Chemistry is used to make soap. Physicochemical properties of soap-forming substances and their comparative analysis for industrial and self-made soap. The technology of making soap at home

Physical properties soap. Soaps are salts of higher fatty acids. In production and in everyday life, soap is called technical mixtures of water-soluble salts, these acids, often with the addition of some other substances that have a detergent effect. The mixtures are usually based on sodium (less often potassium and ammonium) salts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule from 12 to 18 (stearic, palmitic, myristic, lauric and oleic). Salts of naphthenic and resin acids, and sometimes other compounds that have detergency in solutions, are often also referred to soaps. Salts of fatty acids and alkaline earth and polyvalent metals insoluble in water are called “metal” soaps.

Water-soluble soaps are typical metal-forming surfactants. At a concentration above a certain critical value, in a soap solution, along with individual molecules (ions) of the dissolved substance, there are micelles - colloidal particles formed by the accumulation of molecules in large associates. The presence of micelles and high surface (adsorption) activity of soap determine the characteristic properties of soap solutions: the ability to wash away dirt, foam, wet hydrophobic surfaces, emulsify oils, etc.

Chemical properties of soap.

Soaps are quite active substances, so they are characterized by the properties of any salt.

1) Soaps are formed by a strong base and a weak acid, therefore they are easily hydrolyzed:

С17Н35СООNa + Н2О \u003d С17Н35СООН + NaОН

The environment during hydrolysis is alkaline, so soaps are quite aggressive towards the skin and their frequent use leads to degreasing.

2) Soaps react with acids:

2С17Н35СООNa + Н2SO4 \u003d Na2SO4 + 2С17Н35СООН

In both reactions, stearic acid precipitates as a white amorphous precipitate.

3) Hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts, they increase precipitation:

2C17H35COONa + Ca (HCO3) 2 \u003d (C17H35COO) 2Ca + 2NaHCO3

This precipitates calcium stearate in the form of a white amorphous substance.

4) Soaps react with heavy metal salts:

2С17Н35СООNa + Cu SO4 \u003d (С17Н35СОО) 2Сu + Na2SO4

2С17Н35СООNa + (СН3СОО) 2 Hg \u003d (С17Н35СОО) 2Hg + 2СН3СООNa

In both reactions, soaps are formed with a neutral character and antiseptic properties. But they contain toxic elements that can cause allergies with frequent use.

Any soap, wherever and however it was produced, is sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids obtained as a result of the so-called. saponification reactions between alkali and oils. But this result can be achieved in various ways.

Industrial soap. For the industrial production of soap, any raw material is used that can be bought cheap. Therefore, the raw materials for the production of industrial soap are beef, pork or mixed animal fats (i.e. waste from the meat industry), palm, coconut and other inexpensive oils, rosin (obtained from the processing of coniferous resin), synthetic (artificial) fatty acids, ( obtained from oil paraffin by catalytic oxidation with atmospheric oxygen), naphthenic acids released during the refining of petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene, etc.). As you understand, all these fats are introduced according to the recipe to obtain certain properties, but no one would even think of calling such a soap "natural".

The industrial soap production process takes place in two stages - chemical and mechanical stages. At the first stage (soap boiling) an aqueous solution of sodium salts (less often potassium) of fatty acids or their substitutes (naphthenic, resinous) is obtained. Crude fats used in production are treated with alkali. The result is the so-called. "Soap glue" or "glue soap". This mixture is purified because it contains contaminants in the feedstock.

Soap boiling is finished by treating the “soap glue” with electrolytes - excess alkali (NaOH) or NaCl solution. As a result, the soap delaminates. The so-called. “Soap core - concentrated soap, which contains up to 60% fatty acids (oil). The bottom layer is the so-called "lye", which contains water, glycerin and contaminants in the feedstock. The refined glycerin is most often added back to the soap, but not necessarily all.

Glycerin obtained by cooking soap from animal or vegetable fats can be completely separated. It finds wide application: in the production of explosives (trinitroglycerin) and polymer resins; as a fabric and leather softener; for perfumery, cosmetic and medical preparations; in production confectionery and liquors. It gives the latter a viscous consistency.

