Warehouse area for main production purposes. Types of warehouses. General warehouse layout

Any activity commercial organization including storage systems, costs play an important role. When carrying out warehouse activities, five types of costs are distinguished, namely, costs associated with: - supplies; - content of reserves; - fulfillment of consumer orders; - stock shortages when incoming orders cannot be satisfied; - collection and processing of data and management of warehouse activities. The costs of supplying goods are divided into two types. The second type is the costs of the warehouse system itself - ...

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Lecture 1 Types of storage facilities

The rapidly developing market economy has led to the creation of a highly competitive market environment,which in turn, required specialization and simplification of operationsin the commodity market.

Contradictions between ensuring availability necessary goods in time and place,where they are required,and reducing storage costsled to the development of many new strategies in the activities of market participants.

First of all, warehousing as a form of commercial activity,acquired an independent meaning.Happened centralization of storage facilities in severalregions; and the need for use of specialized independent logistics companies.Concerning, the specialization of warehouses has also increased,presented at modern market logistics services.

The functioning of the warehouse system is a set of warehouse operations for unloading,moving, unpacking, receiving, placing, laying, storing, accounting and release of goods.

The creation of warehouse systems contributes to:safety of raw materials and products; organization and rhythm of the production cycle and transportation process; reduction of production and transportation downtime.

By location, warehouse systems can be created at the beginning,the middle and end of freight traffic or production processes for the accumulation of goods and timely supply.

Warehouse systems operationassociated with the transformation of freight flows,changing parametersaccepted and released consignments.

The purpose of the creation and operation of warehouse systems is toso that by transportreceive cargo traffic,convert incoming goods and issuethey are often already with other parameters.Besides, these operations should be performed with minimal overhead.

Warehouses are buildings, structures, various premises and equipped areas,intended for acceptance,placement and storage of goods received on them,preparing them for consumption and distribution to consumers.

All warehousesclassified according to a number of parameters.

Most often stand out the following parameters to classify warehouses:

Modern warehouse building,communications and equipment,responding international standards ;

One-volume building,built using modern technologies using high quality materials;

Proximity to transport interchanges and major rail or roadhighways, easy access;

Column spacing more12 meters;

Smooth floor with anti-dust coating;

Useful height not less10 meters;

Loading ramps anddocks, dock-type automatic gates with hydraulic ramp,height adjustable;

The humidity and temperature mode is adjustable,thermal curtains on the gates,central air conditioning system and /or a supply and exhaust ventilation system;

Sprinkler fire extinguishing system;

System burglar alarm and video surveillance system.

Office rooms not lower than class B;

Dedicated telephone lines,

round-the-clock work,round-the-clock security,sufficient area for maneuvering heavy-duty road trains,parking;

the customs post ;

lease agreements with the stateregistration.

All warehouses are subdivided into classes

Class A new warehouse,answering at least12 parameters.

Class B reconstructed building with ceiling height5-8 meters with all communications and equipment,corresponding not less thaneight parameters.Office space is a must.

Class C Unreconstructedindustrial premises heated or unheated hangars,responding less thanseven parameters.

Class D Basements or civil defense facilities,unheated industrial premises or hangars.

Warehouses can beclosed, open and half-closed.

Closed warehouses can be one-or multi-storey,heated or not.For mechanization technological processand a more rational organization of warehouse activities, single-storey warehouses are preferable.In large warehouses manufacturing processes usually mechanized and automated.IN medium and smallwarehouses is advisableuse smallmechanization. The flow organization of the technological process requiresso that there are no major partitions in the warehouse buildings and it would be easy to redevelop the warehouse.

Open warehouses,most often intended for the storage of building materials,fuel, goods in containers, etc.They are arranged in the form of unpaved areas andplatforms on poles or strip foundations.

Semi-closed warehouses differ from open ones with canopies for protection from precipitation,from the sun, from the wind. Have they can be from one to three walls, depending on the purpose of the warehouse.

Storage area - part of a warehouse with equipment,intended forstorage of goods.The warehouse can be designed to store one type of goods- a specialized warehouse,as well as the widest range of products.

