Unstable financial situation. The production costs of the firm in the short run. Unstable financial condition of the enterprise

The process of social management, as is known, is carried out in two main forms - institutional and non-institutional. In accordance with this, the functioning of social control is carried out.

The institutional form of social control is implemented through a special apparatus that specializes in control activities, which is a combination of state and public bodies and institutions. Mainly, these are bodies, political institutions that are part of the political system of society. Institutional control is organized in a certain way and gravitates towards "rigid" forms of legal regulation and centralization, includes legally formalized methods of influencing individuals who violate social norms.

Non-institutional form of social control is a type of self-regulation inherent in various social systems. Kravchenko AI Introduction to sociology M., 1997. P. 82 The functioning of non-institutional control is based mainly on the action of moral and psychological mechanisms. It is carried out primarily in a microenvironment, in primary social groupsoh. Public opinion, traditions, customs, social habits and a number of other socio-psychological phenomena are among the non-institutional mechanisms.

The system of social control, as already noted, includes state-legal and social forms. In turn, state control is subdivided into political, administrative and judicial.

• 1. Political control is exercised by those bodies and persons who exercise the powers of the supreme power. Depending on the political and state structure, this is either parliament or regional and local elected bodies. Political control can be exercised to some extent by political parties that have received the support of the majority of the people, especially those represented in the legislature.
• 2. Administrative control is carried out executive bodies all branches of government. Here, as a rule, the control of higher officials for the actions of subordinates, inspection and supervisory bodies are created that analyze the implementation of laws, regulations, managerial decisions, study the effectiveness and quality of administrative activities. An important role is played by the Main Control Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation created in the Presidential Administration. This type of control is organically connected with checking the performance of employees, with the assessment of their work, actions and deeds.
• 3. Judicial control is exercised by all courts available in the Russian Federation: general, military, arbitration and constitutional. They consider protests and demands from authorities state power on the recognition of certain acts of management as illegal; consider cases of employee crimes state apparatus; on recognizing as invalid acts of state bodies that violate the rights and interests of organizations and citizens, and other issues.

Building a democratic society presupposes a process of narrowing the sphere of state regulation of the life of citizens, and not vice versa. The state should not regulate (control) many aspects of the private life of its citizens.

It is civil society that destroys the state monopoly on power, balances state power with the power of individuals and public organizations. It is no coincidence that civil society in many advanced countries has provided a significant increase in the degree of protection of private spheres of human life from strict regulation by the state. For this, powerful protective associations were formed in its structure (societies for the protection of human rights, protection of consumer rights, business unions, etc.).

In democratic countries, control is exercised by parties, social movements and organizations, the media, as well as in letters, complaints, statements of citizens, participation (non-participation) in elections, referendums (by voting, the people express their assessment of the results of the activities of the authorities).

The population's control over the government allows us to quickly and reliably assess the situation, to make adjustments dictated by life in the decisions of the legislative and executive authorities. This is evidence of the social activity of the population, its direct participation in the improvement government controlled; it is a means of civilian control over the state.

Practice shows that the stronger the civil society, in which individuals feel completely free and do not feel fear for their well-being, the more imperceptible the controlling role of the state, because in this case it functions strictly within its own framework and does not interfere in the everyday life of its citizens.

However, one should not oppose public (civil) and state control. They're in modern conditions cannot exist without each other, for these are two sides of the same coin. They complement each other. The principle of complementarity seems to be specially created to describe the relationship between two types of control.

At the level of individual being, social control is manifested as self-control of the individual. Self-control is the personal control of each over himself, the individual's independent regulation of his behavior, his motives and impulses, self-esteem by the subject of his own activity. The degree of self-control is not the same for different people and largely depends on the level of social consciousness, the spiritual development of the individual.

Social control functions are multifaceted, since they include identifying and analyzing the actual state of affairs, comparing the real situation with the intended goals, assessing the monitored activity and taking measures to eliminate the revealed shortcomings. The following main functions of social control can be distinguished: informational, regulatory, preventive and educational. Smelzer N.I. Sociology M., 1994.S. 92

Social control in the system of social management is one of the important channels for obtaining objective information about the processes taking place in society. It allows you to reliably judge the correctness of the functioning of all links of the social system, governing bodies. Social control makes it possible to get an idea of \u200b\u200bhow accurately and conscientiously citizens fulfill their obligations to society, comply with legal and other social norms. The information function of social control as a means of giving the governing bodies reliable information about the actual state of affairs is extremely important and its importance in modern conditions is increasing.

The information function of social control is not limited to collecting information, replenishing the information array. The control process also includes an analytical moment, the processing of primary information, deep penetration not into random, but into stable phenomena typical of the controlled object, a thorough check and analysis of all facts involved in their totality, in a causal relationship. Such an analysis allows us to determine the degree of implementation of the planned programs, find additional reserves, correct mistakes and miscalculations.

The social control system also plays a regulatory role. Without control, chaos begins and it becomes impossible to unite the activities of social groups. The regulatory function of social control is associated not only with the stabilization of social relations. It also has a dynamic aspect, in other words, it really ensures the forward movement of society. Well-organized social control serves as an effective factor in the implementation of the principles of democracy and humanism.

Covering all spheres of society's life, social control also plays a preventive role. Social prevention, considered in a broad sense, can be defined as a set of state and public measures aimed at eliminating and neutralizing the causes and conditions of antisocial actions. A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also influenced by involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, mores and institutional norms, specific both for this group and for society as a whole.

Thus, the possibility of implementing group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. A necessary condition This inclusion is served by the fact that an individual must share a certain minimum of cultural norms adopted by a given group that constitute a formal or informal code of conduct. Any deviation from this order immediately leads to condemnation of the behavior by the group. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions from the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from this basic group. Variations in group behavior resulting from group pressure can be traced to the example of the production team. Each member of the team must adhere to certain standards of behavior, not only in production, but also after work. And if, say, disobedience to the foreman can entail harsh remarks from the workers for the offender, truancy and drunkenness often end in his boycott and rejection from the brigade, since they cause material damage to each of the team members. As we can see, social control in this case ends with the use of informal sanctions in relation to the individual violating the norms.

