Top tender sites. The main tender sites in Russia: state and commercial. Regional tender sites

Electronic trading platforms are like dating sites for entrepreneurs. Many sites are focused on large companies and the public sector, and the small and medium business bypasses them. Secret has selected services that offer convenient purchasing solutions specifically for small companies.

Supl.biz

Cost: free (basic tariff)

Database of companies: 1 000 000

Geography: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine

Saving on purchases up to 40% - this is the benefit that Supl.biz promises to its users. The platform is targeted at small and medium businesses. It is easier to bid here than on sites where government purchases and orders from other large companies are placed: to place an order, you just need to indicate your name and email address. Customers' applications do not reach suitable suppliers immediately, but after being checked by a manager. There are more than a million companies in the database of performers, some of them are not added to the site themselves, they are added by the site moderators - they call companies with a suitable activity profile and offer to register them in the system. According to Supl.biz statistics, on average, one order receives about five offers from suppliers, and the first response comes within five minutes. It is not necessary to communicate with the performers through the site: all contacts are open, proposals are duplicated on email.

“Newspaper printing required”, “selfie sticks needed”, “looking for a sugar supplier” - these are the typical orders on this site. The greatest demand is for printing services (21%), the supply of auto parts (19%) and the production of business souvenirs (7%). Basic functionality is free, while expanding capabilities requires a fee from 2,900 rubles to 5,900 rubles per month. For customers, more advanced rates offer notifications to all eligible performers (instead of 20% as in the basic version), supplier verification, phone notifications, personal manager and other functions. Paid subscribers from among suppliers will be able to get contacts of all companies (and not just those to whose orders they will respond), highlight their commercial offers create an original design for your profile page. Performers can buy displays of advertising banners that can be targeted to customers with a specific region and area of \u200b\u200bactivity (500-700 rubles per 1000 impressions, depending on the location).

Deals.ru

Cost: is free

Database of companies: 28 000

Geography: Russia

Large companies place orders with representatives of small and medium-sized businesses on Delokki.ru: for example, Lukoil and Gazprom make requests to purchase equipment for their branches. At the same time, the registration procedure is not bureaucratic, and work with the site is free. Suppliers can not only add their offers manually, but also upload a YML file (Yandex Market Language - a format developed for adding products to Yandex.Market). To carry out purchases and sales of the entire company, it is not necessary to sit under one account - the service allows you to add an unlimited number of employees. Each of them will be a separate user acting on behalf of the firm.

Within an hour after submitting the application, the manager determines the order in the appropriate heading, and the ad gets to potential performers in personal Area on the site and duplicated by email. All suppliers are checked by the service, they can be assessed by their rating: it consists of the number of partners and company employees added to the site, as well as feedback from partners.

The service is suitable for companies that need goods and services in the areas of automotive transport, construction or industry. Wall tiles, a miter saw, a tire changer, a cast iron radiator are the most common requests for such items. However, in other areas, too, most likely, it will be possible to find the right contractor: about 900 thousand offers from suppliers have been published on Delokki.ru. They sell both consumer goods and services - from checking real estate before concluding a sales contract to drawing up a business plan.

Now the site can be used for free, but in the summer they plan to introduce tariffs on Delokki.ru, leaving the free basic version. Suppliers can separately pay for their offers to be at the top of the product list or highlighted in color (300 rubles for two weeks).

B2B-Center

Cost: 1000 rubles per month (when participating in tenders up to 500,000 rubles)

Database of companies: 211 000

Geography: Russia and 93 countries of the world

This is not one resource, but a whole system of industry, regional and corporate trading platforms, mainly designed for orders from large private and state companies - their purchases reach hundreds of billions of rubles. For example, the energy company RusHydro conducted 8708 procedures here worth 326.8 billion rubles, and mining company Mechel completed 74161 procedures for 473.7 billion rubles.

However, small businesses also have their own option - the "Small Purchase" tariff, which does not require connection fees and will cost 1,000 rubles a month. In this case, it is possible to participate in the auction only with the announced price up to 500,000 rubles. Additional expenses will not be required: suppliers do not pay for winning the auction, and securing the application (from 0.5% to 5%, according to the law) is not necessary and is done only at the request of customers. According to B2B-Center estimates, up to 30% of the site's users are small and medium-sized companies, although at first glance the site's functionality seems redundant for small companies.