The soap obtained in this way is called sound, and the process of its separation from the solution is called salting out or salting out. This is done to increase the concentration of soap and to clean it from proteinaceous, coloring and mechanical impurities - this is how the laundry soap is obtained.

At the second stage of soap production, mechanical processing is carried out - cooling, drying, mixing with various additives, finishing and packaging. The resulting soap (soap core) soap is ground on the rollers of a special peeling machine. As a result of this treatment, the percentage of fatty acids can be increased to an average of 73%. In addition, the resistance of the resulting soap to rancidity, drying and high temperatures increases. The peeled soap is formed into the desired shape by pressing.

In the manufacture of toilet soap in purified sound soap, the water content is artificially reduced from 30 to 12%. After that, perfumery fragrances, bleaches such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), dyes, etc. are introduced into it.

Good toilet soaps are made from coconut or palm oil, which is used at 50% or more of the oil. Coconut oil is highly soluble in cold water and is highly foaming. Expensive toilet soaps are made entirely from coconut oil. Sometimes toilet soap contains up to 10% free fatty acids.

To improve some of the characteristics of laundry soap (sometimes toilet soap), as well as to reduce the cost, fillers are introduced into its composition. These can be sodium salts (Na2CO3, Na2B4O7, Na5P3O10, water glass), which, when dissolved in water, lead to alkalization, glues (casein, casein jelly), carbohydrates (starch). Adhesives and starch contribute to the formation of a soap solution and the stability of the foam, but they do not have a detergency.

To obtain pastes, finely crushed sand, crushed brick, and fatty clays are introduced into liquid laundry soap. They facilitate mechanical cleaning. These soaps are used for cleaning kitchen utensils, unpainted furniture, floors, etc.

Expensive soaps use saponin to improve foaming. This substance is obtained by leaching some plants and, above all, the soap root. Saponin is highly soluble in water and its solutions foam strongly.

In the industrial production of soap, various flavors, dyes, preservatives are added to its composition. In most modern varieties of soap (toilet soap, baby, bath soap), synthetic detergents are added: lauryl and laureth sulfates, sulfonates and other surfactants (surfactants). These artificially obtained substances have excellent detergent properties, and due to the different hydrogen index (pH), they can act even in hard and sea water. These substances can be harmful to the skin and even to the body as a whole. The effect of some of them on the human body is not fully understood.

Homemade soap. In the production of homemade soap, the following are used: refined animal fats

high quality vegetable fats (refined or unrefined, sometimes directly pressed - these are the highest quality oils possible).

Since these fats are already refined, no refining is usually required. The amount and ratio of oils, alkali and water are calculated using a special calculator. Sometimes - manually, according to the saponification tables. It contains the so-called saponification numbers for each oil.

Some oils, being saponified, give the soap firmness, others give a lush and abundant lather, and still others are "responsible" for moisturizing and gentle cleansing. All this is taken into account, or rather, must be taken into account. It all depends on the experience, knowledge and desire of the soap-maker to get this or that soap. You can make your own baby soap, for dry and sensitive skin, for washing, hypoallergenic, for a bath, medicinal (for various skin diseases), for oily skin, anti-acne, shaving, shampoo - for dry hair, normal, oily, anti-dandruff that stimulates hair growth and even dental! Even a slight change in the recipe can radically change the properties of the resulting soap. Any self-respecting soap maker has a set of successful recipes. The most successful ones are even kept secret.

So, the required amount of oils, alkali and liquid is hung. The components are carefully weighed and mixed: oils - with each other, by melting solid oils in a water bath. The alkali is dissolved in a liquid. In home soap making, water is often replaced with liquids such as milk, herbal decoctions, herbal and flower hydrolates (rose water, lavender, chamomile, etc.), tea, coffee, beer, wine. Provided they are used correctly, these components retain some of their useful properties.