Social control makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of methods, methods of activity and, on the basis of this, decide which methods are outdated and need to be replaced. Control is called upon to contribute in every possible way to the development of everything new, advanced, and valuable, which is constantly created as a result of the creativity of the masses.

Finally, social control has great educational potential. Bodies of social control are called upon to pursue bureaucracy and formalism in all manifestations, to reveal their origins, to get rid of all irresponsibility. Since control is one of the main functions of social management, to the extent that participation in the implementation of this function is a real way to involve members of society in management activities.

Lack of clear control, an atmosphere of impunity provoke a certain category of people to commit illegal actions. Lack of control, violation of the unity of word and deed inevitably turn into both economic damage and hard-to-recover moral costs.

Of course, social control cannot be considered a "miracle" tool that can solve all problems. It, of course, cannot replace the whole complex of measures. However, the possibilities of social control should not be neglected.

The effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control are not always the same in all primary teams. Group pressure on an individual violating the norms depends on many factors, and above all on the status of this individual. People with high and low statuses in the group are subjected to completely different methods of group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or the leader of a group has as one of his main responsibilities changing old and creating new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and can himself deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his status as a leader, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line through which he cannot cross. Beyond this line, he begins to experience the action of group social control from the rest of the group and his leadership influence ends.

The degree and type of group pressure also depends on the characteristics of the primary group. If, for example, the cohesion of a group is high, the group loyalty to the cultural patterns of the given group also becomes high and, naturally, the degree of social group control increases. Group pressure from loyal group members (i.e., group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disunited group. For example, a group that spends only their free time together and is therefore fragmented has a much harder time exercising intragroup social control than a group that performs regularly together, such as a team or family.

Many primitive or traditional societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral norms and, therefore, through informal group control of the primary group; formal laws or penalties are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal control, laws and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If an individual may well get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and there is a need for formal control.

For example, in a tribal clan of two to three dozen relatives, a system of informal control over the division of food may well operate. Each clan member takes as much food as he needs and contributes as much food to the general fund as he can. Something similar was observed in the distribution of products in small peasant communities in Russia. Frolov SS Fundamentals of Sociology M., 1997. P. 169 However, in a village with several hundred inhabitants, such a distribution is no longer possible, since it is very difficult to keep track of receipts and expenditures informally, based on observation alone. The laziness and greed of certain individuals make such a distribution system impossible.

Thus, in the presence of a high population of a complex culture, the so-called secondary group control begins to be applied - laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society will resort to coercion to force him to act like everyone else. In modern societies, there are strictly developed rules, or a system of control through coercion, which is a set of effective sanctions applied in accordance with different types

Human life is governed by numerous norms that determine what is good and what is bad. One of the mechanisms for creating and maintaining order among people is social control, which has different types and characteristics.

What is social control?

The mechanism used to maintain order in society is called social control. With its help, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of deviations in the behavior of people and receive punishments for them. Regulatory regulation is used for it. Social control is a means that helps a person to assimilate the cultural norms that have developed in society. For the first time this term was introduced in France by sociologist Gabriel Tardom.

Social control in sociology

To regulate human behavior in society, various methods are used that imply the subordination of the individual to the group. Social control includes two elements: norms and sanctions. The first term is understood as the rules and standards enshrined in legislation or approved by society, which regulate the behavior of people. Sanctions are elements of social control that involve defining methods of reward and punishment that encourage people to adhere to norms.

Social control in the economy

Any organization creates groups of people that are based on some form of social control. Researchers in the history of economics have identified four main types of regulation.

1. For primitive people, the essence of social control was moral in nature.
2. When the slave system was established, corporal punishment was used.
3. During the period of feudalism, social control was based on administrative restrictions.
4. During the establishment of capitalism, economic control was used.

Social control in religion

For the implementation of connections in the public and as a means of social control, religion is applicable, which unites a huge number of people. She has her own methods and techniques based on the authority of the Lord. If you look at history, you can find many examples where religious means of social control helped to maintain social ties when the role of the state was weakened. In this case, the main tools of religion include: the cult of the prophet, holy books and faith.

Why is social control needed?

In all types of society there was social control and initially these were simple customs, with the help of which they understood what was acceptable and what was not. There are a number of important functions for which social regulation is used:

1. Protective. With the help of certain restrictions, it is possible to preserve public (life, honor, freedom, property, and so on) and prevent attempts to encroach on them. With the help of the protective function, it is possible to transfer social experience from one generation to another.
2. Regulatory. The functions of social control are manifested at different levels of life, and in this case we mean a set of processes that direct, determine and limit the form for the embodiment of a person's or group's own potential and experience in certain conditions.
3. Stabilizing.The importance of social control for society is manifested in the ability to predict human behavior in different situations, which helps to ensure social order.

Types of social control

There are several classifications that focus on different criteria. There are forms of social control that depend on the subject:

1. Administrative. It is implemented by managers at different levels with reference to existing regulatory documents. The disadvantages include the fact that administrative control may not always be operational, objective and all-encompassing.
2. Public.The structure of social control includes a form of regulation that is carried out through social organizations. To do this, use different charters and regulations related to their status. Its effectiveness is due to the fact that such groups are organized and structured.
3. Group. This implies mutual control of individual team members. It can be formal, that is, when meetings, meetings and conferences are used, and informal, implying a general collective opinion and mood.

Internal and external social control

If we focus on the sphere of regulation, then the following classification is distinguished:

1. External social control. It implies a set of certain mechanisms used to regulate a person's reality. It can be formal or informal. This classification will be discussed later. IN modern world such control is ineffective, since it is necessary to constantly monitor the actions of each person or social community. As a result, a certain chain of “controllers” is formed, which is more characteristic of totalitarianism.
2. Internal social control.Here we mean that each person controls himself independently, taking into account the known norms of behavior. Behavior correction is carried out with the help of feelings, the types and shame that a person feels as a result of violation of social rules. For the successful functioning of self-control, it is important to clearly identify norms and values.