You will have to participate in the auction in an adult way, there are almost no indulgences for small businesses. First of all, you will need to meet a number of system requirements: for example, it is recommended to work with the operating system Windows XP and in the Internet Explorer browser in order to correctly display the electronic digital signature (EDS). For registration, it is necessary to enter the details and addresses of the company, and participation in the auction is possible only after the conclusion of the contract, payment of the invoice and receipt of the EDS, if the company is registered in Russia. An exception is made here for the "Small Purchase" tariff: users can participate in the request for prices and offers without electronic signatureif it is not required by the customer.

To conduct an auction, you will have to understand various procedures: open competition, competitive negotiations, rebidding, and so on - 43 types in total. One procedure corresponds to each application. Customers can not burden themselves with bidding, but look for goods and services in the site's catalog.

Unified electronic trading platform "Commercial purchases"

Cost: is free

Database of companies: 145 000

Geography: Russia

The United Electronic Trading Platform (UETP) is one of the largest Russian electronic trading operators (first in terms of transparency rating). EETP has separate services for government and commercial purchases. If you are already registered in the Public Procurement segment, you can participate in commercial auctions with this account. It is impossible to participate in the auction without an electronic signature - it is required for accreditation of both the customer and the supplier. Performers will need to transfer funds to the account established in the system to secure the application. This money (from 0.5% to 5%, but not less than 5,900 rubles) is blocked for one business day from all bidders and until a contract with the winner is concluded. You can also provide a bank guarantee to secure the application.

The bidding scheme, as is customary at large platforms, is multi-level and differentiated, therefore, registration only as a customer for small and medium-sized businesses may not justify itself. However, in the past six months, there have been more opportunities to find suppliers from its own segment in terms of size: since October 2014, the EETP has made concessions for small businesses. So, the winners of the auction with the initial price of the contract no more than 100 thousand rubles may not pay for the victory (usually 5900 rubles are transferred to the site's account). Payment for the transaction does not take place through the platform - the EETP only provides for the procedure, and suppliers and customers conclude a contract and determine how they will be calculated.

Signature for bidding "Basic"
Signature for bidding "Extended"
Signature for bidding "Maximum"

Federal ETP

• Unified electronic trading platform (UETP) - roseltorg.ru
• Sberbank-AST - sberbank-ast.ru
• National electronic platform - etp-ets.ru
• ZakazRF. All-Russian System Electronic Commerce - zakazrf.ru
• RTS tender - rts-tender.ru
• All-Russian universal trading platform "Russian Auction House" - lot-online.ru
• TEK-Torg - tektorg.ru
• ETP GPB. Section "Public Procurement" - gos.etpgpb.ru
• Specialized ETP for closed bidding AST GOZ - astgoz.ru

Commercial ETP

• 223ETP.ZakazRF - 223etp.zakazrf.ru

• B2B. Rosatom electronic store - rosatom.b2b-center.ru
• Bankrot.ZakazRF. Section of AEBS ZakazRF - bankrot.zakazrf.ru
• BashZakaz.ru - etp.bashzakaz.ru
• RHtorg - rhtorg.com
• ELECTRO-TORGI.RU - electro-torgi.ru
• EL-TORG - el-torg.net
• Universal electronic trading platform ESTP.RU - estp.ru
• ETPRF - etprf.ru
• Invoice Market - i-mp.ru
• Icetrade. United national information resource Of the Republic of Belarus - icetrade.by
• KARTOTEKA.RU. ETP Bulletin state registration - kartoteka.ru/torgi
• PropertyTrade - propertytrade.ru
• Group of sites OTS.RU - otc.ru
• ONLINECONTRACT - onlinecontract.ru
• RB2B - rb2b.ru
• REGION-AST - region-ast.center
• Sakhaeltorg.ru - sakhaeltorg.ru
• Sberb2b. Small volume procurement service Sberbank-AST - sberb2b.ru
• SETonline - setonline.ru
• ZAKAZRF. Section "Realization of property" - sale.zakazrf.ru
• ZAKAZRF. Section "Electronic exchange floor" - bp.zakazrf.ru
• ZAKAZRF. Exchange platform of the Republic of Tuva - tuva.zakazrf.ru
• ZAKAZRF. Exchange platform of the Sakhalin Region - sakhalin.zakazrf.ru
• Zakupki21.ru - zakupki21.ru