The oils and alkali solution are thoroughly mixed. The saponification reaction begins. Soap is not treated with electrolytes, so water remains in its composition and gradually evaporates when it dries. Often homemade soap, with the same weight, is much larger in volume than the factory one, and rinses off faster. It's all about the lack of pressing and a higher water content. But this is not true for all soaps. Many soaps of our production are washed off twice as long as industrial soaps.

The soapy mass thickens as it reacts. There is no separation into the core and lye. Glycerin, most often, does not separate.

If the process is stopped at the "trace" stage, this method is called "cold". All the necessary additives are added to the soap (essential and care oils, herbal decoctions, honey, alcohol, etc.). After that, the mass is poured into molds and left to solidify for 2-4 days (depending on the amount of liquid).

When the soap has set (holds its shape), take it out of the molds and cut it (if the molds are not designed for one bar at once). After that, the soap is left to mature. Complete analogy with cheese or wine!

Ripening is usually done in a cool (but not cold) dark place. Soap matures from 1.5 to 12 months (noble Castile and Marseilles soaps, the oils for which contain 80-100% olive oil. Some types of soaps can mature for 2 years, getting only better, but this is possible only under the right storage conditions (temperature, humidity, lack of lighting).

You can speed up the preparation of soap. For this there is a so-called. "Hot" way. The soap that has entered the "trace" stage is heated in a water bath or in an oven (but at a temperature of no more than 50-70 ° C), constantly stirring. This is done to speed up the saponification reaction.

In a few hours, the soap will be completely ready - the process of reaction of fats and alkali (saponification) is complete. The soap maker adds essential oils, herbs and other additives, the contact of which with free alkali is undesirable. This is done before the mass hardens. The soap is laid out according to the shapes, then, just like in the previous method, it is allowed to solidify, taken out, cut. But now it is completely ready to eat without ripening! It is sometimes recommended to let the soap stand for a couple of weeks for optimal results.

Soap made "hot" does not look so smooth due to the fact that it is already quite thick in the mold. It is also darker than cold soap. But it's ready right away. It is believed that and beneficial features components are stored better in such soap. This is due to the fact that they do not come into contact with unreacted alkali.

Soap structure, its properties

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids (Scheme 1) that hydrolyze in an aqueous solution to form an acid and an alkali.

General formula of solid soap:

Salts formed by strong bases alkali metals and weak carboxylic acids, undergo hydrolysis:

The resulting alkali emulsifies, partially decomposes fats and thus releases dirt adhering to the fabric. Carboxylic acids form foam with water, which traps dirt particles. Potassium salts are better soluble in water than sodium salts and therefore have a stronger detergent property.

The hydrophobic part of the soap penetrates into the hydrophobic contaminant, as a result, the surface of each contaminant particle is surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic groups. They interact with polar water molecules. Thanks to this, the ions of the detergent, together with the contamination, are detached from the surface of the fabric and pass into the aqueous medium. This is how the contaminated surface is cleaned with a detergent.

Soap production consists of two stages: chemical and mechanical. At the first stage (soap cooking), an aqueous solution of sodium (less often potassium) salts, fatty acids or their substitutes is obtained.

Production of higher carboxylic acids by cracking and oxidation of petroleum products:

Obtaining sodium salts:

FROM n H m COOH + NaOH \u003d C n H m COONa + H 2 O.

The soap boiling is finished by treating the soap solution (soap glue) with an excess of alkali or sodium chloride solution. As a result, a concentrated layer of soap, called the core, floats to the surface of the solution. The resulting soap is called sound, and the process of its separation from the solution is called salting out or salting out.

Mechanical processing consists of cooling and drying, grinding, finishing and packaging of finished products.

As a result of the soap-making process, we get a wide variety of products that you can familiarize yourself with.

The production of laundry soap ends at the salting-out stage, while the soap is purified from protein, coloring and mechanical impurities. The production of toilet soap goes through all stages of mechanical processing. The most important of these is grinding, i.e. transferring sound soap to a solution by boiling with hot water and salting out again. In this case, the soap is extremely clean and light.

Washing powders can:

Irritating to the respiratory tract;

Stimulate the penetration of toxic substances into the skin;

Cause allergies and skin dermatitis.

