Concept of automatic control systems. Process management. Concept of automatic and automated systems. Types of control systems

Automated control system (ACS) a complex of hardware and software designed to control various processes within the technological process, production, enterprise. ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc.

The creator of the first ACS in the USSR is the Doctor of Economics, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, founder of the scientific school strategic planning Nikolai Ivanovich Veduta ().

The most important task of the ACS is to increase the efficiency of object management based on the growth of labor productivity and improve the methods of planning the management process. Distinguish between ACS objects and functional automated systems, for example, the design of planned calculations, material and technical supply, etc. The ACS includes the following types of support: information, software, technical, organizational, metrological, legal and linguistic.

The main classification features that determine the type of ACS are: the sphere of operation of the control object (industry, construction, transport, agriculture, non-industrial sphere, etc.) type of controlled process (technological, organizational, economic, etc.); level in the system of public administration, including the management of the national economy in accordance with the current management schemes for the branches (for industry.

The ACS functions generally include the following elements (actions): planning and (or) forecasting; accounting, control, analysis; coordination and / or regulation. Classes of ACS structures In the sphere industrial production from the standpoint of management, the following main classes of structures of management systems can be distinguished: decentralized, centralized, centralized dispersed and hierarchical.

Types of ACS: The automated process control system solves the tasks of operational management and control of technical objects in industry, energy, transport. The automated production control system solves problems organization of production, including the main production processes, inbound and outbound logistics. Carries out short-term planning of production, taking into account production capacity, analysis product quality, simulation of the production process.

PRACTICAL WORK No. 11

TOPIC: ACS for various purposes, examples of their use. Demonstration of the use of various types of ACS in practice in the technical field of activity

1. Purpose of work:get an idea of \u200b\u200bautomatic and automated systems management in the technical field of activity.

2. Literature:

2.1. Khlebnikov A.A. Informatics, Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix", 2012 2. Tsvetkova, M.S. Informatics and ICT: a textbook for NGOs and SPO / 2.2.M.S. Tsvetkova, L.S.Velikovich - M.: "Academy", 2012

2.3. Shaporev, S. D. Informatics. Theoretical g and practical exercises SPb. : BHV-Petersburg, 2010

3. Questions of home preparation:

3.1. What is ACS?

3.2. What is the idea of \u200b\u200bmanagement?

3.3. Give the definition of an automatic system.

4. Main equipment: PC

5. The content of the work:

The task№1 .

Watch the presentation “ Automated control systems»(Located on the network drive of the computer), which presents the types of ACS. Use hyperlinks to navigate to web pages for examples of automated control systems.

For an example of automation in production, watch the videos "Conveyor line for metal rolling processing" and "Production of rolled metal pipes".

The task№2 .

Answer security questions:

Task number 3. Make a conclusion about the work done:

ORDER OF WORK PERFORMANCE.

Review safety requirements.

Computer class safety engineering

Students should enter and study in the office calmly, without touching the tables and without touching anything.

Working with a computer is carried out strictly according to the instructions of the teacher

Before starting work, students should make sure that there is no visible damage to the equipment.

It is prohibited:

Disconnect or connect the connectors of the equipment and try to correct the malfunction in the equipment yourself.

Putting any objects on the monitor, system unit or keyboard;

- Work with damp clothes and wet or dirty hands.

Turning on the PC must be done in the following sequence:

turn on the printer (if needed);

2) turn on the monitor;

3) turn on the system unit;

Shutting down your PC:

1) terminate all running programs

2) turn off the system unit;

3) turn off the monitor;

4) turn off the printer (if it was turned on).

6.2. Get acquainted with the points of practical work;

6.3. Prepare your report according to the seventh paragraph of this practical work;

6.4. Complete the task in accordance with your option;

6.5. Make a conclusion about the work done.

7.1. Title, purpose of work, task of this practical work.

7.2. Variant number, condition of the problem of its variant and its solution.

7.3. Checklist.

7.4. Conclusion on the work done.

8. Theoretical information for the practical lesson

Automated control system or ACS– a set of hardware and software designed to control various processes within a technological process, production, enterprise. ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport and the like.

