A presentation on history on the topic "The peasant question in Russia (from ancient times - the middle of the XIX century)" free download. Presentation: The peasant question in Russia and its solution by the government in the 19th century Educational - fostering feelings of patriotism, uv

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Alexander I (1801-1825) Alexander I Pavlovich Blessed (12 (23) December 1777, St. Petersburg - 19 November (1 December) 1825, Taganrog) - Emperor and autocrat of All Russia (from 12 (24) March 1801)

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Alexander I One of her grandchildren, Catherine II named Constantine in honor of Constantine the Great, another - Alexander in honor of Alexander Nevsky. This choice of names expressed the hope that Constantine would free Constantinople from the Turks, and the newly-minted Alexander the Great would become the sovereign of the new empire. She wanted to see Constantine on the throne of the Greek Empire, which was supposed to be restored.

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Alexander I GR Derzhavin responded to the birth of Alexander with the famous poem "For the birth of a porphyry child in the North": "At this time, as cold as Borey was furious, Porphyry child was born in the Northern Kingdom ..."

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Alexander I Grew up at the intellectual court of Catherine the Great; the educator - the Swiss-Jacobin Frederic Cesar Laharpe introduced him to the principles of humanity of Rousseau, the military teacher Nikolai Saltykov - to the traditions of the Russian aristocracy, his father passed on to him his addiction to the military parade and taught him to combine spiritual love for humanity with practical concern for his neighbor. Catherine II considered her son Paul unable to take the throne and planned to erect Alexander on him, bypassing his father. Cesar Laharpe

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Alexander I Alexander owed many of his character traits to his grandmother, who took her son away from his mother and made him live in Tsarskoe Selo, near her, far from his parents, who lived in their palaces (in Pavlovsk and Gatchina) and rarely appeared at the “big court” ". However, the child, as can be seen from all the reviews about him, was an affectionate and gentle boy, so tinkering with him for the royal grandmother was a great pleasure. On September 17 (28), 1793, he married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Luise Marie Auguste von Baden, who took the name of Elizaveta Alekseevna.

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Alexander I For some time passed military service in the Gatchina troops formed by his father; here he developed deafness of the left ear "from the strong hum of the cannons." On November 7, 1796, he was promoted to colonel of the guard. In 1797, Alexander was the St. Petersburg military governor, the chief of the Semyonovsky Guards regiment, the commander of the capital division, the chairman of the commission for the supply of food, and performed a number of other duties. Since 1798, he also presided over the military parliament, and since next year served in the Senate and State Council.

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Alexander I Already in the manifesto of March 12, 1801, the new emperor assumed the obligation to rule the people "according to the laws and according to the heart of his wise grandmother." In decrees, as well as in private conversations, the emperor expressed the basic rule by which he would be guided: in place of personal arbitrariness, actively establish strict legality. The emperor more than once pointed out the main drawback that the Russian suffered state order... He called this defect "the arbitrariness of our government." To eliminate it, it was necessary to develop fundamental laws, which almost did not exist in Russia. It was in this direction that the transformative experiments of the first years were carried out.

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Even before Alexander's accession to the throne, a group of "young friends" rallied around him (Count P. A. Stroganov, Count V. P. Kochubei, Prince A. A. Czartorysky, N. N. Novosiltsev), important role in government. Already in May, Stroganov invited the young tsar to form an unspoken committee and in it to discuss plans for state reform. Alexander readily agreed, and his friends jokingly called their secret committee the Committee of Public Safety. In court circles, the Secret Committee was called the Jacobin gang. The committee operated until the fall of 1805. Alexander I

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Russia at the beginning of the XIX century Population - 44 million people. Multinational and multi-confessional country. The population density in Russia is one of the lowest in Europe (In the European part of 8 people per square verst, in the south and east - 7 people per square verst, and in Europe 40-50 people)

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Russia is an absolute monarchy. The capital is Petersburg. The main socio-political force was the nobles, who received in the XVIII century. privilege. The state supported the nobility with all its might. The most numerous and disenfranchised part of the population were peasants. Socio-economic situation in Russia

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Categories of the peasantry: landlord or private; State; specific (belonged to the imperial family); economic (former monastic) Socio-economic situation in Russia

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Merchants and burghers; Cossacks; Clergy. Socio-economic situation in Russia

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At the beginning of the XIX century. commodity-money relations expanded, the use of hired labor increased, and the technical re-equipment of industry began. The natural patriarchal way of life, non-economic coercion, the routine state of technology was combined with the new capitalist mode of production. Socio-economic situation in Russia

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The capitalist mode of production requires: A free wage market work force; Capital, i.e. moneyinvested in production; High purchasing power of the population. Socio-economic situation in Russia

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The serfdom system hindered the formation of capitalist relations, hindered the development of productive forces, and hindered the country's modernization. During the first half of the XIX century. Russia has retained its traditional economic and socio-political structure. Socio-economic situation in Russia

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Agriculture At the beginning of the XIX century. Agriculture employs 9/10 of the population. Half agricultural sector - landlord economy, the other - state feudalism (the owner of land and peasants - the state). The beginning of the century was characterized by the beginning of the decomposition of the natural economy and the penetration of commodity-money relations into the countryside.

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Agriculture The landlord's economy produced food for sale; grain exports amounted to 70 million poods. Many landowners switched to multi-field crop rotation, used agricultural machines: seeders, winnowing machines, threshers. New agricultural crops were introduced, potatoes became a field crop. Most of the landowners simply intensified the exploitation of the peasants, by increasing the quitrent (natural and monetary) and increasing the corvee (including the "month").

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Agriculture The landlord economy fell into decay. 65% of all farms were mortgaged. The total amount of landlords' debts to the state and credit institutions was about 400 million rubles.

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Agriculture The peasantry has little land, the allotments did not allow for a commodity economy, they barely provided a living wage, the payment of taxes and taxes. Frequent crop failures doomed peasant families to a half-starved state. The importance of the peasant community was growing. The land was divided between peasant households into small plots, from time to time it was redistributed. There was a patchwork. The community held back the ruin of the peasants, shifted part of the taxes onto the shoulders of more successful community members. All this prevented the stratification of the peasants, the formation of a proprietary psychology.

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Agriculture A few peasants engaged in trades and trade could save money. The peasant question is the main one in Russia. Three sides of the issue: personal emancipation of the peasants; allotment of land; community land use change.

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Industry Forced labor was used in factories, which made them unprofitable and backward. Russia lagged behind Europe. From England in pig iron smelting - 3.5 times; On the basis of the use of hired labor, new regions began to form - North-West (Petersburg-Baltic), Central (Moscow) and South (Kharkov). A system of brutal labor exploitation has developed in Russia: workers worked 13-14 hours. Merchants made large fortunes on the sale of wine and on large government orders.

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Industry Entrepreneurial dynasties took shape: Sapozhnikovs, Morozovs, Guchkovs, Bibikovs, Kondrashovs. The money gained from trade was invested in production. The Russian bourgeoisie was weak and politically powerless.

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finance At the beginning of the XIX century. To finance the wars against Napoleon and support the noble land tenure, the Russian government made large issues (emissions) of bank notes - paper money. In the first quarter of the XIX century. the issue of banknotes has grown 4 times. As a result, they have depreciated sharply. The attempts of Paul I and Alexander I to overcome inflation failed.