Warehouses can be owned by firms and companies.On they only store the goods of these companies- individual warehouses,or warehouse space can be leased to many companies- public warehouses.There are also industrialport and station warehouses.

Warehouses in the supply chain canto be located in the area of \u200b\u200bmovement of industrial and technical products and on the area of \u200b\u200bmovement of consumer goods.

The first group of warehouses- these are warehouses for raw materials and semi-finished products,finished products of manufacturing enterprises for industrial and technical purposes.Second group of warehouses - These are mainly wholesale warehouses.

In the activities of any commercial organization,including warehouse systems,costs play an important role.When implementation of warehouse activitiesthere are five types of costs,namely the costs,connected with:

- supplies;

- fulfillment of consumer orders;

- stock shortage,when incoming orders cannot be satisfied;

- collection and data processing and warehouse managementactivities.

Delivery costsgoods are divided into two types.The first type is the amount to be paid to the supplier- the cost of the delivered goods and the costs of their delivery to the warehouse.Second view - these are the costs of the warehouse system itself- work on ordering,copiers, typewritten works,reporting work and a number of other expenses.

Inventory maintenance costs also divisible by twocategories: costs, related to order size; and costs, not dependent on him.Costs, related to order size,directly depend on volumes of stored products.Independent of the order sizeAre fixed costs,connected with functioning of the warehouse:rent, taxes, insurance, etc.

Execution costs consumers arecosts of accounting operations,warehouse workers salary,busy with order processing,packaging and labeling costs,transportation costs, etc.

Costs, deficit-related stocks. it difficult to definecosts. The lack of any product leads to the loss of customer demand,profits, customers, which subsequently affects the total profit of the warehouse enterprise.

Data collection and processing costsrepresent the costs of studying the purchasingdemand, accounting of products and their inventory and costs, warehouse system.

Storage risks

When storing any goods, events may occur,affecting safety,quantity and quality of goods,leading to a deterioration in their quality or waste of goods.These include:shaking, blows, violation of technological instructions,evaporation, shrinkage, shrinkage, theft, damage, damage to the packaging,poor labeling,fire, high humidity, etc.etc.

To reduce risks,arising during storage,necessary rational organization warehouse process.The rational organization of the warehouse process is based on the following principles:

- mechanization of technological operations for the processing and placement of goods;

- optimizing the use of space and room capacities;

- organization of end-to-end (direct flow) commodity flow;

- orderliness and rhythm of warehouse work;

- complete safety of goods.

Technologicalwarehouse handling operationsare carried out in a certain sequence:

– delivery of goods to the warehouse;

- verification of documents and verification of documentary data with the presence of the arrived goods;

- unloading from vehicle: manual or mechanized;

- acceptance of cargo by quantity and quality;

- registration of incoming documents and entering the characteristics of the goods in the register and computer database;

- placement of goods in the warehouse;

- packing of goods;

- storage of goods and its completion, if necessary,eg repackaging;

- preparation of an invoice for the release of goods and registration of shipping documents;

- selection of goods, its equipment;

- loading goods onto a vehicle;

- shipment of goods to customers.

An important role in the activities of anywarehouse to improve the efficiency of its workplays degree of equipment and use technological equipment in the warehouse process.Equipment, used in the warehouse,divided by a number of main groups:

1. Equipment for handling operations:ramps, platforms, ramps, ramps, walkways, loaders, conveyors, cranes, etc.
2. Equipment for intra-warehouse transportation and handling of goods:collapsible racks for various purposes,stackers, hand and floor carts.
3. Equipment for automation of accounting operations.
4. Automated systems management.

The presence of an information computer system plays an important role in the activities of the warehouse business.An information computer system in a warehouse with a database on incoming and outgoing goods entered into it provides:

– warehouse process management;

- control over the movement of goods;

- integration of separately operating warehouse areas;

- reduction of errors in accounting;

- improving the procedure for obtaining operational information.

Any warehouse is obliged to carry out an inventory.Inventory is a prerequisite for the operation of the warehouse,ensuring the accuracy of information about the current state of warehouse activities.Conditions, requiring an inventory,are:

– preparation of annual financial statements;

–Change of financially responsible persons;

- detection of theft,abuse,in case of fire or natural disasters;

- liquidation or reorganization of an enterprise.