Formal and informal social control

As already stated, external regulation is divided into two separate groups:

1. Formal control.It implies official consent or denial on the part of the authorities or various organizations, media, education systems, and so on. For this, various laws, decrees, instructions and other documents are used. Formal social control is a series of actions that are designed to force a person to comply with the law. There are different authorities for this. It gives good results in large groups.
2. Informal control. In this case, it means obtaining approval or condemnation from relatives, friends, colleagues and other people from the environment. For this, traditions, customs and media are used. Informal control is exercised by such social institutions: family, school and church. He gives results when focusing on small groups.

Social control and self-control

It has already been said that internal social control is also called self-control and by it means the assessment and regulation of one's own, thoughts and behavior. In this case, will is of great importance, which determines a person's ability to make and implement informed decisions. Social control provides the ability to achieve goals in life. It can be determined by focusing on innate genetic characteristics and on psychological human skills.

Social control and deviation

Deviation from social norms or deviation implies the behavior of an individual or a group of individuals that is contrary to existing norms. They can take on different formations. Examples of offenders include criminals, sinners, innovators, geniuses, and others whose behavior stands out beyond what is permissible. It is worth noting the fact that social control is very difficult to determine, because situations are often ambiguous.

The desire for such deviations can be caused by a number of reasons that are of a biological, psychological and social nature. The deviation structure includes three main components:

1. A person who has certain behavioral traits.
2. The norms established in order to evaluate the command of the deviant type.
3. People or organizations that can regulate a person's command.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

Penza State University

Department of Sociology and Personnel Management

Course work on the topic

"Essence and forms of social control"

Discipline Sociology

Completed: student group 08bx3

Tsyruleva Olga Checked by: KSN, Associate Professor of the Department of CiUP Kozina E.S. Penza 2009 Table of contents Introduction

Main part

• Chapter 1. The concept of social control: its essence and elements.
• 1.1. The concept of social control, its functions.
• 1.2. Elements of social control
• 1.2.1. Social norms as a regulator of behavior
• 1.2.2. Sanctions as an element of social control
• 1.3. Self-control
• 1.4. P. Berger's concept of social control
• Chapter 2. Forms and implementation of social control.
• 2.1. Forms of social control
• 2.2 Agents and social control instruments

Conclusion

Glossary

Used Books:

Applications

• Introduction
• • Society is a self-regulating complex social system. The most important role in the social regulation of public life is played by social culture, and above all social values, norms, social institutions and organizations. At the same time, in the social structure of society there is and plays an important role a special structural formation - the institution of social control. He acts as part of common system social regulation and is designed to ensure the normal orderly functioning and development of society by various means, as well as to prevent and correct such social deviations that can disorganize public life and social order.
  • Social control plays an important role in the life of society, because no society can successfully function and develop without a system of social control. So E. Fromm wrote that a society can only function effectively when its members achieve such a type of behavior in which they want to act the way they should act as members of a given society.
  • Many sociologists have studied social control. Term "Social control" was introduced into the scientific vocabulary by the famous French sociologist, one of the founders of social psychology, Gabriel Tarde, who proposed to consider it as one of the most important factors of socialization. Later, in the works of a number of scientists, such as E. Ross, R. Park, A. Lapierre, the theory of social control was developed.
  • I consider the topic of this course work relevant, since society is a dynamic system and as this system develops, various traditions, norms, values \u200b\u200bare formed and developed. The system of social control is also constantly evolving, becoming more flexible and effective, so there is still a lot of materials for research and study of this topic. In addition, a person is interested in a calm and prosperous life, in a social order, in the successful development and functioning of society. All this is provided by the institution of social control, and the more it develops and improves, the more organized and prosperous society will be. Therefore, the system of social control must be studied more deeply, find various ways to resolve social conflicts and improve the social culture that exists now.
  • The purpose of the course work - to determine the role of social control in society, to reveal the dependence of the orientation and content of social control on the economic, political, ideological and other characteristics of a given social system, historically determined by the level of its development. In addition, we need to draw conclusions about the influence of social control on the development of a person's personality and society as a whole.
  • The set goal determined the following tasks:
  • · Consider the essence of social control, its definition as the most important means for ensuring the process of assimilation by each person of various elements of the culture that has developed in a given society;
  • · Get \u200b\u200bacquainted with the various functions of social control that it performs in society;
  • · Investigate the forms of social control, their relationship and the effectiveness of influence on society, based on the works of A.I. Kravchenko, V.F. Anurin, V.V. Latysheva, P. Berger, and many others.
  • In this way, object of this course work is directly the institution of social control, and subject - him strong relationship with society, the forms in which it is carried out, as well as the effectiveness of the impact of social control on society.

