect.
Many of the rules and regulations of diplomatic protocols gradually became the practice of business etiquette.
Thus, strict norms of diplomatic etiquette prescribe compliance with the rules of obligatory response (to a letter, note sent business card, for a courtesy visit or congratulations), the need for the presence in official correspondence (notes, letters) of an introductory (at the beginning of a letter or note) and a final (at the end) compliment.
And, finally, the standards of diplomatic etiquette are based on strict and unconditional observance of the customs and rules of the host country, its legislation and established procedures. In fact, diplomatic etiquette only complements the rules of general civil etiquette, which fully apply to all diplomats.
2. Diplomatic protocol
The rules of the diplomatic protocol are based on the so-called principle of "international politeness" - a set of generally accepted in international practice rules of etiquette, deference and respect, observed in interstate relations. Violation of international courtesy, especially deliberate, is seen as detrimental to the prestige and authority of the state.
Basic principles of diplomatic protocol.
The diplomatic protocol was officially approved in the 19th century at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815). This is a set of generally accepted rules, traditions and conventions that must be observed by the heads of states and governments, foreign affairs agencies, diplomatic missions, and officials in international communication.
The diplomatic protocol has a rich history, its own characteristics and traditions. But its basis is consistently and invariably the expression of deep respect for the distinguished foreign guest, for the country and people he represents. The rules and norms of the diplomatic protocol established to date govern practically all forms of foreign policy and international economic cooperation.
Diplomatic etiquette is one of the organic components of diplomatic protocol. If the diplomatic protocol is "the expression good manners in relations between states ”, then diplomatic etiquette is a manifestation of good manners in relations between officials, political and public figures representing their state. Communication between diplomats and their colleagues in government, public and business circles is carried out in compliance with long established rules, deviation from which can cause unwanted complications in the relationship.
The rules of diplomatic etiquette contain certain forms of treatment, correspondence, as well as a strict procedure for making visits, holding meetings and conversations, diplomatic receptions, etc. They impose fairly strict requirements on appearance diplomat, civil servant, businessman, their clothes, manners, behavior, and so on. The norms of diplomatic etiquette and protocol are based on the principle that each diplomat is backed by the state he represents. All states are sovereign and enjoy equal rights and privileges in the practice of international communication.
The principle of reciprocity is of great importance in diplomatic practice. Strict norms of diplomatic etiquette prescribe compliance with the rules of obligatory response (to a letter, note, sent a business card, to a courtesy visit or congratulation), the need to be present in official correspondence (notes, letters), introductory (at the beginning of a letter or note) and final (at the end) compliment. Overlooked formal compliments can be viewed as disrespectful or hostile and may lead to international conflict.
Of great importance in diplomatic practice is the observance of the principle of seniority, which does not depend on the importance of the country being represented, but on the rank of the representative and his date of accreditation. The norms of diplomatic etiquette are based on strict and unconditional observance of the customs and rules of the host country, its legislation and established procedures. In fact, diplomatic etiquette only complements the rules of general civil etiquette, which fully apply to all diplomats.
Receptions and ceremonies.
Official events include various receptions and ceremonies held on the occasion of national holidays, historical anniversaries, the arrival of foreign delegations, heads of state and government. The rules and norms of the protocol that have taken shape by now regulate practically all external forms of diplomatic practice. Depending on the relationship with one or another party, when applying the rules of the protocol, they are given more or less solemnity, the number and level of participation of officials is expanded or reduced.
One of the important forms of international contacts between states is the meetings and conversations of the heads of state services with diplomatic missions. The parties agree on the day, hour, place of the meeting or conversation in advance, and also agree on the topics of negotiations and their participants. Any party can initiate a conversation. Receptions, as well as official breakfasts, lunches and dinners are held by the heads of state, government, ministers, as well as embassies, consulates, and trade missions of the country abroad.
Receptions are conducted by military attaches, commanders of ships visiting foreign bases, as well as representatives of the local military command and civilian authorities in order to honor the arrived military guests. Diplomatic receptions are also held regardless of any events, in the order of daily diplomatic work. In the practice of diplomatic missions, these techniques are the most common. Not numerous in terms of the number of invited persons, such techniques represent a convenient opportunity for establishing contacts, strengthening and expanding ties, obtaining the necessary information, influencing local circles in the right direction, and explaining the foreign policy of their country. The types of diplomatic receptions are quite diverse, the basis for their preparation and implementation is the generally accepted rules and norms of the protocol, based on the principles of international courtesy.
Depending on the time and method of holding, receptions are divided into daytime and evening, and into receptions with or without a seating table. The type of admission is chosen depending on the reason for which it is arranged. Evening receptions are considered to be the most solemn (and most honorable). When choosing the appropriate type of reception, the protocol rules, national customs and traditions of the respective country should be taken into account.
The choice of the type of this or that reception is also associated with the need to comply with a number of protocol formalities associated with its preparation and conduct (invitation and response to it, dress code, order of arrival and departure, meeting and seeing off guests, drawing up a menu, table setting, toasts).
It is customary to refer to daytime receptions as "a glass of champagne" (or "a glass of wine") and "breakfast". In the evening - "tea", "cocktail", "buffet", "lunch" (or "lunch-buffet" and "dinner"). Breakfast, lunch and dinner are held with a strict seating arrangement, when each guest, taking into account protocol seniority, is assigned special place at the table. When organizing a buffet lunch or tea, the seating is quite free.