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trade At the beginning of the century, the all-Russian market continued to form. The main buyers were merchants, nobles, part of the townspeople. The role of shopping centers was played by fairs, all-Russian and local. They represented seasonal, wholesale and small wholesale trade. Shop trade began to appear in cities. The foreign trade balance is positive, i.e. the export of goods prevailed. Agricultural products were exported (wheat, timber, hemp, leather). The bourgeoisie could not compete with its products in Europe and goods were exported mainly to China, Iran, Turkey.

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transport The main modes of transport were water and animal-drawn. Water system: 1808 -1811 - Mariinsky and Tikhvin systems of canals, which connected the Baltic with Moscow and the Volga trade route. Steamships appeared on the rivers. For trade with the West, ships belonging to foreign shipowners were used. Traded across the Baltic and Black Seas. There were few highways and they connected Petersburg with Warsaw, Moscow with Petersburg, Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod.

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DOMESTIC POLICY the main objective: preserve the existing socio-political and economic system, improve it in accordance with the needs of the time. Challenges: Improvement government controlled; The agrarian-peasant question; Improving the education and training system.

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A wide pardon was granted. 12 thousand people dismissed from service by Paul I were returned. The Secret Chancery destroyed. Torture is prohibited. Travel abroad is free. The letters of commendation were returned to the cities and the nobility. In the army, the old names of the regiments and the Russian military uniform were returned. DOMESTIC POLICY

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December 12, 1801 - Decree on the right to acquire land by merchants, bourgeoisie, state peasants, freed by serfs. February 20, 1803 - Decree on free farmers. The peasants, with the consent of their landowners, could redeem entire villages with land. The practice of distributing state peasants into private ownership has been stopped. DOMESTIC POLICY

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In 1802, ministries were established with a system of one-man management. In the years 1810-1811. the number has been increased and a Committee of Ministers has been established for joint discussion of some issues by the ministers. In 1802 the Senate was reformed. It became the highest administrative, judicial and regulatory body. The Senate received the right to make "presentations" of old laws to the emperor and participate in the discussion of new ones. The role and powers of the Chief Prosecutor of the Synod were strengthened. At the head of the Synod in 1803-1824. was Prince A.N. Golitsyn (he was the Minister of Education since 1816). In 1810 the State Council was created. DOMESTIC POLICY

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State Council of 1810 Included were ministers, state dignitaries, who were appointed by the emperor. Advisory functions in the development of new laws and the interpretation of existing laws. Distribution of finances between ministries and consideration of the reports of ministers before their submission to the emperor (before 1906).

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In 1801, the Indispensable Council, an advisory body under the emperor, was formed, consisting of leaders of Catherine's era. Stas-secretary of the Permanent Council was M.M. Speransky. The son of a poor priest. Author of a number of reform projects. The book "Introduction to the Code of State Laws" outlined the principle of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches. The project included the convocation of a representative State Duma, the introduction of elective courts, the State Council. INTERNAL POLITICS Speransky Mikhail Mikhailovich, Russian statesman, count (1839).

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M.M. Speransky planned to introduce broad electoral rights in Russia. Serfs would not have received this right, but they could also be protected, since no one in the project could be punished without investigation and trial. Against the liberal project of M.M. Speransky, the conservatives headed by N.M. Karamzin. In the note "On Ancient and New Russia", addressed to the tsar, Karamzin insisted on preserving the old order, understanding by this autocracy and serfdom. DOMESTIC POLITICS Karamzin Nikolay Mikhailovich

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Of the proposed projects, only the State Council was created. M.M. Speransky was called a French spy. And in the conditions of the approaching war with the French, the emperor sacrificed Speransky, removing him and sending him into exile. After the Patriotic War and the Foreign campaign of the Russian army, the second period of the reign of Alexander I began - conservative. The policy of conservatism was carried out by Count A.A. Arakcheev. DOMESTIC POLICY

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Count (from 1799) Alexei Andreevich Arakcheev enjoyed great confidence in Alexander I, especially in the second half of his reign ("Arakcheevshchina"). Reformer of Russian artillery, general of artillery (1807), chief boss military settlements (from 1817). The oppressor of the whole of Russia, the torturer of the governors And he is the teacher of the Council, And he is a friend and brother to the tsar. Full of anger, full of revenge, Mad, no feelings, no honor, Who is he? (AS Pushkin) (“Without flattery, betrayed” - the motto given by the Emperor Pavel Arakcheev for his coat of arms, changed by evil tongues to “devilry betrayed”, for flattery); DOMESTIC POLICY

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The years from 1815 to 1825 were called "Arakcheevshchina". This is a policy aimed at strengthening the autocracy and serfdom. It was expressed in the further centralization and petty regulation of state administration, in police-repressive measures aimed at destroying free-thinking, in the "purge" of universities, in the imposition of stick discipline in the army. The most striking manifestation of the Arakcheevschina is the military settlements. DOMESTIC POLICY

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The purpose of military settlements: to achieve self-sufficiency and self-reproduction in the army, to ease the burden of maintaining the army in peacetime for the country's budget. The first attempts to create military settlements date back to 1808-1809. The introduction of military settlements en masse dates back to 1815-1816. The state peasants of the Petersburg, Novgorod, Mogilev and Kharkov provinces were transferred to the category of military settlers. Soldiers were also settled here, to whom their families were discharged. DOMESTIC POLICY

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The wives of the soldiers became settlers, the sons from the age of seven were enlisted in the cantonists, and from the age of 18 - in active military service. All of them, with their labor, had to get their own food, doing ordinary agricultural work, and at the same time carry out military service. The whole life of a peasant was strictly regulated, corporal punishment followed for violation. Trade, crafts, contacts with the outside world were strictly prohibited. The tyranny of the local authorities reigned in the settlements. By 1825, more than a third of the soldiers were transferred to military settlements. The self-sustaining venture failed, as huge funds were spent on organizing the settlements themselves. DOMESTIC POLICY

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One of the episodes of the reign of Alexander I was the uprising in the Chuguev military settlement (1819), which was brutally suppressed by the tsarist troops led by General Arakcheev. The reason for the riot was a dispute over how to provide the regimental horses with hay. Soon unrest engulfed the neighboring Taganrog regiment. Local authorities lost control of the situation, and Arakcheev rushed to help. The general was shocked by the hostility of the peasants towards the settlers and towards him personally. Arakcheev reported to the emperor that the rebels were shouting: “We do not want a military settlement. We do not want to serve Count Arakcheev more than the Emperor. We want to destroy Arakcheev, because we know when he dies, the military settlements will disappear. " DOMESTIC POLICY

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The soldiers were given the privilege of living settled with their families, on the same basis as the peasants. They were called "reserve battalion", they were supposed to spend three days in winter and two days in summer at military exercises. Each peasant homeowner was assigned two or three soldiers from the two active battalions that make up the rest of the settlement. The peasant was obliged to feed the soldiers and provide new equipment in exchange for helping him in the field. The whole way of life of the peasants changed due to the military exercises in which they were to participate. Close-knit peasant communities disintegrated. DOMESTIC POLICY