Chapter 1. The concept of social control: its essence and the elements 1.1 The concept of social control, its functionsThe concept of social control was introduced by T. Tarde, the founder of social psychology, who understood it as a set of methods by which a criminal is led to normal behavior. Subsequently, the meaning of this term has expanded significantly. This was largely due to the research of American sociologists E. Ross and R. Park, who understood under social control a purposeful impact on an individual in order to bring human behavior into conformity with social norms. According to T. Parsons, social control is a process by which, through imposition sanctions are opposed to deviant, i.e. deviant behavior and social stability is maintained. So, social control - it is a way of self-regulation of a social system (society as a whole, a social group, etc.), which, through normative regulation, provides a targeted influence of people and other structural elements of this system, their orderly interaction in the interests of strengthening order and stability. Analyzing the content of this general definition, it is important to have In view of a number of fundamental points: · Social control is an integral part of a more general and diverse system of social regulation of people's behavior and social life. Its specificity lies in the fact that such regulation is here ordered, normative and rather categorical and is provided by social sanctions or the threat of their application; The problem of social control is a certain section of the main sociological issue of the relationship and interaction of the individual, social group and society as a whole ... Social control is also carried out through the socialization of the individual, i.e. internal control, and through the interaction of the individual with the primary social group, its culture, i.e. group control and through the interaction of an individual, a social group with society as a whole, i.e. social control through coercion; · It is impossible to imagine social control one-sidedly - as a blind and automatic submission of a person to the requirements of social norms, when a person acts only as an object, and society as a subject. It should be seen that in this case it is social interaction that takes place, moreover, constant and active, in which not only the person experiences the impact of social control, but also social control undergoes the opposite effect from the person, which can even lead to a change in his character; , the content and direction of social control are determined by the character, nature, type of the given social system. It is quite obvious that social control in a totalitarian society and in a democratic society will be fundamentally different. Likewise, social control in simple, primitive, archaic societies is completely different (for example, informal) in comparison with social control in complex modern industrial societies (a complex and developed system of formalized control). The main purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction (continuity) in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society. Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, reward, selection and control, the social system maintains equilibrium. The following distinctive features of social control can be pointed out: 1) orderliness, categoricality and formalization: social norms are often applied to an individual without taking into account his personal characteristics; in other words, a person must accept a norm only because he is a member of a given society; 2) connection with sanctions - punishments for violating norms and rewards for their observance; 3) collective implementation of social control: social action is often a reaction to one or another human behavior, and therefore, can be both negative and positive incentives when choosing goals and means of achieving them. Describing the anatomy and mechanism of the social control system, the famous Russian sociologist and legal scholar A.M. Yakovlev identifies the following components and the relationship between them: individual actions manifested in the course of active interaction of the individual with the social environment; social scale of assessments derived from the value system , ideals, vital interests and aspirations of a social group or the entire society, on which the reaction of the social environment to an individual action depends; · categorization of an individual action, i.e. assigning it to a certain category of socially approved or censured actions, which is the result of the functioning of the social scale of assessments; the nature of public self-awareness, including the nature of public self-esteem and the social group's assessment of the situation within which it acts, on which the categorization of an individual action depends; social actions that perform the function of positive or negative sanctions and are directly dependent on the state of social consciousness; individual scale of assessments, derived from the system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of the individual and determining the individual's response to social action. The mechanism of social control plays a critical role in strengthening institutions of society. Figuratively speaking, this mechanism is the "central nervous system" of a social institution. Social institution and social control consist of the same elements, that is, identical rules and norms of behavior that consolidate and standardize the behavior of people, making it predictable. P. Berger believes that “social control is one of the most generally accepted concepts in sociology. They designate the most varied means that any society uses to curb its rebellious members. No society can do without social control. Even a small group of people who have accidentally gathered together will have to develop their own control mechanisms, so as not to disintegrate in the shortest possible time. ”Social control in relation to society has two main functions: · Protective function. This function sometimes prevents social control from being a supporter of progress, but the list of its functions just does not include the renewal of society - this is the task of other public institutions. So, social control protects morality, law, values, requires respect for traditions, opposes that new that is not properly tested. · Stabilizing function. Social control acts as the foundation of stability in society. Its absence or weakening leads to anomie, confusion, confusion and social discord. 1.2 Elements of social control Social control helps to preserve the living tissue of social relations and is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements - norms and sanctions. 1.2.1 Social norms as a regulator of behavior Each person understands that no one could successfully build their relationships with other people and social organizations without mutual correlation of actions with the rules approved by the society. These rules, which are the benchmark in relation to our actions, are called social norms. Social norms - these are prescriptions, instructions and wishes of varying degrees of severity, forcing individuals to act as it is customary to do in a given society, in a particular situation. Social norms act as regulators of people's behavior. They establish boundaries, conditions, forms of action, determine the nature of relations, stipulate acceptable goals and ways to achieve them. The assimilation of social norms of society, the development of an individual attitude towards them take place in the process of socialization. The norms impose obligations and mutual responsibility on the participants of social interaction. They concern both individuals and society. On their basis, the entire system of social relations is formed. At the same time, norms are also expectations: from an individual performing a certain role, society expects predictable behavior. The individual also assumes that society will justify his trust and fulfill its obligations. Social norms are a product of the spiritual activity of society. They are in constant development. Thus, many modern rules of conduct are fundamentally different from those that were common a hundred years ago. Social norms perform an important function - they support and preserve social values, what is recognized in society as the most important, significant, indisputable, deserving of attention: human life and personal dignity, attitude towards the elderly and children, collective symbols (coat of arms, anthem, flag) and the laws of the state, human qualities (loyalty, honesty, discipline, hard work), religion. Values \u200b\u200bare the basis of norms. Social norms in a generalized form reflect the will of society. In contrast to the values \u200b\u200bthat are recommended for choice (which predetermines differences in the value orientations of many individuals), the norms are more rigid and binding. Several types of social norms can be distinguished: 1) customs and traditions, which are habitual patterns of behavior; 2) moral norms based on collective authority and usually having rational justification; 3) legal norms enshrined in laws and regulations that are issued by the state. They more clearly than all other types of social norms regulate the rights and obligations of members of society and prescribe punishments for violations. Compliance with legal norms is ensured by the strength of the state; 4) political norms that relate to the relationship between an individual and power. Between social groups and between states are reflected in international legal acts conventions, etc.; 5) religious norms, which are supported primarily by the faith of adherents of religion in punishment for sins. Religious norms are distinguished on the basis of their sphere of functioning; in reality, however, these norms combine elements characteristic of legal and moral norms, as well as traditions and customs; 6) aesthetic norms that consolidate ideas about the beautiful and the ugly. Social norms are defined by diversity social life, any direction of human activity is regulated by them. Different kinds social norms can be classified by following criteria: · By the scale of distribution - universal, national, social-group, organizational; · by functions - orienting, regulating, controlling, encouraging, prohibiting and punishing; · by the degree of increasing severity - habits, customs, manners, traditions, laws, taboos. Violation of custom or tradition in modern society is not considered a crime and is not severely condemned. A person bears strict responsibility for breaking laws. Thus, social norms fulfill very important functions:· Regulate the general course of socialization; · integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society; · control deviant behavior; · serve as models, standards of behavior. Deviation from norms is punished with the help of sanctions. 