A “glass of champagne” usually starts at 12 noon and lasts about an hour. During the reception, guests in addition to champagne may be offered other drinks (wine, juices, mineral water). Reception takes place while standing. Dress code - casual suit (dress). From an organizational point of view, this is the simplest form of admission, which does not require complex and lengthy preparation.
"Breakfast" is arranged between 12 and 15 hours. Breakfast usually starts at 12.30-13.00. Duration, as a rule, an hour and a half, of which about an hour - at the table and about 15-30 minutes - over coffee (tea). The breakfast menu is made according to national traditions. The menu may include one or two cold appetizers, one fish or meat dish and a dessert. Serving a first course or a hot snack at breakfast is not excluded.
During the gathering of guests, they are offered an aperitif. During breakfast, it is possible to serve dry grape wines, and in conclusion - champagne, coffee, tea. Mineral water, juices are served during the whole breakfast. Care Initiative - for the main guest. Guests usually come to breakfast in casual clothes, unless otherwise specified in the invitation.
The “cocktail” starts between 5 pm and 6 pm and lasts about two hours. Reception takes place while standing. The invitation indicates the start and end time of the reception (17.00-19.00, 18.00-20.00). It is considered normal to stay at the reception for about one hour. Arriving at a reception at the beginning and leaving at the end is considered to be an expression of special respect for the owners.
Reception of the "Buffet" type is held at the same hours as the "Cocktail". The formal difference between this type of reception is that at the Cocktail reception, usually drinks and snacks are served, and at the buffet receptions the assortment of snacks is much wider. The buffet reception may include appetizer tables, including hot meals. The dress code for cocktails and buffets is a casual suit. Sometimes, depending on the specific case, the invitation may indicate a different type of clothing.
Lunch usually starts from 8 pm to 9 pm. The lunch menu includes one or two cold appetizers, soup, hot fish or meat dishes, dessert. An aperitif is served at lunchtime. Lunch duration is from 2.5 to 3 hours. At the same time, guests spend a little over an hour at the table, and the rest of the time in the living rooms. In the invitation to dinner, protocol practice recommends specifying the dress code. For men, this is usually an evening suit, and on special occasions - a tuxedo or even a tailcoat. For women - evening dress.
"Dinner" differs from lunch only by the start time - no later than 21 hours. In Russian protocol practice, such a type of diplomatic reception as "Dinner" is currently used quite rarely. The protocol time for the beginning of the official dinner is not kept as strictly as before. It can be held from 7 pm.
IN last years when organizing protocol events, a type of reception is often used as a "lunch-buffet", in which guests themselves choose dishes from the common table, and then freely sit down according to their choice. This kind of reception is organized after a concert, musical evening or any other special occasion. Good knowledge protocol is necessary not only for diplomats, but also for every civil servant dealing with issues of international economic cooperation, moreover, for every businessman who wants to successfully cooperate with his foreign partners. Competent knowledge of the rules and norms of the modern diplomatic and business protocol creates a favorable climate of communication, increases the prestige not only of the diplomatic or economic department, but also of the state as a whole.
3. Protocol service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and its activities
The history of the Protocol Service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the XX century dates back to 1922, when a separate Protocol part was created, which was soon transformed into the Protocol Department of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR. Prior to that, one of the employees of the Secretariat of the new foreign policy department was engaged in protocol affairs.
By the end of 1921, in Moscow, where the capital was moved in 1918, 15 official diplomatic missions were accredited, most of which, however, represented new state formations that arose on the territory of the former Russian Empire... The first Statute on the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs stated that "keeping records of the diplomatic corps of foreign missions" is the responsibility of the Secretariat of the NKID. The Deputy People's Commissar MM Litvinov was in charge of the protocol.
After the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, a large amount of work fell to the Office of the State Protocol to familiarize the diplomatic corps in Moscow with the new realities and to prepare relevant information about the transformed state structures and the previous legislation remains in force.
The protocol service of the Ministry, with a series of notes verbales, officially informed the heads of diplomatic missions officially accredited in Moscow that all Soviet legislative acts concerning their stay continue to operate on the territory Russian Federation... At the same time, a request was made to inform their governments that the Russian Federation continues to exercise the rights and fulfill its obligations under international treaties concluded The Soviet Union... Diplomatic and consular missions of the USSR, accredited in foreign countriesah, it was proposed to consider them as diplomatic and consular representations of the Russian Federation and, accordingly, recognize the previous status of their heads.
On December 18, 1991, the President's Decree "On the Foreign Policy Service of the RSFSR" appeared, in which, in connection with the ratification by the Supreme Council of the Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS of December 8, 1991, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR was proposed to "take over the abolished Ministry of Foreign Relations of the USSR" ... A very painful process began when, with the breaking of old stereotypes, the entire foreign policy mechanism was sometimes put under attack.
In the presidential decree of December 18, 1991, along with the requirement to submit within a month a new organizational and staff structure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR and proposals for the rational use of employees of the abolished ministry, a task was simultaneously set that directly affected the protocol department: "To create a State Protocol service providing a unified protocol practice "in the Russian Federation.
Certain "hotheads" in the leadership, involuntarily repeating the experience of 1917, tried to interpret this provision of the Decree as a demand to cross out, redraw everything that had been done and start from scratch.
However, the existing structure of the Russian protocol practice proved to be quite stable, and the already established and time-tested foundations were laid in the foundation of the work on the creation of the State Protocol of the new Russia.