Inventory can be selective and current.Selective inventories are conducted by order of the management.

During storage, marking and bar-coding are carried out.

Barcode languageIs a machine language for marking and then identifying objects.Barcoding provides the following benefits:once having marked the goods,possible at all stagesacceptance, storage, release of goods to significantly reduce the probability of errors and increase the speed of data processing.

Each barcode contains information about the product,the quantity of goods in the package,type of packaging, weight, expiration date, country code, manufacturer code,batch number, etc.etc. Product labeling is provided by the manufacturer,and reading information from the goods is performed by scanners,connected to the computer.

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Calculation of the layout of a public warehouse

V. Lesnyak, Director of the Moscow Association of Commercial Warehouses

Areas in warehouses are usually divided into premises for main production purposes and auxiliary ones. The former are used to perform basic technological operations, including storage of goods, forwarding and processing. Auxiliary rooms are designed for storing containers, placing engineering devices and communications, as well as various services and other purposes. When drawing up a warehouse project, it is useful to know the functions of various zones, to be able to optimize their parameters and location, and to determine the efficiency of work.

Requirements for the layout of storage facilities

Conventionally, warehouse space can be divided into two main parts: areas directly used for storing goods, and areas not used for storage. When planning a warehouse, it is recommended to maintain a ratio of these areas in a ratio of at least 2: 1.

Warehouse layout should ensure the possibility of using effective ways placement and stacking of storage units, use of warehouse equipment and conditions for the complete safety of goods. This principle of internal planning of warehouse zones allows maintaining the flow and continuity of the warehouse technological process. To improve the operating conditions of lifting and transport machines and mechanisms, it is necessary to strive to organize a single warehouse space, without partitions and with the maximum possible number of columns or spans. The best option from this point of view, it is a single-span warehouse (at least 24 m wide). The efficiency of using the warehouse volume also largely depends on the storage height, which must take into account the dimensions of transport units and be as close as possible to the technological height of the warehouse.

The layout and structure of warehouse premises is significantly influenced by the very content of the technological process. At the design stage, the composition of the warehouse premises, the proportions between the individual rooms and their mutual arrangement are established. Consider the layout of a public goods warehouse as the most common type of warehouse.

Characteristics of the main storage areas

To perform technological operations for the acceptance, storage and dispatch of products to customers in warehouses, the following main zones are distinguished:

• unloading area for vehicles, which can be located both inside and outside the premises;
• expedition of acceptance of goods, including operations for acceptance of products in terms of quantity and quality;
• main storage area;
• order picking area;
• expedition of sending goods;
• a vehicle loading area, which is outside the storage and picking area.

The listed operating areas of the warehouse should be connected with each other by aisles and driveways.

The unloading area of \u200b\u200bvehicles must be adjacent to the goods acceptance expedition (the product acceptance area in terms of quantity and quality). The main part of the area is allocated for the storage area. It consists of an area occupied by storage units and a passage area. An order picking area should be adjacent to the storage area. This area, in turn, should be located next to the shipping expedition.

The goods unloading area (on the diagram - the railroad ramp) is used for mechanized and manual unloading of vehicles, as well as for the removal of goods from the shipping container, acceptance by quantity and short-term storage until the goods are transferred to the expedition.

Expedition of goods acceptance (can be located in a separate warehouse) serves to receive goods in terms of quantity and quality, keep records of arrived goods, and temporarily store them before transferring them to the main storage area of \u200b\u200bthe warehouse.

At the site for preparing goods for storage (located in the goods acceptance area or in the main warehouse), storage locations are formed. Goods in this area can come from the expedition of goods acceptance and / or from the unloading area.

In the storage area ( main part the main warehouse) perform storage operations.

In the picking zone (can be located in the main warehouse), transportation units to consumers are formed, containing the necessary assortment of goods selected in accordance with orders.

Expedition of dispatch is used for acceptance of goods by the forwarder (recipient of the consignment), as well as for short-term storage of cargo units prepared for dispatch.

In the loading area (in the diagram - a car ramp), there is a manual and / or mechanized loading of vehicles.

