Commodity research of food products. The Food Handler's Handbook The Food Handler's Handbook read online
Commodity experts - trade organizers participate in the implementation of this task, studying and forecasting demand, compiling market surveys and other materials used in the formation of orders and orders for production, supplying retail trading network food products in accordance with scientifically grounded assortment lists. New conditions, new requirements, dictated by a radical reform of economic management, are making significant adjustments in all aspects of the trade industry. The restructuring of trade and the activities of commodity experts - trade organizers fills with new content. Today a commodity expert should not only bear full responsibility for the quality of goods, but also be a skillful merchant, an active organizer trade process... It is important not only to know the consumer properties of food products, but also to understand the market conditions, to be aware of changes in consumer demand.
A very important function of commodity experts - trade organizers is to improve the organization of trade and the technology of commodity circulation, associated with the rationalization of trade and technological processes to bring food products from production to retail taking into account ensuring the quality and safety of products in all links of the distribution network and reducing the total national economic costs. For these purposes, commodity experts must control and monitor the saturation of the retail trade network with food products, provide auctions (associations) or stores with advice and other services. For example, to deliver goods in a sub-sorted (prepackaged) form, to carry out a seasonal sale, to introduce rational forms of supply and to develop a centralized delivery of products to stores, to monitor the rhythm of receipts. In this regard, the trade (commodity) departments of wholesale or retail organizations (enterprises) must accumulate current (seasonal) food stocks, distribute them rationally, maneuver commodity resources in a mobile manner and seek additional food stocks. Commodity experts - trade organizers develop and implement progressive forms of trade and commodity movement (especially with the use of packaging equipment), mechanization labor-intensive processes, food storage and reduction techniques natural loss both in warehouses and shops.
Commodity specialists play a leading role in the struggle to improve the quality of food products. Successful solution of the problems of supplying the population with high-quality food products in the appropriate quantity and range contributes to an increase in labor productivity, affects the growth of efficiency social production... Commodity experts are called upon to provide all the necessary conditions for the prompt implementation of the finished food products... They must actively participate in all activities carried out by the food industry (agricultural production) and aimed at determining or improving the quality of food products. Systematic informing consumers about the rational use of food products is of great importance in the work of commodity experts.
At the same time, the responsibility of commodity experts increases trade enterprises and organizations for the mobility of updating the range of goods based on consumer demand.
At the same time, commodity experts of trade are called upon to constantly monitor the quality and safety of the produced food products at the stages of sale, that is, during their transportation and storage in the warehouse and in the retail trade network.
The successful solution of this problem is associated with the need for a deep mastery of commodity experts sensory (organoleptic; method of analyzing the quality of food.
The role of commodity services in the fruit and vegetable sector is especially important. Currently, potatoes, fruits and vegetables occupy a significant share in the diet. The degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population for these products depends not only on the volume of production, but also on the safety of the product. Ensuring the safety of potatoes, fruits and vegetables and the uninterrupted supply of them to the population require comprehensive quality management of these products. In the system of fruit and vegetable associations, commodity experts, in addition to commodity research and organizing functions, perform certain technological tasksassociated with the introduction of advanced methods of storage, processing certain types fruits and vegetables, etc.
To successfully solve the problem of providing the population with food products high Quality and in the right assortment, commodity specialists must have special training and a system of deep scientific knowledge in their field.
In connection with the growing role and importance of commodity science in the planning of production and trade, commodity science as a science faces a number of serious and responsible tasks. This is, first of all, the formation and expansion of the range of food products, taking into account a balanced diet based on sound recommendations in terms of nutritional value, taste, shelf life, production efficiency and consumption efficiency.
Merchandising as a scientific discipline should take an appropriate place in the field of food standardization through active participation specialists and commodity scientists in the creation and revision of regulatory and technical documentation, the development of new indicators and clarification of the nomenclature of the existing indicators of food quality.