The demand to place our state in a number of democratic civilized countries, to expel double standards and double approaches from interstate relations inevitably affected the protocol. In turn, the protocol practice, despite all ideological layers, was firmly based on the unshakable foundations of the norms of international politeness and universal moral values, which found their adequate expression in the rules of the diplomatic protocol and etiquette.
On the other hand, on the higher floors state power from the very beginning, there was a marked attention to protocol issues, not only in words, but also in deeds. This is confirmed by the creation of appropriate protocol structures in the Presidential Administration and the Government. Personnel continuity was also preserved: V.N. Shevchenko, who headed the presidential protocol, managed to completely preserve his former team, which had worked under him under M.S.Gorbachev from the moment of his election as President of the USSR.
As for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the role of BL Kolokolov should be highlighted in preserving continuity. As deputy minister, he oversaw the protocol service. On own experience Realizing well how important this is, but at the same time a delicate mechanism, he did everything not to harm it, to preserve the staff, not to allow the established protocol structure, which has proven its resilience and effectiveness, to be broken.
The Office of the State Protocol of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs was successfully transformed into the State Protocol Service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
It took V.I.Chernyshev's diplomatic experience and talent to skillfully navigate the protocol ship through the reefs and pitfalls of the stormy political sea of \u200b\u200bthe early 90s.
Alexander Filippovich Borisov (1995-1998) became his successor as head of the protocol service. After graduation from the institute international relations he joined the diplomatic service in 1969 and immediately went to Africa, to the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville), where he worked for four years. Then there was another long business trip - to Togo (1979-1983). After working in Switzerland, at the Consulate General in Geneva from 1987 to 1992, he was appointed Deputy Chief of the State Protocol Service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
16 years, more than half of his thirty-year diplomatic life, AF Borisov gave to the protocol department of the Ministry, where he always returned after another trip abroad. Here he grew up in the service and gained experience in protocol work, progressing from the attaché of the Protocol Department to the Director of the Department of State Protocol.
In 1992, in accordance with the instructions of the President, the first version of the main provisions of protocol practice was prepared. On next yearOn February 23, 1993, the "Main provisions of the protocol practice of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation" were approved. Both documents had a single basis and were subsequently revised several times.
May 6, 1994 "Basic provisions of the state protocol practice of the Russian Federation" (State Protocol of the Russian Federation) in new edition were approved by the Decree of the President. On May 12, the State Protocol Department informed the embassies in Moscow about the enactment of the main provisions of the State Protocol concerning the reception of delegations at the highest and high levels, as well as the procedure for receiving in the Russian Federation the heads of state, heads of government and foreign ministers of the CIS member states.
In February 1997, amendments were made to the Basic Provisions of the State Protocol concerning the reception of heads of foreign states (the category of state visit was introduced into protocol practice).
During these years, a number of other protocol norms were developed concerning the position of foreign diplomatic missions, the procedure for their relations with Russian officials, the rules of movement around the country, etc.
AF Borisov was a real intellectual - calm, self-possessed, benevolent, he experienced all the storms and hardships of protocol life in himself. Even if sometimes emotions spilled out, when, at the next emergency, there was not enough strength to restrain them, he immediately pulled himself together. A man of high culture, an avid book lover and a passionate book reader, he, at first glance, could give the impression of a person not so much restrained as a closed one, immersed in himself. However, it was only an outer shell.
In his work, he was distinguished by collegiality, the desire for collective creativity. He always kept all his likes and dislikes to himself, but he was not indifferent to people.
AF Borisov's life ended in the prime of his life, at the height of his diplomatic career. Having been appointed to the post of Russian ambassador to Gabon in 1998, he did not have time to start new work. He was only 53 years old when an insidious disease unexpectedly trapped him and within a few months snatched him from our ranks. But the memory of this wonderful person, wonderful diplomat will remain forever in the history of the Russian protocol service.
In early 1995, the State Protocol Service was reorganized into the State Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (DGP). On June 27, 1995, by order of the minister, the regulations on the DGP, the tasks and functions of the department, and its sphere of competence were approved.
The Department of State Protocol (DGP) is a structural political subdivision of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
The Department of State Protocol was created in order to provide the means and norms of the diplomatic protocol for the foreign policy of the Russian Federation, the application of a unified protocol practice when receiving official representatives in the Russian Federation and making visits by Russian leaders to foreign countries.
The Department in its activities is guided by federal legislation, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, other regulations, Regulations on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, orders and instructions of the leadership of the Ministry, as well as the Regulations on DGP approved by the Minister.
The Department builds its work with foreign partners taking into account the generally accepted international protocol norms, the provisions of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the nature of bilateral relations between states.
The department is headed by a director, appointed by order of the Minister in accordance with the decision of the Board, and consists of three departments: the Department for the Residence of the Diplomatic Corps, the Department of Visits and Delegations, the Department of Information Work, Registration of the Diplomatic Corps and Government Telegrams.
One of the main tasks of the Department is the implementation by means and methods of the diplomatic protocol of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation, the coordination of the activities of ministries and departments in accordance with their functions, determined by the Basic Provisions of the State Protocol Practice of the Russian Federation.
The task of the department is to protect the state interests of the Russian Federation and its citizens when performing tasks related to the presence of the diplomatic corps, to monitor compliance with the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the relevant provisions russian legislation... The Department of State Protocol participates in the development of proposals and the implementation of protocol and organizational measures during the visits abroad of the President of the Russian Federation, Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, as well as visits to Russia of state and government delegations, heads of state, heads of government, foreign ministers ...
