Diplomatic speech etiquette. Introduction to the discipline “International etiquette and protocol. About dress at diplomatic receptions

Diplomatic agent DIPLOMATIC AGENT - according to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961, a diplomat, i.e. a member of the diplomatic staff of a diplomatic mission, a person who, ex officio, is directly involved in the implementation of

Diplomatic Corps A DIPLOMATIC CORPUS is, in the narrow sense, a set of heads of diplomatic missions of foreign states accredited in a given country. In a broad sense, the totality of members of the diplomatic staff of all diplomatic

Diplomatic immunity DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY - special rights and advantages provided to foreign diplomatic missions. their heads and staff in the host country. Legal nature of I.d. follows from the fact that one sovereign state

Diplomatic courier DIPLOMATIC COURIER (fr. Courrier) - an employee of the department of foreign affairs, who is responsible for the delivery of diplomatic mail between the central and foreign bodies of foreign relations of the same state. Legal confirmation

Diplomatic observer DIPLOMATIC OBSERVER - an official representative of a subject of international law, authorized to participate in an international conference, an interstate organization or its body, if such an opportunity

Diplomatic protocol The diplomatic corps serves as an expression of solidarity of interests, aspirations, views and concepts that bind together European states and completely alien to Eastern states. Fedor Fedorovich Martens Diplomatic etiquette

Diplomatic techniques are one of the generally accepted and widespread forms of foreign policy activity of governments, foreign affairs agencies, diplomatic missions and diplomats. Receptions are held both in commemoration of important events (national holidays, anniversaries, anniversaries of the signing of agreements, as well as on the occasion of the stay of a distinguished guest or delegation in the country), and in the daily routine of foreign ministries and embassies. Receptions organized by the diplomatic mission contribute to the establishment, maintenance and development of contacts between the embassy and the host country. At such receptions, foreign diplomats explain the policies of their countries, collect information about the host country, and exchange views on important international problems. Therefore, any diplomatic reception is of great political importance both for those who are satisfied with it and for the guests present at it. Even more important are the political receptions organized by the country's governing bodies in honor of distinguished foreign guests or delegations. The traditions of holding receptions are rooted in antiquity. Hospitality has been and remains an essential indicator of the honor and dignity of the people and the state. The countries carefully preserve the historical traditions of receiving guests as symbols of peacefulness and kindness. The traditions of Russian hospitality are still celebrated by foreign guests. In the past, in Russia, guests were greeted with honor and respect:

... honor the guest, wherever to
I haven’t come to you; if you can't
honor him with a gift, then
food and drink.
(From the teachings of Grand Duke Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh to his children.)

Long-term international practice has established the types of diplomatic receptions, methods of their preparation, diplomatic etiquette, which the participants of receptions adhere to. The protocol practice in Russia has some peculiarities in organizing receptions, but on the whole it coincides with the international one.In our diplomatic protocol, as is the case in other countries, receptions are divided into daytime and evening receptions, receptions with and without seating at the table.

Daytime receptions include a glass of champagne, a glass of wine, breakfasts. A “glass of champagne” usually starts at 12 noon and lasts about an hour. The reason for organizing such a reception may be the anniversary of a national holiday, the departure of the ambassador, the stay of the delegation in the country, the opening of an exhibition (festival). During the reception, guests in addition to champagne may be offered other drinks (wine, juices, mineral water). Drinks and snacks are served by the waiters. From the point of view of the organization, this is the simplest form of admission, which does not require much and lengthy preparation.

The "glass of wine" technique is similar. Name in in this case emphasizes the special nature of the reception.

Breakfast is served between 12:00 and 15:00. Breakfast usually starts at 12.30 or 13.00. The breakfast menu is made according to national traditions. When organizing breakfast on the Russian side, the menu consists of one or two cold appetizers, one fish or meat dish and dessert. Serving a first course and / or hot snack at breakfast is not excluded.

Juices are served before breakfast. During breakfast, it is possible to serve dry grape wines, and in conclusion - champagne, coffee, tea.

Breakfast usually lasts an hour and a half, of which about an hour - at the table and about 30 minutes - for coffee, tea (coffee, tea can be served at the same table or in the living room). Guests usually come to breakfast in casual clothes, unless the dress code is specifically indicated in the invitation.

Breakfast is one of the most common types of diplomatic receptions. Breakfasts are arranged on the occasion of the arrival and departure of ambassadors, the anniversary of treaties and other anniversaries, in honor of distinguished foreign guests, in order to maintain contacts between the Foreign Ministry and foreign diplomatic missions. In international protocol practice, it is generally accepted that afternoon receptions are less solemn than evening ones.

Evening receptions are of several types.

The “cocktail” starts between 5 pm and 6 pm and lasts about two hours. During the reception, waiters serve drinks and cold snacks (in the form of canapes - small sandwiches). Serving hot meals is possible. Sometimes a buffet is arranged, where waiters offer drinks to those who wish.

Reception "a la buffet" is held at the same hours as the "cocktail". However, the buffet reception may include appetizer tables, including hot meals. Guests themselves come to the tables, collect snacks and leave, giving the opportunity to come up to others present.

Receptions such as "cocktail" and "a la buffet" are held standing. In both cases, in order to emphasize the special solemnity of the reception, by the end of the reception it is possible to serve champagne, ice cream, and coffee. If the reception is held on the occasion of a national holiday or in honor of a distinguished guest, a small concert or film screening may be organized at the end of the reception. The solemnity of the reception can be emphasized by the indication of a special dress code in the invitation.

Lunch is considered the most honorable type of reception. It usually starts at 8 pm or 8.30 pm, but no later than 9 pm. According to Russian protocol practice, lunch can start at an earlier time.

The lunch menu in accordance with national traditions includes two or three cold appetizers, first, hot fish, hot meat and dessert. Serving drinks is the same as for breakfast. Lunch usually lasts two to three hours or even longer. After the table, at which the guests are for about an hour, everyone goes to the living rooms for a conversation; coffee and tea are served here. In some cases, coffee and tea can be served at the dining table. Lunch often involves a special dress code (tuxedo or tailcoat - for men, evening dress - for women), Dinner starts at 21 o'clock and later. It differs from lunch only in the start time. In some countries, on especially solemn occasions in connection with the stay in the country of the head of state or a delegation headed by a statesman himself high level two receptions are arranged in a row: immediately after dinner, a cocktail or a la buffet reception is held for distinguished guests.

The buffet lunch assumes free seating at small tables for four to six people. As well as at the "buffet" reception, tables are set with a snack, there are buffets with drinks. Guests gather snacks and sit down at their own discretion at one of the small tables. This kind of reception is often organized after a concert, watching a movie, or during a break from a dance evening. In tropical countries, this kind of reception is often held outdoors - on the veranda or in the garden. The lunch buffet is less formal than the lunch.

Evening receptions also include "tea" held between 4 pm and 6 pm, usually for women. The spouse of the Minister of Foreign Affairs invites the spouses of the ambassadors and other women for tea. This form of reception is also used when making farewell visits by the spouses of the heads of diplomatic missions to the wife of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. For "tea" one or several tables are set, taking into account the number of guests. Serves sweets, cookies, fruits, drinks. Canapes are not excluded. In international practice, the method of the "journalist" type is less and less common. The spouse of the Minister of Foreign Affairs or the spouse of the Ambassador appoints for the whole season the day and hour of each week when she expects guests. At the beginning of the fall-winter season, an invitation is sent once, which is valid for the entire period, unless further notice is given. This technique, sometimes called "Wednesdays", "Thursdays", "Fridays", is the same in form and content as "tea".

There are other types of diplomatic receptions: musical, literary, dance evenings, meetings of diplomats during sports competitions. It is curious that in Canada, for example, a reception is held on the occasion of the "musical ride on horseback".

Each technique is preceded by thorough preparation. It is necessary to determine the type of reception, taking into account the purpose for which it is being organized, the venue, draw up a list of invitees, fill out and send out invitations in advance, draw up a menu and a seating plan at the table when it comes to breakfast, lunch, dinner. If the reception is organized at the ambassador's residence or at the embassy, ​​then the ambassador's wife should pay special attention to preparing the premises, setting tables, instructing the waiters who will serve the reception.

A reciprocal action by the guest is not provided. The practice of the diplomatic corps in Moscow in organizing receptions is varied. On the occasion of national holidays of their countries, the heads of diplomatic missions organize receptions such as "cocktail", "a la buffet", "glass of champagne", "glass of wine". As part of their daily diplomatic activities, the embassy in Moscow is often invited to breakfasts, dinners, film screenings, etc.