Determination of the main parameters of the warehouse

Total warehouse area

S total \u003d S floor + S sp + S pr + S set + S sl + S pe + S oe,

where S floor - usable area, ie the area occupied directly under the stored products (racks, stacks and other devices for storing products), m 2;

S ex - auxiliary (operational) area, ie the area occupied by driveways and walkways, m 2;

S pr - area of \u200b\u200bthe acceptance site, m 2;

S set - area of \u200b\u200bthe acquisition site, m 2;

S cl - the area of \u200b\u200bworkplaces, that is, the area in the warehouse premises allocated for the workplaces of warehouse workers, m 2;

S pe - area of \u200b\u200bacceptance expedition, m 2;

S oe - area of \u200b\u200bthe dispatching expedition, m 2.

With approximate calculations, the total area of \u200b\u200bthe warehouse S total , m 2, can be determined depending on the useful area S floor through the utilization factor:

S total \u003d S floor / α,

where α - utilization factor of the warehouse area (specific weight of the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe warehouse); depending on the type of stored goods is in the range of 0.3 ... 0.6.

Useful warehouse area

S floor \u003d Q max / q add,

where Q max - the maximum value of the established stock of products in the warehouse, t;

q add - permissible load per 1 m 2 of the warehouse floor area, t / m 2.

The general formula for calculating the usable warehouse area is

S gr \u003d QZK n / (254C v K yoke N),

where Q - forecast of annual turnover, rubles / year;

Z - forecast of the size of stocks of products, the number of days of turnover;

To n - coefficient of uneven loading of the warehouse; is defined as the ratio of the turnover of the most busy month to the average monthly turnover of the warehouse. In design calculations To n take equal to 1.1 ... 1.3;

254 - the number of working days in a year;

C v - the approximate cost of 1 m 3 of packaged products stored in the warehouse, rubles / m 3; can be determined based on the value of the load unit and its gross weight. The mass of 1 m 3 of products stored in the warehouse can be determined by means of sample measurements carried out by the warehouse staff;

To the yoke - the utilization rate of the cargo volume of the warehouse, characterizes the density and height of the stacking of goods (the technological meaning of the utilization rate of the cargo volume To the yoke lies in the fact that equipment, especially rack equipment, cannot be completely filled with stored products. Practice shows that in the case of storage of products on pallets To the yoke \u003d 0.64, when storing products without pallets To the yoke = 0,67);

K yoke \u003d V floor / (S about N);

V floor - the volume of products in the package that can be stacked on this equipment along its entire height, m \u200b\u200b3;

S about - the area occupied by the projection of the external contours of the bearing equipment on the horizontal plane, m 2;

H - product stacking height, m.

The quantities Q and Z determined on the basis of forecast calculations.

For products stored in bins, the usable warehouse area is determined through the required number of bins and racks using the formula

S floor \u003d S article N article,

where S st - area occupied by one rack, m 2;

N st - the number of racks.

Usable warehouse area S floor in case of uneven receipt of products at the warehouse, they are calculated according to the formula for the minimum total costs:

S res S 1 + 365Р k S 2 → min,

where S res - reserve area, m 2;

S 1 - costs of maintaining 1 m 2 of the reserve area, rubles / m 2;

P k - the likelihood of refusal to accept products;

S 2 - losses for each day of refusal to accept products, rubles;

365 - the number of days in a year.

Acceptance and picking areas

These areas are calculated on the basis of the enlarged indicators of the design loads per 1 m 2 of the area at the acceptance and acquisition areas. In general, design calculations are based on the need to place on each square meter areas for acceptance and picking of 1 m 3 of products.

The required front length of loading and unloading operations (length of road and rail ramps) is calculated as follows:

L fr \u003d nl + (n - 1) l i,

where n - the number of transport units simultaneously supplied to the warehouse;

l - the length of the transport unit, m;

l i - distance between vehicles, m.