The terms of reference of the Department of State Protocol include control over the preparation and sending of telegrams on behalf of the head of state, head of government and the minister of foreign affairs in connection with national holidays and other memorable dates of foreign states, preparation of credentials and letters of recall of the ambassadors of the Russian Federation, accreditation of heads of foreign diplomatic missions , registration of their personnel and issuance of relevant documents; preparation and holding of events to explain the country's foreign and domestic policy among diplomatic representatives accredited in Russia.
DGP interacts with ministries, departments and constituent entities of the Russian Federation on issues falling within the competence of the department, coordinates the activities of foreign missions and departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on protocol issues, maintains dossiers of state flags, anthems and emblems of foreign states.
On all issues related to ensuring uniform protocol practice in the Russian Federation, the State Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs works in close and constant contact with the protocol services of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of Russia.
As can be seen from the structure of the Department of State Protocol and the short list of topics that fall under its jurisdiction, diplomatic officers have to deal with a wide range of various issues on a daily basis, mainly of an operational nature.
For just one year, the Russian Federation receives more than a hundred high foreign delegations at the level of heads of state, heads of government and foreign ministers. It is this category of foreign guests that the Department of Visits and Delegations of the DGP deals with, including the whole range of issues related to the preparation and conduct of such visits.
In addition to training, one or sometimes two diplomats work with each delegation directly during the entire period of its stay in our country, being responsible for resolving all practical issues that arise during the visit.
Of the 155 heads of diplomatic missions of foreign states accredited in Moscow, up to one third of them change on average per year. -In this regard, the ceremony of presenting credentials is held four to five times a year.
Numerous members of the diplomatic corps, unfortunately, do not always follow the traffic rules and commit more than a hundred different kinds of violations a year.
The daily life of all foreign diplomats in Moscow is a matter of concern for the diplomatic staff of the Stay Department of the diplomatic corps. Therefore, the range of tasks that they have to solve is very wide: meeting and seeing off ambassadors arriving at the airport, preparing and holding the ceremony of presenting credentials, customs, domestic issues, traffic accidents, violation of the rules provided for by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 and etc.
Passage and execution of all telegrams and letters at the level of heads of state, heads of government and foreign ministers of foreign states, as well as letters russian leaders employees of the Department of Information Work, Registration of the Diplomatic Corps and Government Telegrams are engaged in their address.
These are congratulatory telegrams on the occasion of national holidays, telegrams of condolences in connection with certain tragic events, the exchange of messages on the occasion of the next anniversary date of the establishment of diplomatic relations and other protocol correspondence at the government level.
Heads of diplomatic missions, accredited in Moscow, are annually invited to various events in the Kremlin held by the leadership of the Russian Federation (annual President's message, receptions on the occasion of national holidays and other memorable dates of a national character, etc.). All organizational issues related to the invitation of the diplomatic corps to these events are dealt with by the employees of this department of the DPP.
The department is also responsible for the registration of all employees (diplomatic and administrative-technical) of diplomatic missions and the issuance of diplomatic and service cards to them, information work and the organization of collective trips around the country for heads of diplomatic missions at the invitation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Within the Department, there is often rotation of individual diplomats working in different departments. This approach requires from each employee specializing in one direction or another, a fairly complete understanding of the entire range of issues included in the jurisdiction of the DGP.
Hence - the high requirements for all diplomatic employees of the protocol service. You need to be well-versed in the main issues of international life and the priorities of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation, to possess the appropriate regional geographic potential, to have high erudition, to know at least two foreign languages... At the same time, constant concentration, accuracy, punctuality and commitment are required, as well as good psychological stability, the ability to control oneself in the most difficult situations, since the level of communication of diplomats in the process of work is very high.
Conclusion
Business communication with representatives of other states requires special attention to protocol and etiquette issues, strict observance of generally accepted rules and norms. Compliance with protocol rules increases the effectiveness of contacts when communicating with business partners within the country.
A business protocol, like a diplomatic protocol, regulates the procedure for holding business meetings, negotiations and conversations, receiving delegations, signing contracts and agreements, conducting business correspondence, organizing entertainment events, etc. It also includes the need to comply with requirements business ethicsthat defines and regulates the external aspect of business contacts.
The systematization of individual norms of the diplomatic protocol in the historical aspect is of interest from the point of view of the formation of a unified state protocol practice of the Russian Federation and diplomatic ceremonies that had developed by the beginning of the XXI century.
At the same time, when analyzing the history of the formation of protocol rules and norms, one should not underestimate the human factor and consider this issue in isolation from the work of diplomats who implemented these norms and rules, adapting the generally recognized canons to the conditions prevailing in a given period. From this point of view, it is important to trace the history of the protocol service of the Russian foreign policy department.
Thus, the history of the formation of Russian protocol practice in the 20th century fully confirms that, despite all the ideological phraseology, we did not have to invent a "bicycle" here. All the fundamental norms of the protocol became the norms of our protocol practice both in the Soviet period and in the years of the formation of the new democratic Russia.
At the same time, it can be stated that in the Soviet period of our history, the protocol service, forced by the realities of international communication not only to recognize, but also to practically use generally accepted protocol rules, was simultaneously filled with class content and subordinated to the requirements of the dominant ideology. As a result, there was a process of certain democratization of protocol norms. I think here, with some reservations, we can agree with the thought expressed by V. V. Karyagin that, as a reflection of our limited material resources, the Soviet protocol "had a democratizing influence on the formation of modern international protocol, since it became attractive in its relative modesty for the new states, born, like us, in puritanical simplicity "
For this reason or for some other reason, be that as it may, the tendency to democratize protocol norms in world diplomacy throughout the 20th century was clearly making its way. The future will show what the protocol will be like in the new millennium, but it will be the subject of another study.