In all these cases, it is necessary to switch to using soap, the only drawback of which is that it dries out the skin.

If the soap was cooked from animal or vegetable fats, then after separation of the core, glycerin formed during saponification is released from the solution, which is widely used: in the production of explosives and polymer resins, as a softener of fabric and skin, in the manufacture of perfumery, cosmetic and medical preparations, in production of confectionery.

In the production of soap, naphthenic acids are used, which are released during the refining of petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene). For this purpose, petroleum products are treated with sodium hydroxide solution and an aqueous solution of sodium salts of naphthenic acids is obtained. This solution is evaporated and treated with table salt, as a result of which a greasy mass of dark color - mylonoft - floats to the surface of the solution. To clean mylonft, it is treated with sulfuric acid. This water-insoluble product is called asidol or asidol-mylonft. Soap is made directly from asidol.

The main fatty raw materials for the production of soaps include edible and industrial animal fats, salomas, coconut, palm kernel and palm oils, synthetic fatty acids, rosin, petroleum acids, yeast and other fats.

Animal fats. Beef, lamb, pork and bone rendered fats are most used in the production of soap. Animal fats are used in the manufacture of toilet soaps in the form of crude or distilled fatty acids and non-split (neutral) fats. Rendered animal fats are high-quality fatty raw materials for the production of all types and grades of soaps. However, due to limited resources and high prices, they are mainly used for the production of toilet soaps.

Technical animal fats obtained from raw materials are not meeting the requirements to food products, from wastes of glue-gelatin, leather, bone-flour and other industries, as a rule, have a dark color, high acid number and contain a significant amount of various impurities. They are used in the production of laundry soap, as well as after thorough cleaning in the formulations of the lowest grades of toilet soap.

Beef, lamb, hydrogenated pork and bone fats contain 40 to 60% saturated fatty acids, of which about 50% palmitic acid and 36 to 55% oleic acid, making these fats a good and almost interchangeable raw material for soap making.

Due to their rapid oxidation and rancidity, rendered pork fat is used in soap making to a limited extent.

Fats of marine animals and fish in soap making are mainly used in a hydrogenated form, since the unsaturated fatty acids they contain have an unpleasant fishy odor, which is transmitted to the soap cooked from them and is retained for a long time by the washed cloth.

The vegetable oils used to make soap are divided into two main groups: solid and liquid.

Solid vegetable oils include coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Their addition to soaps ensures the creation of the desired plasticity during mechanical processing.

The disadvantage of this group of oils as raw materials for toilet soap is the content in them of low molecular weight acids, sodium salts of which do not have a detergent effect. This is the reason for the limited use of coconut oil in toilet soap formulations.

Palm oil in its fatty acid composition is close to animal fats and is a good raw material for toilet soap. Solid vegetable oils are obtained from imported raw materials and therefore they are used in production to a limited extent and only in the production of toilet soaps. They are usually replaced with highly refined synthetic fatty acids.

Liquid vegetable oils - sunflower and soybean - are not used to obtain solid toilet soaps due to the presence of significant amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids in them. For the same reason, they are added to the formulation of solid laundry soaps in an amount of no more than 15-30%. At the same time, they are suitable for cooking all types of liquid household and toilet soaps, as well as greasy household and industrial soaps.

Salomas. Technical salomas are used in the production of laundry and toilet soaps. Vegetable oils, fats of land and sea animals, natural fatty acids obtained from fats, oils and soap stocks are used as raw materials for hydrogenation.

For the production of laundry soap, oils are hydrogenated to a titer of 46-500C, and for toilet soap - 39-430C.

Natural fatty acids. Most factories use fatty acids rather than fats to make all types of soaps.

The method of direct saponification of fats is used only in individual enterprises that produce the highest grades of light toilet soaps. The main mass of fats and oils sent to soap making is subjected to preliminary splitting.

Split fats (more precisely, fatty acids) can be used to make all types of soaps, while improving the quality of the product, since the fatty acids obtained by non-reactive splitting do not darken.