1.2 .2 Sanctions as an element of social control In order to promptly respond to the actions of people, expressing its attitude towards them, society has created a system of social sanctions. Sanctions are the reactions of society to the actions of an individual. The emergence of a system of social sanctions, like norms, was not accidental. If norms are created with the aim of protecting the values \u200b\u200bof society, then sanctions are designed to protect and strengthen the system of social norms. If the norm is not supported by a sanction, it ceases to be valid. Thus, the three elements - values, norms and sanctions - form a single chain of social control. In this chain, sanctions are assigned the role of a tool through which the individual first becomes familiar with the norm and then realizes the values. For example, a teacher praises a student for a well-learned lesson, rewarding him for a conscientious study. Praise acts as an incentive to consolidate such behavior in the child's mind as normal. Over time, he realizes the value of knowledge and, acquiring it, will no longer need external control. This example shows how the consistent implementation of the entire chain of social control transforms external control into self-control. Sanctions are of different types. Among them are positive and negative, formal and informal. · Positive sanctions are approval, praise, recognition, encouragement, glory, honor, which others reward those who act within the framework of socially accepted norms. Not only outstanding actions of people are encouraged, but also a conscientious attitude to professional duties, many years of impeccable work and initiative, as a result of which the organization has made a profit, helping those who need it. Each type of activity has its own rewards. · Negative sanctions - condemning or punishing actions of society in relation to those individuals who violate the norms accepted in society. Negative sanctions include censure, discontent of others, condemnation, reprimand, criticism, fines, as well as more severe actions such as detention, imprisonment or confiscation of property. The threat of negative sanctions is more powerful than the expectation of a reward. At the same time, society strives to ensure that negative sanctions not so much punish as prevent violations of norms, be preemptive rather than late. Formal sanctions come from official organizations - the government or administration of institutions, which in their actions are guided by officially adopted documents, instructions, laws and decrees. · Informal sanctions come from those people who surround us: acquaintances, friends, parents, work colleagues, classmates, passers-by. Formal and informal sanctions can also be: Material - a gift or fine, a bonus or confiscation of property; Moral - awarding a diploma or honorary title, an unfriendly review or a cruel joke, a reprimand For sanctions to be effective and strengthen social norms, it is necessary so that they meet a number of requirements: sanctions must be timely.Their effectiveness is significantly reduced if a person is encouraged, and even more so punished after a significant time. In this case, the action and the sanction on it are torn off from each other; sanctions must be proportionate to the action,reasonable. Undeserved encouragement generates dependent moods, and punishment destroys faith in justice and causes discontent in society; sanctions, like norms, should be mandatory for everyone.Exceptions to the rules give rise to a “double standard” morality, which negatively affects the entire normative system. Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to operate and to regulate real behavior. It can become a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control. 1.3 Self-controlDepending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external or internal. Internal control is also called self-control: an individual independently regulates his behavior, harmonizing it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, feel awkward or guilty. Contrary to the norms of appropriate behavior, a person, for example, envies a more successful rival. In such cases, they speak of pangs of conscience. Conscience is a manifestation of internal control. Generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere, below which lies the sphere of the subconscious, consisting of spontaneous impulses. Self-control means restraining the elements of nature, it is based on volitional effort. Self-awareness is an extremely important socio-psychological characteristic of a person. The source from which a person's idea of \u200b\u200bhimself is drawn are those around him and those who are significant to him. According to the reaction to his actions, according to their assessments, the individual judges what he himself is. The content of self-awareness is influenced by a person's idea of \u200b\u200bhow others think him. Social behavior of a person largely consists of his reaction to the opinions of people around him, and this opinion seriously affects the formation of individual self-awareness. About 70% of social control is carried out due to self-control. The higher self-control is developed among members of a society, the less this society has to resort to external control. And vice versa, the less self-control is developed in people, the more often institutions of social control, in particular, the army, courts, and the state, have to come into action. The weaker the self-control, the tougher the external control should be. Self-control is one of the most important conditions for the self-realization of a person and his successful interaction with other people. Society evaluates a person, but the individual also evaluates society, the state and himself. Perceiving the assessments addressed to him by the surrounding people, groups and society, a person accepts them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinking them through a certain personal experience, habits, social norms that he has learned earlier. Accordingly, a person's attitude to the assessments of other people turns out to be purely individual, either positive, or negative, or neutral. 1.4 P. Berger's concept of social control According to Peter Berger's concept, each person is at the center of diverging concentric circles representing different types, types and forms of social control. Each subsequent circle is a new control system. [Appendix 1] Outside, the largest circle is political and legal systemrepresented by a powerful state apparatus. All are powerless before him. In addition to our will, the state levies taxes, calls up for military service, makes us obey its endless laws and regulations, rules and regulations, and if necessary, put us in prison and can take our lives. The individual is in the center of the circle as at the point of maximum pressure. circle of social control morality is included, customs and mores. Everyone follows the morality of a person - from the entire society to parents, relatives, friends. The authorities can imprison you for breaking the law, parents and relatives use informal sanctions: condemnation, censure, and friends, not forgiving betrayal or meanness, can part with us. All within their competence apply the tools of social control. Immorality is punished by dismissal from work, eccentricity - by the loss of chances to find a new place, bad manners - by not being invited to visit. Lack of work and loneliness are, perhaps, no less punishment compared to being in prison, says P. Berger. In addition to the large circles of coercion, in which the individual is together with the rest of society, there are small circles of control, the most essential of which is circle of control by the professional system... At work a person is shackled by a mass of restrictions, instructions, professional responsibilities, business obligations that have a controlling influence are sometimes very tough. A businessman is controlled by licensing organizations, a worker - by professional associations and trade unions, a subordinate - by managers, who, in turn, are controlled by higher authorities. No less important are various methods of informal control on the part of colleagues and employees. Peter Berger writes about this as follows: “... For clarity, the reader can imagine a doctor who puts on treatment a patient who is unfavorable for the clinic; an entrepreneur who advertises a low-cost funeral ... a government official who persists in spending less money than budgeted; an assembly line worker who, from the point of view of his colleagues, is unacceptable, exceeds the production norms, etc. In these cases, economic sanctions are applied most often and effectively: a doctor is denied practice, an entrepreneur can be expelled from a professional organization ... to be sanctioned by public boycott, contempt, ridicule. Any professional role in society, even the smallest, requires a specific code of conduct ... Adherence to this code is generally as necessary for a professional career as technical competence and related education. ”The next circle of control includes informal is requiredand I to the individual, because each person, in addition to professional, is involved in other social relations. These relationships have their own control systems, many of which are more formal, others are even tougher than professional. For example, the rules for admission and membership in many clubs and fraternities are as strict as the rules for selecting executives at