• Avtodor-TP - www.etp-avtodor.ru
• Electronic trading platform of the Agroholding "Siberian Premier" - sibprime.ru
• A-COSTA - akosta.info
• Alphalot. Section "Purchases under 223-FZ and commercial tenders" - etp.alfalot.ru
• Arbitat - arbitat.ru
• Asgor - etp.asgor.su
• Auction + (Auction plus) - etp.triniti-n.ru
• Siberian auctions - ausib.ru
• Auctions Of the Far East - torgidv.ru
• Auction Competition House - a-k-d.ru
• Auction center - aukcioncenter.ru

• Baikal-Tender - burzakup.ru
• Baltic ETP - bepspb.ru
• Bankruptcy of the Republic of Tatarstan - etp-bankrotstvo.ru
• Stock Exchange "Saint Petersburg" - spbex.ru
• Stock Exchange "Saint Petersburg". Section "Transneft" - etp.spbex.ru

• Verdict - vertrades.ru
• All-Russian Electronic Trading Platform (VETP) - trading platform-vet.rf

• Trading System "GazNeftetorg.ru" - gazneftetorg.ru
• Automated system e-procurement PJSC Gazprom (ASEZ) - zakupki.gazprom.ru

• EETP section "Corporate procurement and procurement under 223-FZ" - com.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. SME section - msp.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. Section "Purchases by overhaul"- fkr2.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. Section Corporate store - kim.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. Section "Agricultural site" - agro.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. Rosatom State Corporation section - atom2.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. Section Corporate Store of the State Corporation "Rosatom" - kim-atom.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. Corporate section of the State Corporation "Rostec" - opk.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. VTB Group Corporate Section - vtb.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. Corporate section of the RusHydro group of companies - rushydro.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. Corporate section of Rostelecom State Corporation - rt.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. Corporate section "Rosgeo" - rosgeo.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. Corporate section of PJSC "Rosseti" - rosseti.roseltorg.ru
• EETP. section Corporate store of PJSC "Inter RAO" - kim-irao.roseltorg.ru
• Eurasian Trading Platform - eurtp.ru
• Unified trade aggregator (EAT, Berezka) - agregatoreat.ru
• Single Federal register bankruptcy information - bankrot.fedresurs.ru
• EETP section "Property auctions" - 178fz.roseltorg.ru

• Electronic trading platform of the city of Krasnoyarsk - torgi.admkrsk.ru
• Crimean electronic trading platform - torgi82.ru

• SME ZakazRF. Asec section ZakazRF - msp.zakazrf.ru
• Interregional Electronic Trading System (METS) - m-ets.ru
• META-INVEST - meta-invest.ru

• National electronic exchange - neb24.ru
• National Center for Marketing and Price Study - goszakupki.by
• New Information Services - nistp.ru
• Non-core assets - non-core-assets.rf
• NEP. Section "Property auction" - etp-torgi.ru
• NEP. Trading in 223-FZ - etp-ets.ru/223
• NEP. Overhaul Bidding Section - fkr.etp-ets.ru

• Trading system "OBORONTORG" - oborontorg.ru

• Procurement portal of the PIK group of companies - tender.pik.ru
• PROM-Consulting - promkonsalt.ru
• Profit - etp-profit.ru
• PTP-Center - ptp-center.ru

• GLAD. Section "Showcase for SME purchases" - msp.lot-online.ru
• GLAD. Section "Property converted into state ownership" - confiscate.lot-online.ru
• GLAD. Section "Arrested property" - arrested.lot-online.ru
• GLAD. Section "Property of private owners" - sales.lot-online.ru
• GLAD. Section "Rent" - lease.lot-online.ru
• RTS tender. Section Procurement under 223-FZ- 223.rts-tender.ru
• RTS tender. Section Property auction- i.rts-tender.ru
• RTS tender. Commercial procurement section - corp.rts-tender.ru
• RTS tender. Russian Railways procurement section - rzd.rts-tender.ru
• RTS tender. Section 615 - PP RF - 615.rts-tender.ru
• GLAD. Section "Bankruptcy" - bankruptcy.lot-online.ru
• GLAD. Section "Auctions" - rad.lot-online.ru
• GLAD. Section "Procurement under 223-FZ" - tender.lot-online.ru
• GLAD. Section "Collateral" - zalog.lot-online.ru
• GLAD. Section "Privatization" - privatization.lot-online.ru
• Region (St. Petersburg) - gloriaservice.ru
• Region (Ufa) - etp-region.ru
• Rosseti - etp.rosseti.ru
• Russia Online - rus-on.ru
• RTS tender. SME section - msp.rts-tender.ru
• Ru-Trade (Ru-Trade24) - ru-trade24.ru