Receptions of the same type are also organized by Russian embassies in foreign countries When determining the date of admission, it should be assumed that receptions are not organized on holidays and non-working days, and in Muslim countries - on the religious holiday "Ramadan", Receptions are not held on the days of national mourning, and those appointed earlier are canceled.

Making a list of invitees is one of the most important elements of the preparatory work. In addition to accompanying persons, members of the delegation, the ambassador of the guest's country and senior diplomatic staff of the embassy are invited to a reception in honor of the distinguished guest or a foreign delegation on an official visit.

On the Russian side, the reception is attended by heads of state, ministers, and other officials who participated in negotiations or cooperating with the guest's country in economic, scientific, technical, cultural and other areas. If the guest arrives with his spouse, then the spouses of the officials will participate in the reception from the Russian side. Determined total invitees to the reception. The business need for contact with this or that invitee is taken into account. The size of the reception area should be appropriate for the number of guests and the possibilities of service. Closeness at the reception should be avoided.

At a reception hosted by the embassy Russian Federation, heads of the country, officials of departments and public organizations, representatives of cultural and scientific circles. If the reception is dedicated to an anniversary date in bilateral relations, then the invitation of the diplomatic corps is not provided. Foreign diplomats attend receptions dedicated to national holidays of countries, as well as embassies' representations, held in the order of their daily activities. The embassy should sometimes be especially careful when inviting representatives of opposition parties in some countries. Even with the most careful study of the list, it cannot be avoided that some of the invitees, for various reasons, will not be able to attend the reception. This so-called “dropout rate” is taken into account when estimating the cost of admission.

Modern international protocol practice testifies to the desire of countries to make diplomatic receptions modest, avoid excessive pomp, limit or exclude the supply of alcoholic beverages, and refuse too expensive dishes.

The menu at the diplomatic reception should have a national flavor. However, the tastes of the guests, their national and religious traditions are taken into account. Think in advance about those who eat only vegetarian food or do not eat pork. Game is not served at reception during the period when hunting for it is prohibited in the country. At the reception at the embassy, ​​the spouse of the ambassador should make sure that the menu includes national dishes. Whether it be pies or pancakes, meat or fish prepared in a special way specific to a given country, or a dessert made of fruits for which the country is famous, this is a matter of taste and taking into account local conditions. »Modest. Gone in history "Lucullus feasts", when "the wine flowed like a river, the neighbor gave drink to the neighbor."

But at the same time, the organizers of the receptions are trying to give them a national flavor. This is especially noticeable in China, Japan, countries of South and Southeast Asia.

Anyone who has visited, for example, China, will forever remember the "Chinese cuisine": "swallow's nest soup", "shark fins", "fried bamboo", etc. In the 50s, the writer Wanda Vasilevskaya visited China. She humorously remarked: "In China, everyone eats: everything that flies, except for planes, everything that crawls, except for a tank, everything that floats, except for a submarine." And one can only respect the people who managed to preserve the ancient traditions so carefully, and if they were to “modernize” them, then it would not be to the detriment of national peculiarities.

And here is how Her Majesty Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and His Royal Highness Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh were treated in the Kremlin, in the Palace of Facets, at a dinner given in honor of distinguished guests by President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin and his wife on October 18, 1994

Granular caviar
Puff pastry with fish
Pike perch stuffed with mushrooms
Tenderloin roast beef stuffed with pate
Asparagus cream soup
Salmon in champagne
Chicken cutlets with fruit
Parfait raspberry
Assorted cakes
Fruit
Coffee Tea

All meals should be tasty and beautifully served. It is customary to use dishes at receptions. good quality: crystal, porcelain, silver. Fresh flowers on tables and in living rooms add conviviality and coziness to the premises. Flowers are sometimes chosen to match the colors of the guest's flag.

On especially solemn occasions, at a reception in honor of the head of state, at the entrance to the hall, the anthems of the guest's country and the host country are performed. During these receptions, concerts are sometimes organized, and the national music of the host country and the country of the guest is performed. At the end of the reception, the main guest, accompanied by the host, is the first to leave the reception. The orchestra at this time performs a solemn march.

In front of the building where the reception takes place, sometimes a guard of honor is lined up, which gives military honors upon arrival and departure of the main guest.

Guests are invited to the reception with special written invitations. Forms of invitations are printed by typographic method, and the name of the invitee, his position are entered by hand, the type of reception, day, hour and place of the event are indicated. All of this information can be typed, but in the past it was considered less polite.

If the reception is organized on the occasion of the stay of a distinguished guest in the country, an anniversary date, a national holiday, then the invitations have the character of special forms made by typography.

When organizing receptions that provide for seating, you should find out in advance whether the guest will be able to accept the invitation, In this case, in the lower right corner of the invitation form, they put the letters RSVP (répondez, s "il vous plaоt - please reply). president, prime minister, minister of foreign affairs - the ambassador makes a preliminary oral agreement with them and sends an invitation only after receiving their consent. (pour mémoire - for memory).

It is customary to send invitations one to two weeks before admission. This allows us to hope that guests will be able to plan their time in such a way as to be able to arrive at the reception. To send invitations, couriers or couriers are used, less often invitations are sent by mail.

Having received an invitation, you should carefully read it. This will save you from mistakes and awkward situations in which a person may find himself who does not understand the invitation received. Regardless of the language in which the invitation is written, you should be completely clear about the following: who, for what reason, where, when, dress code, whether you need a response to the invitation. The information refined as a result of such an analysis will help to take the right decision.

An invitation with the letters RSVP and they are not crossed out should be answered promptly. A delay in answering, and even more so its absence, is evidence of impoliteness. It is better to politely refuse in advance than to delay the answer. It is advisable to give a written answer to the invitation with a “request to answer”, regardless of its nature - positive or negative.

The answer is drawn up on behalf of those who received the invitation in a third person, without a signature. It will not be a mistake if the answer is given by phone.

In some countries, there is a procedure according to which it is mandatory to send a written response (positive or negative) to an invitation to a reception hosted by the head of state.

A sample of such an answer:

“The Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation and MI Petrov have the honor to acknowledge receipt of the kind invitation of Mr President and Mrs K. for lunch (or breakfast) on Tuesday, March 10, at eight o'clock in the evening, which they are happy to accept.”

Sample negative answer:

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation and M.I. Petrova, in connection with leaving on vacation in the coming days, unfortunately, they will not be able to accept the kind invitation of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Finland and his wife for breakfast

About seating at the table

At receptions such as breakfast, lunch, dinner, guests are seated at the table in a strictly defined order. Seats at the table are divided into more and less honorable ones. The most honorable place is to the right of the hostess (at a reception with the participation of women) and to the right of the owner (at a men's reception). Next are the places to the left of the hostess, to the left of the owner. As you move away from the hostess and the owner, the places become less honorable.

At a male-only reception, the main guest may be offered a seat at the table opposite the host. The main seating rule: the most honorable guests sit in the most honorable places. Departure from this rule can be regarded as deliberate damage to the prestige of the guest and the prestige of the state he represents.

Seating difficulties do not arise if the approximate seating at the table is also taken into account when drawing up the list of invitees. At the same time, in addition to the specified basic rule, it should be borne in mind that at receptions with the participation of women, it is necessary to avoid planting a woman next to a woman, it is better to alternate - a man, a woman; do not put a number of spouses; it is indecent for a woman to sit at the end of the table. Consideration should also be given to ensuring that guests at the table can communicate without an interpreter. Otherwise, you will need to invite translators or delegate their functions to junior diplomatic officers of your embassy.

It is possible that drawing up such a preliminary seating arrangement will force changes to the initial list of invitees.

Seniority among diplomats is not difficult to determine. The benchmark for this is diplomatic ranks. Seniority among diplomats of the same rank is determined by the time spent in the country. It is more difficult to determine seniority among political and public figures, representatives of the business community, and the press. If doubts arise, the protocol department of the host country can help to dispel. This will prevent seating errors.

It should also be remembered that the spouse is assigned the seniority of the spouse. This rule helps to get the right seating at a reception where women are present, or at a purely feminine reception.

At mixed receptions, in the absence of the spouse at the host of the reception, he can offer a place at the table opposite himself to the senior guest or the spouse of the senior diplomat of his embassy. In protocol practice, interpreters are most often sitting at the table.

