Geography of industry of the Samara region. Aerospace industry Aerospace engineering

AIRCRAFT AND SPACE INDUSTRY
a set of enterprises engaged in the design, production and testing of aircraft, rockets, spacecraft and ships, as well as their engines and onboard equipment (electrical and electronic equipment, etc.). These businesses are owned by the state or private owners. The aerospace industry has an important political and economic importance... It largely determines the industrial potential and prestige of the state: its enterprises supply their products to domestic and foreign markets, provide orders for other sectors of the economy, and provide a large number of jobs.
SALES MARKETS
The sale of aerospace products is carried out in five main areas.
Military aircraft and missiles. Military aircraft vary in purpose. Fighters intercept enemy aircraft, attack air and ground targets, and perform patrol and reconnaissance flights. The missions of the bombers are to defeat distant ground targets. Attack aircraft are used to destroy nearby objects; they are smaller than bombers and are inferior to them in bomb load. Spotting aircraft operate in conjunction with attack aircraft. The purpose of transport and training aircraft is clear from their names. Some types of transports, fighters and attack aircraft are used as tanker aircraft or carriers of electronic warfare. Helicopters are especially effective as a means of rescue, but there are types of them that perform the functions of attack aircraft and transport aircraft. There are military aircraft for solving many other special tasks.

FLIGHT TESTS of the F-117 Stealth fighter, one of the most advanced twin-engine aircraft of this type.

START OF THE BALLISTIC ROCKET "Trident". On the right is the mast of a nuclear submarine that launched a missile.

The purpose of combat missiles is related to their size. Ballistic missiles are usually heavy and large in size; the largest of them are intercontinental. The main part of the trajectory of such rockets lies outside the earth's atmosphere. Smaller missiles are usually designed for ranges up to hundreds of kilometers and can be controlled throughout the flight; the smallest of these are classified as projectiles.
Space technology. Orders for space technology usually come from governments and their agencies. In the United States, these problems are managed by NASA (NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration) - the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in Russia - by the Russian Space Agency. Space aircraft can be manned or unmanned. The vehicles returned to the Earth, when entering the dense layers of the atmosphere, first move along a ballistic trajectory, and in the dense layers of the atmosphere and before landing, they use parachutes or wings. An example of a winged vehicle is the US Space Shuttle. Spacecraft are launched into space by launch vehicles. Modified ballistic missiles are often used as launch vehicles. For scientific research special research rockets are also used in space, the dimensions of which are relatively small.

ROCKET START "Ariane" (European Space Agency).

RESEARCH SATELLITE "Pioneer A"

Space can be used for a variety of purposes - commercial, scientific and military. In recent decades, military programs have intensified, therefore, to protect the country from attack from space, the TsUKOS of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the US Air Force Space Systems Directorate were created with the task of using and maintaining artificial earth satellites. The creation of the Shuttle aerospace transport system was supposed to reduce the cost of this service.
Air Transport. People actively use by air messages; the demand for large passenger aircraft continues to grow today. The production of civil aircraft is carried out in parallel with the production of military transports. The release of civil aircraft is a kind of defensive reaction of aircraft manufacturers to the vagaries of unstable markets for military and space technology. Airliners vary in design and size depending on the estimated number of passengers and the range. Larger vehicles are usually used on longer routes. The small plane weighs 10 tonnes in the AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE INDUSTRY and takes on board up to 10 passengers. The Boeing 747 takes 331 to 550 people and weighs 300 to 400 tons. The Boeing 747-400 has a flight range of almost 13,000 km. Many transport planes only carry cargo. Anglo-French consortium and The Soviet Union supersonic airliners were produced at one time. The Anglo-French airliner "Concorde" still operates regular flights.

PASSENGER AIRLINER "Boeing-747" in the assembly shop of the Seattle aircraft plant.