• Sberbank-AST universal trading platform - utp.sberbank-ast.ru
• Sberbank-AST. Implementation of block cargo transportation by JSC "Aeroflot" - cargo-aeroflot.sberbank-ast.ru
• NEFU - etp.s-vfu.ru
• Electronic marketplace " Network company"etp.gridcom-rt.ru
• Electronic trading platform of CJSC "Siberian Agrarian Group" - agro.zakupki.tomsk.ru
• Siberian trading platform - sibtoptrade.ru
• Electronic trading platform "Power" - torgi-sila.ru
• Electronic trading systems SELT - bankruptcy.selt-online.ru
• Electronic property trading system - seltim.ru
• Trading System "Spetsstroytorg" - sstorg.ru
• STAR. Selection service - star-pro.ru
• StroyTorgi - stroytorgi.ru
• SISTEMATORG - sistematorg.com

• ETP "TEK-Torg" section of NK "Rosneft" - rn.tektorg.ru
• ETP "TEK-Torg" section of JSC "Russian Railways" - rzd.tektorg.ru
• ETP "TEK-Torg" section "Gazpromburenie" - gb.tektorg.ru
• ETP "TEK-Torg" section "Inter RAO UES" - irao.tektorg.ru
• ETP "TEK-Torg" section "Procurement procedures" - akupki.tektorg.ru
• ETP "TEK-Torg" section "Sale of property" - sale.tektorg.ru
• Auction 223 - torgi223.ru
• Bargaining-i. ETP of the St. Petersburg International Mercantile Exchange (SPIMEX) torg-i.com
• Tender Garant - tendergarant.com
• ETP "TEK-Torg" - tektorg.ru

• Smart purchasing. Intelligent automated system - erus.ru
• Universal electronic trading platform of JSC "Russian Railways" (UETP Russian Railways) - etp.comita.ru
• Ural ETP. Section "Commercial purchases and purchases under 223-FZ" - business.etpu.ru
• UMMC - zakupki.ugmk.com

• Federation - federal1.ru

• Purchase Automation Center - etpcaz.ru2017
• Procurement Development Center of the Republic of Tatarstan - etpzakupki.tatar

• Electronic systems of the Volga region - el-torg.com
• Electronic auctions in Siberia - ea.omskzakaz.ru
• Eltox - eltox.ru
• Standard - zakupki.etalon-etp.ru
• ETS24 - ets24.ru

• Southern Electronic Trading Platform (UETP) - torgibankrot.ru
• YUGRA - etpugra.ru

Signature for trading "Extended" gives an additional opportunity to participate in trading on:

• AGC Glass Russia - agc.lotexpert.ru
• В2В Center. Group of B2B sites - b2b-center.ru
• ELTORG - eltorg.org
• uTender - utender.ru
• ETS. ETP "EuroTransStroy" - tender.eurotransstroy.ru
• United trading platform - utpl.ru
• Implementation Center - centerr.ru
• Implementation Center. Bankruptcy Bidding Section - bankrut.centerr.ru
• Implementation Center. Section "Business trades" - business.centerr.ru
• Implementation Center. Section "Sale of low-value property" - torgi.centerr.ru
• AIST - aistorg.ru
• Tenderstandart section 127-FZ - tenderstandart.ru

The signature for trading "Maximum" gives an additional opportunity to participate in trading on:

• ETP GPB - etpgpb.ru
• Section "Procurements of Gazprom Group" - etpgaz.gazprombank.ru
• Section "Procurement of corporate customers and Trade portal of small volume purchases" - etp.gpb.ru
• ETP Fabricant - fabrikant.ru

In this section, we will try to show and disclose in detail all the moments that may arise when participating in tenders. This article will be of interest primarily to those who are just starting to think about participation in tenders... We will try to figure out together what steps should be taken at the very beginning. And is it worth even trying to participate in tenders?