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5. Semenov V.L. Practice of diplomatic protocol and etiquette. M., 2003.
Diplomatic receptions - one of the generally accepted and widespread forms of foreign policy of governments, foreign affairs agencies, diplomatic missions and diplomats. Receptions are held both in commemoration of important events (national holidays, anniversaries, anniversaries of the signing of agreements, as well as on the occasion of the stay in the country of a distinguished guest or delegation), as well as in the daily routine of the ministries of foreign affairs and embassies.
Receptions organized by the diplomatic mission contribute to the establishment, maintenance and development of contacts between the embassy and the host country. At such receptions, foreign diplomats explain the policies of their countries, collect information about the host country, and exchange views on important international problems. Therefore, any diplomatic reception is of great political importance both for those who are satisfied with it and for the guests present at it. Even more important are the political receptions organized by the country's governing bodies in honor of distinguished foreign guests or delegations.
The traditions of holding receptions go back to ancient times. Hospitality has been and remains an essential indicator of the honor and dignity of the people and the state. The countries carefully preserve the historical traditions of receiving guests as symbols of peace and kindness. The traditions of Slavic hospitality are still celebrated by foreign guests.
Long-term international practice has established the types of diplomatic receptions, methods of their preparation, diplomatic etiquette, which the participants of receptions adhere to. The protocol practice has some peculiarities in the organization of receptions, but in general it coincides with the international one.
In the diplomatic protocol, receptions are divided into daytime and evening receptions, receptions with and without seating at the table.
Daytime receptions include a glass of champagne, a glass of wine, breakfasts.
A “glass of champagne” usually starts at 12 noon and lasts about an hour. The reason for organizing such a reception may be the anniversary of a national holiday, the departure of the ambassador, the stay of the delegation in the country, the opening of an exhibition (festival). During the reception, guests in addition to champagne may be offered other drinks (wine, juices, mineral water). Drinks and snacks are served by the waiters. From the point of view of the organization, this is the simplest form of admission, which does not require much and lengthy preparation.
The "glass of wine" technique is similar. The name in this case emphasizes the special nature of the reception.
Breakfast is served between 12 and 15 hours. Breakfast usually starts at 12.30 or 13.00. The breakfast menu is made according to national traditions. When organizing breakfast, the menu includes one or two cold snacks, one fish or meat dish and dessert. Serving a first course and / or hot snack at breakfast is not excluded.
Juices are served before breakfast. During breakfast, it is possible to serve dry grape wines, and in conclusion - champagne, coffee, tea. Mineral water, juices are served during the whole breakfast. Breakfast usually lasts an hour and a half, of which about an hour - at the table and about 30 minutes - for coffee, tea (coffee, tea can be served at the same table or in the living room).
Guests usually come to breakfast in casual clothes, unless the dress code is specifically indicated in the invitation. On the protocol, breakfast is one of the most common types of diplomatic techniques. Breakfasts are arranged on the occasion of the arrival and departure of ambassadors, the anniversary of treaties and other anniversaries, in honor of distinguished foreign guests, in order to maintain contacts between the Foreign Ministry and foreign diplomatic missions.
In international protocol practice, it is generally accepted that afternoon receptions are less solemn than evening ones. Evening receptions are of several types.
The “cocktail” starts between 5 pm and 6 pm and lasts about two hours. During the reception, waiters serve drinks and cold snacks (in the form of canapés - small sandwiches). Serving hot meals is possible. Sometimes a buffet is arranged, where waiters offer drinks to those who wish.
Reception like "a la buffet" is held at the same hours as the "cocktail". However, the buffet reception may include appetizer tables, including hot meals. Guests themselves come to the tables, pick up snacks and leave, giving the opportunity to come up to others present. Receptions "cocktail" and "a la buffet" are held standing. In both cases, in order to emphasize the special solemnity of the reception, by the end of the reception, champagne, ice cream, and coffee can be served. If the reception is held on the occasion of a national holiday or in honor of a distinguished guest, at the end of the reception it is possible to organize a small concert or show a video. The solemnity of the reception can be emphasized by the indication in the invitation of a special dress code.
Lunch is considered the most honorable type of reception. It usually starts at 8 pm or 8.30 pm, but no later than 9 pm. According to protocol practice, lunch can start at an earlier time. The lunch menu in accordance with national traditions includes two or three cold appetizers, first, hot fish, hot meat and dessert. The serving of drinks is the same as for breakfast. Lunch usually lasts two to three hours or even longer. After the table, at which the guests sit for about an hour, everyone goes to the living rooms for a conversation; coffee and tea are served here. In some cases, coffee and tea can be served at the dining table. Lunch often involves a special form of clothing (a tuxedo or tailcoat for men, and an evening dress for women).
Dinner starts at 9 pm or later. It differs from lunch only in the start time.
In some countries, on especially solemn occasions in connection with the visit of a head of state or a delegation headed by a statesman himself high level two receptions are arranged in a row: immediately after dinner, a cocktail or a la buffet reception is held for distinguished guests.