Small aircraft civil aviation. This category includes aircraft used for business and personal purposes. Business jets - usually jet or turboprop - have a capacity of up to 40 people (including the crew) and a payload of 3 to 35 tons. Private jets are smaller and usually have piston engines. Personal flights are expensive and ultimately waste time; over long distances, private jets cannot compete with airliners, and at short distances, with cars.
FEATURES OF THE AIRCRAFT AND SPACE INDUSTRY
The manufacturing equipment of the aerospace industry matches the complexity of its products. It widely uses both the latest machine tools and the manual labor of skilled craftsmen. Many rocket and space technology assemblies require precision machining and function even more reliably than aircraft products; production area such enterprises are more like laboratories than factory workshops. In contrast, the production of personal airplanes still shares the same sheet metal fabrication methods that were used in aircraft construction in the 1930s. Research and development work precede the release of all new types of products of the aerospace industry, except for small civil aircraft (their production often borrows the results of research from other areas of technology). Certain conditions are necessary for the success of a company in the aerospace market, namely: 1) technical competence and consistency of the staff; 2) sufficient experience in the production of products according to their design developments; 3) skillful organization of sales of finished products; 4) diversification of production; 5) cost effectiveness; 6) financial stability. Promising for long-term development the industry is represented by airliners and space technology. The contraction in the arms market, it seems, can be offset by the volume of sales in other market sectors, sufficient to generate acceptable profits. In terms of the pace of development, the aerospace industry has surpassed other industries and has acquired a decisive importance for modern civilization.
see also
AEROSPACE AIRCRAFT DESIGN;
AERONAVIGATION;
AVIATION ON-BOARD INSTRUMENTS;
AVIATION POWER PLANT;
AVIATION CIVIL;
AVIATION AND SPACE CONSTRUCTIONS;
ROCKET;
COSMOS RESEARCH AND USE;
SPACE SHUTTLE.
LITERATURE
Gimmelfarb A.D. The basics of design in aircraft construction. M., 1980 Aircraft technology. M., 1982 Gatland K. et al. Space technology: an illustrated encyclopedia. M., 1985 Glushko V.P. The development of rocketry and cosmonautics in the USSR. M., 1987 Svishchev G.P. Aviation: an encyclopedia. M., 1994

Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .

See what the "AVIATION AND SPACE INDUSTRY" is in other dictionaries:

It examines the main (power) structural elements of aircraft and aerospace vehicles, modern materials and important design features aerospace technology. MAIN FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION ... ... Collier's Encyclopedia

Index dynamics industrial production in Russia in 1991 2009, as a percentage of the 1991 level ... Wikipedia

The ISS request is redirected here; see also other meanings. International Space Station ... Wikipedia

An industry engaged in research, development, pilot construction, testing and serial production of aircraft, aircraft engines, onboard systems and equipment. Suppliers of many components ... ... Encyclopedia of technology

A field of research and development, which was initially limited to the design, development and production of aircraft, and then included in its range of interests all vehicles above the surface of the earth ... Collier Encyclopedia Collier Encyclopedia

The history of military aviation can be counted from the first successful flight hot air balloon in France in 1783. Recognition of the military significance of this flight was the decision of the French government in 1794 to organize an aeronautical service ... Collier's Encyclopedia

During the period of the scientific and technological revolution, the aviation and rocket and space industries began to actively develop, which became a separate branch structure of mechanical engineering.

This type of production acts as a stand-alone structural unit, which produces the design, production of aircraft, missiles, spaceships and other equipment. In addition, the industry is engaged in testing these aircraft.

As a rule, the state acts as the owner of aviation and rocket and space enterprises, in some cases a private person. State production of such an industry plays an important role for any country, as it increases its potential and prestige. This is due to the provision of existing needs within the state and the sale of products outside its borders. In addition, this production makes it possible to provide employment for citizens, and also meets the needs of other industries that need to use some categories of such products.

Purpose of using aviation

The release of aviation products at the very beginning was used exclusively for military purposes. Over time, began to appear and civilian apparatus... The formation of the rocket and space industry followed the same pattern, which produces satellites with meteorological recording functions for civilian purposes, communication satellites, and so on. These two industries have been merged into one integral structure, which is engaged in the production of various models of aircraft used in two directions.