An equally important problem of modern commodity science is the improvement and development of new methods of research and quality control, rational regimes and optimal methods of storage, packaging, packaging, transportation, preservation and sale of food products, depending on objective factors that contribute to reducing losses and maintaining the quality of food products.
Only a specialist with deep theoretical training in the field of commodity science will be able to actively fulfill his functions to improve the entire system of supplying the population with high-quality food products, taking into account reasonable needs and balanced nutrition.
In terms of the scale of training and the number of positions in trade organizations and enterprises, commodity specialists are the largest group of specialists in trade management bodies at various levels. Broad professional training and experience practical work these specialists allow them to participate in the complex operational and economic activities of many levels of both management and directly in stores and warehouses: to determine the quality of goods and make demands on their manufacturers and suppliers; determine the conditions for optimizing the process of movement of goods from points of production to the retail trade network and storage in stores and warehouses; develop proposals to improve the sale of goods, study demand, improve customer service.
Textbook
Approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation as a textbook for students of educational institutions of secondary vocational education
Fifth edition, expanded and revised
ROSTOV-ON-DON
phoenix
JSC "Moscow Textbooks" 2005
1. General part of commodity science
Subject and tasks of commodity science
Classification of food products
Quality of food products
Chemical composition of food products
Methods for determining the quality of goods
Storage of food products
Food preservation
Certification as confirmation of conformity
1.9 Labeling of consumer products
Basics of standardization
Barcoding products
2. Merchandising of homogeneous groups of food products
2.1. Grain and products of its processing
Pasta
Bread and bakery products
Rusks
Lamb products
2.2. Fruit and vegetable products
Nutritional value of fresh vegetables and fruits
Tubers
Roots
Cabbage vegetables
Onion vegetables
Salad spinach vegetables
Spicy vegetables
Dessert vegetables
2.2.9. Pumpkin vegetables
Tomato vegetables
Legumes and grains
Pome fruit
Stone fruits
Walnut
Subtropical and tropical fruits
Processed vegetables and fruits
Fresh and processed mushrooms
2.3 Flavoring goods
Tea and tea drinks
Coffee and coffee drinks
Spices
Condiments
Alcoholic drinks
Low alcohol drinks
Soft drinks
Tobacco products
2.4 Starch, sugar, honey
2.5 Confectionery goods
2.5.1. Fruit and berry confectionery
Chocolate and cocoa powder
Caramel products
Candy products
Flour confectionery
Eastern sweets
Confectionery for special purposes
2.6. Dairy products
Milk and cream
Canned milk
Dairy products
Cow butter
Hard rennet cheeses
Soft rennet cheeses
Pickled cheeses
Fermented cheese
Processed cheeses
2.6.10 Ice cream
2.7. Edible fats
Vegetable oils
Animal rendered fats
Margarine
Cooking fats
2.8. Meat and meat products
Slaughter animal meat
Meat offal
Packaged meat
Meat poultry and game
Meat semi-finished products and culinary products
Sausages
Meat smoked
Canned meat
2.9 Eggs and egg products
Food concentrates
2.11. Fish and fish products
General information about fish
Families of the most important commercial fish
Live, chilled and frozen fish
Salty fish
Dried fish
Dried fish
Smoked fish
Balyk products
2.11.9. Fish semi-finished products and culinary products
Non-fish water raw materials
Canned fish and preserves
Literature
1.1. Subject and tasks of commodity science
Commodity researchis a scientific discipline that studies the consumer properties of goods. For this science, the study of the consumer value of goods is of particular importance. Any product has value and use value. The amount of socially necessary labor expended on the production of a commodity determines the value of its value. The utility of a product, the ability to satisfy any human need, is called the use value. The consumer value of a product is determined by its properties. The property of a product is understood as an objective feature that manifests itself during its creation, operation and consumption. The properties of the goods can be both natural and acquired in the process of production, storage and sale.