There are federal and commercial. Today there are only 6 federal ones. Only they can be used for purchases in accordance with 44-FZ. There are more than a hundred commercial services. They all have paid access to bid. Commercial tenders for free without registration can be found on the official websites of companies that are purchased under 223-FZ, such as Rosneft, Gazprom or Lukoil.

Do not confuse the electronic trading platform and informational portal... In the first case, there is a full-fledged search for a supplier, in the second case, it is just a selection of tenders from various trading platforms. For example, when you search for "Commercial tenders Moscow and Moscow region" 9 out of 10 results will direct you to search services and only one link will lead to the trading platform.

All federal platforms, in addition to sections for procedures under 44-FZ, have separate platforms for trading under 223-FZ. And the largest players, and, offer individual sections of such corporations as the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, VTB Group, Russian Post,.

Universal commercial tender sites

Here you can find customers from all over the Russian Federation purchasing goods and services for any profile:

• company group ;
• company group ;
• group of electronic platforms OTC (otc.ru);
• electronic trading platform (etprf.ru);
• TZS Electra, tzselektra.ru;
• multifunctional ETP SETonline, setonline.ru.

Industry ETP

They work in specific industries or regions. The most popular are:

• independent ETP for petroleum products (nge.ru);
• ETP Stroytorgi for construction companies throughout Russia (stroytorgi.ru);
• workspace portal, which helps to organize tenders for services related to business development on the Internet (workspace.ru);
• Stock Exchange "St. Petersburg" (spbex.ru).

ETP for small public procurement

For large portals, they offer markets that work like online stores:

• portal of suppliers "Supermarket B2B" (sverhmarket-b2b.ru);
• Corporate online store (KIM) (roseltorg.ru/kim);
• electronic store "RTS-MARKET" (zmo-mall.rts-tender.ru);
• catalog of goods and services B2B-Center (b2b-center.ru/catalog);
• oTS Market electronic store (otc.ru/market).

It is not a secret that in search of the best supplier, Customers announce tenders. Supplier companies and Customers companies need a common field where they can interact with each other. The function of such a common information field is taken on by numerous tender (trading) platforms (abbreviated as TP).

What is a tender (trading) platform?

In order for electronic trading to be "transparent" and held within the framework of the law, electronic platforms were created. Electronic trading platform (ETP) Is an information space on the Internet that allows the procurement participants and customers to interact. In fact, any Internet resource can be a TP only because it helps suppliers and customers to enter into purchase and sale transactions. The ETP operator acts as an intermediary between customers and suppliers. Many ETPs also provide their clients additional services, for example, analysis of tender documents, preparation of an application, etc.

Advantages of tender sites

The advantage for the Customer is the realization of his right to choose the best supplier from the list of procurement participants, which in turn allows more efficient use of funds. After placing the procurement plan, the Customer, using the TP, makes purchases in stages. TP also saves time and resources of the Customer on the search for potential suppliers. Suppliers can quickly and efficiently receive information on all new procurement procedures. Participation in electronic bidding allows suppliers to reduce the costs of preparing their bids and to participate in tenders remotely from anywhere in Russia.

Also, the information posted on the TP helps participants to effectively analyze the competitive environment, study the demand for analogues of their products or services. This, in turn, allows you to implement the best marketing campaign and increases the rating among competitors. Suppliers, by concluding and executing successful contracts, create a name for themselves and a positive business reputation... At the same time, the costs of such advertising are minimal, it is enough to submit an application, win a tender and successfully fulfill the terms of the contract. Also, many TPs provide an opportunity for suppliers to advertise their product or service on the site itself, where customers can directly contact them to receive commercial offers.

Functions of tender sites

Tender sites operating on the territory Russian Federation, have many functions. These functions facilitate the work of both Customers and procurement participants. Mobility of access to tenders provides savings in working time and quick access to tender documents for any participant. Any registered participant has access to information on all purchases placed on the site, which in turn allows him to choose the most preferable conditions. The basis for regulating the rights of participants and ensuring transparency of procurement is the federal laws on procurement, which guarantee legal protection all participants in the procurement process.