One of these areas is the civil production of aircraft. This includes the production of airplanes, helicopters, rockets, spacecraft and other aeronautics used exclusively in peacetime for civilian use.

The second direction is the military production of aircraft, which are used during the war period or to meet the military needs of the state. In addition to the production of basic models, spare parts for them are also produced. These are all kinds of units, assemblies and other spare parts. The main influence on the production of the aviation and missile industries is provided by innovative materials that are produced in metallurgy and chemical industries.

The production of missiles and other aviation is impossible without the use of constituent components of the electronic industry. Any aircraft is equipped with electronic equipment called "avionics". More sophisticated aircraft - satellites or rocket launchers - are always equipped with electronic components, but of a more complex type.

Main characteristics of the aviation and space industry

For the production of rocket-space and aviation vehicles, appropriate equipment is required, capable of producing such products. In addition to new modern equipped machine tools, the high professionalism of the workers employed in this industry also plays an important role. When producing space and rocket products, it is often necessary to use a number of additional functions. For example, rockets will require additional precision processing.

Factors influencing the successful development of production and production of aircraft and missile industry devices are:

sufficient experience in this area;
high efficiency and professionalism of the workforce;
established market for the sale of finished products;
stable material condition;
efficient calculation of production costs;
diversification work in production.

Space technology and airliners are among the most promising components in this area.

The main areas of use of rocket-space and aviation products

At this time, the aerospace and rocket industry is being implemented in the following areas of application:

Air flying transport. This type of transport is necessary at the present time, since civil aircraft and other aviation used for civilian purposes use in great demand... Airliners used for civil transportation occupy a special place due to the fact that the human passenger traffic in the field of flights is very high, many people prefer to choose aircraft for their trips and travels. There are also small private jets. They are most often used for business flights.
Military-type missiles and aircraft. These aircraft are produced in the form of fighters, bombers, spotter aircraft, attack aircraft, combat-type missiles and the like. Each of them has its own special purpose.
Space technology. This type of aircraft is produced mainly by state order... There are 2 main types of spacecraft data: unmanned aerial vehicles and pilot-controlled aircraft.

The aviation and rocket-space industry has reached enough high level production and demand. At this stage of time, this sphere occupies one of the dominant links in the entire modern civilization.

Plan

Introduction

Chapter 1. The structure of aircraft construction and its place in the national economic complex

1.1 The structure of the world aircraft industry

1.2 Features of the location of the world aircraft industry

Chapter 2. Analysis of the state of the world aircraft industry and trends in the development of certain branches of the aircraft industry

2.1 Aerospace industry in USA

2.2 European aircraft-building companies

2.3 Russian Aircraft Production

2.4 Trends in development

2.4.1. Military aircraft

2.4.2. Passenger aircraft construction

2.4.3. Transport aircraft industry

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The aircraft industry today is one of the most science and capital-intensive branches of mechanical engineering. Almost all mechanical engineering products are used in aircraft construction. All "novelties" of science and technology are widely used in this industry. In the course of the subject "Accommodation of the world economy" the topic "World aircraft construction" is especially relevant. This subject studies the principles and factors of the location of enterprises and resources, including natural ones, migration of the population, topical problems of our time, and if any state is able to place aircraft building enterprises on its territory, then this means that the country, first of all , is able to finance such a capital-intensive industry, or has established itself as a reliable partner to whom economically more stable states can lend.

The aircraft industry is a branch of mechanical engineering that is constantly evolving. Now humanity lives in the so-called information society; the goal of information technology is to accelerate information processing, and, consequently, to develop supernova machines with maximum speed and maximum convenience, and aircraft construction is the area in which only supernovae information technologies are used.