Synthetic fatty acids (FFA). Synthetic fatty acids are produced by oxidation of petroleum wax with atmospheric oxygen. This produces a mixture of acids containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms per molecule. This mixture is divided into different fractions. Two fractions are prepared for soap making. The first fraction includes mainly acids containing from 10 to 16 carbon atoms in a molecule. It is sometimes called the coconut fraction and is used in soap formulations instead of coconut oil. The second fraction of synthetic fatty acids contains mainly acids with 17-20 carbon atoms in the molecule, it is called the fatty fraction and is used in soap formulations instead of fatty acids. Unlike natural fatty acids, synthetic acid molecules can contain both an even and an odd number of carbon atoms. A significant disadvantage of the first fraction of FFA is the presence in it in the form of impurities of 4-5% low molecular weight acids C5-C9, the sodium salts of which do not have a detergent effect. They dissolve well in water and soapy lye and are not salted out even with a saturated solution of sodium chloride. For this reason, they are removed with lye and are practically lost. The second fraction is fatty, often containing an increased amount of unsaponifiables and other impurities, including those that impart an unpleasant odor to acids.

FFAs have a low viscosity in comparison with natural fatty acids, which contributes to the production of soap base with good plastic characteristics. In addition, it improves the productivity of the installation.

Fatty waste. In the process of obtaining and processing fats and oils, a variety of fat-containing wastes are formed - soap stocks, fuses, waste bleaching clay, trap fat and others used in soap making. In addition to fats, they contain a large amount of various impurities, usually colored in a dark color. Many of them have an unpleasant odor. Laundry soap made from such waste turns out to be dark in color with an unpleasant odor. Therefore, fat-containing waste must be cleaned - remove foreign matter. Most effective method purification is the separation and subsequent distillation of the fatty acids they contain.

Soap stock - waste resulting from the purification of oils and fats with alkali solutions. It contains soap, neutral fat and water. In addition, various mucus, proteins, salts, dyes and other substances pass into soap stocks from refined fats. The composition of soap stocks is not constant, therefore, before starting the processing of soap stock, it is necessary to have data on the substances it contains and their quantity.

Fuze is a flocculent sludge formed during storage of raw (unrefined) vegetable oils in tanks or separating on filter presses and centrifuges during primary oil purification. This sediment contains from 65 to 85% fat, the rest is accounted for by various impurities: scraps of plant cells, phospholipids, proteinaceous, resinous and mucous substances, water, etc.

Fuses have a dark color and an unpleasant odor that increases during storage due to the decomposition of protein substances.

When used in soap making fats contained in fusa, they must be thoroughly cleaned and free from impurities.

Used bleaching clay, in addition to dyes, also absorb a significant amount of fat, which depends on the oil absorption of this adsorbent.

The fat, previously extracted from the waste bleaching clay, is sent to soap production.

The fat from the traps and other fatty waste also go to the soap factories. They contain varying amounts of impurities, so when using this fat to make soaps, it must be thoroughly cleaned.

Natural fat substitutes. Natural fat substitutes used in soap making include rosin, tall oil and petroleum acids. Due to limited resources, as well as due to the appearance of FFA, the importance of natural fat substitutes has decreased. However, they are still used in some types of laundry soap.

Rosin is a solid, resinous mass, from light yellow to dark brown. It consists of a mixture of unsaturated resin acids, the main of which is abietic. The extraction rosin also contains 5-10% fatty acids.

Rosin as a substitute for natural fats can be used in the preparation of household soaps in the amount of 10-15% of the fat mixture. In the manufacture of lower grades of toilet soap, 3-5% of light grades of rosin are sometimes used.

Tall oil is a waste product from pulp production. Due to its dark color and strong unpleasant odor, crude tallow oil is an undesirable component of soap. When distilled with water vapor under vacuum, a light yellow oily liquid is obtained - distilled tall oil, which is used in the production of liquid and solid laundry soap.

Petroleum (naphthenic) acids are contained in some petroleum products - kerosene, diesel oil, etc. When these products are processed with a sodium alkali solution, it binds petroleum acids and forms a specific product called soap. Together with oil soaps, a certain amount of oil products gets into the mass, which impart a specific smell and dark color to the soap.