The seating arrangement is specified as the responses from the invitees arrive.

On the day of the reception or the day before, a general list of participants for breakfast, lunch, dinner is drawn up - foreign guests and from the side of the embassy in the order of protocol seniority.

In the diplomatic protocol, a technique has developed to designate seats at the table. Seating cards and envelopes are printed - small white rectangles made of thick paper with handwritten or typed names of all participants in the reception.

In the room where guests gather and where drinks are served (or in front of the entrance to the room), a seating plan is displayed on a small table.

Strictly in accordance with the plan, each seat at the table is marked with a cover card. Those invited to the reception get acquainted with the seating plan, find their place, specify the names of the neighbors to the right and to the left. If the situation and time permit, they get to know each other in advance, since it is less convenient to do this at the table.

At receptions with a large number of guests, special cards are used indicating the place at the table.

At the present time, the seating arrangement at the diplomatic reception does not cause violent discontent, as it did in the past, but it still requires a lot of attention, because it can lead to complications in personal contacts... Sometimes you even have to take into account such "little things" as the sociability of individual guests, their compatibility, and others. personal qualities... Correct seating is one of the components of a successful reception.

After reviewing the seating plan, the guest quickly finds his place at the table, indicated by a cover card. Entering the hall, the guests are standing and waiting for the hostess to come to her place and invite everyone to sit down. The men help the ladies by pushing back the chair a little. The waiters begin to serve the treat with the main guest and guest. Last but not least, they approach the hostess and the owner. Etiquette assumes that guests do not start eating until the waiter offers the dish to the hostess, and she gives the "signal": you can start.

Reception will take place successfully if the scheme of its implementation is thought out in advance. They say that "theater begins with a coat rack." The same can be said about diplomatic reception. But, not forgetting about the hanger, the ambassador should, if many guests are expected, first of all worry about notifying the militia (police) through the diplomatic protocol of the host country about the arrival of a large number of cars and the need to ensure their parking. The reception scheme or plan should provide for the location where the hostess and host greet guests. One of the employees must be assigned to escort guests to the halls. Other diplomats and their spouses should deal with them. At a reception on the occasion of a national holiday or other important date, the ambassador expects the arrival of the guest of honor, meets him, escorts him to the main hall to the table. This serves as a signal for everyone else to the fact that the official, solemn part of the reception has begun. looks forward to a return performance. It is a different matter when the government of a country hosts a reception in honor of a distinguished foreign guest. At this kind of reception (breakfast, lunch, buffet reception), the program of the guest's stay in the country provides for an exchange of speeches. The text of the speech of the distinguished guest is translated in advance into the language of the host country, and the response speech - into the language of the guest's country. In this case, there is no need for interpretation.

Toasts are also provided at receptions such as breakfast, lunch, dinner.

This is usually done at the end of the reception when the champagne is served. The text of the toast can be prepared in advance in writing and read out. Often the host makes a toast without a written text, but this does not mean that the text was not prepared in advance. The diplomatic protocol of Russia allows the making of a toast at the beginning of the reception (breakfast, lunch, dinner).

Diplomatic receptions provide a good opportunity for their participants to conduct conversations on various issues, and at receptions without seating ("cocktail", "a la buffet", etc.), conversations with a large circle of interlocutors are possible.

At breakfast (lunch, dinner), the hostess and the host, focusing on the main guest and his wife, nevertheless strive to involve all guests in the conversation. Therefore, at the table, as a rule, they talk about events that may be of interest to all guests: news of literature, art, cinema, painting, or some special press release that aroused interest around the world. Guests try to avoid talking at the table about controversial issues and issues that, for various reasons, may be unpleasant for any of the guests.

At small receptions with the ambassador for coffee (tea) in the living room, where, as a rule, men and women form separate groups, an exchange of views on important political issues is not ruled out.The reception is often used by the host to fulfill the instructions of his government and convey information to the official representative host country. The guest can also use such an opportunity to inform the ambassador on some important issue, to ask his opinion. Therefore, when preparing a reception, it is important to think over the plan of conversations with whom and what to talk to, to whom and what to say.

A well-prepared and thoughtful reception can be overshadowed by unqualified service. Experienced head waiter and waiters are involved in the reception service. Without prompting, they must know when, what and how to serve, what and when to remove, who to start serving dishes and who to end with, how to behave when making toasts. In short, they must ensure that the reception is flawless from start to finish. Diplomatic etiquette as a standard of conduct for a diplomat has specific features. The behavior of a diplomat is used to judge the country he represents. By misbehaving, a diplomat can damage the prestige of his state.

The rule has become an elementary truth, according to which a diplomat, being abroad, should not try to impose his customs and manners, but must respect the customs of the host country. There is no greater bad manners than rash judgment or criticism of what may at first glance seem unusual or unusual.

And although diplomatic etiquette inevitably reflects the social and moral foundations of the society, the representative of which is this diplomat, as a result of many years of communication between diplomats from different countries, etiquette has developed general rules good form. The first commandment of a diplomat is accuracy. The diplomat will arrive on time for the appointment and will stay at the reception no longer than required by the rules of decency. It is considered impolite to show up at an appointment a few minutes before it ends. It is better to come at the beginning of the reception, and then leave, having previously apologized to the hostess and the owner. The departure of a guest from a reception 15-20 minutes after arriving at it without announcing the reasons can be regarded as an unfriendly demonstration.

There can be no question of being late, if there is an invitation to a reception with a seating arrangement (breakfast, lunch, dinner), Guests for this kind of reception arrive within 3-5 minutes and after a short pause used for mutual greetings and acquaintances are invited to the table. If, nevertheless, circumstances forced the guest to be a little late, and he arrives when the reception has already begun, he should go to the hostess and the owner, explain, without going into details, the reason for his delay, greet them, bow to those present and take the place allotted to him.

At the reception, junior employees are the first, then senior, the ambassador, as it were, closes the arrival of his employees. Leaving the reception is carried out in the reverse order: first the older ones, then the younger ones. Guests should not leave all at once, it is better to disperse gradually. The guests disperse in such a way that by the time the reception is over, indicated in the invitation, the last of those present say goodbye to the host and hostess.

It is not recommended to linger on receptions, as delaying reception becomes burdensome for the hosts. When arriving and leaving, it is not necessary to shake hands with everyone present. You need to greet (or say goodbye) by the hand with the owner and hostess, and the rest can only bow.

As a sign of special respect for the guest at evening receptions (lunch, dinner), the dress code may be indicated in the invitation. In this case, in the lower right corner may be written "Black tie" - "black tie", which means a "tuxedo" -type suit, less often "white tie" - "white tie", that is, a tailcoat. In countries with hot climates, on special occasions, guests come in festive clothes of the national style.

ABOUT CLOTHING FOR DIPLOMATIC RECEPTIONS

1. For men

Costume. For breakfast, "tea", "cocktail", as well as for other receptions starting before 20.00 hours, you can wear a suit of any color, unless these receptions are arranged on the occasion of a national holiday or in honor (or on behalf of) the head of state, head government or foreign minister on an official occasion.

It is understood that a suit of any color will not be a suit of bright colors. For receptions held on the occasion of a national holiday or in honor (or on behalf of) the head of state, head of government or minister of foreign affairs on an official occasion, as well as receptions starting at 8 p.m. and later, it is recommended to wear a black suit or, in extreme cases , dark suit (dark blue, dark gray, dark brown). The suit must always be carefully ironed. It is preferable to wear a fresh suit.

The cases when it is necessary to wear a tuxedo are specially indicated in the invitation, For example, at a dinner with Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin put on a tailcoat for the first time.

For all types of receptions, it is recommended to wear a white shirt with a starchy or soft collar and any tie (but not in a bright tone). It is not recommended to wear colored shirts, especially knitted shirts, as well as black ties. A black tie is worn only as a sign of mourning.

Shoes. It is recommended to wear black low shoes or boots. In the summertime, you can wear colored shoes to a non-dark suit, but not sandals or sandals. Patent leather boots are worn only with a tuxedo (and tailcoat). Shoes must be thoroughly polished.

Socks should match the shoes.

Hat. Depending on the season, it is recommended to wear a hat: light in spring and summer, dark (but not necessarily black) in autumn and winter. It is preferable to wear a hat that matches the color of your coat or suit. It is not recommended to wear a black hat with a coat or suit of a different (not dark) color. It is desirable that the hat is made of felt, not velor.