The creator of the first automated control systems in the USSR is Nikolai Ivanovich Veduta (1913-1998), Doctor of Economics, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, founder of the scientific school of strategic planning. In 1962-1967. in the position of director of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Technical Management (TsNIITU), being also a member of the board of the USSR Ministry of Instrument Engineering, he led the introduction of the country's first automated production control systems at machine-building enterprises. He actively fought against ideological PR-actions to introduce expensive computers, instead of creating real automated control systems to improve the efficiency of production management.

The most important task of the ACS is increasing the efficiency of object management based on the growth of labor productivity and improving methods of planning the management process.

Goals of control automation

The generalized goal of control automation is to increase the efficiency of using the potential capabilities of the control object. Thus, a number of goals can be distinguished:

Providing the decision maker (DM) with adequate data for decision making.

Acceleration of the execution of certain operations for the collection and processing of data.

Reducing the number of decisions that the decision maker must make.

Increasing the level of control and performance discipline.

Improving management efficiency.

Reducing the costs of decision makers to perform auxiliary processes.

Increasing the degree of validity of decisions made.

The ACS includes the following types of collateral :

informational,

software,

technical,

organizational,

metrological,

legal,

linguistic.

The main classification features

The main classification features that determine the type of ACS are:

the sphere of operation of the object of management (industry, construction, transport, agriculture, non-industrial sphere, and so on);

type of controlled process (technological, organizational, economic, etc.);

the level in the system of public administration, including the management of the national economy in accordance with the current management schemes for sectors (for industry: industry (ministry), all-Union association, all-Union industrial association, research and production association, enterprise (organization), production, workshop, site, technological unit).

ACS functions

ACS functions in the general case include the following elements (actions):

planning and (or) forecasting;

accounting, control, analysis;

coordination and / or regulation.

Types of ACS

Automated process control system or APCS- solves the problems of operational management and control of technical objects in industry, energy, transport.

Automated production control system (ACS P) - solves the problems of organizing production, including the main production processes, incoming and outgoing logistics. Carries out short-term planning of production, taking into account production capacity, analysis of product quality, modeling of the production process.

Examples:

Automated street lighting control system ("ACS UO") - designed to organize the automation of centralized control of street lighting.

Automated outdoor lighting control system ("ASUNO") - designed to organize the automation of centralized control of outdoor lighting.

Automated control system road traffic or ACS DD– intended for the management of vehicles and pedestrian flows on the road network of a city or motorway

Automated enterprise management system or ACS– To solve these problems, MRP, MRP II and ERP systems are used. If the enterprise is an educational institution, learning management systems are applied.

Automatic control system for hotels.

Automated operational risk management system - this is software, containing a set of tools necessary to solve the problems of managing the operational risks of enterprises: from collecting data to reporting and making forecasts.

Automated control systems of ACS ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc. in the position of director of the Central Research Institute of Technical Management of TsNIITU, being also a member of the board of the USSR Ministry of Instrumentation, he led the introduction of the country's first automated production control systems at machine-building enterprises. He actively fought against ideological PR actions to introduce expensive computers instead of creating real automated control systems to increase ...

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AUTOMATED AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS

Automated control system (ACS) and automatic systemand control (ACS) - a set of hardware and software tools designed to control various processes within the technicalabout logical process, production, enterprise.

Automated control systems (ACS)

ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc. The term automated, in contrast to the term automatice skye emphasizes the preservation of some functions for the human operator, land more general, goal-setting nature, or not amenable to automatica tization. ACS with Decision support system (DSS), are the basisin a new tool for increasing the validity of management decisions.

The creator of the first ACS in the USSR is Doctor of Economics, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus,about founder of the scientific schoolstrategic planningNikolay Ivanovich Veduta (1913-1998). In 1962-1967. in the position of director of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Technical Management (TsNIITU), being also a member of the collegium of the USSR Ministry of Instrumentation, he led theand the first in the country automated production control systems at machine-building enterprises. He actively fought against ideological PR-actions to introduce expensive computers, instead of creating real automated control systems to increase the efficiency of production management.