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In 1802, the Ministry of Public Education was created, new educational institutions were opened. In 1804, the Statute was issued for universities that allowed their self-government. In 1817 the Ministry was transformed into the Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education. It is called to develop Christian piety and strictly follow the textbooks and the teaching system. One of the manifestations of Arakcheevism was the inspection of Kazan and St. Petersburg universities, their "cleansing". The best professors were accused of freethinking, fired and put on trial. DOMESTIC POLICY

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In 1804, the Censorship Charter was issued. At universities, censorship committees were created from professors and masters, subordinate to the Ministry of Public Education. This made it possible to publish the works of Western European educators. During the conservative period of the reign of Alexander I, the censorship policy tightened. In 1816-1819. The tsar supported the initiative of the Baltic nobility, which showed their readiness to free the peasants, since serf labor in these regions became unprofitable. The peasants received personal freedom, but did not acquire the right to land. DOMESTIC POLICY

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Post-war projects of Alexander I. А.А. Arakcheev and Minister of Finance D.A. Guryev was tasked with preparing proposals for the abolition of serfdom. Both prepared proposals and the tsar approved them, created a secret committee, but the matter did not move further. Rumors about the abolition of serfdom caused panic and rage among the landowners. The group of advisers headed by N.N. The Novosiltsevs have been instructed to develop a draft Constitution for Russia. "State Charter Russian Empire"(1819-1820) assumed the creation of a bicameral parliament - the State Duma and local representative bodies of power - seims. DOMESTIC POLICY

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Freedom of speech, press, religion, equality of all citizens before the law, personal inviolability were assumed. The property is inviolable. The king approved, but did not enter. The Kingdom of Poland was granted the Constitution (1815), self-government and freedom of the press, as well as the right to have its own army. In the Grand Duchy of Finland, the Diet (elective representative power) and the State Council (executive power) were formed, and the right to private property was confirmed. The emperor's deputy in Poland was the king's brother Konstantin Nikolaevich (married to the Polish princess Lowicz). DOMESTIC POLICY

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In 1796, in St. Petersburg, he married Juliana Henrieta Ulrike, the third daughter of Franz Friedrich Anton, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (in Orthodoxy Anna Fedorovna), divorced on March 8 (20), 1820. In 1799, Konstantin took part in the Italian and Swiss campaigns of A. V. Suvorov. In the same year, the French King Louis XVIII, who was in exile at that time, sent Paul I the Commander's Cross of the Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem for the Grand Duke as a sign of friendship. In the battle of Austerlitz in 1805, Constantine commanded a guards reserve. In 1812 he took part in the Patriotic War, and then in the Foreign campaign. In the Leipzig Battle of the Nations in the fall of 1813, he was the commander of the reserve units that participated in the battle. He fought with dignity, having received the golden sword "For Bravery". In 1823, Constantine, referring to a morganatic marriage with the Polish Countess Grudzinskaya (although the Regulation on the Imperial Family, which prevented children from inheriting the throne from an unequal marriage, and did not personally deprive him of his right to the throne) INTERNAL POLICY

"Politics of Alexander III" - He sought to attract foreign capital to the country and restrict the import of foreign goods. A proponent of protectionism in customs policy... The greatest influence on the Tsarevich was exerted by the teacher of jurisprudence KP Pobedonostsev. He tried to attract entrepreneurs to cooperate with the government. Second son of Alexander II.

"Politics of Alexander 1" - What provisions of the Speransky reform project do you consider to be the main ones and why? Table of contents. The Constitution of Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov. Determine: - the territory of Russia; National composition; religion; class division; political system; economic, political and social aspects of society. Conservative movement Ideologists: historians N.G. Ustryalov and M.P. Pogodin, playwright and poet N.V. Kukolnik, writers F.V. Bulgarin, N.I. Grech The President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Count S.S.Uvarov developed the ideology of conservatism.

"Nicholas the First" - Occasion: Dispute between Orthodox and Catholic clergy in Palestine. Monetary reform E. Kankrin (strengthening the silver ruble). Crimean War of 1853-1856 Weapons of the times of war. Nicholas the First 1825-1855 Reforms of Nicholas I. Weakening of the role of Russia in the Balkans and the Middle East. PROGRESS OF THE WAR. The defeat showed the economic backwardness of Russia.

"Russia at the turn of the century" - Restoration of privileges to cities and nobility. Estates: nobility, merchants, clergy, peasantry. An unspoken committee. The beginning of the reign of Alexander. Multi - confessional state - vo. Lesson topic: Russian absolutism relied on the nobility and the rising bourgeoisie. Involvement of people's representatives at various levels in government.

"Caucasian War" - Caucasian War? A. Dzhendubaev. Where did you go? Was the victory won? Reasons: There was a well-thought-out settlement of the Caucasian Territory by Ph.D. The main thing: From the Azov to the Caspian Seas. Shamil was not always loved and revered. Caucasian? Purpose of work: The war was recognized as over in 1864, BUT: Chechnya Dagestan North-Western Caucasus.

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Childhood and adolescence of Alexander I Alexander I - the first grandson of Catherine the Great - was born on December 23, 1777. It was Catherine II who prepared him for her successors ... But the throne was nevertheless taken by her son Paul I, and only five years later, as a result of a palace coup, did Alexander I come to power ... He was brought up under the tutelage of N.I. Saltykov. The young man was also greatly influenced by the Swiss F. Lagarpe, an educator and moderate republican. Alexander I did not receive a serious education due to laziness and dislike of learning. In 1793, Alexander married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Louise Maria Augusta, who took the name of Elizabeth Alekseevna. He ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup, when Paul I was assassinated, in 1801.

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Elizaveta Alekseevna, wife of Emperor Alexander I. This portrait, kept in the Wolfsgarten castle, was sent by the Empress as a gift to her mother Amalia-Federica of Hesse-Darmstadt. Hood. Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun, 1795

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Character traits of Alexander I The need to maneuver between father and grandmother who hated each other taught Alexander I "to live on two minds, to keep two ceremonial faces" (Klyuchevsky). Fear of a tough and demanding father completed the formation of his character traits: "a real deceiver" (MM Speransky), "a weak and crafty ruler" (A.S. Pushkin), "a sphinx, not unraveled to the grave" (P.A. Vyazemsky), “this is a true Byzantine ... subtle, feigned, cunning” (Napoleon), “the crowned Hamlet, who was haunted by the shadow of his murdered father all his life” (AI Herzen).

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Situation at the beginning of the reign The eldest son of Emperor Paul I and his second wife Maria Feodorovna, Alexander ascended the throne in the dramatic days of 1801, immediately after the violent death of his father. After several years of the painfully unpredictable and depressingly regulated rule of Paul I, the Russian public greeted the beginning of a new reign with enthusiasm and sincere glee. Great hopes were pinned on Alexander. The city was well known for romantic legends about the young heir to the throne, who threw himself on his knees before his father, interceding for the victims of his anger. It was said that Alexander inserted a telescope into the window of his room so that he could notice in time when those sentenced by his father to Siberia would be taken from Barsovo Pole. And he seemed to have sent after his trusted servant to give the exiled monetary benefits. The young emperor ordered the release of all the prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Alexander was loved literally in all strata of Russian society. The people called him the Blessed One. Poets sang the praises of him, they composed naive legends about him and composed touching anecdotes.