The TP functions include:

• the ability to search for purchases by various criteria;
• providing access to tender documents;
• providing a personal account for replenishment with cash, which will then be blocked / debited to participate in the procedures;
• providing the opportunity to participate in all procedures carried out at the TP;
• provision of a report or statement of motion money on a personal account;
• providing the opportunity to submit a request for clarification of the provisions of the tender documents and the results of the tender;
• the ability to sign contracts electronically.

Russian tender sites

The variety of tender (trading) platforms in Russia is large enough, therefore, for simplicity, they are classified:

• by type of service;
• for the purpose of transactions.

By the type of services, TP can be commercial and government. On commercial sites, customers can be any legal entity or individual, including individual entrepreneurs. The peculiarity of such TP is that the Customers purchase goods (works, services) at their own expense. But at state (federal) sites, purchases are carried out with federal money allocated to state (municipal) organizations.

Splitting TP by industry helps to more easily navigate in the search for the necessary orders, and the Customers more quickly attract the necessary suppliers, thereby creating a high and healthy competitive environment... It is beneficial to both parties involved in order to develop faster and get more profit.

At the moment, the most popular state trading platforms are the Sberbank-AST and Roseltorg tender platforms. In order to take part in electronic auctions held on the TP, the participant must be accredited for them and must have an EDS for the tender sites.

The very participation in electronic auctions on state sites is absolutely free, this is clearly spelled out in federal law 44-FZ. To participate in the electronic auction, the participant must replenish the account for the amount of the application security, if it is specified in the tender documentation. Then it remains to prepare an application and take part in the auction.

Types of tender sites

Electronic TPs are commercial and state. Today there are only six state sites. There are more than a dozen commercial ones. Among them there are more well-known major players, such as b2b-center, and lesser known ones with a narrow profile, as well as regional ETPs. Commercial sites, as a rule, have paid access to participate in auctions.

State trading platforms

1. JSC "United Electronic Trading Platform" (http://roseltorg.ru);
2. Sberbank-AST CJSC (http://sberbank-ast.ru);
3. National Electronic Platform (http://etp-micex.ru);
4. LLC RTS-tender (http://rts-tender.ru);
5. State Unitary Enterprise "Agency for state order Republic of Tatarstan "(http://zakazrf.ru);
6. Auction House of the Russian Federation (RAD) ( http://lot-online.ru/home/index.html).

Regional tender sites

For the convenience of the participants and a more efficient search for the procedures of interest and to increase the efficiency of the procedures placed by the Customer, regional-level sites were also created. Such TP provide faster interaction, including delivery, between the Customer and the supplier located in the same region. There are a lot of organizations in Russia that produce the same product, but very often the delivery affects the price, it is easier and faster to carry out transportation in the region than in Russia. This also applies to services.

Commercial sites

Commercial sites usually operate on a commercial basis. Customers at such tender sites are any entity, SP or individual... All commercial ETPs have their own domain registered on the Internet. Commercial TPs are divided into two types:

• independent - they are available to any registered member;
• private are corporate platforms that create companies to host their purchases and sales.

Unlike federal ETPs, participation in purchases posted on commercial ETPs is paid for the supplier. This is a one-time fee or tariff for using the services of the site.

At corporate trading platforms, the main reference point is aimed at attracting the largest customers. Thus, they form customer base due to the convenience and popularity of the TP itself.

At the moment, it is quite problematic to determine the exact number of commercial TPs, since new ones are constantly being created. There is a mention in open sources that there are about five to six thousand tender sites in Russia, but of these, about a hundred TP are the most popular. The most popular commercial ETPs are members of the Association of Electronic Trading Platforms (AETP). In order to get acquainted with the full list of such sites, you need to go to the website of this association - http://www.aetp.ru/etp/list.

Conclusion

A large number of tender sites are presented on the Russian market for solving various goals and objectives. ETPs make life much easier for both customers and suppliers. Customers optimize their costs and find new bona fide suppliers. And suppliers are expanding their customer base. The transparency and openness of trade procedures is increasing, and corruption risks are decreasing.