The most important task of the ACS is to increase the efficiency of object management based on the growth of labor productivity and improve the methods of planand ration of the management process. Distinguish ACS objects (technological prabout cessami-ACS, enterprise-ACS, industry-OASU) and functional autabout matized systems, for example, the design of planned calculations, mate real-technical supply, etc.

Goals of control automation

In general, the control system can be considered in the form of owlsabout a collection of interrelated management processes and objects. The generalized goal of control automation is to improve the efficiency of usingabout potential opportunitiesobject of management... Thus, a number of goals can be distinguished:

Providing the decision maker (Decision maker) relevant yes n decision-making
Acceleration of individual collection and processing operations yesnnyh
Reducing the number of decisions that the decision maker must make
Increasing the level of control and performance discipline
Improving management efficiency
Reducing the costs of decision makers to perform auxiliary processes
Increasing the degree of validity of decisions made

ACS composition

The ACS includes the following types of support: information, etc.about grammar, technical, organizational, metrological, legal and linguisticand static.

The main classification features

The main classification features that determine the type of ACS are:

the sphere of operation of the control object (industry, constructionand government, transport, agriculture, non-industrial sphere, etc.)
type of controlled process (technological, organizational, economico micical, etc.);
level in the public administration system, including the management of the national economy in accordance with the current management schemes aboutt branches (for industry: industry (ministry), all-union associatione nie, all-union industrial association, research and production associationand nenie, enterprise (organization), production, workshop, site, technological unit).

ACS functions

ACS functions are set in terms of reference to create a concret aCS based on the analysis of management objectives, specified resources for theirand the expected effect of automation and in accordance with the standards that apply to this type of ACS. Each ACS function is implemented withabout the number of task complexes, individual tasks and operations. ACS functions in ob in any case, they include the following elements (actions):

planning and (or) forecasting;
accounting, control, analysis;
coordination and / or regulation.

The required composition of elements is chosen depending on the type of concretiont noah ACS. ACS functions can be combined into subsystems according to functional and other characteristics.

Functions in the formation of control actions

Information processing functions (computational functions) - implementin accounting, control, storage, search, display, replication, transformationabout formation of the form of information;
Functions of exchange (transfer) of information - associated with bringing the expand botanized control actions to the OS and exchange of information with the decision maker;
Group of functions for decision making (transformation of contentr mation) - the creation of new information in the course of analysis, forecasting ore efficient facility management

Classes of ACS structures

In the field of industrial production from a management standpoint, you cane pour the following main classes of structures of management systems: decentralizationabout bathroom, centralized, centralized dispersed and hierarchicalessay.

Decentralized structure

Building a system with such a structure is effective when automating technologically independent control objects for material, energye skim, information and other resources. Such a system is a collection of several independent systems with its own information and algorithms.about rhythmic base.

To develop a control action on each control object, information about the state of only this object is required.

Centralized structure

The centralized structure implements all the processes of object management in a single management body, which collects and processes information about managed objects and, based on their analysis,t in accordance with the criteria of the system, it generates control signals. The emergence of this class of structures is associated with an increase in the number of controlled, regulatede parameters and, as a rule, from a territorial distributionabout the property of the control object.

The advantages of a centralized structure are a fairly simple implementation of information interaction processes; principled ins the possibility of optimal control of the system as a whole; fairly easy correto operation of quickly changeable input parameters; opportunity to achieve mato maximum operational efficiency with minimum redundancy technical means management.

The disadvantages of a centralized structure are as follows: the need for highabout the reliability and performance of technical controls forabout achievements acceptable quality management; high total length of communication channels in the presence of territorial dispersal of control objects.

Centralized dispersed structure

The main feature of this structure is the preservation of the principle of the centerand lized management, i.e. development of control actions on each control object based on information about the states of the entire set of volumeto comrade management. Some functional devices of the control system Iin they are common for all channels of the system and, using switches, are connected to individual channel devices, forming a closed control loop.

The control algorithm in this case consists of a set of interconnectionn control algorithms for objects that are implemented by a set ofand directly related controls. In the process of functioning, each governing body receives and processes the relevant information, as well as issues control signals to subordinate objects. For realand zation of management functions, each local body, as necessary, enters into the process of information interaction with other management bodiesin laziness. The advantages of such a structure are: reduced requirements for productivity and reliability of each processing and control center without compromising the quality of management; reducing the total length of communication channels.