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"The days of the Alexandrovs are a wonderful beginning" (A line from the poem of Alexander Pushkin "Message to the censor") "The days of the Alexandrovs are a wonderful start" was marked by the cancellation of all the innovations of the Emperor Paul I. On March 24-25, 1801 Alexander I signed several decrees that returned all previously dismissed with the military and civil service, pardoned members of the Smolensk circle, to whom the ranks and nobility were returned. On March 27, an amnesty was announced for political prisoners and fugitives who had taken refuge abroad, and the ban on the import of various industrial goods was lifted. April 12 - The ban on the activities of private printing houses and the import of books from abroad was lifted. On April 24, the emperor read out 5 manifestos in the Senate, which restored the full effect of the Charters of Grant to the nobility and cities. At the same time, the Secret Expedition of the Senate, which was engaged in the search and reprisals, was liquidated, and all investigations in political cases were transferred to the institutions in charge of criminal proceedings. One of the manifestos on April 22 was addressed to the peasants: it promised not to increase taxes and allowed the export of agricultural products abroad.

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Foreign policy in 1801 1801, April 4: the cancellation of the campaign of the Great Don army under the command of Ataman Matvey Platov, sent on the orders of Paul to a campaign against India - then an English colony; 1801, June 17: St. Petersburg Convention with England, which restored diplomatic relations broken by Paul I; 1801, September 24: the entry of Eastern Georgia into the Russian Empire; 1801, October 8: Russian-French peace treaty, signed in Paris, and on October 11, the conclusion of a secret convention on the conditions of mediation between France and Turkey for the conclusion of peace between the two countries, on the recognition of the independence of the Ionian Islands

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The intentions of Alexander I at the beginning of the reign, Alexander I ascended the Russian throne, intending to carry out a radical reform of the political system of Russia by creating a constitution that guaranteed all subjects personal freedom and civil rights. He was aware that such a "revolution from above" would actually lead to the liquidation of the autocracy and was ready, if successful, to retire from power. However, he also understood that he needed a certain social support, like-minded people. He needed to get rid of the pressure from both the conspirators who overthrew Paul and the "Catherine's old men" who supported them. Already in the first days after accession to the throne, Alexander announced that he would rule Russia "according to the laws and according to the heart" of Catherine II.

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Indispensable Council (1801-1810) On March 30 (April 11), 1801, by decree of Alexander I, the supreme advisory body under the sovereign was established - the Indispensable Council. Initially, the Council consisted of twelve people - leaders of the most important government agencies and confidants of the young ruler (Field Marshal Count NI Saltykov, Prosecutor General DI Troshchinsky, Counts PV Zavadovsky and AR Vorontsov, the Zubov brothers, etc.). The Council was supposed to discuss all the most important state affairs and especially draft legislative acts: "fundamental and immutable state decrees" and "temporary state decrees", which "determine any state circumstance, essentially subject to change", that is, current legislation ... Also, the Indispensable Council was given the right, at its discretion, to develop and present to the king projects of state reforms. The failure of joint work in the field of transformations led to the fact that since 1802 the emperor preferred to consider the most important issues of state administration in the circle of his closest associates and subordinates, without resorting to the Indispensable Council, which had lost its original meaning. On January 1 (13), 1810, on the basis of the manifesto of Alexander I on the establishment of the State Council, the Indispensable Council was abolished.

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The first years of the reign of Alexander I At the beginning of his reign, he carried out moderately liberal reforms, developed by the Secret Committee and M. M. Speransky. The first years of his reign passed under the sign of confrontation with Napoleon Bonaparte ... Alexander I had to surrender Moscow in 1812 and "settle" Napoleon in the Moscow Kremlin, before triumphantly entering Paris in 1914 ...

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The Secret Committee On June 24 (July 6), 1801, an unofficial supreme advisory body was formed under Alexander I - the Secret Committee - consisting of his associates, members of the former "Circle of Young Friends". The task of the Committee was "first to present the actual state of affairs, then to proceed with the reform of various parts of the administration ... and, finally, to crown these institutions with a guarantee in the form of a constitution, consistent with the true spirit of the nation." In practice, the Committee considered not only general, but also a number of specific issues, and the issues of reforming the state structure did not receive development and completion. The committee discussed: the draft "Coronation Charter" - a manifesto proclaiming and affirming the basic economic and civil rights of the subjects of the empire; projects for the reform of the Senate, the establishment of ministries and the Committee of Ministers; the peasant question (projects of granting state peasants the right to purchase unpopulated land, issues of peasant reform in Livonia, the right of Little Russian peasants to "find the Cossacks", the right of merchants with "eight-grade ranks" to buy villages and own them on terms concluded with the peasants); principles of drawing up a new code (code); a draft decree authorizing nobles to engage in trade; questions of the organization of the Ministry of Public Education and the system of educational institutions, as well as the organization of military education, the organization of the secret police; on the accession of Georgia and the organization of state administration there, the analysis of land disputes in the Crimea; private issues - the purchase of a house for Moscow University, the testament of Major General SA Talyzin, litigation between gr. N.I.Saltykov and gr. IP Kutaisov, resignation of the Prince. AB Kurakina and others. The meetings of the Secret Committee were held in the same composition. From June 24 (July 6) 1801 to May 12 (24), 1802, 35 meetings of the committee were held; then a long break followed, after which, from October 26 (November 7) to November 9 (21), 1803, only four sessions were held. In fact, the Secret Committee ceased to meet from November 1803.

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Emperor Alexander I. Portrait by V.L. Borovikovsky from the original by E. Vigee-Lebrun. 1802.

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The first meeting of Alexander I and Napoleon Alexander and Napoleon waged five wars with each other. They ended either in victory or in defeat for one of the parties. The first meeting of the emperors Alexander I and Napoleon took place in the summer of 1807 during the signing of the Tilsit armistice, which was proposed by Alexander, fearing for his empire. Napoleon agreed and even stressed that he wants not only peace, but also an alliance with Russia: "The union of France with Russia has always been the object of my desires," he assured Alexander. How sincere was this assurance? It is quite possible that sincere. They both need a Russian-French alliance, albeit at different levels: Alexander I - for "self-preservation", Napoleon - to exalt himself and his empire. After the meeting, Napoleon wrote to Josephine as follows: “I was extremely pleased with him. This is a young, extremely kind and handsome emperor. He's much smarter than people think. "

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D. Serangeli "Farewell of Alexander to Napoleon in Tilsit"

Slide 18

The second stage of the reforms of Alexander I began with the replacement of the Indispensable Committee by the State Council in 1810 and the resignation of M.M. Speransky in 1812. In the same years, Alexander himself already felt a taste of power and began to find advantages in autocratic rule. Disappointment in his immediate environment forced him to seek support in people personally devoted to him and not associated with the dignified aristocracy. He draws closer to himself first A. A. Arakcheev, and later M. B. Barclay de Tolly, who became Minister of War in 1810, and M. M. Speransky, whom Alexander entrusted with the development of a new draft of state reform. Speransky's project assumed the actual transformation of Russia into a constitutional monarchy, where the sovereign's power would be limited to a bicameral legislature of the parliamentary type. The implementation of Speransky's plan began in 1809, when the practice of equating court ranks with civilian ranks was abolished and an educational qualification for civilian officials was introduced. On January 1, 1810, the Council of State was established to replace the Indispensable. It was assumed that the initially broad powers of the State Council would then be narrowed down after the establishment of the State Duma. During 1810-11, the State Council discussed plans for financial, ministerial and senate reforms proposed by Speransky. The implementation of the first of them led to a reduction in the budget deficit; by the summer of 1811, the transformation of ministries was completed. Meanwhile, Alexander himself experienced the strongest pressure from the court environment, including members of his family, who sought to prevent radical reforms. A certain influence on him, apparently, was exerted by the "Note on Ancient and New Russia" by N. M. Karamzin, which apparently gave the emperor a reason to doubt the correctness of the path he had chosen. Of no small importance was the factor of Russia's international position: the growing tension in relations with France and the need to prepare for war made it possible for the opposition to interpret Speransky's reform activities as anti-state, and declare Speransky himself a Napoleonic spy. All this led to the fact that Alexander, inclined to compromise, although he did not believe in Speransky's guilt, dismissed him in March 1812.