2. For women

At diplomatic receptions, it is recommended to wear clothes of strict, modest lines and moderate, not bright colors. It is recommended to wear a short dress, dress-suit or suit for breakfast, “tea”, “cocktail”, as well as for other receptions starting before 20.00.

For receptions held before 20.00 on the occasion of a national holiday or in honor (or on behalf of) the head of state, head of government or minister of foreign affairs on an official occasion, it is recommended to wear more elegant dresses, dress-suits of regular length, For dinners and receptions, starting at 20.00 and later, evening dresses are worn. They are of two types: semi-long, its length does not reach the floor by 15-20 cm and long, reaching the floor. Recently, semi-long dresses are more often worn at evening receptions.

Hat. It is recommended to wear a small hat made of felt, feathers, velvet or other material for receptions starting before 8 pm. At such receptions, the hat is not removed.

The hat is not worn for evening receptions (after 8 pm). Shoes. For receptions starting before 20.00, shoes with any comfortable heel are put on. Light high-heeled shoes made of suede, brocade, gold or silver leather, etc. are worn for an evening dress.

Gloves and handbags. You can wear silk, lace and other gloves for an evening dress; and the shorter the sleeve of the dress, “the longer the gloves, and vice versa. If the sleeves of the evening dress are long, do not wear gloves. The handbag should be of a small size made of beads, brocade, etc.

Clothing material. For sewing clothes for receptions starting before 20.00, you can use wool, silk, crepes and other types of fabric; for an evening dress - silk, taffeta, crepes, moire, organdy and other types of fabrics.

A little more about women's clothing in society

A woman enjoys greater freedom in choosing the style of clothing, material and color of the fabric than a man, whose clothes are usually of a uniform cut.

This provides a woman with more opportunities to choose such styles of clothing and such its execution, which are most consistent with her individual tastes and fit the characteristics of her figure. It should be remembered that a good style of clothing should emphasize the appropriate beauty of the forms and correct the existing figure flaws. This consideration must also be taken into account when imitating new fashion, when in search of modern forms of clothing they often resort to ugly and overly pretentious designs. It should be borne in mind that everything that is elegant in most cases is simple.

In the diplomatic society, some traditions regarding women's clothing have been preserved, which must be observed. In particular, it is customary for women to wear an evening dress that is more elegant than the usual everyday one for gala receptions, dinners, and in some cases for visiting the theater. Evening dresses are made more open and usually have a longer skirt, giving a slim figure.

The main rule that must be observed when choosing clothes is the appropriateness of its time and setting. Therefore, for example, it is not customary to receive guests or go to visit in any luxurious, elegant dress in the daytime. For this it is quite enough to have a simple elegant dress or suit.

The usual daytime dress for reception is a short dress of simple strict cut, closed or with a small neckline and sleeves in ѕ length or full length. The material of the dress can be of any color, smooth or with flowers. In summer, light colors of the material are preferable, in autumn and winter, darker ones. For warm climates, dresses with a large neckline and short sleeves are acceptable. To decorate a dress, it is permissible to use collars, cuffs and lace frills.

It is not customary to wear a large amount of gold jewelry on ordinary dresses during the daytime (from 13.00 to 20.00). As a last resort, you can wear one or two modest gold things (brooch, hairpin) if they go to the dress.

There is an opinion of etiquette experts who believe that a woman does not put on jewelry before 6 pm. General considerations for choosing the style of a casual dress and material for it are a modest, austere and comfortable look, given that it is used in the daytime, when usually all people are busy with work.

Comfortable shoes with any heels, a hat that matches the style of the dress and the season, and gloves - cloth or kid, are worn with this dress.

The color of shoes, gloves and handbag should be in harmony with each other and with the dress.

A daytime dress made of good quality material (silk, wool, etc.) is suitable for receptions both in the afternoon from 13-00, and for "cocktails" and receptions "a la buffet" from 17:00 to 20:00. The suit is a kind of women's clothing and consists of a jacket, a skirt of the same material and a blouse. For a jacket and a skirt, plain or striped materials are usually used. The color and quality of the material should correspond to the season: in summer, lighter materials in light colors are usually used, in autumn and winter - dense materials in dark colors. Any footwear can be worn, but elegant.

For receptions with a costume, a hat or cap is always worn with the appropriate trimmings.

The costume is women's clothing for visits and for receptions from 13.00 and from 17.00 to 20.00; the suit is especially suitable for outdoor receptions.

An evening dress, depending on the nature and solemnity of the reception, is made elegant, from relatively expensive materials, Characteristic feature the evening dress is a long skirt. The category of evening dresses can also include the so-called ball gown, with a large neckline and short sleeves. At official diplomatic receptions, it is customary to wear an evening dress of a more strict cut made of good material. The dress can be made of silk, lace, crepes, etc. The choice of material density depends on the season, climatic conditions, style. For an evening dress, it is advisable to wear gloves of greater or lesser length, depending on the style of the sleeve of the dress. The color of the gloves should be in harmony with the color of the dress. Gloves are optional for a dress with long sleeves.

High-heeled shoes are worn to the evening dress.

Older women can also wear low-heeled shoes. Evening shoes have a special shape. Ordinary shoes cannot be worn under an evening dress. Evening shoes can be made of thick silks (black and light), brocade and colored leather. A handbag for an evening dress should be small. It can be made of silk of any color, leather of gold or silver color, embroidered with beads.

For ceremonial receptions, it is customary to make an evening dress more elegant, using different kinds lace, tulle or silk trims, with an evening dress, gold and Jewelry while observing a sense of proportion and good taste... Young women can wear evening dresses in lighter colors, with a large neckline and short sleeves.

The evening dress is worn for diplomatic receptions starting at 20.00 and later. Currently, a new mod has been introduced and is enjoying success. Instead of an evening dress, they wear a half-length, or, as they call it, "dress (length) 3/4". The length of this dress does not reach the floor by 15-20 cm. Such a dress is convenient for theaters, balls, receptions "a la buffet", dances, outdoor receptions, etc. Such a dress is sewn from the same materials from which the evening dress is also sewn. The same decorations are added as for the evening one. The rules for wearing them are the same. Sometimes you can wear ordinary shoes with this dress, if they fit in color and style.

It all starts with an acquaintance

In modern society, the dating ritual is, of course, not as complicated as it used to be in ancient times. Nevertheless, here, too, there are certain rules that should be followed. Here are some of them.

Before you go to visit, to a reception, to a theater, to an exhibition, you should at least in general terms get an idea of ​​the society in which you will be. If we are talking about a meeting with one specific person, then it is useful to have some information about him. The general rule is that when they meet, the younger is the first to greet the older, the man to the woman. But if you entered a room where several people have gathered, then the first to greet those present, regardless of your gender. The one who leaves is the first to say goodbye to those who remain.

Entering, one is supposed to first of all say hello to the mistress, the owner of the house, and then to everyone else. When greeting a man, you should be the first to give him a hand, but with a woman you can limit yourself to bowing, unless, of course, she herself shakes hands. In this case, shake the woman's hand or kiss? The latter seems to be timidly beginning to revive, and not only in the diplomatic world. Having proclaimed this at one time a bourgeois relic, we are gradually returning to the idea that a woman still needs to be given special signs of attention. And now you see more and more men who do not hesitate to kiss a woman's hand (of course, in cases where it is appropriate). But even here it is necessary to know when to stop. While in society, a man always gets up (with the exception of the very elderly) when a woman approaches him. She, in turn, greeting the man, continues to sit, but gets up if there is another woman in front of her. The hostess of the house, meeting guests, also always gets up. And if, having greeted the guest, she continues to stand, then a man should not sit down.

Well, who greets first at the same age, the same job and social status? The answer, apparently, everyone knows, it is often quoted in print: the one who is more educated and polite is the first to greet. Another thing is known: not to shake the outstretched hand means to offend a person, to insult him.

When men greet them, if they have gloves on their hands, they take them off; women do not.

It often happens that you need to get to know someone, but there is no one to introduce you. This is fixable. You approach the person you are interested in, name yourself (last name, position and organization that you represent) and say that you want to establish and maintain contact. If there is a business card, it is appropriate to hand it over to the interlocutor. In this case, one can count on a similar answer. And a few more details.