IBM. Thus, an independent system of social control is represented by social environment.It includes people far and near, unfamiliar and familiar to the individual. The environment makes its demands on a person, which represent a wide range of phenomena. These can include dressing and speaking, aesthetic tastes, political and religious beliefs, and even table manners. Thus, the circle of informal requirements describes the area of \u200b\u200bpossible actions of the individual in certain situations. The last and closest circle to the individual, which also forms a control system, is the group of people in which private life takes place. the individual, that is, it is circle of his familyand personal friends... Social or, more precisely, normative pressure on the individual does not abate here - on the contrary, there is every reason to believe that it is even increasing in a certain sense. It is not surprising, because it is in this circle that the individual establishes the most important social connections for himself. Disapproval, loss of prestige, ridicule or contempt in the circle of relatives and friends have a much greater psychological weight for a person than similar sanctions coming from strangers or strangers. At work, the boss can fire a subordinate, depriving him of his livelihood. But the psychological consequences of this formal economic action will be truly disastrous, says P. Berger, if his wife and children are going through this dismissal. Unlike other control systems, pressure from loved ones can occur precisely when the individual is completely unprepared for it. At work, in transport, in public places, a person is usually alert and potentially ready to confront any threat. The inner part of the last circle, his nucleus,make up intimate relationshiphusband and wife... It is in the most intimate relationships that a person seeks support for himself. To gamble these connections is to risk losing yourself. "It's no wonder that often people who are bossy at work instantly give way to their wives at home and cringe when their friends' eyebrows go up in displeasure." A person, looking around him and sequentially listing everyone to whom he should yield, obey or please due to his location in the center of concentric circles of social control - from the federal tax service to his own wife - eventually comes to the conclusion that society with its entire bulk suppresses it. Chapter 2. Forms and implementation of social control 2.1 Forms of social controlIn sociological science, 4 fundamental forms of social control are known: · external control; · internal control; · control through identification with the reference group; · control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "set opportunities "). 1) The first form of control - external social control is a set of social mechanisms that regulate the activity of an individual. External control can be formal and informal. Formal control is based on instructions, prescriptions, norms and regulations, while informal control is based on the reactions of the environment. This form is the most famous and understandable, but in modern conditions it seems ineffective, since it involves constant monitoring of the actions of an individual or a social community, therefore, a whole army of controllers is required, and someone must also follow them. Thus, the classic "pyramid of controllers" characteristic of a totalitarian state is being built on the scale of society. 2) The second form of control is internal social control is a self-control exercised by a person aimed at harmonizing his own behavior with the norms. Regulation in this case is carried out not within the framework of interaction, but as a result of feelings of guilt or shame that arise when the learned norms are violated. This form presupposes the interiorization of norms and values. That is, the controller is no longer something external to the individual. Such control is more effective in modern conditions, it shifts responsibility from an external controller to the actor himself. For the successful functioning of this form of control in society, there must be an established system of norms and values. The third and fourth forms of control are less known and require the use of more subtle socio-psychological mechanisms. 3) The third form is tocontrol through identification with a reference group - allows you to show the agent possible and desirable for society models of behavior, seemingly without limiting the freedom of choice of the agent; 4) The fourth form - the so-called "many opportunities" - suggests that by showing the agent various possible options for achieving the goal, society will thereby protect itself from the choice of the agent of those forms that are undesirable for society. Kasyanov V.V. considers a slightly different classification. His social control is carried out in the following forms: Prush, the so-called elementary form. Many primitive or traditional societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral norms and therefore through the informal group control of the primary group; formal laws or penalties are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal control, laws and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If an individual may well get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and formal control becomes necessary. Thus, in the presence of a high population, the so-called secondary group control begins to be applied - laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society will resort to coercion to force him to do as everyone else does. In modern societies, there are strictly developed rules, or a system of control through coercion, which is a set of effective sanctions applied in accordance with various types of deviations from the norms; Influence of public opinion... People in society are also controlled by public opinion or by socialization in such a way that they perform their roles unconsciously, naturally, due to the customs, habits and preferences adopted in this society. Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishment of order in society. It eases the difficulties in making decisions by suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a particular life situation. At the same time, any decision that is made and learned not in accordance with public opinion seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the personality's internal control over their behavior is carried out; Regulation in social institutions and organizations... Social control is provided by various institutions and organizations. Among them are organizations specially created to perform a controlling function, and those for which social control is not the main function (for example, school, family, media, administration of institutions). · Dgroup pressure ... A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also influenced by involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, morals and institutional norms, specific both for this group and for society as a whole. Thus, the possibility of exercising group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. A necessary condition for such inclusion is the fact that an individual must share a certain minimum of cultural norms adopted by this group, which constitute a formal or informal code of conduct. Any deviation from this order immediately leads to condemnation of the behavior by the group. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions from the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from a given primary group. The effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control are not always the same in all primary groups. Group pressure on an individual violating the norms depends on many factors, and above all on the status of the individual. People with high and low statuses in the group are subjected to completely different methods of group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or the leader of the group has as one of his main responsibilities changing old and creating new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and himself can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his status as a leader, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line through which he cannot cross. Beyond this boundary, he begins to experience the action of group social control from the rest of the group and his leadership influence ends. The degree and type of group pressure also depend on the characteristics of the primary group. If, for example, the cohesion of the group is high, the group loyalty to the cultural patterns of the given group also becomes high, and, naturally, the degree of social group control increases. Group pressure from loyal group members (i.e., group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disunited group. For example, a group that spends only their free time together and therefore is fragmented has a much more difficult time exercising intragroup social control than a group that performs regular joint activities, for example, in a team or family. The first three forms were identified by R. Park, the fourth was described by the American sociologist S. Ask. This list does not include such an important element as the presence of common values \u200b\u200bassimilated by individuals in the process of socialization. The point is that coercive social control does not always reduce the number of deviations. Naturally, there are many individual reasons why people violate social norms. However, breaking the rules can become a practice that is tacitly approved or simply accepted by society. This usually happens when the rules are too strict (or people think that they are too strict). For this reason, harsh police measures against a certain type of offense rarely bring positive results, although connivance against deviant behavior is also unacceptable. Based on this, two conclusions can be drawn: 1) social control can only be effective if it adheres to the "golden middle "between freedom of choice and responsibility for this choice; 2) this feature indicates that social control operates mainly not due to coercion, but due to the presence of common values \u200b\u200band stability