Caustic alkalis, when interacting with neutral fats, saponify triglycerides and bind the fatty acids released during this process, forming the corresponding soaps.

Caustic soda (trade name caustic soda). It is used in the production of all types of solid soaps. It is produced in several grades and grades in solid and liquid form.

Solid caustic soda, depending on the grade, contains from 92 to 95% NaOH, and liquid - 42-43%. Of impurities, it contains sodium carbonate (2-3%) and table salt (from 1 to 2.5%).

Enterprises prepare an aqueous solution of caustic soda of the required concentration by stirring at 50-60 ° C, followed by filtration of the resulting solution.

Caustic potassium is used in the production of liquid, oily and some special soaps. Potassium hydroxide is produced in solid and liquid forms of several brands (from A to D). The solid product is an opaque mass. Liquid product - concentrated solution up to 55%. The content of caustic alkalis in a solid product, depending on the brand, is 93-95%, in a liquid product - 50-52%.

Carbonate salts. Compared with caustic alkalis, carbonate salts are less reactive. They do not saponify neutral fats under normal cooking conditions. They react well and quickly enough with fatty acids to form the corresponding salts (soaps).

Sodium carbonate (soda ash, sodium carbonate), trade name - soda ash. is a white, fine crystalline powder.

Sodium carbonate is used in the production of solid soaps from digested fats, fatty and petroleum acids, and rosin. It is introduced into some types of soaps to increase the hardness of the lumpy or the mobility of the molten soap. Sodium carbonate is produced in several types and brands. Depending on the type and brand, the commercial product contains from 91 to 99% sodium carbonate.

At soap factories, a solution of sodium carbonate with a concentration of 32-33% is prepared by dissolving in water at 80 ° C in containers with stirrers.

Potassium carbonate (potassium carbonate), trade name - potash. The product is produced in the form of small white granules, two grades (calcined and one and a half water) and two grades. Depending on the type and grade, the commercial product contains 92.5-98% of potassium carbonate. It is used to produce liquid, greasy and special soaps from split fats and fatty acids, and also as a technological additive to increase the mobility of molten soap.

Phosphate salts. Sodium and potassium salts of phosphoric acid are produced in different chemical compositions and, accordingly, they have different properties.

The main phosphate salts used in soap production are sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate. They are added to washing powders and some types of bar soaps to increase the detergent effect.

Sodium tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10) is a white powder. It is added to some varieties of solid laundry soap in the amount of 4-6%.

Sodium hexametaphosphate (NaPO3) 6 is a hard, glassy, \u200b\u200bslightly colored mass. It dissolves well in water, especially when heated, forming solutions with a concentration of up to 70%.

Aqueous solutions of sodium hexametaphosphate have an acidic reaction, therefore, in soap production, it can also be used to bind excess free caustic alkali, if there is more seed in the soap mass than is allowed technical conditions... It is also added to toilet soap in an amount of up to 5% to prevent the formation of calcium and magnesium insoluble soaps when using the product.

Silicic acid salts (sodium silicates) are a product of variable chemical composition Na2O * nSiO2. In soap factories, sodium silicate is used, in which the weight ratio of SiO2 to Na2O ranges from 2.6 to 3.4.

Sodium silicate is produced in two types - soda and soda-sulfate. Sodium soda silicate has a higher quality, it has fewer impurities.

Sodium silicate has significant detergency and is therefore a desirable component. Also, this salt increases the hardness of the soap, reduces its stickiness, and prevents the appearance of soda crystals on its surface. The addition of sodium silicate in a small amount (0.1-0.5%) to toilet and laundry soap slows down the browning and rancidity of the product. Sodium silicate enhances the effect of antioxidants added to soap.

The report on the topic "Soap" will briefly tell you a lot useful information about this chemical product, and you will learn interesting historical facts about its invention.

"Soap" post on chemistry

Soap is a solid or liquid product consisting of surface active substances combined with water. Today it is used for finishing fabrics, as a detergent, in water-based paints and polishes, for the production of cosmetics, and in explosives.