You have a hat on your head. When greeting this or that person, it is not superfluous to slightly raise it. This does not apply to berets, sports caps. When greeting, they take their hand out of their pocket and - necessarily - a cigarette from their mouth. When shaking hands, especially with a woman, one should not shake the hand until it hurts, but one should not relax it to a jelly-like state. Finally, such a "trifle": when greeting, do not hesitate to smile slightly. In addition to the fact that a smile always adorns a person, it also attracts the interlocutor to you.

How to address each other?

Until recently, we often perceived the world in a primitive two-dimensional dimension. One part of humanity was viewed as "comrades", the other - as "gentlemen." But here and among us there was an appeal "gentlemen". Our lexicon includes the words "Your Eminence", "Your Holiness", "Your Majesty" and other forgotten addresses that sound from the TV screen, are used at official meetings, in private conversations. But, naturally, turning to another person acquires special significance when one of us is abroad. You can easily make a mistake here. Difficulties sometimes arise due to language inconsistencies. Some forms of address adopted abroad sound too pretentious from the point of view of the Russian language, which leads to various incidents.

In general, when entering into contact with a foreigner, it is safest to refer to him by his last name, for example, "Mr. Wilson" you should do the same.

When addressing officials with state status or military, diplomatic, religious rank, as a rule, they do not mention the name. They say: "Mr. President", "Mr. Prime Minister", "Mr. General" (without naming the full rank, say, "Major General", "Lieutenant General", etc.). If you have a scientist in front of you, then it is appropriate to say simply "Dr. Watson", "Professor Keller." Etiquette also provides for such a remarkable detail: when addressing an official, he is usually slightly "promoted" in office. So, the deputy minister is called "Mr. Minister", the lieutenant colonel - "Mr. Colonel", the envoy - "Mr. Ambassador".

A woman should preferably be addressed by her husband's surname: "Mrs. Hart." In difficult to pronounce and complex names, you can do without this by using the international form "madam". You should be especially careful when addressing men and women in countries where titles of nobility are retained, which are mandatory when talking with a particular person. On this score, many details can still be found in the foreign literature on etiquette.

Conversation

In this case, we are interested in the etiquette of the conversation, that is, how to behave, when to come to the meeting, where to put the guest.

Accuracy is of great importance. It has long ceased to be the "courtesy of kings", as they used to say. Everyone needs precision, it helps create a good business atmosphere. And here even such a seemingly trifle is important. Let's say the meeting is scheduled for 11:00. The interlocutor must calculate everything so that by this time he will be at the door of the office itself, and not drive up to the building. Indeed, in the second case, the delay, albeit small, is still inevitable, and this will be perceived as disrespect for the partner.

Punctuality is also required from the host. There are still people who believe that by forcing a visitor to wait in the reception area, they give themselves importance. Deep delusion! If there are any unforeseen delays, and it is too late to warn the visitor, then, having apologized, everything should be done to brighten up his waiting for the reception. You can, for example, offer fresh newspapers, magazines.

A business conversation is not a one-actor theater. The interlocutors participate in it on an equal basis.

The conversation is sometimes quite sharp. The question arises: to argue or not, and if so, to what extent? A dispute is possible, and sometimes even necessary. After all, it is not for nothing that they say that truth is born in disputes. But one cannot argue over trifles, allow personal attacks. Often questions arise: what is the best way to meet a guest, where to seat, than to treat? If possible, then you should offer him a place on the couch, and sit himself so that he is on your right hand (for any seating arrangement, the right side is preferable to the left). But sometimes the interlocutors sit at the table opposite each other. At the same time, however, it is considered impolite to stay at your workplace, it is better to sit next to one another.

During the conversation, it is appropriate to offer tea, coffee, mineral water. If the meeting is delayed, the interlocutor has the right to ask permission to smoke. But it’s better not to do this.

In what language should the conversation be conducted and who should take care of the translator if the interlocutor does not know the partner's language? It is assumed that the conversation is conducted in the language of the host country. The care of the translator falls on the shoulders of those who do not know this language. Speak on foreign language should only be done if you are absolutely sure of your knowledge. Otherwise, serious misunderstandings are possible.

Table etiquette

The ability to behave correctly at the table - an integral part of etiquette. The difficulty here is that specific features have remained in different countries that cannot be ignored. Therefore, there is a rule: to observe the neighbors, their manners. By imitating them, it is easy to avoid mistakes. It should be remembered that the clumsiness at the table makes a depressing impression on those around you. It is unpleasant to see when a person drinks tea or coffee and is burned at the same time; holds a fork or knife differently; tries to cut what, according to the rules of good taste, is not supposed to be cut. Sometimes you have to see how one of those present at breakfast tries to cut the lobster or separate at least one claw until the waiter takes the fork and knife from him and puts on the plate a couple of pieces of meat that were lying around the edges of the dish. Of course, the neighbors can pretend that they have not noticed anything, but I think such "lessons" should be memorized for life. What else is provided by etiquette during a feast?

You need to sit so that it is comfortable to eat: not very close to the table, but not too far away. Do not put your elbows on the table. Place the napkin on your knees. After finishing food, it is left to the left of the plate, without straightening or folding. The napkin can be applied to the lips, but you should not wipe your lips with it, you should not.

At breakfasts, lunches, dinners, as many knives are put on the right of the plate, and as many forks on the left as there are changes of dishes indicated in the menu. First, they take the fork and knife on the far left and right, then the next ones. A special knife is required for the fish dish. If the first course is served (soup, borscht, etc.), do not take a full spoon so as not to spill. Special care must be taken if the dish is very hot. You have to wait until it cools down, or pick up a little in a spoon. It is not supposed to blow either into a plate or a spoon. The broth is sometimes served in single- or double-handled cups. Connoisseurs of etiquette say that from a cup with one handle the contents can be drunk like tea, from a cup with two handles you should eat with a spoon. Take the bread with your hands, breaking off small pieces. Biting off a whole slice is considered indecent.

From the second meat dish, cut off small pieces as needed. Do not stuff your mouth with food. Sometimes, after meat and fish, different cheeses can be served. It will not be a mistake if someone decides to try not one, but two varieties. When the waiter carries the guests with a bowl of fruit, do not look at them for a long time, it is better to take what lies closer. In countries with an abundance of exotic fruits, during their distribution, a small crystal vase with a small amount of liquid is placed on the left. Meaning: After eating fruit, rinse your fingers and wipe them on a napkin. But never drink! Unfortunately, this happens to someone who encounters it for the first time. At the same time, those present “pretend” that nothing special has happened (an example from the practice of the diplomatic protocol of Russia). But now the meal is finished. This is understandable to everyone if the knife and fork are placed next to each other on a plate, handles to the right. Receptions usually end with coffee, tea. Cream, sugar, lemon are served separately. On what do those for whom the norms of etiquette have not yet become accustomed sometimes "stumble"? A woman sits down next to him. Not everyone knows that they are supposed to move a chair away from the table to help her sit down. You should not sit down yourself until the hostess sits down, the rest of the women take their places. During the reception, you are supposed to pay attention first of all to your neighbor at the table. And if there are ladies sitting to your left and right, then pay attention to both. The conversation usually goes on topics that may be of interest to everyone present, such as theater, cinema, books, exhibitions, tours of famous artists.

A little about drinks

Different countries have developed their own traditions of drinking alcohol. But in this case we are talking about some general rules, about the etiquette associated with this procedure, during receptions, meetings, visits. I must note that, having the opportunity for many years in force official duties attend luxurious, plentiful receptions, and modest "cocktails", "buffets"; I have never seen drunken diplomats. These people know how to behave in society, and this is worthy of emulation. Unfortunately, not everyone is at their best. It happens that drinking is abused, forgetting that a person's culture is also manifested in how resistant he is to this temptation.

An interesting document is kept in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1923, a group of Swedish political and public figures headed by Professor Engström was in our country. The delegation aimed to establish contacts with various representatives Soviet Union... After the delegation returned home, the first secretary of the Soviet embassy, ​​Arosev, met with Engstrom and asked the professor about his impressions of his stay in our country. This is what the Soviet diplomat then reported to Moscow: “... I tried to ask Engstrem what impression the USSR had made on him. But Engstrom frankly admitted that, being in the USSR, he was always intoxicated, therefore he does not remember anyone, except perhaps Demyan Bedny, and that only because he drank with him, in his own words, so much that he even began to sober up, and right there, as in justification of his behavior, he gave me a Swedish proverb: “It's not a pity that writers drink, but it’s a pity that not all who drink are writers”.