of society and social groups. In addition to the above forms of social control, there are also general and detailed control - Sometimes control is equated with management. The content of control and management is very similar, but they should be distinguished. The mother or father controls how the child does his homework. Parents do not manage, but precisely control the process, since the goals and objectives were set not by them, but by the teacher. Parents only monitor the process of completing the task. Thus, control is a narrower concept than management. The difference between management and control is that the former is expressed through the leadership style, and the latter through methods. Control methods can be commonand detailed.For instance, the manager gives the subordinate a task and does not control the progress of its implementation - he resorts to general control . If a manager interferes in every action of his subordinates, corrects, pulls, etc., he uses detailed control. Detailed control is also called supervision. Supervision is carried out not only at the micro, but also at the macro level of society. The state becomes its subject, and it turns into a non-basic social institution . Oversight grows to size large-scale social system,covering the whole country. Such a system includes: detective bureaus, detective agencies, police stations, informant services, prison guards, courts, censorship. Since control is part of the administration as an integral part of it, but a very important part, we can conclude that depending on the type control will change and management itself. The part, if important enough, determines the character of the whole. This is how control methods affect the management style, which has, in turn, two types - style authoritarianand style democratic.2.2 Agents and instruments of social control Social control is the most effective method, with the help of which the powerful institutions of society organize the life of ordinary citizens. The tools, or in this case the methods of social control, are very diverse, they depend on the situation, goals and nature of the particular group in relation to which they are used. The range of their application is huge: from clarifying the relationship between specific people to psychological pressure, physical violence, economic coercion of a person by the whole society. Control mechanisms do not need to be aimed at judging an unwanted person or encouraging others to disloyalty to her. “Disapproval” is most often expressed not in relation to the individual himself, but in relation to his actions, statements, interactions with other persons. - it is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is subdivided into formal, i.e. institutional and informal, i.e. intragroup. Formal controlbased on the approval or condemnation of the official authorities and administration. Informal controlbased on the approval or condemnation of public opinion, which is expressed through traditions, customs or the media, as well as from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control.If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control. In compact primary groups, extremely effective and at the same time very subtle control mechanisms, such as persuasion, ridicule, gossip and contempt, are constantly operating to curb real and potential deviants. Ridicule and gossip are powerful tools of social control in all types of basic headings. Unlike formal control methods, such as reprimand or demotion, informal methods are available to almost everyone. Both ridicule and gossip can be manipulated by any intelligent person who has access to the channels of their transmission. Formal control historically arose later than informal - in the period of inception complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires. However, in modern society the importance of formal control has increased significantly. In a complex society , especially in a country with a multi-million population, it is much more difficult to maintain order and stability. After all, informal control over an individual by such a society is limited to a small group of people. In a large group, it is ineffective. Therefore, it is sometimes called local... On the contrary, formal control is all-encompassing in nature, it operates throughout the country. is he global,and it is always carried out by special people - agents of formal control.These are professionals, i.e. persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions... They are carriers of social statuses and roles. They include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers, etc. If in a traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, then in modern societies written norms are its basis; instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control acquired institutional support . Formal control, as we have already said, is exercised by such institutions of modern society as courts, education, the army, production, the media, political parties, and the government. The school controls with grades, the government with the tax and social assistance system, the state with the police, the secret service, state radio, television and the press. , depending on the applied sanctions, they are subdivided into: · hard; · soft; · direct; · indirect. [Appendix 2] Conclusion The role and significance of social control consists primarily in the fact that it makes a significant contribution to ensuring the reproduction of social relations and social structure and thus plays a very important role in stabilizing and integrating the social system and strengthening the social order. Social control aims to make it a habit of standards of behavior in certain situations that are not objectionable by the social group or the whole society. Basing its activities on common recognition culture of a given society or group, on the inculcation of its values \u200b\u200band norms to its members through education, social control is designed to ensure that human behavior conforms to these values, norms and roles. But the role of social control in the prevention and suppression of social deviations, primarily the deviant behavior of people and their groups, is especially great, immediate and obvious. Considering social control as a social institution, examining its essence and forms, we can draw the following conclusions: · Mechanisms of social control play a critical role in strengthening all institutions of society; · In relation to society, social control performs two main functions: protective and stabilizing. · Main the purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society; Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, encouragement, selection and control, the social system maintains equilibrium. GlossaryDeviation or deviant behavior(from lat. deviatio - evasion) - social actions deviating from generally accepted norms, actions of people or their group, leading to a violation of these norms and causing the need for an appropriate response from the social group or society as a whole. In a broad sense, deviation includes any deviations in behavior from social norms - both positive (heroism, special diligence) and negative (crimes, violations of public order, moral norms). In a narrower sense (it is this sense that is touched upon in this term paper) is understood only as a negative deviation from the established norms, both legal and moral. Interiorientation - (from fr. interiorisation - transition from outside to inside, from lat. interior - internal) - the formation of the internal structures of the human psyche through the assimilation of external social activity, the appropriation of life experience, the formation of mental functions and development in general. Any complex action, before becoming the property of the mind, must be realized outside. Thanks to interiorization, we can talk to ourselves, and actually think, without disturbing others. Self-control -independent regulation by a person of his behavior, his motives and impulses, an integral part of the system of moral relations of society, which includes both various forms of control of society over the behavior of its individual members, and personal control of each over himself. The mechanism of self-control encompasses convictions, feelings, habits, a person's self-assessment of his actions, motives, moral qualities gradually developing in the process of a person's social life activity (conscience is one of the forms of such self-assessment); self-education. Self-awareness -a person's isolation from the objective world, awareness and assessment of his attitude to the world, himself as a person, his actions, actions, thoughts and feelings, desires and interests. Social control - the mechanism of self-regulation of society and social groups, ensuring their purposeful impact on the behavior of people in order to strengthen order and stability. Social control is designed to guarantee the given social values, norms and roles the behavior of a person or a social group. It bases its activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society, group and instilling its values \u200b\u200band norms in its members by fostering patterns of behavior. Used Books1. Berger P. L. Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. - M .: Aspect Press, 1996 .-- 168 p. 2. V.V. Kosyanov Sociology: Exam Answers. - Rostov n / a .: Phoenix, 2003 .-- 320 p. 3. Kravchenko A.I., Anurin V.F. Sociology: Textbook for universities. - SPb .: Peter, 2003 .-- 432 p. 4. V.V. Latysheva Fundamentals of Sociology: Pupil for college students. - M .: Bustard, 2004 .-- 240p. 5. Dictionary of Ethics // Edited by I.S. - M .: Politizdat, 1981 .-- 430 p. 6. E. V. Tadevosyan Dictionary reference book on sociology and political science. - M .: Knowledge, 1996. - 273p. 7. E. V. Tadevosyan Sociology. Tutorial... - M .: Knowledge, 1998 .-- 272 p. 8. http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-2503.html 9. http://www.5ka.ru/72/50730/1.html 10. http://otherreferats.allbest.ru/sociology/00001928_0.html 11. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki Appendix 1 Social control system according to P. Berger Appendix 2Combination of formal control methods