The history of soap making: briefly

According to one version, soap making was invented in Sumer. But archaeological excavations in the Nile have shown that, nevertheless, ancient Egypt is the birthplace of soap. Here soap making was developed 6,000 years ago, and records on papyrus testify to this. In the period of antiquity, these types of soap were used - liquid, soft and hard. Since 164 the Romans have used it as a detergent. In the Middle Ages, only priests and nobles could use soap. Soap making in Western Europe spread in the XII-XIII centuries. Later it turned into industry, the center of which was Marseille. Since the end of the XIV century, soap making has been actively developing in Greece, Spain, Italy and Germany. Today, soap is produced not only in factories; handicrafts are also valued.

Industrial soap production

Soap making consists of 2 stages:

• Soap brewing (chemical stage)

An aqueous solution is made from sodium salts (less often potassium), fatty acids or substitutes. After treating the crude fats with alkali, an adhesive soap is obtained. The mixture is purified and treated with electrolytes - NaOH alkali or NaCl solution. Thus, the soap is stratified: the upper layer is concentrated soap, and the lower one is soapy lye (water and glycerin). Soap in this case is called sound or household soap.

• Mechanical stage

This stage is characterized by mechanical processing: cooling, drying, mixing with additives, finishing and packaging. With a special peeling machine, the soap is rubbed with rollers and formed into the desired shape by pressing it. To get toilet soap, in laundry soap artificially reduce the water content to 12% and instead add perfumery fragrances, bleaches and dyes. To obtain soap pastes, crushed brick, finely crushed sand, oily clays are added to the mass.

Soap is a specialized solid or liquid product that certainly contains a number of active substances in its composition. These substances, when combined with water, form a fairly thick foam. The soap is used as an ideal cleanser and skin care product.

Also, soap can be used in the form of household chemicals and detergent.
At the moment, many companies produce specific soap products that contain a significant amount of synthetic, active products. Soap and soap products are very different.

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As cosmetics soap today has taken on incredibly chic aspects of popularity. And more and more significant aspects of demand are acquiring precisely liquid soap, which allows you to get promising features of comfortable use. Solid soap does not lose its relevance.

Soap has become very popular handmadeas an author's product. The area of \u200b\u200buse of soap as household chemicals is wide. There is nothing better than washing soap for removing stains from various things.

Soap composition:

The main ingredients of almost any soap are fatty acids and soluble salts. Sodium and ammonium salts of various acids are very often used. In principle, the process of making soap has a number of features, however, it is not complicated and very affordable. In addition to the standard formulation of soaps, a number of fragrances, colorants and fragrances, and powders are used today.

Soap with dyes and fragrances has a very pleasant aroma and at the same time can have a positive effect on the skin - it does not dry out, disinfects, relieves irritation and inflammation. Laundry soap has a specific aroma and, as a rule, consists of more than 45% fatty acids.

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Soap making process:

The main raw materials on the basis of which the process of making soap is made are vegetable fats, fat substitutes, animal fats. It is best to purchase soap that is originally made using natural fats. There is also a mass of synthetic, fatty acids, naphthenic acids and tall oil, which can also be the basis for the manufacture of high-quality soap.

There is a well-developed methodology on the basis of which the soap preparation process takes place. In this case, specialized equipment and high-quality containers are used. Strict adherence to the recipe is the basis for the formation high Quality received products.

Soap types:

Laundry soap
This soap is obtained through the cooling process of the adhesive composition. Solid soap has more than 40% of the basic substance; it also contains specialized alkalis, free carbonates. There is no more than 1.5% of insoluble residue.

Cosmetic soap

A number of additional components are certainly added to the composition of this soap, which make it possible to make the product more interesting and bright appearance and allow you to get a bright aroma. Also, this type of soap can have a number of cosmetic effects.

Liquid soap

You can buy liquid soap everywhere today. In general, when you buy liquid soap, you get a high quality product with a creamy consistency. Buy liquid soap for more comfortable use. You have the opportunity to buy liquid soap that can be standard, bactericidal and with an additional cosmetic effect.

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