Every state needs new aircraft structures, regardless of the level of economic development, since air transport is by far the most convenient, comfortable and high-speed mode of transport. But not every state can afford to locate branches of the aircraft building complex on its territory (the reason for this may be a small territory, a lack of qualified personnel, an insufficient level of economic development, and much more). Therefore, the states-manufacturers of aircraft structures are guided not only by the needs of the domestic, but also the foreign market for the consumption of aviation products.

The development of maximum speeds, the achievement of a high level of comfort, the provision of air transport with advanced information technology achievements - these are the priorities of the modern world aircraft industry.

The purpose of this work is to characterize the current state of the main sectors of the aircraft industry, the principles of their placement and development trends.

Let's consider the main tasks of the work:

the first and one of the main tasks is to characterize the structure of the world aircraft industry in order to determine its main industries and resources that are needed to manufacture products;

characteristics of the features of the location of the world aircraft industry will make it possible to find out which countries are leaders in the production of products of a particular branch of the aviation industry, which in turn characterizes the economic potential of the country;

the characteristic of relations between the world's leading aircraft manufacturing companies is a reflection of the policy of states, therefore, this characteristic is very important in this work;

analysis of the development trends of individual branches of the world aircraft construction is the main task of this work, since its theme is based on it.

As for the methods of writing the work, several were also used. One of the main is the method of detailed description of the issue, which makes it possible to clearly represent the state of the aircraft industry today. Another method is the enumeration method. It is used to analyze the factors influencing the placement of aircraft construction in the world, to enumerate the tactical and technical data of the latest aircraft designs, and to enumerate other important economic indicators. The tabular method is used in applications, allowing you to visually analyze the amount of products produced by a particular company. The cartographic method, also used in applications, will allow you to see and analyze the territorial structure of aircraft construction in the world.

Thus, this work will make it possible to make a relatively complete analysis of the current state of both individual branches of the aircraft industry, and the state of the entire complex as a whole. The main task of the work is to display as clearly as possible the state and development prospects of the aircraft industry in the most economically developed countries.

Chapter 1... The structure of the aircraft industry and its place in the national economic complex

1.1 The structure of the world aircraft industry

The aircraft industry, or the aviation industry, was formed initially as a military sector and only later switched to the production of civil aircraft. That is why this branch of mechanical engineering is highly militarized, its development is determined by the size of the state's permanent military orders and the possibilities of exporting aviation equipment to most countries of the world. The production of civil aircraft is entirely dependent on the receipt of orders in the national and world markets and can fluctuate very much from year to year.

The cost of aircraft manufacturing products in the world in the mid-90s of the twentieth century. It was estimated at $ 250 billion 1, i.e. about 4 times less than in the automobile. This is due to the peculiarities of the production: not mass production - piece production. Thus, the annual production of large passenger aircraft - airliners - does not exceed 1,000. The same applies to military and civilian helicopters - 600–1200 units per year. Only the production of light aircraft (training, sports, business, etc.) is carried out in large volumes due to the significant demand for them and relatively low prices (a large airliner costs up to 180 million dollars, and a light aircraft - 20-80 thousand dollars). 2

The high science intensity of the industry is the result of the particular complexity of the industry's products. The development of new designs of military and civil aviation equipment takes 5 to 10 years. The task of achieving high operational reliability of products, ensuring the duration of use of aircraft (airliners up to 20-30 years) necessitates the creation of new types of structural materials, the improvement of all units of aviation technology. This resulted in very high research and development costs. The entire level of expenses for the design and creation of aircraft products is so great that only a few firms in several industrial countries of the world can afford it.

The high degree of capital intensity of aircraft construction determines the correspondingly high monopolization of the industry: in the leading countries there are only a few (3 - 4) firms in this industry. Extremely fierce competition encourages the merger of even large firms within one country (Boeing and McDonnell-Douglas in the United States) and firms from different countries in Western Europe ("Airbus Industry", which united the aviation companies of France, Germany, Great Britain and Spain). We will talk about them later. The goal of the European union is to oppose the US aircraft producers. The role of monopolies can be judged by the fact that in 1996 about 90% of large civil airliners (for 100 or more passengers) were provided by two companies in the world: Boeing and Airbus. The production of engines was also limited to 10 companies. 3

The structure of the aircraft industry in industrial countries is represented by the production of various types of aircraft and helicopters, engines, avionics (electronic equipment).