The disadvantages of the system are as follows: complication of information processesfrom owls in the control system due to the need to exchange data between processing and control centers, as well as adjusting the stored information; excessh technical means for information processing; layerf synchronization of information exchange processes.

Hierarchical structure

With an increase in the number of control problems in complex systems, theand the volume of processed information increases and the complexity of the algorithm increasest mov management. As a result, it is not possible to manage centrallys is possible, since there is a discrepancy between the complexity of the controlled object and the ability of any controlling body to receive and processs to post information.

In addition, in such systems, the following groups of tasks can be distinguished, each of which is characterized by relevant requirements by reaction time to events occurring in the controlled process:

data collection tasks from the control object and direct digital control (reaction time, seconds, fractions of a second);

extreme control tasks associated with the calculation of the desired parameters of the controlled process and the required values \u200b\u200bof the regulator settings, with the logical tasks of starting and stopping the units, etc. (reaction time - seconds, minutes);

optimization and adaptive process control problems, technical and economic problems (reaction time - a few seconds);

informational tasks for administrative management, dispatching and coordination tasks on the scale of a shop, an enterprise, planning tasks, etc. (reaction time - hours).

Obviously, the hierarchy of management tasks leads to the need to create a hierarchical system of management tools. Such division, allowing to cope with information difficulties for each local government body, gives rise to the need to coordinate the decisions taken by these bodies, that is, to create a new governing body over them. At each level, the maximum correspondence of the characteristics of technical means to a given class of tasks must be ensured.

In addition, many production systems have their own hierarchy, which arises under the influence of objective trends in scientific and technological progress, concentration and specialization of production, which contribute to increasing the efficiency of social production. Most often, the hierarchical structure of the control object does not coincide with the hierarchy of the control system. Consequently, as the complexity of systems grows, a hierarchical management pyramid is built. Controlled processes in a complex control object require timely formation correct decisionsthat would lead to the set goals, would be adopted in a timely manner, would be mutually agreed upon. Each such solution requires the formulation of a corresponding control problem. Their combination forms a hierarchy of management tasks, which in some cases is much more complex than the hierarchy of the management object.

Types of ACS

Automated process control system or ACS TP - solves the problems of operational management and control of technical objects in industry, energy, transport.
Automated production control system (ACS P) - solves the problems of organizing production, including the main production processes, incoming and outgoing logistics. Carries out short-term planning of production, taking into account production capacity, analysis of product quality, modeling of the production process. To solve these problems, useMIS and MES -systems as wellLIMS systems.

Examples:

Automated street lighting control system ("ACS UO") - designed to organize the automation of centralized control of street lighting.
- Automated outdoor lighting control system ("ASUNO") - designed to organize the automation of centralized control of outdoor lighting.
- Automated traffic control system or ACS DD - designed to control vehicle and pedestrian flows on the road network of a city or motorway
Automated enterprise management system or ACS - to solve these problems are usedMRP, MRP II and ERP systems. If the enterprise is an educational institution, applylearning management systems.

Examples:

« Hotel management system". Along with this name, PMS Property Management System is used
- « Automated operational risk management system"Is a software that contains a set of tools necessary for solving the problems of managing operational risks of enterprises: from collecting data to reporting and making forecasts.

Automatic control systems (ACS)

Types of automatic control systems

An automatic control system, as a rule, consists of two main elements - a control object and a control device.

ACS can be divided into:

By management purpose

Control object - change in the state of the object in accordance with a given control law. Such a change occurs as a result of external factors, for example, due to control or disturbance influences.

A) Automatic control systems

Automatic stabilization systems... The output value is kept constant (the setpoint isconstant ). Deviations occur due to disturbances and when switched on.
Software control systems... The setpoint changes according to the predefined program law f. Along with the errors encountered in automatic control systems, there are also errors from inertia.regulator.
Tracking systems... The input action is unknown. It is determined only during the functioning of the system. Errors are very species dependentfunction f (t).