As you can see, both participants in the receptions - a foreigner and our compatriot - did not behave in the best way.

Sometimes you have to watch pretty sad scenes. For example, the embassy hosts a reception on the occasion of a national holiday. The ambassador and his wife meet the guests. Tables with snacks and drinks are set in the hall. They are waiting for the one who is called the "guest of honor". It would seem that everyone's duty is not to rush to take a plate, add food, pour a glass. But someone clearly does not want to reckon with this. Having barely greeted the owners, he hurries to the table, quickly begins to eat and drink, as if he is late for the train. It happens that there are many such "hurrying ones", and when the hosts, together with the guest of honor, enter the hall, a very unattractive picture appears to their eyes.

Rarely, but at receptions, small speeches are exchanged. Etiquette requires; at such moments one should stop eating, drinking, talking, one should turn to face the speaker and listen to the speech to the end. But while many have enough patience for the first speech, sometimes they do not. Conversations, clinking glasses, clanking forks and knives - this is the accompaniment to which a reciprocal toast is pronounced. Of course, this is regrettable. At small receptions such as "cocktail", "buffet", when guests mainly serve themselves, it should be remembered that others want to come to the table as well. Therefore, after filling the plate, one must move away from the table, giving others the same opportunity.

Etiquette also requires in all cases to come to the reception at the time indicated in the invitation, and leave without delaying beyond a reasonably specified time. The last to leave are the "three" in behavior.

In general, it’s not bad, when preparing for a reception, to ask yourself, say, six questions and find clear answers to them: who is inviting, for what reason, when, where (address), what is the dress code, is an answer needed? It would seem elementary. But, oddly enough, it happens that a person arrives at a reception that took place yesterday, goes to the embassy, ​​and the reception is scheduled in a restaurant, comes to dinner, where guests are seated in certain places, and there is no place for him at the table, because he did not bother to inform in advance that he was accepting the invitation. And etiquette is strict, its requirements must be strictly observed.

An example of this, as the legend says, was set by one of the kings of England, who jealously followed this. Once, having lingered on a hunt and realizing that he would not be able to return by the appointed time of reception, he sent a messenger to the palace with a note: “You, my subjects, are obliged to wait for the king, but you are not obliged to wait for the steak. Start without me. " I remember such a case. Many years ago, Italian President G. Gronchi paid an official visit to our country. On this occasion, a reception was held at the embassy. The entire luxurious mansion - from the entrance to the most distant corner - was lined with vases of beautiful fresh flowers specially brought from the south. Especially good was the bouquet of roses on the main table, behind which were the President and the leaders of our country. At that time, the Italian ambassador to Moscow was Count Luca Pietromarchi, an aristocrat both in demeanor and in his ability to stay in society, and even in outward appearance... And so, when the reception was drawing to a close, the ambassador took a bouquet from a vase, approached our famous actress L. Orlova and presented her flowers with a gallant bow. It would seem that it was only necessary to appreciate this gesture. But it was not there! For some reason, many men considered the ambassador's act as something of a signal. They began to hastily grab flowers and give them to their wives, women in general, who happened to be around. And when the last guests left the building, it looked miserable, as if it had been robbed. I was ashamed of those who allowed it, forgetting about the sense of proportion, about tact. After all, it should have been understood that not every action is repeatable, especially without demand. Only the hostess or the host can give flowers to a guest or - more often - a guest.

INTRODUCTION

The concepts of protocol and etiquette apply not only to diplomacy. The fundamental points of this knowledge have long been an integral part of successful business... The benefits of a good command of the skills of etiquette and protocol became obvious, since they form a link between foreign and Russian companies, help to negotiate with the authorities at the proper level.
Court etiquette gave rise to diplomatic etiquette, since it was at the royal courts that receptions of foreign embassies took place. In the early Middle Ages, the ceremonial of international communication in Europe was decisively influenced by the solemn and magnificent rituals of the Byzantine Empire, which were aimed at convincing of the power of their country, demonstrating its wealth, strength and superiority. Later, when issues of primacy began to play an important role at court, it became necessary to clearly define the place of each diplomat and, accordingly, his country in the general ceremony. The diplomat had to be even more punctual and strict in observing all the rules of etiquette than the rest of the courtiers, since he represented not so much himself as his country. Gradually, in order to avoid conflicts that could erupt due to real or imaginary insults, the forms of official contacts between representatives of different states are becoming more and more regulated and remain so in our time. The diplomatic protocol, which helped to prevent disputes between representatives of states, was officially approved in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, where it was decided to receive ambassadors by the date and hour of their presentation or alphabetically. This made it possible to exclude the assumption of the preference of one side or the other.

1. History of etiquette

The culture of communication between people is based on the observance of certain rules that have been developed by man for thousands of years. Since the late Middle Ages, these rules have been called etiquette.
Etiquette (translated from French - label, label) is a set of rules of behavior concerning the external manifestation of a person's attitude to people. This refers to the treatment of others, forms of treatment and greetings, behavior in in public places, manners and clothing.
Consciously cultivating rules governing external forms behavior of etiquette, a number of researchers refer to the period of antiquity (Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome). It was at this time that the first attempts at special teaching people to behave beautifully were observed. The very "beautiful behavior" at this time practically coincided with the virtues of the ancient man, with his ideas about morality and citizenship. The combination of the beautiful and the moral was denoted by the ancient Greeks by the concept of "kalokagatiya" (Greek "ear" - beautiful, "agatos" - good). The basis of kalokatiya was the perfection of both bodily constitution and spiritual and moral makeup, along with beauty and strength, it contained justice, chastity, courage and rationality. In this sense, in antiquity there was no etiquette as a proper external form of manifestation of human culture, since there was no opposition itself between external and internal (ethical and moral). The main thing for the ancient Greeks was to live reasonably, simply according to the precepts of their ancestors and the laws of the state, avoiding excesses and extremes. The most important principles determining their strategy of behavior were the principles of "rationality" and "golden mean".
The first printed codes on the rules of etiquette appeared in the 15th century. in Spain, from where it quickly spread to other Western European countries.
The concept of "etiquette" began to enter the Russian language at the beginning of the 18th century. True, even in the era of Ivan the Terrible, the Domostroy, written by Sylvester, appeared, a kind of code of rules by which citizens should be guided in their behavior and attitude towards secular authorities, the church, etc. But all etiquette boiled down to obedience to the home despot, whose will determined the specific rules of behavior for each household. The unlimited power of the head of the family was a reflection of the same unlimited power along the ascending line - the boyar, the governor, the king.
In pre-Petrine Russia, etiquette assigned a very modest role to women. Before Peter 1, a woman was rarely shown between men, and then only for a few minutes.
In the turbulent era of Peter the Great, the way of life of the Russian people changed dramatically. Special guidelines for young nobles were created: they indicated in detail how to behave in society. So, in 1717, by order of Peter 1, the book “Honest Mirror of Youth, or Punishment for Everyday Circumstance, collected from various authors, was published. This book has been compiled from numerous Western European codes of civil etiquette. Accordingly, at court, and then in general under the nobility, certain elements of Western European, mainly English, etiquette came into use, especially in clothing, in raising children.
In certain periods of the history of tsarist Russia, the abuse of etiquette merged with servile admiration for foreigners, with contempt for national traditions and folk customs.
In aristocratic Western Europe, the severity of court etiquette sometimes led to funny situations. Once the French king Louis 13 went to talk about business with Cardinal Richelieu when he was ill and could not get out of bed. Then Louis, whose royal dignity could not allow him to talk to a lying subject while sitting or standing, lay down with him. And the Spanish monarch Philip 3 preferred to burn himself in front of the fireplace, rather than extinguish it himself.
In many countries, court etiquette has been brought in some of its parts to sheer absurdity, and sometimes turns into open stupidity. Nowadays it is funny to read, for example, to what height it was possible for a woman to raise the hem of a dress, crossing the threshold, and ladies of different ranks had an unequal opportunity to show their legs.
The ceremonial of balls, dinners, greetings of the royal personage was especially difficult. In old chronicles, one could often find a description of quarrels, and even the outbreak of war due to the violation of some minor rule of etiquette.
In the 18th century. our mission in China collapsed due to the fact that the Russian envoy refused to kneel before the emperor, as required by the etiquette of the Peking court. In 1804, Adam Kruzenshtern, who brought the Russian embassy to Nagasaki with ships, described with indignation the behavior of the Dutch. When a high-ranking Japanese man appeared, they bent at a right angle, their arms stretched out at the seams. After an unsuccessful attempt to force the Russians to bend over in the same manner, the Japanese no longer bothered them on this score. And again, our ancestors had to retire with nothing because of unwillingness to observe, in their opinion, stupid rules of etiquette.
Over the centuries, each nation has introduced its own specifics, its own national flavor into the development of etiquette. Most of the customs remained only a national treasure. But some were accepted by other peoples as well.
From Scandinavia came the custom now accepted all over the world, according to which the most honorable place at the table is given to the guest.
In chivalrous times, it was considered good form for ladies and their gentlemen to sit down at the table in pairs. They ate from the same plate and drank from the same glass. This custom has now become only a tradition.
Removing a headdress as an etiquette gesture is common mainly in Europe. Muslims, Jews and representatives of some other peoples did not bare their heads for etiquette purposes. This distinction has long been recognized as one of the most remarkable distinguishing features of the European and Eastern peoples. One of the stories widespread in medieval Europe narrated how the Turkish ambassadors appeared to Ivan the Terrible, the sovereign known for his cruelty, who, according to their custom, did not take off their hats. The sovereign decided to “strengthen” their custom and ordered them to nail their caps to their heads with iron nails.
Yet a significant part of normal etiquette arose on the basis of universal human moral and aesthetic needs. So, the ability to dominate oneself is the most important feature of etiquette. Indeed, as civilization develops, etiquette turns into one of the forms of curbing natural instincts and human passions. Other common norms of etiquette meet the urgent needs for cleanliness, tidiness, i.e. in the hygiene of people. The third rule requires the beauty of communication between people, the expediency of their actions.
Ethics partly reflects the ancient traditional forms of veneration of the woman, the progenitor. Almost everywhere she was given flowers, wreaths, fruits as a symbol of beauty and fertility. Bare your head in front of a woman, stand up in her presence, give her place and show her all kinds of signs of attention - these rules were not invented in the era of chivalry, they are manifestations of the ancient cult of women.
Since the existence of people, they strive to satisfy not only their simplest needs - to eat, drink, dress, have a roof over their heads. People strove to satisfy them in a form that was considered beautiful and pleasing. A person has never been content with the fact that clothes only warm, and any household item is only needed for something. Striving for beauty in life is an essential human need. Therefore, we can rightfully talk about the culture of clothing, relationships between people.
The rules of etiquette are very specific and aimed at regulating the external form of communication; they give recommendations for behavior in pre-agreed situations. The rules of etiquette determine how a person communicates with other people, what is his behavior, gestures, ways of greeting, behavior at the table, etc.