Aircraft and helicopter construction are among the most important branches of the aircraft industry. Currently, airplanes and helicopters are produced in more than 20 countries of the world, however, their production capabilities are not the same both in the manufacture of civilian and, especially, military aircraft. Large airliners for 100 - 400 passengers are produced only by the United States, the joint company of the leading Western European states - Airbus, as well as some of the CIS countries (Russia, Uzbekistan). They can also manufacture super-cargo transport aircraft. These aircraft with a range of up to 10 thousand km and more are intended to serve intercontinental airlines. These states and a number of others (Brazil, Canada, China) produce liners with up to 100 passengers for inland lines.

The production of light civil aircraft for various purposes is becoming increasingly important. The cheapest and most popular - "business", for patrolling, police, sports, ambulance with the number of seats up to 10. In 1995, the number of such aircraft in operation in different countries, estimated in the world at 330 thousand. 4 This also includes light helicopters for the same purposes. The production of such light and cheap aircraft is carried out by firms in many countries that have aircraft factories and produce them under foreign licenses.

In the production of military aircraft of all types (from strategic bombers to fighters, training and military transport), the USA and the USSR were out of competition. They had experienced personnel in research work, in aircraft construction, at enterprises and were guided by the provision of national programs for the development of military aircraft construction. In most other states, technical and scientific capabilities were less, and they mainly produced fighters, medium front-line bombers and attack aircraft. Many of them produced helicopters under licenses or their own designs.

A high level of monopolization is inherent in the production of engines. More and more technical, economic and environmental requirements are imposed on them, which are becoming more and more stringent (reliability, reduced fuel consumption, reduced noise and hazardous emissions). Many countries produce engines for light aircraft, but engines for airliners and military aircraft are produced by a limited number of countries and firms. These engines are expensive (up to 35% of the cost of the liner), and the largest companies specialize in their production (in the USA - General Electric, Pratt & Whitney; in the UK - Rolls-Royce; in France - SNECMA; one firm in Germany; in Russia - factories in Rybinsk, Perm, etc., in Ukraine - a factory in Zaporozhye). These firms and factories became monopolists in the production of powerful aircraft engines.

Structural shifts in aircraft construction are being carried out in two directions. First, the basis for the growth of traditional aircraft industries is changing due to the development of science. The nature of products in the old branches of the aircraft industry (aircraft and helicopter manufacturing) has changed. Secondly, new science-intensive branches of aircraft construction are developing (for example, avionics).

So, for a long time, the priorities in the structural policy of the aircraft industry can be:

accelerated development of knowledge-intensive aircraft manufacturing;

social reorientation of the complex, provided for the accelerated increase in the output of civil aviation products;

greening of production, which provides for the release of resource-saving types of equipment, the use of resource-saving technologies for aircraft construction, and the expansion of the use of progressive construction materials.

Progressive structural changes can soon significantly reduce the load on the aircraft industry and, which is very important, reduce the need to attract new investments to build up and renew the created production apparatus.

Industrial developed countries on the example of the USA
Abstract \u003e\u003e Economics
Formally, it was about 10%. Largest in the world exporters and importers in the last three decades ... a major investment application industry is aerospace industry... In particular, LockheedMartin Corporation finances projects ...
Industrial politics (1)
Abstract \u003e\u003e Astronomy
The most competitive industries are aviation, aerospace, unique mechanical engineering, automotive, production ... industrial policy and state policy of income, the regulation and equalization of which in modern the world ...
Specificity of cooperation of chemical industry (2)
Coursework \u003e\u003e Economics
AND information technology... Cooperation in modern the world becomes a reproductive base of socio-economic ... and maintenance. He received the greatest development in aerospace industry, nuclear, power engineering and shipbuilding. 2.3 Participation ...