The lunch buffet assumes free seating at small tables for four to six people. As well as at the buffet reception, tables with a snack are set, there are buffets with drinks. Guests gather snacks and sit down at their own discretion at one of the small tables. This kind of reception is often organized after a concert, watching a movie, or during a break from a dance evening. In tropical countries, this kind of reception is often held in the open air - on a veranda or in a garden. Buffet lunch is less formal than lunch.
Evening receptions also include tea held between 4 pm and 6 pm, usually for women. The spouse of the Minister of Foreign Affairs invites the spouses of the ambassadors and other women for tea. This form of reception is also used when making farewell visits by the spouses of the heads of diplomatic missions to the wife of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. For "tea" one or several tables are set, taking into account the number of guests. Sweets, cookies, fruits, drinks are served. Small sandwiches (canapes) are not excluded.
In international practice, the "journalist" technique is less and less common. The spouse of the Minister of Foreign Affairs or the spouse of the Ambassador appoints for the whole season the day and hour of each week when she expects guests. At the beginning of the autumn-winter season, an invitation is sent once, valid for the entire period, unless further notice is given. This technique, sometimes called "Wednesdays", "Thursdays", "Fridays", is the same in form and content as "tea".
There are other types of diplomatic receptions: musical, literary, dance evenings, meetings of diplomats during sports competitions.
State and diplomatic etiquette
State protocol
Although a thing is small, it will be honest, measured, slender, dean by its rank - no one will be blind, no one will blaspheme, everyone will praise, everyone will glorify and be surprised that even a small thing has honor and rank and a model to measure. Without a rank, any thing will not be established and strengthened; disorder, however, loses work and constitutes idleness.
Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich
The word "protocol", like many other international terms, is of Greek origin: pr? Tos means first, and kolla means glue. This is how the Greeks denoted the rules for processing documents and maintaining archives, and diplomats expanded this concept by adding rules of etiquette and ceremonial.
Protocol means the observance of a certain etiquette based on the accepted rules and respect for the seniority (official and age) of participants in certain official or public events. As a set of rules, the protocol originates in ancient times. Peace negotiations, election of leaders, accession to the throne, coronation, reception of ambassadors, holding international congresses - there is no mention of everything! And always in such cases, the form of organization, “seating” (purely protocol term) of guests and participants, the procedure for signing documents, meeting with journalists and much more become the subject of close public attention, comments, analysis, and conclusions.
The rulers of the countries of the Ancient World, willy-nilly, were forced to entrust the organization of their activities to other people. Subsequently, these proxies rose to the status of ministers and began to appear officially in the registers of civil servants. Most often they were assigned the status of Minister of the Court. All contacts of the ruler, all his trips and events were now carried out exclusively through these persons. To maintain the reputation of state power in the eyes of the international community and its own people, a state protocol service is created under the government of each country (in Russia it is the Department of State Protocol under the President of the Russian Federation and the presidents of other state entities that are part of the Russian Federation).
During 2005, Russia was visited by 27 presidents, 20 prime ministers, 36 foreign ministers, 7 chapters international organizations, 5 monarchs and members of royal families. And each of them should be provided with a decent reception, treatment, draw up a schedule of meetings and events. It so happened that several distinguished guests were simultaneously in Russia. For each type of visit (state, official, unofficial, work, etc.), a special list of protocol events is provided, and any deviation from the rules is fraught with diplomatic complications. In addition, the employees of the department participate in foreign trips of our management. State visits take months to prepare. As soon as an agreement is reached, the protocol service comes into play: employees discuss the format of the meeting, “fill the program with events and objects”. If we are talking about foreign trips of our leaders, the recorders pre-run all the routes, scheduling the program with an accuracy of the minute. It also happens that a little more than a day is given to prepare a visit. Literally everything is being coordinated - from issues of providing air corridors to holding press conferences. Up to 1000 such approvals are carried out during the year.
The most difficult are state and official visits of heads of state. They suggest a solemn ceremony of meeting and seeing off at the airport, laying a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, official events in the Kremlin and a lot of other moments. Also, the interests of the statesmen accompanying the first person should be taken into account, they should be given the opportunity to meet with their counterparts. As a rule, the heads of state are accompanied by several ministers who conduct negotiations with their partners. At the final meeting, ministers report to the leaders on the agreements they have reached.
Communication methods have changed over the past hundred years, it has become closer, informal. The main principle of the protocol is not to damage the reputation of the guest, the host and the image of the host country as a whole, as well as the guest's country. According to the principle of reciprocity, as a country greets its guests, so will its representatives.
The main features of etiquette are universal, that is, they are the rules of courtesy not only in international communication, but also in their homeland. But sometimes it happens that a well-mannered person finds himself in a difficult situation. Most often this happens when knowledge of the rules of international etiquette is required. Communication of representatives different countries, different political views, religious beliefs and rituals, national traditions and psychology, ways of life and culture requires not only knowledge of foreign languages, but also the ability to behave naturally, tactfully and with dignity. Such skill does not come naturally. This should be learned throughout your life.
The rules of courtesy of each nation are a very complex combination of national traditions, customs and international etiquette.