2. State symbols

There are more than two hundred sovereign states on Earth, and each has symbols inherent only to it, often reflecting national ideas or religious views of the inhabitants, or for objective historical reasons have one form or another.
There is a verbal or verbal form of designation of the state - this is its name. And there is its symbolic designation - this is its coat of arms and flag. There is a musical designation for the state - this is its anthem.
Russia has a long history, and for many centuries it had its own state symbols. The two-headed eagle personified our state from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 20th. He was a symbol of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Moscow kingdom, Russian Empire, The Russian Republic in 1917 and the RSFSR before the adoption of the new coat of arms. There are documents dated 17 and 18 years old signed by Lenin with a seal with a two-headed eagle. The white-blue-red flag has been a symbol of Russia since the 17th century, when under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, white-blue-red flags were made for the first Russian warship "Eagle". Thus, just as our state retains its historical name Russia, so in 1991 it was decided to restore the historical state symbols of our state. Russia is a country that does not remember its history, which should invent new state symbols at every stage of its development. And we should with dignity preserve our historical memory, which is largely expressed by state symbols.
National emblem.
The coat of arms is one of the main symbols of state sovereignty. It decorates buildings at official state residences, is placed on official state letterheads and documents. Respect for the coat of arms is on a par with the national flag and anthem. Any form of disrespect for the state emblem is offensive and is prosecuted in many countries.
In Russia, the image of a two-headed eagle with three historical crowns of Peter the Great is adopted as the state emblem. The regulation on the State Emblem of the Russian Federation was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2050 of November 30, 1993.
As a rule, in most countries there are certain restrictions and rules for using the image of the state emblem on letterheads or in other cases. This is the prerogative of the official government authorities.
Their coats of arms exist not only for states, but also for individual cities, state bodies, state formations. Individual firms and individuals have their own coats of arms. As for individuals, the presence of a family coat of arms in the practice of many countries testifies to the antiquity of their family, often of belonging to the nobility. Since ancient times, the rule of compulsory respect for the coat of arms has been in effect. Disrespect for the coat of arms is considered one of the most serious offenses.
State flag.
The state flag is the symbol of the state. There is an international flag protocol that should be strictly adhered to (especially if you have invited foreign guests). Any disrespect shown in relation to the state flag of a foreign state is considered as a deliberate offensive action directed at this state. There are even states, according to the protocol, whose inverted flag symbolizes a state of war.
When simultaneously hanging the flags of several states, the dimensions of the panels must be the same. Flags are hung out in a row and at the same level. You cannot hang two flags on one flagpole - one above the other. The first place in the row or in the center of the row is considered honorable. As a general rule, the state flag of the guest country has the right to occupy the most honorable place, that is, it must be the first if two flags are flown, and in the middle, if there are several flags. Most often, the flags of foreign states, while simultaneously hanging, are placed alphabetically in accordance with the name of the states (in the Latin alphabet or in the alphabet of the language of the country where the flags are hung).
The national flag is raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. If the flag is to be hung for several days, then it must be lowered every evening and raised again every morning. The flag is raised quickly and lowered slowly. On days of mourning, the flag is lowered, that is, raised to the middle of the flagpole. The flag should not touch the ground, floor, water. The flag displayed must always be in good condition.
A small flag should not be used on a tall flagpole and vice versa. The optimal ratio of the width of the flag to the height of the flagpole is 1: 6. On the wall of an official institution, the flag is hung out in an unfolded form with a panel to the right of the back of the person sitting at the table, and if installed on a special flagpole, then on the right hand.
In some countries, a good tradition has developed from an early age to instill in citizens respect for the national flag. In the United States, for example, every day before classes in schools there is a ceremonial hoisting of the flag. The legislation of many countries provides for punishment for desecration of the flag and even for disrespectful attitude towards it.
The state flag is our history, a symbol of the unity of the people, a symbol of our homeland. And to treat him with reverence, deep respect is the duty of every citizen of his country.
National anthem.
The national anthem, along with the coat of arms and the flag, is one of the important symbols of the state sovereignty of the state. As a rule, this is a solemn song performed during official state events, festive celebrations, when meeting and seeing off state delegations and guests.
When the national anthem is being played, all those present stand up. Servicemen salute, civilians stand without hats, straight, hands down, or putting their right hand to their heart.
In the Russian Federation, issues related to the performance of the National Anthem of Russia are regulated by Decree No. 2127, adopted by the President of the Russian Federation on December 11, 1993, which approved the Regulations on the National Anthem of the Russian Federation.

3. The concept of diplomatic protocol

The diplomatic protocol was officially approved in the 19th century at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815). This is a set of generally accepted rules, traditions and conventions that must be observed by the leaders of states and governments, foreign affairs agencies, diplomatic missions, and officials in international communication. The diplomatic protocol has a rich history, its own characteristics and traditions. But its basis is stable and invariably the expression of deep respect for the distinguished foreign guest, for the country and people he represents. The rules and norms of the diplomatic protocol that have taken shape to date govern practically all forms of foreign policy and international economic cooperation.
Diplomatic etiquette is one of the organic components of diplomatic protocol. If diplomatic protocol is "an expression of good manners in relations between states", then diplomatic etiquette is a manifestation of good manners in relations between officials, political and public figures representing their state. Communication of diplomats with their colleagues in government, public and business circles is carried out in compliance with long-established rules, deviation from which can cause unwanted complications in the relationship.
The rules of diplomatic etiquette contain certain forms of treatment, correspondence, as well as a strict procedure for making visits, holding meetings and conversations, diplomatic receptions, etc. They impose rather strict requirements on the appearance of a diplomat, civil servant, businessman, their clothes, manners, behavior and so on.
The norms of diplomatic etiquette and protocol are based on the principle that each diplomat is backed by the state he represents. All states are sovereign and enjoy equal rights and privileges in the practice of international communication.
The principle of reciprocity is of great importance in diplomatic practice. Strict norms of diplomatic etiquette prescribe the observance of the rules of obligatory response (to a letter, note, sent a business card, to a courtesy visit or congratulation), the need to be present in official correspondence (notes, letters) introductory (at the beginning of a letter or note) and final (at the end) compliment. Seemingly overlooked formal compliments can be viewed as disrespectful or hostile and may lead to international conflict.