The area of \u200b\u200bacceptance and picking zones, m 2, is determined as

S pr \u003d Q g K n A 2 t pr / (365 q add 100) + S in ;

S set \u003d Q g K n A 3 t km / (254 q add 100),

where Q g

K n K n = 1,2...1,5;

A 2 - the share of products passing through the warehouse acceptance area,%;

t pr - the number of days the products are at the acceptance site;

254 - the number of working days per year;

365 - the number of days in a year;

q add - the design load per 1 m 2 of the area is taken equal to 0.25 of the average load per 1 m 2 of the warehouse area, t / m 2;

S in - area required for weighing, sorting, etc., m 2; S in \u003d 5 ... 10 m 2;

A 3 - the share of products to be picked at the warehouse,%;

t km - the number of days the products are on the picking site;

In warehouses with a large volume of work, the expedition zones for receiving and sending goods are arranged separately, and with a small amount of work - together. The size of the holiday area is calculated in the same way. When calculating, you should initially lay some excess area at the acceptance site, since over time in the warehouse, as a rule, there is a need for more intensive processing of incoming products. The minimum area for the receiving area should accommodate as many products as can arrive during non-working days.

The minimum size of the area of \u200b\u200bthe acceptance expedition

S pe \u003d Q g t pe K n / (365 q e),

where Q g - annual receipt of products, t;

t pe - the number of days during which the products will be on the acceptance expedition;

K n - coefficient of unevenness of the receipt of products at the warehouse, K n = 1,2...1,5;

q e - the enlarged indicator of the design loads per 1 m 2 in the forwarding premises, t / m 2.

The minimum area of \u200b\u200bthe dispatching expedition should allow performing work on the acquisition and storage of the average number of shipping lots. It is defined as

S oe \u003d Q g t oe K n / (254 q e),

where t oe - the number of days during which the products will be on the shipping expedition.

The dimensions of the aisles and driveways in the warehouse are determined depending on the dimensions of the stored products and lifting vehicles, as well as the size of the cargo turnover. If the width of the working corridor of machines working between the racks is equal to the width of the rack equipment, then the area of \u200b\u200bthe aisles and driveways will be equal to the cargo area. Passage width, cm,

A \u003d 2B + 3C,

where B - vehicle width, cm;

C - the width of the gaps between the vehicles themselves and between them and the racks on both sides of the passage (taken equal to 15 ... 20 cm).

In absolute terms, the width of the main aisles (aisles) is taken from 1.5 to 4.5 m, the width of the side aisles (aisles) - from 0.7 to 1.5 m.The height of warehouse premises from the floor level to the tightening of trusses or rafters is usually from 3.5 to 5.5 m in multi-storey buildings and up to 18 m in single-storey buildings.

Calculation of the auxiliary area

The area of \u200b\u200bthe warehouse office space is calculated depending on the number of employees. With a warehouse staff of up to three employees, the office area is determined based on the fact that each person has 5 m 2; from 3 to 5 people - 4 m 2; with a staff of more than five employees - 3.25 m 2 each. Workplace It is recommended to position the warehouse manager (area 12 m 2) near the picking area so that there is a maximum view of the warehouse. If it is planned to check the quality of the stored products at the warehouse, it is recommended to equip the workplaces of the personnel responsible for this near the acceptance area, but away from the main cargo flows.

These indicators allow you to determine how effectively the storage space is used when applying specific types warehouse equipment.

Useful area ratio

K s \u003d S floor / S o.s. ,

where S floor

S о.s. - total warehouse area, m 2.

This parameter, depending on the type of warehouse, its layout, equipment used and other factors, can range from 0.25 to 0.6. The larger these numbers, the more efficiently the warehouse space is used. The efficiency of using the storage capacity can be determined by calculating the utilization factor of the useful storage volume K s ... Depending on the method of storing goods and the nature of the cargo, this indicator can take values \u200b\u200bfrom 0.3 to 0.5 and is calculated as the ratio of the volume of racks and stacks with goods to the total storage volume:

K s \u003d V floor / V o.s. \u003d S floor h skl / (S o.s. h o.s.),

where V floor - part of the warehouse volume occupied by the equipment where the products are stored, m 3;

S floor - useful area of \u200b\u200bthe warehouse, m 2;

V o.s. - the total volume of the warehouse, m 3;

h cl - height of the warehouse used for storing products, m;

S о.s. - total area of \u200b\u200bthe warehouse, m 2;

h o.c. - the height of the warehouse, m.