Slide 19

Foreign policy 1808-1814 1808 - 1809: Russian-Swedish War. September 17, 1809 - Peace Treaty of Friedrichsgam, which established the border between Sweden and Russia along the Torneo River. Finland (together with the Aland Islands) withdrew to Russia as a Grand Duchy; Sweden pledged to dissolve the alliance with England, conclude treaties with France and Denmark and join the continental blockade 1806 - 1812: Russian-Turkish war. Destruction of the Turkish squadron of Pasha Seyig-Adi near Athos by Vice Admiral Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin (June 19, 1807) Armistice August 12, 1807 - March 3, 1809. The defeat of the Turkish army of Khozrev Pasha on the banks of the Danube near Rasevat (September 4, 1809) by Prince Peter Ivanovich Bagration. Successful actions of the Russian army under the command of MI Kutuzov on the lower Danube in 1811. Treaty of Bucharest (May 28, 1812): the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire; the border between Russia and the Port was established along the Prut River; creation of an autonomous Serbian principality within the Ottoman Empire 1812, June 24 - December 14: Patriotic War. Battle of Borodino (September 7, 1812); the capture of Moscow by Napoleon (October 14-19); the retreat of the "Great Army" and the battle at the crossing over the Berezina (November 26-29); the remnants of the French army left Kovno and, having crossed the Neman (December 14), moved through Poland and Prussia to France. Manifesto of Alexander on the occasion of "the expulsion of the foe from the borders of Russia" (January 5, 1813) 1813 - 1814: Foreign campaigns of the Russian army. The passage of the Russian army across the Neman (January 13, 1813); Napoleon's victory in the battles at Lützen (May 2, 1813) and at Bautzen (May 20 - 21) and the retreat of the Russian-Prussian army beyond the Elbe to the Oder; truce of July-August 1813; victory of Napoleon in the battle of Dresden (August 26 - 27); "Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig (October 16-19, 1813), where the army of Napoleon and his allies (Saxony, Poland) was defeated by the troops of Russia, Austria, Prussia and Sweden; Bavaria, Württemberg sided with the forces of the anti-French coalition, the Kingdom of Westphalia disappeared as an independent state, and Saxony lost up to 40% of its territory; the Russian army, having crossed the Rhine and Basel, entered France (January 12, 1814); the capture of Paris (24 - 30 March 1814); abdication of Napoleon (April 4, 1814); The Paris Peace Treaty (May 30), according to which the independence of Holland, Switzerland, German principalities and Italian states was restored; France returned to the borders on January 1, 1792.

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Slide captions:

The beginning of the reign of Alexander II. Peasant reform of 1861 MBOU Berendeevskaya secondary school Nechaeva Marina Leonidovna, teacher of history and social studies

Alexander II (1855-1881)

Reasons for the abolition of serfdom 1) Low productivity of serf labor, unprofitability of farms based on forced labor; serfdom prevents further development agriculture 2) The lack of personal freedom among the peasants hindered the further development of industry. Entrepreneurs had nowhere to take hired workers. 3) Serfdom is a threat to public peace. 4) Serfdom in practice was no different from slavery. 5) Crimean War.

On January 3, 1857, the Secret Committee on Peasant Affairs was created, which included the highest dignitaries of the state and which, during the year, considered the projects of peasant reform left over from the previous reigns. November 20, 1857 Rescript of Alexander II to the governor-general of Vilna V.I. Nazimov on the approval of the provincial committees for the preparation of peasant reform projects. December 5, 1857 Rescript of Alexander II to the Governor-General of St. Petersburg P.I. Ignatiev on the establishment of provincial committees to prepare projects of peasant reform. January 8, 1858 Transformation of the Secret Committee into the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs. Creation of similar committees in 46 provinces. Discussion of the problems of the abolition of serfdom became public and open. March 4, 1859 Creation of editorial commissions under the Main Committee headed by General Ya.I. Rostovtsev to review the materials provided by the provincial committees and to draw up legal acts regulating the abolition of serfdom. October 10, 1860 Dissolution of editorial commissions and transfer of documents on peasant reform, first to the Main Committee, and then to the State Council for discussion. 19 February 1861 the Emperor signed the main legal documents on the peasant reform (there were 17 of them in total), the main ones of which are: - The Manifesto "On the all-merciful granting of serfs the rights of the state of free rural inhabitants and on the structure of their life" - " General position about the peasants who have emerged from serfdom "-" Regulations on the redemption of peasants who have emerged from serfdom, their settled settlement, on assistance to the government in acquiring them into the ownership of field lands "

Central and local institutions of Russia involved in the preparation of the peasant reform

Projects for the liberation of peasants: a) in the black earth provinces (liberation of peasants without land or with a very small allotment for a large ransom); b) in non-chernozem provinces (liberation with land, but ransom not only for the land, but also for the personality of the peasant)

ME AND. Rostovtsev (1803-1860)

ON. Milyutin (1818-1872)

Civil rights: to conduct transactions with movable and immovable property (purchase, sale, etc.) to open trade and industrial enterprises; to act on their own behalf in court; may not be subjected to corporal punishment other than by a court verdict or a lawful order of the authorities appointed over them; move to other classes.

A temporarily liable peasant is a personally free peasant who is forced to fulfill all his obligations to the landowner before switching to ransom.

RUB 10 \u003d 6% X \u003d (10 x 100): 6 \u003d 166 rubles. 67 kopecks. X rub. \u003d 100% Redemption operation: 20% of the redemption amount the peasant had to independently pay to the landlord at a time. 80% of the redemption amount was given in a long-term loan by the state - for 49 years at 6% per annum

Statistical data The cut was carried out in some provinces for 40-65% of the peasants. Cutting - in 3-15% of peasants. The sections on average in the country amounted to 20% of the peasant allotment; in some provinces - 30-40% of the peasant allotment.

"Gift allotment" - ¼ part of the highest rate of land allotment, which a peasant could receive free of charge.

Charter - agreement between the landowner and the peasant

World Mediator - executive during the period of the peasant reform of 1861, he was appointed from among the nobility to draw up and approve charter letters and to analyze disputes between peasants and landowners. He possessed judicial and administrative power.