From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (D-D) author Brockhaus F.A.The diplomatic corps The diplomatic corps (Corps diplomatique) - a set of ambassadors and other D. agents, accredited under the same sovereign or government. Only since it became a custom to maintain permanent embassies, it became possible to consider
From the book Symbols, shrines and awards of the Russian state. part 1 author Kuznetsov AlexanderCHAPTER I. Russian State Emblem: from the first seals to the present day The ancient Greek word "symbol" has several meanings. In the sense in which it is used in relation to the attributes of the state, it should be understood as symbol image,
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AG) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AK) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (DI) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IM) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CO) of the author TSB From the book Encyclopedia of Etiquette author Yuzhin Vladimir IvanovichChapter 2 STATE AND DIPLOMATIC ETIQUETTE State Protocol Although a small thing, it will be honest, measured, slender, dean in order - no one will be seen, no one will blaspheme, everyone will praise, everyone will glorify and be surprised that honor and rank and a model are set for a small thing
From the book Museums of St. Petersburg. Big and small author Elena Pervushina From the book The author's encyclopedia of lawAct diplomatic ACT DIPLOMATIC (Latin actus - act, action) -1) a written official statement of a competent domestic (head of state, prime minister, government, minister or department of foreign affairs, etc.) or
From the book The Complete Modern Encyclopedia of Etiquette author Yuzhin Vladimir IvanovichDiplomatic agent DIPLOMATIC AGENT - according to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961, a diplomat, i.e. a member of the diplomatic staff of a diplomatic mission, a person who, ex officio, is directly involved in the implementation
From the author's bookDiplomatic Corps A DIPLOMATIC CORPUS is, in the narrow sense, a set of heads of diplomatic missions of foreign states accredited in a given country. In a broad sense, the totality of members of the diplomatic staff of all diplomatic
From the author's bookDiplomatic immunity DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY - special rights and benefits provided to foreign diplomatic missions. their heads and staff in the host country. The legal nature of I.d. follows from the fact that one sovereign state
From the author's bookDiplomatic courier DIPLOMATIC COURIER (FR. Courrier) - an employee of the department of foreign affairs, who is responsible for the delivery of diplomatic mail between the central and foreign bodies of foreign relations of the same state. Legal confirmation
From the author's bookDiplomatic observer DIPLOMATIC OBSERVER - an official representative of a subject of international law, authorized to participate in the work of an international conference, an interstate organization or its body, if such an opportunity
From the author's bookDiplomatic protocol The diplomatic corps serves as an expression of solidarity of interests, aspirations, views and concepts that unite the European states and completely alien to the Eastern states into one whole. Fedor Fedorovich Martens Diplomatic etiquette
Diplomatic etiquette - numerous negotiations and meetings at the state level, contacts, business forums, foreign economic activity, which is a reality of the present time. Relatively recently, being the lot of a very few, international contacts and trips today take place at the level of the everyday reality of many millions of fellow citizens. Diplomatic etiquette - constantly strengthens the mechanism of internationalization between states of economic ties and presupposes recognition of the criteria of business policy by all subjects of business international relations, ethics of economic international cooperation.
The study of ethical foundations, i.e. a set of knowledge, information, ideas about forms, methods and rules business activities, as well as the principles of business communication with colleagues - an extremely important aspect for efficiently obtaining high performance in any form of international trade, economic and political activity. All this can be summarized under the concept of diplomatic etiquette ... Diplomatic etiquette economic international cooperation is reckoned with the experience of many generations of entrepreneurs around the planet. It is this invaluable experience that helps to strengthen and establish relations of mutual trust and cooperation between partners. The successful activity of participants in business and international relations depends mostly on their knowledge and skills in the art of communication.
Diplomatic etiquette - this subtle science helps to maintain and establish civilized relations with people equal to themselves, resolve conflicts, overcome contradictions, lead business meeting, play the role of a mediator, conclude and prepare international legal agreements, be able to competently exchange information, effectively process it and use it for the benefit of your business. The most important subdivision of relations between people is business, international cooperation. The secrets of communication are revealed to a person gradually, during his life. Based on this information, it is necessary to learn creative communication as early as possible, constantly developing in this industry.
Knowledge of the issues of psychology and ethics of interpersonal and business relationships helps well to make informed decisions that ensure the achievement of the goals set, as well as navigate the difficult world of human communication. 
Diplomatic etiquette acts as one of the main balancing factors of business international cooperation, in which human ideas about evil and good, injustice and justice, wrong or right actions of different people are clearly expressed.
It all depends on what moral norms are filled with, what is the understanding of them, how they are taken into account when communicating, people, if desired, can greatly facilitate their business communication, shape it into a more effective form, significantly help in solving the achievements and goals, and complicate is communication or to shape it by observing diplomatic etiquette, generally impossible. The principle of motivating business communication lies in the contradiction between what is and what should be.
People, on the one hand, strive and want to behave properly, that is, morally, but on the other, it is much more important for them to satisfy their vital needs, having achieved them by non-observance of the moral order. This contradiction between practical calculation and a lofty ideal, real desire and moral duty is manifested always and everywhere, in all aspects of life, including in the ethics of international business communication. Diplomatic etiquette in economic and other types of cooperation, is the most important factor on the part of the responsibility of the participants who are in this cooperation.
Court etiquette
Since the 15th century, the increasingly complex ceremony of the royal courts has had an increasing influence on the development of Western European etiquette. At first, Spanish and Burgundian rituals had a certain influence, then with the development of absolutism, France began to play a major role. At this time, numerous manuals on etiquette appeared, which became so complicated that a special position of the master of ceremonies appeared at the courts, who monitored the implementation of all its subtleties and strictly regulated the entire palace life. Members of the monarch's family and courtiers had to get up at a certain hour, it was precisely indicated who was to be present when the monarch was dressed, to serve the items of his toilet, to accompany him during a walk, etc. It was precisely determined how the audience ceremonies, solemn exits, walks, dinners, balls.