The content of the article

AVIATION AND SPACE INDUSTRY,a set of enterprises engaged in the design, production and testing of aircraft, rockets, spacecraft and ships, as well as their engines and onboard equipment (electrical and electronic equipment, etc.). These businesses are owned by the state or private owners. The aerospace industry has significant political and economic importance. It largely determines the industrial potential and prestige of the state: its enterprises supply their products to domestic and foreign markets, provide orders for other sectors of the economy, and provide a large number of jobs.

SALES MARKETS

The sale of aerospace products is carried out in five main areas.

Military aircraft and missiles.

Military aircraft vary in purpose. Fighters intercept enemy aircraft, attack air and ground targets, and perform patrol and reconnaissance flights. The missions of the bombers are to defeat distant ground targets. Attack aircraft are used to destroy nearby objects; they are smaller than bombers and are inferior to them in bomb load. Spotting aircraft operate in conjunction with attack aircraft. The purpose of transport and training aircraft is clear from their names. Some types of transports, fighters and attack aircraft are used as tanker aircraft or carriers of electronic warfare. Helicopters are especially effective as a means of rescue, but there are types of them that serve as attack aircraft and transport aircraft. There are military aircraft for solving many other special tasks.

Space technology.

Orders for space technology usually come from governments and their agencies. In the United States, these problems are managed by NASA (NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration) - the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in Russia - by the Russian Space Agency. The spacecraft can be manned or unmanned. The vehicles returned to the Earth when entering the dense layers of the atmosphere first move along a ballistic trajectory, and in the dense layers of the atmosphere and before landing, they use parachutes or wings. An example of a winged vehicle is the American Space Shuttle. Spacecraft are launched into space by launch vehicles. Modified ballistic missiles are often used as launch vehicles. For scientific research in space, special research rockets are also used, the dimensions of which are relatively small.

Air Transport.

People actively use air routes; the demand for large passenger aircraft continues to grow today. The production of civil aircraft is carried out in parallel with the production of military transports. The release of civil aircraft is a kind of defensive reaction of aircraft companies to the vagaries of unstable markets for military and space technology.

Airliners vary in design and size depending on the estimated number of passengers and the range. Larger vehicles are usually used on longer routes. A small plane weighs ~ 10 tons and takes on board up to 10 passengers. The Boeing 747 takes 331 to 550 people and weighs 300 to 400 tons. The Boeing 747-400 has a flight range of almost 13,000 km. Many transport aircraft only carry cargo. The Anglo-French consortium and the Soviet Union once produced supersonic airliners. The Anglo-French airliner "Concorde" still operates regular flights.

Small aircraft for civil aviation.

This category includes aircraft used for business and personal purposes. Business jets — typically jet or turboprop — have a capacity of up to 40 people (including crew) and a payload of 3 to 35 tonnes. Private jets are smaller and usually have piston engines. Personal flights are expensive and ultimately waste time; over long distances, private jets cannot compete with airliners, and at short distances - with cars.

FEATURES OF THE AIRCRAFT AND SPACE INDUSTRY

The manufacturing equipment of the aerospace industry matches the complexity of its products. It widely uses both the latest machine tools and the manual labor of skilled craftsmen. Many rocket and space technology assemblies require precision machining and function even more reliably than aircraft products; the production areas of such enterprises are more like laboratories than factory workshops. In contrast, the production of private jets still shares the same sheet metal fabrication techniques that were used in aircraft construction in the 1930s. Research and development work precede the release of all new types of products of the aerospace industry, except for small civil aircraft (their production often borrows the results of research from other areas of technology).