Peasant administration Rural gathering - - elected representatives to the volost gathering - ten's (1 person per 10 households) Volost gathering - - elected the volost foreman; - hired to help the foreman 1 or more clerks;

Significance of the reform Positive moments - created the necessary conditions to establish capitalism; - contributed to the growth rates economic development; - contributed to the folding of a new social structure, the emergence of new social strata - the proletariat and the industrial bourgeoisie; the change of the peasantry itself. Negative moments - survivals of serfdom have been preserved; - infringed upon the economic interests of the landlords, eliminated their monopoly on the exploitation of peasant labor; - artificial preservation and constant support by the government at the expense of the peasants of the landlord economy; - predatory nature in relation to the peasants, contributed to the deterioration of their position; - stagnation in agriculture and other spheres of life; - the purchasing power of the population was approaching zero.

Original Russian Text © L.A. Katsva, 2011

New attempts at reform

Victory over Napoleon lifted
Alexander I to the peak of power,
gave him colossal authority.
Now the king could return
to reform projects from which
had to refuse
in 1812
?
Alexander I.
Engraving from the original
thin F.I. Volkova, 1814
What reforms Alexander considered
necessary and essential on the eve
Patriotic War of 1812?
Introduction of constitutional government
and the abolition of serfdom.

Polish constitution

Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Poland
composed of
Russian Empire
(approved in 1832)
In 1815 Alexander I bestowed
the constitution of Poland.
Polish subjects received:
freedom of the press,
inviolability of the person,
equality of estates before the law,
independence of the court.
A bicameral was created
legislative diet.
Upper House - Senate -
appointed by the emperor.
The lower house was elected.
Legislative initiative -
only the emperor.
The emperor claimed
laws passed by the Sejm.

Polish constitution

Voters:
noble landowners,
urban intelligentsia,
other townspeople based on
property qualification.
?
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Poland
composed of
Russian Empire
(approved in 1832)
How can you characterize
political system
Kingdom of Poland
according to the constitution of 1815?
A constitutional monarchy
with broad rights of the monarch.

Warsaw speech of 1818

Portrait of the emperor
Alexander I.
Hood. J. Doe.
At the opening of the Polish Sejm in 1818
the king declared:
"The education that existed in your
edge, allowed me to enter immediately
what I gave you, guided by
rules of lawfully free
institutions that were incessantly
the subject of my thoughts ...
So you gave me the remedy
to show my Fatherland that
that I have been preparing him for a long time
and what it will use
when did such an important business start
reach the proper maturity. "

Warsaw speech of 1818

?
Why did the king decide to give a constitution
Poland first, not Russia?
First, Alexander believed that Poland,
due to their own historical traditions
and European influence, better than Russia,
prepared for the constitutional order.
Secondly, he cared very much
about his reputation as a liberal in Europe.

Warsaw speech of 1818

?
What is the significance of Alexander's Warsaw speech for Russia?
The king stated unequivocally that over time
the governance of the entire empire will rely
to "lawfully free institutions", i.e. parliament.
?
How the king's words should have been treated
Russian nobility?
The enlightened minority rejoiced
but most were in a panic
waiting for the imminent abolition of serfdom.
Even a rumor spread that in August 1818
a decree will be issued on the release of the peasants.

Warsaw speech of 1818

M.M. Speransky:
“How ... from two or three words of the Warsaw speech
can happen so huge and with the very meaning of these words
incongruous consequences? .. If landowners, a class of people,
no doubt the most enlightened, nothing more in this speech
do not see how freedom of the peasants, how can you demand,
so that the common people could see something else here? "
?
Why the nobility feared the abolition of serfdom,
although not a word was said about this in Alexander I's speech?
The nobility instinctively understood that in the constitutional
it will be impossible for the country to maintain slavery.

N.N. Novosiltsev.
Hood. S.S. Shchukin.
In 1818-1820. in Warsaw
under the leadership of N.N. Novosiltsev was
drawn up
draft constitution of Russia -
"Charter of the Russian Empire".
Suffrage,
structure and powers of the Sejm
in the "Charter" -
the same as in the Polish constitution.
But Russia was divided
for 12 governorships.
Local seims were created in them.

Charter of the Russian Empire

Legislative scheme
Emperor
Upper chamber
Lower Chamber
N e s t n i c e
!
Explain
scheme.
FROM
E
Th
M
SEMY
Upper chamber
Upper chamber
Lower Chamber
Lower Chamber
Nobility, townspeople (based on property qualifications)

Charter of the Russian Empire

Emperor's powers:
Exclusive right of legislative initiative,
approval of laws adopted by the Diet.
Final selection of deputies
lower chambers of the Seimas from among the elect
(1/2 elected to the national Diet
and 2/3 elected to local seims).
Manual the executive branch, army, church.
Declaring war and making peace
appointment of ambassadors and officials.
The right to pardon.
Thus, with the adoption of the Charter
the political system of Russia would combine autocracy
with a constitutional structure.
!

The peasant question

A.A. Bestuzhev (Marlinsky):
“The war still lasted, when the warriors,
returning to their homes, the first smashed
murmur in the class of the people.
“We shed blood,” they said,
- and they make us sweat again
in the corvee. We rid our homeland of
tyrant, and we are again being tyrannized by the gentlemen. "
?
Return of the Warrior
to your family.
Hood. I.V. Luchaninov, 1815.
What was the feature
the peasant question after
Patriotic War of 1812?

The peasant question

According to M.A. Fonvizin,
young Russian officers compared
“Everything they saw outside the border
what it seemed to them at every step
at home: slavery of the powerless
most Russians,
abuse of power,
reigning arbitrariness everywhere -
all this outraged and led
into the indignation of educated Russians
and their patriotic feeling ”.
Mikhail Alexandrovich
Fonvizin (1788-1854),
in 1812 - lieutenant,
campaign of 1813
graduated with the rank
colonel.
?
How the Patriotic War influenced
and Foreign trip to the social and political situation in Russia?

The peasant question

1816 - granting personal freedom to the peasants
Estland at the request of the local nobility.
1817 - The liberation of the peasants of Courland.
1819 - the liberation of the peasants of Livonia.
The land remained in the ownership of the landowner.
Landlords were obliged to rent half of the land
leased to peasants, but after the lease expires
the landlord could drive the tenant off the land, replacing it with another.
?
Why exactly the landowners of the Baltic (Ostsee Region)
asked for landless liberation of serfs?
Local landowners were familiar with the European experience,
understood that wage labor is more profitable than serf labor.

The peasant question

The attempts of the king to conquer to the same
petitions of Russians and Ukrainian
landowners were in vain.
?
Why did the autocratic tsar seek
noble petitions for release
peasants, and did not abolish serfdom
by your decree?
Portrait of the emperor
Alexander I.
Hood. J. Doe.
If the abolition of serfdom
became an initiative of
landlords, would decrease
probability
noble conspiracy
and peasant unrest.

The peasant question

In 1816, Alexander was
projects presented
liberation of the peasants.
Authors: Wing Adjutant
P.D. Kiselev,
member of the State Council
N.S. Mordvinov,
quartermaster general
N.S. Mordvinov
P.D. Kiselev
E.F. Kankrin.
All of them proposed to limit the number of serfs and courtyards
owned by one owner, and transfer the excess
in "free cultivators".
It was proposed to free the serfs
and in the case of a factory on the estate.
What, in your opinion, is
the most important common feature of the projects?
?