The norms of diplomatic etiquette are based on strict and unconditional observance of the customs and rules of the host country, its legislation and established procedures. In fact, diplomatic etiquette only supplements the rules of general civil etiquette, which fully apply to all diplomats.

The rules of the diplomatic protocol are based on the so-called principle of "international politeness" - a set of generally accepted in international practice rules of etiquette, deference and respect, observed in interstate relations. Violations of international courtesy, especially deliberate ones, are seen as detrimental to the prestige and authority of the state.

4. The importance of diplomatic etiquette

The principle of respect, the principle of seniority, the principle of reciprocity and the principle of sovereignty are widely used in diplomatic etiquette. For example, “missing” courtesies or “missing” compliments amount to willful disrespect and can hinder international communication. The norms of diplomatic etiquette prescribe the obligation to respond to a letter (note, congratulation), as well as the need for the presence of opening and closing compliments in official correspondence. Business correspondence, compliance with the obligations assumed, compliance with the diplomatic protocol prescribing special rules for communication, meetings, including dress code, the number of accompanying persons, gifts, types of receptions, table setting are strictly rationed. It is important for diplomatic protocol to observe special rules, even when seated in a car.
Finally, in diplomatic practice, over the years, a "language" of diplomatic etiquette has developed with its own terms (visa, agreman, accreditation, credential, persona non grata). Etiquette in diplomacy is purely ritualistic in nature, and is often not associated with any practical considerations.
Some areas of etiquette, mainly of a service nature, are usually referred to as a protocol. The diplomatic protocol facilitating international communication, or the protocol of holding international meetings and conferences, is especially highlighted.
Diplomatic protocol and etiquette have become, as it were, synonymous with strict adherence to all norms and rules of not only interstate, but also everyday communication.
Strict adherence to the rules of etiquette emphasizes respect for another country. Over the years, a kind of "language" of diplomatic etiquette with its own terms and concepts has developed in diplomatic practice. It is unacceptable to ignore these rules. “Overlooked” courtesies or compliments are tantamount to intentional disrespect.
Many of the rules and regulations of diplomatic protocols have gradually passed into practice. business etiquette.
The norms of diplomatic etiquette and protocol are based on the principle that each diplomat is backed by the state he represents. All states are sovereign and enjoy equal rights and privileges in the practice of international communication. The principle of reciprocity is of great importance in diplomatic practice.
Strict norms of diplomatic etiquette prescribe compliance with the rules of obligatory response (to a letter, note, sent a business card, to a courtesy visit or congratulation) and the need to be present in official correspondence (notes, letters), introductory (at the beginning of a letter or note) and final (at the end) compliment.
Of great importance in diplomatic practice is the observance of the principle of seniority, which does not depend on the importance of the country being represented, but on the rank of the representative and his date of accreditation.
And, finally, the basis of diplomatic etiquette is the unconditional observance of the customs and rules of the host country, its legislation and established procedures. In fact, diplomatic etiquette only supplements the rules of general civil etiquette, which fully apply to all diplomats.
And here is a small textual illustration of the practical use of diplomatic etiquette: a slight adjustment to the program of the visit of the Russian Foreign Minister to Georgia turned into a scandal.
“Everything went awry even before the plane of Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov left Yerevan for Tbilisi on Thursday evening. First, it turned out that the visit, which was announced as official and even symbolic, was not such - at the last moment its status was downgraded to working. And, secondly, the host country, again only yesterday, was notified that the Russian organizers of the visit had deleted from the program the item that provided for Sergey Lavrov to lay a wreath at the Tbilisi Memorial of Soldiers Who Died for the Territorial Integrity of Georgia. Speaker of the Georgian parliament Nino Burjanadze commented extremely sharply on Sergei Lavrov's decision not to appear at the military memorial. According to her, "in the world practice of diplomacy there are no analogues when an arriving official would refuse to lay flowers at the grave of the fallen soldiers." “Thus,” Burjanadze told reporters, “the Russian minister made it clear that he prefers not to spoil relations with the Abkhaz and Ossetian separatists, in the battles with which the Georgian soldiers were killed.” Georgian Foreign Minister Salome Zurabishvili also called the adjustment of the visit program "an unfriendly and inadequate gesture". However, she also promised that the Georgian side does not intend to "arrange an escalation from this incident." Lavrov himself reacted to these attacks from the Georgian side. While still in Yerevan, where he calmly discussed with the Armenian leadership the problems of the Karabakh settlement, the prospects for Armenian-Russian cooperation and the issues of reforming the UN, the Russian Foreign Minister expressed the hope that “this whole episode will not create artificial problems for fruitful negotiations in Tbilisi on key issues of Russian -Georgian relations ". According to Lavrov, given the "serious emotional charge" of the problems existing between Tbilisi, Sukhumi and Tskhinvali, a public visit to the memorial would hardly help create the necessary atmosphere for the resumption of negotiations on the settlement of conflicts on the territory of Georgia in accordance with the decisions of the UN and OSCE. In addition, he noted, the proposal to visit the memorial came from the Georgian side at the last moment, "less than a day before the start of the visit." However, the Russian minister will nevertheless lay his funeral wreath in Tbilisi. As Russian Foreign Ministry spokesman Alexander Yakovenko told reporters back in Yerevan, Sergei Lavrov plans to visit the grave of the tragically deceased Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania, who "did much to prevent escalation in the conflict zones in Georgia and advocated their peaceful settlement."

5. Forms of visits in the diplomatic protocol

Official events include various receptions and ceremonies held on the occasion of national holidays, historical anniversaries, the arrival of foreign delegations, heads of state and government.
The rules and norms of protocol that have taken shape by now governing practically all external forms of diplomatic practice. Depending on the relationship with one or another party, when applying the rules of the protocol, they are given more or less solemnity, the number and level of participation of officials is expanding or decreasing.
One of the important forms of international contacts between states is meetings and conversations between heads of public services with diplomatic missions. The parties agree on the day, hour, place of the meeting or conversation in advance, and also agree on the topics of negotiations and their participants. Any party can initiate a conversation.
Receptions, as well as official breakfasts, lunches and dinners are held by heads of state, government, ministers, as well as embassies, consulates, and trade missions of the country abroad.
etc.................

The diplomatic protocol is a system of rules of etiquette of interstate relations, which are based on the principle of international politeness. Violation of these rules can damage the authority and prestige of the state.

Officially, the diplomatic protocol begins its history in the 19th century - in 1814-1815, it established a system of rules, conventions and traditions of international communication, which were to be observed by the heads of state, heads of government, diplomatic persons, and official representatives. At the heart of diplomatic relations is the state's respect for foreign guests and, accordingly, for all the people of which they are a representative. Respect and mutual understanding allows regulating practically all spheres of external political, economic and international relations.

Basic principles of the diplomatic protocol system:

1. Diplomatic etiquette. Is the main component of the protocol and regulates relations officials, and public figures of different states. Diplomatic etiquette supplements and improves the rules of civil etiquette. Communication in business, public and government circles follows strict rules that govern:

2. State sovereignty - different states have different privileges and enjoy different rights.

3. Reciprocity - or, in other words, the rule of obligatory response. A letter, courtesy call, invitation, or business card must be formally answered. Moreover, the answer should contain an introductory (at the beginning of the letter) and final (at the end of the letter) compliment. The absence of a compliment is regarded as disrespect or even hostility, which will serve as a pretext for international conflict.

4. The diplomatic protocol strictly follows the principle of seniority, which depends on the rank of the representative of the state and on the date of his accreditation, and not on the importance of the country.

Diplomatic etiquette and protocol necessarily include:

Diplomatic protocol and etiquette are necessary not only for top officials of the state and diplomats, but also for any civil servant who deals with international economic cooperation, and businessmen if their activities are related to cooperation with foreign partners. Possession of the norms of business etiquette significantly increases the prestige not only of an individual representative of the state, but of the entire country as a whole.