Every entrepreneur whose activity is related to large supplies or production, sooner or later faces the question of finding a suitable warehouse. In order to take into account all the nuances in the choice

Let's talk about the types of warehouses and the requirements for them, as well as help you decide which warehouses are best suited for different types activities.

Warehouse information - let's clarify

Warehouse is a special building in which all conditions are created for storing raw materials and their transportation.

Any business that involves the exchange of goods, first of all, cares about the availability of high-quality premises for storing certain goods, because the company's income directly depends on this.

If you are faced with the question of choosing a warehouse, first you need to figure out what types of warehouse there are. According to planning decisions, the following are distinguished:

• closed - separate rooms;
• semi-closed - rooms with one, two or three walls;
• open - warehouses in open specialized areas.

Warehouse types: where to start?

One of the important characteristics of the warehouse area is the storage mode. It is calculated, first of all, depending on the storage conditions of raw materials, and secondly, on the additional functions that the warehouse performs. Here is a list of the main types of storage facilities by temperature:

• dry;
• refrigeration;
• freezers;
• unheated;
• heated;
• insulated.

• industrial - at manufacturing enterprises;
• retail - for retail;
• wholesale - for wholesale;
• transit and transshipment - for short-term storage;
• customs - for overexposure of goods before customs checks;
• reserve - storage of goods in case of an emergency.

Warehouse classification

For a more precise definition of the requirements for warehouses, a special classification of warehouses was created, which distinguishes four main classes: "A", "B", "C" and "D" and two subclasses "A +" and "B +".

Let's take a closer look at each category in ascending order of prerequisites.

Class "D"

The most "unpretentious" class is usually basements and industrial premises without heating or hangars.
The presence of a security, security and heating system are additional requirements that are not mandatory for compliance in class "D" premises.

Class "C"

Class "C" includes mainly production facilities or hangars. This class has the following generally accepted characteristics:

• ceiling height from 4 m;
• the floor is "bare" asphalt or concrete tiles.
• If any of the characteristics are not met, the warehouse will be added to the previous segment.

Class "B"

• freight elevators;
• ceilings with a height of 6 m;
• serviceable heating system;
• convenient entry and exit for cars;
• security system;
• telecommunication systems;
• equipped additional rooms (bathrooms, server rooms, showers, etc.);
• reliable fire safety system;
• platform for loading and unloading goods.

Class "B +"

This class is a subclass of category "B" and meets all the requirements of the previous class, while differing from it in the following parameters:

• first floor;
• dust-free concrete floors with a high degree of stress;
• ceiling height - at least 8 m;
• temperature control mode;
• high level of ventilation;
• video surveillance and alarm;
• gates with an automatic mechanism;
• the presence of an office at the warehouse;
• fiber-optic communication;
• territory with round-the-clock security;
• location close to central highways.

Warehouses of class "B" and "B +" differ from others in that they are often reconstructed buildings.

Class "A"

This class belongs to the premium segment and is characterized by increased requirements for location and technical components. Class "A" has all the same characteristics as the previous one, while it differs from it in the presence of additional parameters:

• materials: sandwich panels and metal structures;
• rectangular shape of the building;
• ceiling height - from 10 m;
• parking for large trucks.

Class "A +"

Premises of this kind are distinguished by the novelty of construction and the presence of modern engineering solutions, and must also comply with all of the above parameters. Distinctive features segment are:

• ceiling height - not less than 13 m;
• the ability to install multi-level shelving;
• autonomous electrical substation and heating unit;
• employee access control;
• comfortable exit to major highways of the city;
• an experienced management company.

Which warehouses are better?

It is impossible to say which premises will be the best for your company without familiarizing yourself with all the nuances of the business. Each needs an individual set of storage space requirements. if we talk about the minimum set of requirements for warehouse space, we get the following:

• the size of the warehouse and entrance openings;
• finishing;
• location;
• the presence of cracks on the walls;
• the presence of mold inside;
• rental rate and additional services;
• compliance with the declared class.

Despite the strict structure of generally accepted norms for warehouses, it is quite difficult to choose the right room for a certain type of product, especially if you are not involved in the field of logistics. In this case, it is better to contact an experienced specialist who will help you make the right choice in order to avoid unpleasant moments during the operation of the premises.