B) Systems of extreme regulation

Able to supportextreme valuesome criterion (for example, minimum or maximum) characterizingquality functioning of the object. The quality criterion, which is usually calledtarget function, the extreme value or extreme performance, can be either directly measuredphysical quantity (for example, temperature, current, voltage, humidity, pressure), or efficiency, performance and etc.

Allocate:

Systems with extreme relay action controller. A universal extreme regulator should be a highly scalable device capable of performing a large number of computations according to various methods.
- Signum regulator is used as an analog quality analyzer that uniquely characterizes only one adjustable parameter of the systems. It consists of two devices connected in series: Signum relay (D-trigger ) and an executive motor (integrator).
- Extreme systems with an inertial object
- Extreme systems with an inertial object
- Extreme systems with a floating characteristic. Used whenextremum changes in unpredictable or difficult to identify ways.
Systems with a synchronous detector (extreme continuous systems). The direct channel hasdifferentiating linkthat does not pass the constant component. It is impossible or inapplicable to remove or bypass this link for any reason. To ensure the operability of the system, modulation of the reference action and coding of the signal in the forward channel are used, and after the differentiating link,synchronous phase detector.

C) Adaptive automatic control systems

They serve to ensure the desired quality of the process with a wide range of changes in the characteristics of control objects and disturbances.

By the type of information in the control device

A) Closed ACS

In closed systems of automatic control, the control action is formed in direct dependence on the controlled value. The connection of the system input with its output is calledfeedback ... Signal feedback subtracted from the reference. This feedback is callednegative.

B) Open-loop ACS

The essence of the open-loop control principle ishard a given control program. That is, the control is carried out "blindly", without control of the result, based only on the model of the controlled object embedded in the ACS. Examples of such systems:timer , traffic light control unit, automatic lawn watering system, automatic washer etc.

In turn, they are distinguished:

Opened by reference action
Opened by disturbance

ACS characteristics

Depending on the description of the variables, the systems are divided intolinear and non-linear ... Linear systems include systems consisting of description elements that are specified by linear algebraic ordifferential equations.

If all the parameters of the equation of motion of the system do not change in time, then such a system is calledstationary ... If at least one parameter of the equation of motion of the system changes intime , then the system is callednon-stationary or with variable parameters.

Systems in which external (driving) influences are defined and described by continuous or discretefunctions in time belong to the classdeterministicsystems.

Systems in which random signal or parametric actions take place and are described by stochastic differential or difference equations belong to the classstochastic systems.

If the system contains at least one element whose description is given by the equationpartial derivatives, then the system belongs to the class of systemswith distributed variables.

Systems in which continuous dynamics generated at each moment of time is interspersed with discrete commands sent from the outside are calledhybrid systems.

Examples of automatic control systems

Depending on naturemanaged objectscan be distinguished biological, ecological, economic and technical systems management. Examples of technical management include:

Discrete-acting systems ormachines (trading, gaming, music).
Stabilization systemssound, picture or magnetic recording... These can be controlled complexesaircraftincluding automatic control systemsengine, steering mechanisms, autopilots and navigation systems.

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Summary of a lesson in informatics on the topic: “Process management. Concept of automatic and automated control systems "

Lesson Objectives:

Educational:

Master the concept of ACS and ACS;

Tell the difference between ACS and ACS;

Consider examples of ACS and ACS.

Developing:

Develop the ability to analyze and compare;

Develop logical thinking;

Develop creativity.

Educational:

Lesson plan:

Information system.

Types of control systems.

Examples of CNC equipment.

Control schemes.

1. Information process - the process of receiving, creating, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching, distributing and using information.

Information systems are systems in which information processes take place.

If the supplied information is extracted from any process (object), and the output is used to purposefully change the same object, then such an information system is called a control system.

2. Types of control systems:

manual,

automated (man-machine),

automatic (technical).

Automated system is a system consisting of personnel and a set of means for automating their activities, which implements an automated technology for performing established functions.

An automated control system or ACS is a set of hardware and software tools designed to control various processes within a technological process, production, or enterprise.

ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc.