The efforts of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing and correcting deviants are defined by the concept of "social control".

Social control - a mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society in order to strengthen order and stability in society. IN narrow sense, social control is the control of public opinion, the publicity of the results and assessments of the activities and behavior of people.

Social control includes two main elements: social norms and sanctions. Sanctions - any reaction from others to the behavior of a person or group.

Kinds:Informal(intragroup) - based on the approval or condemnation of a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as on the part of public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or through the media.

Formal (institutional) - based on the support of existing social institutions (army, court, education, etc.)

Sociological science knows 4 principal forms of social control:

External control (A set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws)

Internal control (self-control);

Control through identification with the reference group;

Control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means that are most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "many opportunities").

In the process of socialization, the norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of awkwardness or guilt, pangs of conscience.

The generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere of consciousness, below which is the sphere of the subconscious, or the unconscious, which consists of elemental impulses. Self-control means restraining the elements of nature, it is based on volitional effort. There are the following social control mechanisms:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);

isolation - limiting the contacts of the deviant with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);

rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to a normal life.

B.46 Civil society and the state.

Civil society is a set of social relations, formal and informal structures that provide conditions for a person's political activity, the satisfaction and implementation of various needs and interests of the individual and social groups and associations. A developed civil society is the most important prerequisite for building the rule of law and its equal partner. Signs of civil society:the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; developed democracy; legal protection of citizens; a certain level of civic culture, a high educational level of the population; the most complete provision of human rights and freedoms;

self management; competition between the structures that form it and different groups of people; freely forming public opinion and pluralism; strong social politics states; diversified economy; a large share in the middle class society. The state of civil society, his needs and goals define the main features and social purpose of the state... Qualitative changes in the structure of civil society, the content of the main spheres of its activity, inevitably lead to a change in the nature and forms of state power. At the same time, the state, possessing relative independence in relation to civil society, can significantly influence its state. This influence, as a rule, is positive, aimed at maintaining stability and the progressive development of civil society. Although history knows and opposite examples. The state as a special phenomenon of social power has qualitative characteristics. It is organized in the form of a state apparatus; manages society through a system of functions and certain methods. Outwardly, the state is presented in various forms. State signs - its qualitative features, expressing the characteristics of the state in comparison with other organizations exercising power and management functions in society. The main features of the state include: sovereignty, the territorial principle of exercising power, special public power, inextricable link with law

B. 47 Mass consciousness and mass action. Forms of mass behavior.

Mass consciousness - the base of mass actions, behavior. Mass actions can be poorly organized (panic, pogroms) or sufficiently prepared (demonstration, revolution, war). Much depends on whether the situation is realized or not, whether there are leaders who are able to lead the rest.

Bulk behavior (including spontaneous) is a term of political psychology, which denotes various forms of behavior of large groups of people, crowds, circulation of rumors, panic and other mass phenomena.

Forms of mass behavior include: mass hysteria, rumors, gossip, panic, pogrom, riot.

mass hysteria - a state of general nervousness, increased excitability and fear caused by unfounded rumors (medieval "witch hunt", post-war "cold war", trials over "enemies of the people" in the era of Stalinism, media escalation of the threat of a "third world war" in the 1960s 70 years, mass intolerance towards representatives of other nationalities.)

rumors - a set of information that arises from anonymous sources and is disseminated through informal channels.

panic - this form of mass behavior, when people faced with danger show uncoordinated reactions. They act independently, usually interfering and traumatizing each other.

pogrom - a collective act of violence undertaken by an uncontrolled and emotionally agitated mob against property or an individual.

riot - a collective concept denoting a number of spontaneous forms of collective protest: rebellion, excitement, unrest, uprising.

B. 48. Culture as a system of values

cultureIs a system of values \u200b\u200baccumulated by humanity over the long history of its development. including all forms and means of human self-expression and self-knowledge. Culture is also a manifestation of human subjectivity and objectivity (character, competencies, skills, abilities and knowledge). The main elements of culture:language, customs, traditions, customs, laws, values.

Values - these are socially approved and shared by the majority of people ideas about what good, justice, love, friendship are. No society can do without values. It is values \u200b\u200bthat are the defining element of culture, its core. They act as a) a desirable, preferable state for a given social subject (individual, social community, society) social connections, content of ideas, art form, etc .; b) a criterion for assessing real phenomena; c) they determine the meaning of purposeful activity; d) regulate social interactions; e) internally stimulate to activity. IN value system social subject may include different values:

1 ) meaningful (ideas about good and evil, happiness, purpose and meaning of life);

2 ) universal: a) vital (life, health, personal safety, welfare, family, education, qualifications, law and order, etc.); b) public recognition (hard work, social status, etc.); c) interpersonal communication (honesty, unselfishness, benevolence);

d) democratic (freedom of speech, conscience, parties, national sovereignty, etc.);

3 ) particular: a) attachment to a small homeland, family; b) fetishisms (belief in God, striving for the absolute).