Basic structural elementswarehouse building: foundation, walls, support columns, interfloor ceilings, floors, roofs, ramps and canopies above them, doors and windows.

Technological requirements for the arrangement of warehouses:

1) compliance of the area and volume of warehouse facilities with the nature and volume of technological operations performed;

2) compliance of the parameters and configuration of the warehouse building with the requirements of the optimal technology of the operations performed.

Warehouse planning requirements:

1) the possibility of using effective methods of placing and stacking products;

2) ensuring conditions for the complete safety of storage units;

3) elimination of the adverse effect of some types of products on others during their joint storage, provision of conditions for the preservation of product quality;

4) the possibility of effective use of lifting and transport equipment;

5) convenient access to products;

6) ensuring the flow and continuity of the warehouse technological process.

The main groups of storage facilities:

1) premises of the main production purpose - are used to perform the following technological operations:

- storage of products;

- reception and release of products (expedition);

- unpacking, packaging, packing and packaging of products;

- auxiliary rooms - designed for storing containers, reusable containers and pallets, as well as for use as container repair shops;

2) utility rooms - designed to accommodate engineering devices and communications (engine rooms, ventilation chambers, boiler rooms, pantries of household materials and equipment, repair shops, recharging battery stations);

3) administrative and amenity premises - intended for the placement of administrative services, places for rest and eating, dressing rooms, a hall of commercial samples, showers, sanitary facilities, etc. Work areas are used to accommodate the workplaces of commodity specialists. They should be equipped with tables and chairs, a personal computer, a filing cabinet, chairs for buyers and furniture for storing documents. The exposition area is divided into separate segments, equipped with wall and island slides with devices for displaying goods (shelves, consoles, rods). The waiting and rest area is designed for independent work buyers with albums, catalogs and product lists, ^ + as well as for their rest after choosing products. The passage area serves for movement in the hall of commercial samples and for passage to other premises of the warehouse.

The main characteristics of the warehouse:

1) warehouse capacity - characterizes the amount of products that the warehouse can accommodate at a time;

2) usable warehouse area - the area directly occupied by the stored products;

3) area of \u200b\u200bwork places - the area in the premises of the warehouses, allocated for equipping the work places of the warehouse workers;

4) areas of acceptance and picking areas - calculated on the basis of aggregated indicators of design loads per square meter of area at acceptance and picking areas;

5) the area of \u200b\u200bthe dispatching expedition - used to complete the shipping lots.

Warehouse buildings and structures are subdivided:

1. Device dependent :

1.1. Open areas - paved or asphalted (concreted) sites with a slope and drains for the removal of surface waters. Designed for storage of goods in large external containers (containers, barrels), which are not significantly affected by atmospheric conditions.

1.2. Semi-enclosed storage facilities - canopies of various designs: without walls or having from one to three walls. Sheds can be single-slope and dual-slope, 4-6 meters high and are designed to protect cargo from atmospheric precipitation.

1.3. Closed warehouses - a separate building, divided into separate warehouses for the placement of goods, the storage of which requires a constant hydrothermal regime or their protection from exposure external environment, especially precipitation.

2. Fire resistance of wall materials and structures buildings are divided:

2.1. combustible;

2.2. semi-combustible (hardly flammable)

2.3. fireproof.

3. Insulation of closed warehouse buildings subdivide:

3.1. Non-insulated warehouses are built without an attic floor, without an insulated floor and without door vestibules. They are used to store containers and goods that do not lose their properties at temperatures below 0 °.

3.2. Insulated warehouses they are built with insulated floors, floors, door vestibules, double doors and windows, and have thick walls. These warehouses protect goods from sudden fluctuations in external temperature and humidity.

3.3. Heated warehouses - have heating equipment and ventilation devices, which allows you to regulate and maintain the required temperature and humidity.

3.4. Refrigerated warehouses - having a device for maintaining sub-zero temperatures in storage rooms for storing perishable goods.