Certain conditions are necessary for the success of a company in the aerospace market, namely: 1) technical competence and consistency of the staff; 2) sufficient experience in the production of products according to their design developments; 3) skillful organization of sales of finished products; 4) diversification of production; 5) cost effectiveness; 6) financial stability. Airliners and space technology appear to be promising for the long-term development of the industry. The contraction in the arms market, it seems, can be offset by the volume of sales in other market sectors, sufficient to generate acceptable profits. In terms of the pace of development, the aerospace industry has surpassed other industries and has acquired a decisive importance for modern civilization.
see also AEROSPACE AIRCRAFT DESIGN; AERONAVIGATION; AVIATION ON-BOARD INSTRUMENTS; AVIATION POWER PLANT; AVIATION CIVIL; AVIATION AND SPACE CONSTRUCTIONS; ROCKET; COSMOS RESEARCH AND USE; SPACE SHUTTLE.

Aerospace engineering - the main area of \u200b\u200bengineering, engaged in the creation and development of aircraft and spacecraft. It is divided into two main parts: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. Aeronautical engineering was the original term, but flight technologies used in outer space gave rise to another term, the broader term "aerospace engineering", which is still used today. The aerospace industry, in particular the astronautics branch, is often referred to as it.

Overview [ | ]

Aircraft are subjected to harsh conditions such as: changes caused by atmospheric pressure and temperature, structural loads applied to the aircraft.

History [ | ]

The emergence of aerospace engineering as a science can be observed from the late 19th - early 20th centuries, although the work of Sir George Cayley dates back to the last decade of the 18th century to mid XIX century. One of the most important people in the history of aeronautics, Kayleigh was a pioneer in aeronautical engineering. Previously, knowledge about aviation technology was largely empirical, some concepts and skills were taken from other areas of engineering. Scientists understood some of the key elements of aerospace engineering in the 18th century. Many years later, after the successful flights of the Wright brothers, in the 1910s, the development of aviation technology occurred due to the need to develop military aircraft for the First World War. The first definition of aerospace technology appeared in February 1958. The definition united the Earth's atmosphere and outer space into a single sphere and thus covered both terms: aircraft (aero) and spacecraft (space). In response to the USSR's first launch of the first Earth satellite into space on October 4, 1957, US aerospace engineers launched the first American satellite on January 31, 1958. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was founded in 1958 as a response to the Cold War.

The elements [ | ]

Here are some elements of aerospace technology:

Most of these elements are based on theoretical physics, such as hydrodynamics for aerodynamics or equations of motion for flight dynamics. There are also large empirical components. Historically, the empirical component was derived from tests scale models and prototypes, either in wind tunnels or in a free atmosphere. More recently achievements in computing made it possible to use computational fluid dynamics to simulate fluid behavior, reducing the time and expense spent on wind tunnel testing. In addition, aerospace engineering solves the integration of all the components that make up aerospace vehicle (including power subsystems, communications, life support, etc.) and its life cycle (design, temperature, pressure, radiation, speed, life time).

Degree Programs[ | ]

Aerospace engineering can be studied as bachelor's, master's and doctoral thesis in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments. Some institutions distinguish between aeronautical engineering and astronautics. Preparation in the field of chemistry, physics, mathematics, is of great importance for students studying in the field of aerospace engineering.

In popular culture[ | ]

IN english language the expression "rocket scientist" is sometimes used figuratively to describe a very intelligent person, as rocket science is seen as a practice that requires a lot of intelligence, especially in the technical and mathematical fields. The term is ironically used in the expression "it" s not rocket science to indicate that the task is simple.

Notes [ | ]

Stanzione, Kaydon Al (1989), "Engineering" Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 18 (15th ed.), Chicago, pp. 563-563
Career: Aerospace Engineer (unspecified) . Career Profiles... The Princeton Review. - “Due to the complexity of the final product, an intricate and rigid organizational structure for production has to be maintained, severely curtailing any single engineer“ s ability to understand his role as it relates to the final project. ”Retrieved October 8, 2006 ...
Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) (unspecified) ... Britannica (n.d.). - "English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft." Retrieved July 26, 2009.
The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling (unspecified) ... ?. - "Sir George Cayley is sometimes called the" Father of Aviation ". A pioneer in the field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust - and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider. " Retrieved July 26, 2009.
(1988), "Aeronautical engineering", Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 1, Grolier Incorporated