The term automated, in contrast to the term automatic, emphasizes the preservation of certain functions for the person - the operator, either of the most general, goal-setting nature, or not amenable to automation.

The concept “ Automated control system ”Began to be used in Russia in the 50s of the XX century. Intensive use of such systems began in the 1970s – 1980s. It was mainly aimed at facilitating routine operations.

The emergence of ACS is due to the need to improve organizational structure management of an enterprise, organization, institution, etc.

ACS is a combination of a team of people and a complex of software and hardware, i.e. is a man-machine system based on economic and mathematical methods of management, the use of computers.

Automation is based on extensive use of tools computing technology (SVT) and the software necessary for them. As technical means of automated control systems, multi-machine, multiprocessor complexes have been used, forming with the help of computers and information networks distributed systems information processing. Automated workstations and sections are usually used in the implementation of ACS.

Tasks solved in ACS are divided into tasks requiring an immediate response and allowing a certain delay in execution time.

Basically, the following modes of ACS operation are distinguished: parallel processing, time quantization for batch processing, operational processing, real time and teleprocessing of information and data. In modetime quantization each application program is allocated a time slice, after which control is transferred to the next program. The increase in the speed of the system's response to the user is achieved byoperational (online, direct)data processing ... When a multi-program computer operation mode is combined with time slicing and direct access mode,timesharing mode . Real time mode intended for tasks requiring immediate response. It is characterized by remote processing of information (teleprocessing ). Teleprocessing mode can be used in other cases, for example, for batch mode of data processing.

Automation can significantly reduce the time to create new models of equipment, products, etc., as well as service users, significantly increase the level of their service, transform and modify individual technological processes, and sometimes all the main traditionally used technologies. Although initially automated systems were intended to automate complex production technological processes, yet they were called ACS for a reason. The management of any processes is associated with the performance of the actual management functions, i.e. interaction of people in the process of performing any work. In this case, the activity of the administrative and managerial apparatus is activated and the workflow is improved. An important place in such processes has always been given to the information circulating in the organization.

ACS - flexible integrated systems with elements artificial intelligence... They are focused on the implementation of paperless, unmanned object management with adjustment to changing external conditions and resources. The implementation of such tasks is based on the use of computers, united by an information network or networks with other computers.

For functional tasks that have sufficiently formalized solution algorithms (financial and accounting, material and technical supply, personnel, etc.), the introduction of an automated control system has significantly improved reporting, control of documentation, timeliness of decision-making, and in many cases this has given a significant economic effect ...

Consequently, for the successful functioning of an automated control system, there is a need to automate information processes, and therefore to create automated information systems (AIS). So it was in the beginning. As a result, information systems have emerged that allow automated execution of processes related to production management and different kinds activities, as well as with office work. In Russia these processes begin in the second half of the 20th century.

Then it became obvious that AIS can be used not only to improve management production processes, but also with the aim of improving the quality of created information products and services, improving the quality and efficiency of user service, etc. Information automated control systems have the ability to present information in a form convenient for subsequent use, processing in a computer, as well as transmitting it through communication channels.

2. Automated information systems
Automation of information processes, contributing to the elimination of many routine operations, increasing the comfort and at the same time efficiency of work, providing users with new, previously unknown, opportunities for working with information, creates new problems, the solution of which can be carried out only on the basis of using general scientific methods and new information technologies... At each stage of the development of society, they reflect the inherent level of high technology.

Automated information system (Automated information system, AIS) is a collection of software and hardware designed for storing and (or) managing data and information, as well as for the production of calculations.

The main purpose of AIS is to store, ensure effective search and transfer of information on relevant requests for the fullest satisfaction of information requests of a large number of users.

TO the basic principles of information process automation include: payback, reliability, flexibility, safety, friendliness, compliance with standards.

Payback means spending less money on getting an effective, reliable, productive system, the ability to quickly solve the set tasks. It is believed that the payback period for the system should be no more than 2–5 years.

Reliability achieved by using reliable software and hardware, the use of modern technologies. The purchased funds must have certificates and (or) licenses.

Flexibility means easy adaptation of the system to changing requirements for it, to the introduced new functions. This is usually achieved by creating a modular system.