The device and layout of warehouses is determined by their purpose, the characteristics of the range of goods, their physicochemical properties, organization and technology of warehouse processes. Construction warehouse buildings is made of standard prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts. Building shape warehouse can be different (G, P, W, T-shaped). The most convenient is a rectangular building with a length to width ratio of 1: 2 or 1: 3. It allows you to rationally arrange loading and unloading ramps and access roads.

The main structural elements warehouse building are: foundation, walls, support columns, floors, floors, roofs, ramps and canopies above them, doors and windows. The foundation is built from durable materials (reinforced concrete blocks), its structure must withstand a certain load.

For characteristics space-planning solutions buildings use metrics such as step, span and height. Step - the distance between the main transverse structures (columns, walls, etc. .). span - distance between longitudinal supporting structures. Heights a is the distance between floor level and ceiling. In one-story warehouse buildings, the column spacing is accepted - 6 and 12 m; span length 12.18 and 24 m; warehouse height - at least 6 m.

For the convenience of loading and unloading along the warehouses arrange ramps which are platforms: from the side of the railroad tracks - 1.1 m high from the level of the rails and at least 6 m wide; from the side of the car entrance - 1.2 m high from the level of the road surface and at least 4 m wide. Visors are made above the ramps to protect goods from atmospheric precipitation. For the entry of vehicles, inclined slopes are arranged - ramps ... The length of the platforms should make it possible to simultaneously accept for unloading as many vehicles (wagons, cars) as possible.

To receive universal containers, a structure is provided container site .

Warehouses have external and internal doors , which can be sliding and swinging, their width and height depends on the type of vehicles used for inside the warehouse movement of goods.

Lighting warehouse can be natural and artificial. Windows serve for natural light. Sources of artificial lighting are electric incandescent or fluorescent lamps. Distinguish between general, local and emergency lighting. Common is the lighting of the entire warehouse area, local is the lighting of the place of work, for example, an expedition. Emergency lighting is used after hours.

3.1. Types of warehouses, their layout

All premises of warehouses, depending on their role in the performance of warehouse operations, are divided into groups: main production purpose, auxiliary, utility, administrative and household.

To the premises of the main production purpose include premises for storing goods, expeditions for the receipt and release of goods, receiving and unpacking, packaging and premises for packing goods.

Auxiliary premises designed for storing containers, reusable containers and pallets. This also includes tar repair workshops.

Utility rooms - these are rooms for engine rooms, ventilation chambers, boiler rooms, storerooms of household materials and equipment, repair shops, recharging battery stations.

Administrative premises are intended for the placement of office services, places of rest and eating, red corners, dressing rooms, a hall of commercial samples, showers, etc.

Whole warehouse technological process includes operations: unloading of vehicles; acceptance of goods; unpacking; storage; packaging; packing and sending goods to customers. To perform these operations, the corresponding warehouse areas :

- vehicle unloading area

- goods acceptance area

- storage area

- zone of selection and picking of customer orders

- loading area for motor vehicles.

So, the entire warehouse space consists of two parts: areas used and unused for storage ... When planning, it should be borne in mind that the most rational is the ratio of these areas, equal to 2: 1.

Figure: 1. Warehouse layout scheme

The unloading area must adjoin the goods acceptance area in terms of quantity and quality, where the work places of the merchandise-branding specialists are located. The main part of the warehouse area is allocated for the storage area. It consists of an area occupied by goods and a passage area. The storage area should be adjacent to the packing and packaging areas of goods, picking orders of wholesale buyers. In turn, the picking area should be located next to the shipping expedition.

This principle of internal layout of premises (zones) allows you to ensure the flow and continuity of the warehouse technological process Special requirements are imposed on the layout of the hall of commercial samples, which should be directly connected with the premises of the computing center. The most convenient is the box layout of the hall of commercial samples, when the entire hall is divided into several separate zones, in each of which samples of goods from one or several groups and workplaces of merchandise merchants are placed.

Questions for self-test:

1. What is called a warehouse?

2. What functions does the warehouse perform?

3. How are warehouses divided in place in the process of goods circulation?

4. What types of warehouses are distinguished according to their functions?

5. Types of warehouses by storage mode?

6. How are storage facilities classified?

7. What groups of premises does the warehouse include?

8. What are the main indicators of the space-planning solution of the warehouse?

9. What areas are located in the warehouse?