The peasant question

Alexey Andreevich
Arakcheev.
Hood. J. Doe.
In 1818 Alexander I commissioned
draft release
serfs A.A. Arakcheev.
Arakcheev, offered to buy the estates
to the treasury "by voluntarily
set prices with landlords. "
For the redemption of estates was allocated per year
5 million rubles banknotes.
This could be enough for a ransom of 50 thousand.
revision showers per year.
Approximately this number of peasants
sold annually at auction.
According to historians, such
the pace of liberation of the peasants
would take 200 years.

The peasant question

?
What considerations forced
Arakcheeva to offer such a slow
a solution to the peasant question?
Alexey Andreevich
Arakcheev.
Hood. J. Doe.
Arakcheev tried to prevent
no infringement of the nobility,
to avoid it
resistance.
Perhaps he also hoped
that gradually the landlords
understand the benefits of not
serf labor,
and the pace of reform will accelerate.

The peasant question

In 1818-1819. over the project
liberating serfs worked
also Minister of Finance D.A. Guryev.
Under him, a special
Secret Committee.
Only the first was prepared
draft reform draft.
?
Why project development
the liberation of the peasants was carried out in secret?
Dmitry Aleksandrovich
The government feared that the information
Guryev,
Minister of Finance
on the preparation of the reform will cause
in 1810-1825,
as opposition from the nobles,
Earl since 1819
and peasant unrest.
Hood. G.F. Gippius.

Military settlements

One way
ease the situation
peasants Alexander I
considered creation
military settlements.
Part of the state
peasants translated
to the position of villagers
and had to combine
View of a military settlement in the 19th century.
military service
with peasant labor.
Army regiments were also transferred to a settled position.
Gradually, the entire army was to consist
from the military settlers and provide for herself.
But the rest of the peasants would be freed from recruitment.
This made the state peasants, in fact, free.

Military settlements

A beautiful design, alas,
turned into a nightmare.
Petty regulation
all life, drill,
inability to leave for
earnings have turned life
settled in hard labor.
Contemporaries called
settlement creation
"The main crime
In a military settlement.
alexandrovsky
M.V. Hood Dobuzhinsky.
reign ".
1817 - uprising of the villagers of Kherson and Novgorod
provinces.
1818 - the uprising of the villagers in the Ukraine.
1819 - an uprising in the Chuguev and Taganrog settlements.

After the overthrow of Napoleon
Alexander I, confident that victory
became possible only thanks to
By God's will, carried away by mysticism,
those. teaching about communication with
supernatural divine
the world through the study of the secret
meaning of religious texts
and rituals.
The "mentor" of the king in mysticism
became a famous "prophetess"
Baroness V.-Yu. Krudener.
Baroness
Varvara-Julia Krudener.
Engraving by Rosmeler, 1820.
?
What are the features of V.-Yu. Krudener
emphasizes the artist?

Religious and educational policy

To spread mystical ideas
in Russia in 1813 was created
Bible Society.
President of the society became
Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod A.N. Golitsyn,
unification advocate
of all Christian denominations.
Society sought to unite
Christianity by spreading
Holy Scriptures.
At meetings of the society alongside
Prince
with Orthodox bishops
Alexander Nikolaevich
attended by Catholic
Golitsyn.
priests and Protestant pastors.
Hood. K.P. Bryullov.

Religious and educational policy

In 1817 the Ministry of Education
transformed into a ministry of spiritual
affairs and public education.
The Holy Synod is subordinate to this ministry.
A.N. Golitsyn.
The task of the ministry: “To establish
education of the people on piety,
according to the act of the Holy Union. "
The dream of Alexander I is to combine
enlightenment with the ideals of faith.
Prince
A.N. Golitsyn.
Hood. T. Wright.
?
What dangers do you think
was fraught with the creation of a new
ministries?

Religious and educational policy

Prince
A.N. Golitsyn.
Hood. T. Wright.
Highlighting
in the education of ideological tasks
led to the advent of religion
for secular education.
The Ministry supported literature,
preaching "mystical" views,
dissidents have come under pressure.
Spiritual censorship, subdued by the Synod,
began to interfere in the affairs of universities.
Censors were instructed not to let
to print materials about the government,
without “asking the consent of the ministry,
the subject of which is being discussed. "
N.M. Karamzin: "Ministry of Eclipse".

Religious and educational policy

Mikhail Leontievich
Magnitsky.
In 1819, a high position
in the Golitsyn ministry took
M.L. Magnitsky, former Voltairean
and associate of Speransky,
revised in the link his views
and became a zealous conservative.
Having received an order to conduct an audit
Kazan University, he announced
the university is a hotbed of freethinking
and offered to destroy it.
Alexander I appointed Magnitsky
trustee of the Kazan educational district,
instructing him to "fix" the university.

Religious and educational policy

Mikhail Leontievich
Magnitsky.
11 out of 25 professors are fired,
"harmful" books were burned in the library.
Teaching rebuilt
on a religious basis.
At the lectures it was prescribed to inspire:
In philosophy: “everything that does not agree
with the mind of Scripture,
there is delusion and falsehood. "
By right: "the reign of the Monarchist
is the oldest and established
by God himself. "
In mathematics: "as numbers without one
it can't be, so is the universe,
as many, without a single ruler
cannot exist. "

Religious and educational policy

The university was
installed barracks
mode, students shared
on discharges depending
from the "moral
perfection ",
students of different
discharges were prohibited
communicate with each other.
In 1821 D.P. Runich exposed
the same defeat of St. Petersburg University.
The distribution of Magnitsky's
instructions for all Russian universities.
In fact, the government abandoned politics
enlightened absolutism.
!

Rejection of the course of reforms

Alexander I
in the uniform of the life guard
sapper battalion.
Not a single reform project
Alexander I, except
the Polish constitution,
was not brought to life.
The king faced a clear
opposition of the nobility
and chose to retreat.
In addition, he himself believed
reforms untimely
at the time of the rise of revolutions
in Europe.
To give up permanently
reforms of the king forced an uprising
Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment.

The uprising of the Semenovsky regiment

Service in the Semenovsky regiment after
the war of 1812 was much easier,
than in other parts.
Enlightened people crept into the regiment
officers, soldiers taught to read and write,
let them earn extra money,
corporal
punishment.
Such orders annoyed Arakcheev
and the commanders of the guards brigades -
grand dukes
Nikolai and Mikhail Pavlovich.

The uprising of the Semenovsky regiment

In 1820 the new regiment commander
Army Colonel was appointed
G.E. Schwartz is brave but ignorant
and the rude man who got the order
"Pull up" the regiment.
Drill, petty nit-picking
and constant corporal punishment
literally harassed the soldiers.
In October 1820
Portrait of G.E. Schwartz.
1st Grenadier Company refused
Kursk GKG
serve under Schwartz.
them. A. Deineki.
The arrest of the rebellious company caused
the uprising of the entire regiment.
Schwartz barely managed to escape.
Describe
this person.
?

The uprising of the Semenovsky regiment

G.E. Schwartz.
After the uprising Schwartz
sentenced to death
pardoned, dismissed
resign, but soon
recruited into service.
Fired again in 1850
for torturing soldiers.
Alexander I, who was
at the congress in Troppau, ordered
disband the regiment,
betray Schwartz and the 1st company
military court,
other soldiers and officers
transfer to army regiments,
new Semenovsky regiment to recruit
from other parts.
Contrary to the facts, Alexander I considered
riot of the Semenovites (the first case
disobedience of the guards unit)
manifestation of international
revolutionary conspiracy.