Safety means ensuring the safety of information, regulating work with the system, using special equipment and ciphers.

Friendliness is that the system should be simple, easy to learn and use (menus, hints, error correction system, etc.).

There are four types of AIS:

Covering one process (operation) in one organization.

Combines several processes in one organization.

Providing the functioning of one process on the scale of several interacting organizations.

Implementing the work of several processes or systems on the scale of several organizations.

When creating AIS, it is advisable to unify the organized systems (subsystems) as much as possible for the convenience of their distribution, modification, operation, as well as training personnel to work with the appropriate software. The development of AIS involves identifying the processes to be automated, studying them, identifying patterns and features (analysis), which helps to determine the goals and objectives of the system being created. Then the necessary information technologies are introduced (synthesis). For the successful implementation of design and organizational work, it is recommended to identify several prototypes of the designed object and the software and hardware installed on it. On their basis, develop several options. Then they choose alternative ones, of which, finally, the best solution.

AIS can be imagined as a complex of automated information technologies that make up an information system designed for information services to consumers. In AIS, automated workstations (AWPs) based on personal computers, distributed databases, software tools aimed at the end user are usually used.

The main purpose of automated information systems is not only to collect and save electronic information resources, but also to provide users with access to them. One of critical features AIS is the organization of data search in their information arrays (databases). Therefore, AIS are practically automated information retrieval systems (AIPS),

Automated information retrieval system - software, intended for the implementation of the processes of input, processing, storage, search, data presentation, etc.

AIPS are factual and documentary.

Factographic AIPS usually use tabular relational databases with a fixed data structure (records).

Documentary AIPS differ in uncertainty or variable data structure (documents). AIS shells are usually used for their development.

Examples of numerically controlled equipment.

Numerical control (CNC) means a computerized control system that reads instructions from a specialized programming language (such as G-code) and controls the drives of metal, wood and plastic machine tools and machine tooling.

Machine tools equipped with numerical control are called CNC machines. In addition to metal cutting (for example, milling or turning), there is equipment for cutting sheet blanks, for forming.

The CNC system translates programs from the input language into commands for controlling the main drive, feed drives, controllers for controlling machine units (turn on / off cooling, for example). To determine the required trajectory of movement of the working body (tool / workpiece) in accordance with the control program, the trajectory of machining parts is calculated.

FROM
information transfer scheme:

Processes that do not take into account the state of the control object and provide control over direct channel (from the control system to the control object) are calledopen.

The system in which the control object receives information about the real state of the control object via the feedback channel, based on which it performs the necessary control actions via the direct control channel, is calledclosed system control or feedback system.

1. Information process - the process of receiving, creating, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching, distributing and using information.

Information systems are systems in which information processes take place.

If the supplied information is extracted from any process (object), and the output is used to purposefully change the same object, then such an information system is called a control system.

2. Types of control systems:

Manual,

Automated (man-machine),

· Automatic (technical).

Automated system is a system consisting of personnel and a set of means for automating their activities, which implements an automated technology for performing established functions.

An automated control system or ACS is a set of hardware and software tools designed to control various processes within a technological process, production, or enterprise.

ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc.

The concept “ Automated control system”Began to be used in Russia in the 50s of the XX century. Intensive use of such systems began in the 1970s – 1980s. It was mainly aimed at facilitating routine operations.

The emergence of ACS is due to the need to improve the organizational structure of enterprise management, organization, institution, etc. Nowadays it is a necessary element of many branches of knowledge and economy of the country. ACS is a collection of a team of people and a complex of software and hardware, i.e. is a man-machine system based on economic and mathematical methods of management, the use of computers.

Automation is based on the widespread use of computer technology (CBT) and the software necessary for them. As technical means of automated control systems, multi-machine, multiprocessor complexes have been used, which form distributed information processing systems with the help of computers and information networks. Automated workstations and sections are usually used in the implementation of ACS.

Tasks solved in ACS are divided into tasks requiring an immediate response and allowing a certain delay in execution time.