Lavish ceremonies accompanied birth, marriage and death at the royal court. The higher the rank, the more difficult the ritual was. For example, the Queen of France did not leave the chambers for a year, where she was informed of the death of her husband, and for princesses this period was limited to six weeks. The chambers were draped and decorated in black, and the princess, dressed in mourning, had to spend those six weeks in bed. After giving birth, the chambers for the stay of a noble lady were cleaned with green silk, and all the objects in these rooms served certain ceremonial purposes.
The emergence of diplomatic etiquette Court etiquette gave rise to diplomatic etiquette, since it was at the royal courts that receptions of foreign embassies took place. In the early Middle Ages, the ceremonial of international communication in Europe was decisively influenced by the solemn and magnificent rituals of the Byzantine Empire, which had as their purpose to convince of the power of their country, to demonstrate its wealth, power and superiority. Later, when the issues of primacy began to play an important role at court, it became necessary to clearly define the place of each diplomat and, accordingly, his country in the general ceremony. The diplomat had to be even more punctual and strict in observing all the rules of etiquette than the rest of the courtiers, since he represented not so much himself as his country. Gradually, in order to avoid conflicts that could erupt due to real or imaginary insults, the forms of official contacts between representatives of different states are becoming more and more regulated and remain so in our time. The diplomatic protocol, which contributed to the prevention of disputes between representatives of states, was officially approved in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, where it was decided to receive ambassadors by the date and hour of their presentation or alphabetically. This made it possible to exclude the assumption of the preference of one side or the other.
England and France are considered the classic countries of etiquette, although the ennoblement of morals in Europe began in Italy in the 14th century. The rise of the arts, characteristic of the Renaissance, aesthetic and mental pleasure changed the way of life and mores of people. Refinement, grace, manners, fashions, etiquette - all this began to interest the Italians vividly. Etiquette reached the highest development, splendor, luxury and severity under Louis 14, therefore, from the 17th century, France began to be a trendsetter of taste, etiquette and fashion.
European etiquette entered Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. Prior to this, there was a generally accepted order at the royal court and outside it, formulated in the 16th century in a code of rules called "Domostroy". The rules of "Domostroi" were based on the class division of society and the subordination of the lower to the higher, the younger to the older. In the family, the unshakable power of the head of the house over all household members and servants was established, and in the event of their disobedience, the head of the house was ordered to "break the ribs" to the one who disobeyed. A strict hierarchy of subordination was created in society: the boyar, the governor of the king, the king. By the end of the 17th century, the domestic order began to interfere with the development of culture and society, and Peter I, expanding the boundaries of Russia's communication with other states, began to instill European norms of behavior in Russia. In 1717, the book "Youth is an honest mirror or testimony to everyday life, collected from various authors." From time immemorial, human experience has accumulated and selected from endless repetitions of behavior those rules, conventions and traditions that were in the interests of maintaining communication. With the emergence of states and the development of ties between them, norms of communication began to take shape, including protocol norms. In the process of historical development, the protocol underwent profound changes, but always behind the conventions of the ceremonial were questions of the big politics of states, the prestige of the supreme power.
The diplomat was required to carefully observe all the behavioral norms of his time and a thorough knowledge of the highest secular etiquette. This is how the diplomatic corps was separated into a special class with its own corporate rules.
The rules of the diplomatic protocol are based on the so-called principle of "international politeness" - a set of generally accepted in international practice rules of etiquette, deference and respect, observed in interstate relations. Compliance with the norms of diplomatic etiquette is dictated by respect for another country. Ignoring even the smallest details can be interpreted as deliberate damage to the dignity of the state. In particular, etiquette prescribes a mandatory response to a message, the use of an opening and closing compliment in official correspondence - a courtesy formula.
Embassies have the right to correspond in the language of their country, but sometimes translation delays consideration of important issues. Therefore, the protocol allows documents to be drawn up in the language of the host country. Professional etiquette, however, requires great care when there are multiple official languages \u200b\u200bin a state. Using one of them sometimes leads to misunderstandings.
International etiquette of the flag and coat of arms also belongs to diplomatic etiquette. It is based on strict monitoring of the correct image of coats of arms and flags. The sizes of the flags of different states, displayed at a particular ceremony, must be the same, as well as the height of their rise on flagpoles. No flag can rise above others. The place of honor in the row of flags is considered to be the central or extreme right (from the side of the flags), but more often the flags are displayed in alphabetical order of countries, without emphasizing any priorities. When crossing two flags, the most honorable side is the right side. Placing several panels on one flagpole is not allowed.
Currently, mandatory strict observance of the norms of the diplomatic protocol is necessary when new states are recognized, diplomatic relations are established, when heads of diplomatic missions are appointed, credentials are presented, diplomatic visits are carried out, conversations, negotiations are held, treaties and agreements are signed, etc. But Recently, the tendencies that are observed in international protocol practice have been taken into account: to make protocol norms simpler and more convenient.
International courtesy rules are not binding. But, as evidenced by international protocol practice, states and diplomats strive to comply with them. Indeed, in the course of international communication, representatives of various sovereign states meet, they may have different (sometimes conflicting, irreconcilable) ideological, religious views, political attitudes, moral principles, etc.
The founders of diplomatic protocol and etiquette have developed rules for the conduct of diplomats and politicians during negotiations. For a long time, heads of state and diplomatic services strictly adhered to these rules, but recently politicians have begun to simplify protocol requirements. Experts call the Americans the initiators of this free interpretation of the protocol.