Rejection of the course of reforms

Entry in the diary of M.M. Speransky
(shortly before returned
from exile and close to the court)
after an audience with Alexander
in August 1821:
"Talk about the lack of capable
and business people not only with us,
but everywhere. Hence the conclusion:
do not rush to transformations, but
for those who want them to look
that they are being dealt with. "
M.M. Speransky.
?
Explain the position of Alexander I.

Going to reaction

Refusing to transform the existing system,
Alexander I was forced to start strengthening it.
1822 - a decree allowing landlords
exile peasants to Siberia "for bad deeds.
?
What is the significance of this decree?
With this decree, the king canceled his own decree of 1811,
directly forbidding the nobles to exile peasants to Siberia.
For the first time, Alexander I issued a decree that did not narrow
and expanded the power of the landowner over the peasants.
!

Going to reaction

In 1820-1823. under the leadership of Magnitsky
a draft of a new censorship charter was developed.
All compositions were subject to ban
containing "any spirit of sectarianism
or confusing the pure teaching of the gospel faith
with ancient false teachings,
or with ... Freemasonry ",
as well as those
"In which the selfishness of the human mind
tries to explain and prove by philosophy
the sacred mysteries of faith inaccessible to him. "
In 1822, the activity of Masonic lodges in Russia was prohibited.

Going to reaction

Archimandrite Photius
(P.N. Spassky).
Hood. G. Dow
from an engraving by J. Doe.
Alexander I psychologically difficult
survived the rejection of reforms.
In the 1820s. he fell more and more often
into apathy, entrusting state
affairs to Arakcheev.
In his environment already prevailed
not mystics and supporters of the Christian
unity, and Orthodox fanatics.
The most important place among them was taken by
Archimandrite Photius of Yuryev,
who accused A.N. Golitsyn undermined
orthodoxy and dissemination
Western false teachings.

Going to reaction

"Orthodox opposition"
supported Arakcheev,
jealous of the king
to A.N. Golitsyn.
Intrigues against Golitsyn
Archimandrite
Magnitsky took part,
M.L. Magnitsky.
Photius.
realizing that under the minister
the soil is shaking.
In 1824, after conversations with Photius
and by Seraphim the king sent
Golitsyn to resign.
Bible Society led
his opponent is Seraphim
Metropolitan
A.A. Arakcheev.
(in 1826 the Society
Seraphim
It will be closed).
(Glagolevsky).

Going to reaction

Alexander
Semenovich
Shishkov.
Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and People's
education was eliminated.
Ministry of Education headed
supporter of the "Orthodox opposition"
leader of "Conversations of lovers of the Russian word"
A.S. Shishkov.
His conservative views
were quite consistent with the current
the views of the emperor.
After reviewing the draft censorship
charter, Shishkov edited it
in an even more protective spirit.
Adopt a new censorship charter
Alexander I did not have time,
this will be done by his successor, Nicholas I.

Going to reaction

A.A. Arakcheev.
With the fall of Golitsyn Arakcheev
finally acquired unlimited
influence on the king, became de facto
ruler of Russia.
Biographer of Alexander I,
led. book Nikolay Mikhailovich:
“In all matters, the sovereign began to listen
only one Arakcheev, take
exclusively his reports
in all branches of management;
and the almighty count surrounded the monarch
by his henchmen and minions,
who did not dare to contradict him
and offer something,
without consulting
first with him. "

Finale of the reign of Alexander I

Since 1824, Alexander I practically ceased to study
state affairs, traveled for a long time
across Russia, more and more often plunged into religious reflections.
According to some historians,
he was seriously about to abdicate.
In November 1825, the tsar died suddenly in Taganrog.
Alexander I
attends
the monastic cell
Aleksanro-Nevskaya
laurels in 1825
before the trip
to Taganrog.
Copper engraving,
painted
watercolor.
1845 g.

Summing up

?
What would be the results if implemented
into the life of the "Charter of the Russian Empire"?
?
Why Alexander I did not dare to implement
their reform plans?

Summing up

?
What role has played in the social and political life of Russia
Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education?
?
What was the overall result of the reign of Alexander I?

Sources of illustrations

Slide number 2. http://sch714-romanov.narod.ru/index14_1.html
Slide number 3-4. http://geraldika2000.narod.ru/russia/gubernia/polska.htm
Slide number 5. http://www.antiquesalon.ru/560.html
Slide number 9.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolay_Nikolayevich_Novosiltsev.jpg?uselang
\u003d ru
Slide number 12. http://artru.info/il/all/10327/
Slide number 13. http://babs71.livejournal.com/448943.html
Slide number 15.
http://www.artsait.ru/foto.php?art\u003dd/dou/img/6&n\u003d%20%C4%EE%F3%20%C4%E6%E
E% F0% E4% E6.% 20% CF% EE% F0% F2% F0% E5% F2% 20% C8% EC% EF% E5% F0% E
0% F2% EE% F0% E0% 20% C0% EB% E5% EA% F1% E0% ED% E4% F0% E0% 20I
Slide number 16. http://www.navy.su/daybyday/april/17/index-photo.htm;
http://www.hrono.info/biograf/bio_k/kiselev.php
Slide number 17-18. http://gallerix.ru/album/Hermitage-4/pic/glrx-729132080
Slide number 19. http://az.lib.ru/img/k/karamzin_n_m/text_0830/index.shtml
Slide number 20. http://speranskii.ru/s9.html
Slide number 21. http://www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/37990

Sources of illustrations

Slide number 22. http://www.rulex.ru/rpg/portraits/34/34032.htm
Slide number 23.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%EE%EB%E8%F6%FB%ED%2C_%C0%EB%E5%EA
% F1% E0% ED% E4% F0_% CD% E8% EA% EE% EB% E0% E5% E2% E8% F7
Slide number 24-25. http://www.rulex.ru/rpg/portraits/28/28009.htm
Slide number 26-27. http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1016785
Slide number 28. http://www.museum.ru/alb/image.asp?39832
Slide number 29. http://history-life.ru/post88621345/
Slide number 30. http://img.malinamix.com/forums/monthly_09_2010/user166/post401662_img1_a96e076edd63ecf98d0
370a497bcef18.jpg
Slide number 31-32.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86,_%D0%93
% D1% 80% D0% B8% D0% B3% D0% BE% D1% 80% D0% B8% D0% B9_% D0% 95% D1% 8
4% D0% B8% D0% BC% D0% BE% D0% B2% D0% B8% D1% 87
Slide number 33. http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/95076
Slide number 36. http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1362328

Sources of illustrations

Slide number 37.
http://www.ruskline.ru/monitoring_smi/2005/03/09/arhimandrit_fotij_spasskij_17921838/; http://gorod-zagorsk.ru/mess057.htm;
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1016785;
http://gallerix.ru/album/Hermitage-4/pic/glrx-729132080
Slide number 38. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/sm/43505.htm
Slide number 40. Alexander I. The Emperor's Way. Exhibition catalog in Kolomenskoye
April 29 - September 28, 2008 M., 2008, p. 28, scanned by the author.