Basically, the following modes of ACS operation are distinguished: parallel processing, time quantization for batch processing, operational processing, real time and teleprocessing of information and data. In mode time quantizationeach application program is allocated a time slice, after which control is transferred to the next program. Increasing the speed of the system's response to the user is achieved by operational (online, direct) data processing... When a multi-program computer operation mode is combined with time slicing and direct access mode, timesharing mode. Real time mode intended for tasks requiring immediate response. It is characterized by remote processing of information ( teleprocessing). Teleprocessing mode can be used in other cases, for example, for batch processing of data.

Automation can significantly reduce the time to create new models of equipment, products, etc., as well as service users, significantly increase the level of their service, transform and modify individual technological processes, and sometimes all the main traditionally used technologies. Although initially automated systems were intended to automate complex industrial technological processes, they were called ACS for a reason. The management of any processes is associated with the performance of the actual management functions, i.e. interaction of people in the process of performing any work. In this case, the activity of the administrative and managerial apparatus is activated and the workflow is improved. An important place in such processes has always been given to the information circulating in the organization.

ACS - flexible integrated systems with elements of artificial intelligence. They are focused on the implementation of paperless, unmanned object management with adjustment to changing external conditions and resources. The implementation of such tasks is based on the use of computers, united by an information network or networks with other computers.

Consequently, for the successful functioning of the automated control system, there is a need for the automation of information processes, and hence the creation of automated information systems (AIS). So it was in the beginning. As a result, information systems have appeared that allow automated execution of processes related to production management and various types of activities, as well as office work. In Russia these processes begin in the second half of the 20th century.

Then it became obvious that AIS can be used not only to improve the management of production processes, but also to improve the quality of created information products and services, improve the quality and efficiency of user service, etc. Information automated control systems have the ability to present information in a form convenient for subsequent use, processing in a computer, as well as transmitting it through communication channels.

2. Automated information systems
Automation of information processes, contributing to the elimination of many routine operations, increasing the comfort and at the same time efficiency of work, providing users with new, previously unknown, opportunities to work with information, creates new problems, the solution of which can be carried out only on the basis of the use of general scientific methods and new information technologies. At each stage of the development of society, they reflect the inherent level of high technology.

The main purpose of AIS is to store, ensure effective search and transfer of information on relevant requests for the fullest satisfaction of information requests of a large number of users.

TO the basic principles of information process automation include: payback, reliability, flexibility, safety, friendliness, compliance with standards.

Paybackmeans spending less money on getting an effective, reliable, productive system, the ability to quickly solve the set tasks. It is believed that the payback period for the system should be no more than 2–5 years.

Reliability achieved by using reliable software and hardware, the use of modern technologies. The purchased funds must have certificates and (or) licenses.

Flexibility means easy adaptation of the system to changing requirements for it, to the introduced new functions. This is usually achieved by creating a modular system.

Safety means ensuring the safety of information, regulating work with the system, using special equipment and ciphers.

Friendlinessis that the system should be simple, easy to learn and use (menus, hints, error correction system, etc.).

There are four types of AIS:

1. Covering one process (operation) in one organization.

2. Combining several processes in one organization.

3. Ensuring the functioning of one process on the scale of several interacting organizations.

4. Implementing the work of several processes or systems on the scale of several organizations.

The main purpose of automated information systems is not only to collect and save electronic information resources, but also to provide users with access to them. One of the most important features of AIS is the organization of data search in their information arrays (databases). Therefore, AIS are practically automated information retrieval systems (AIPS),

AIPS are factual and documentary.

Factographic AIPS usually use tabular relational databases with a fixed data structure (records).

Documentary AIPS differ in uncertainty or variable data structure (documents). AIS shells are usually used for their development.

Examples of numerically controlled equipment.

Machine tools equipped with numerical control are called CNC machines. In addition to metal cutting (for example, milling or turning), there is equipment for cutting sheet blanks, for forming.

Information transfer scheme:

Processes that do not take into account the state of the control object and provide control through a direct channel (from the control system to the control object) are called open.

Questions:

What is an automated control system.
Appointment of ACS.
What functions do ACS perform?
Give examples of ACS.

Homework: Come up with 1 example of a closed and open control system.