The emergence of commodity science as a science is attributed to the middle of the 16th century. At this time, the volume and nomenclature of manufactured goods are increasing, there is a need for systematized information and knowledge about them, that is, in commodity science. As industrial production grew, commodity science faced various tasks and, consequently, its content changed. In the development of commodity science, three important stages can be distinguished: first - commodity-descriptive,when the main attention was paid to the creation of manuals describing the properties and methods of using various types of goods (from the middle of the 16th to the beginning of the 17th century); second - commodity and technological,whose main task was to study the influence of technological factors (properties of raw materials, materials, technologies) on the quality of goods (from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century); third - commodity-forming,the purpose of which is to develop scientific foundations for the formation, assessment and management of consumer value, quality and assortment of goods (from the beginning of the 20th century to the present).
Professor M.Ya. Kittara (1825-1880), who laid scientific foundations commodity science: gave a definition of the subject and content of the course, developed a classification and described the properties of goods. He believed that the study of technology and commodity science should be based on the study of chemistry, physics and other natural sciences.
Further development of commodity science is associated with the names of professors P.P. Petrov (1850-1928) and J.Ya. Nikitinsky (1854-1924). They clarified the essence, tasks and scope of commodity science, showed its connection with production technology and agricultural and economic sciences.
The development of food commodity science is associated with the name of Professor F.V. Tserevitinov (1874-1947). He was the first to investigate the chemical processes occurring in fruits and vegetables during long-term transportation and storage at low temperatures. A valuable contribution to the development of this branch of commodity science was made by Professors B.C. Smirnov, N.I. Kozin, B.C. 1ryuner, A.A. Kolesnik.
Since food products differ significantly in their properties and requirements for them, knowledge and information from various fields of science are also used in commodity science. Therefore, it is closely related to many natural, technical and social scientific disciplines. Economics helps to reveal the social essence of such concepts as consumer value, value of a commodity, commodity production, commodity, its historical character, etc .; physics and chemistry provide general information about the structure, properties and nutritional value of foods. Knowledge of microbiology, biochemistry is necessary for the correct choice of modes of transportation and storage of food. The connection of commodity science with economic geography, statistics, economics and the organization of trade allows you to correctly organize the movement and accounting of goods, determine the population's need for them, etc.
The main tasks facing commodity science:
Determination and study of the fundamental characteristics of goods that constitute consumer value;
establishment of the range of consumer properties and quality indicators of goods;
studying the properties and indicators of the assortment of goods, analyzing the assortment policy of a production or trade organization;
commodity assessment of the quality of goods, including new domestic and imported;
identification of quality gradations, diagnostics of defects in goods and the reasons for their occurrence, taking measures to prevent the sale of low-quality, dangerous goods;
ensuring the quality and quantity of goods at different stages of their technological cycle;
establishing the types of commodity losses, the reasons for their occurrence and the development of measures to prevent or reduce them;
information support of commodity movement from manufacturer to consumer.
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Single qualification handbook positions of managers, specialists and other employees (TSA), 2019
Qualification handbook of positions of managers, specialists and other employees
Sections " Industry-wide qualification characteristics of the positions of workers employed in enterprises, institutions and organizations"And" Qualification characteristics positions of workers employed in research institutions, design, technological, design and survey organizations", Approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of 08.21.1998 N 37
(as amended on 05/15/2013)
Commodity specialist
Job responsibilities. Determines the requirements for material resources, compliance of their quality with standards, technical specifications and other regulatory documents, as well as concluded contracts. Takes part in determining the compliance of draft plans for the material and technical support of an enterprise, institution, organization with production plans, in monitoring the fulfillment of contractual obligations, the receipt and sale of raw materials, materials, fuel, equipment and finished products, in the preparation of data for the preparation of claims for the supply of substandard commodity - material values \u200b\u200band answers to customer claims. Controls the availability of material resources and finished products in warehouses. Liaises with suppliers and consumers and prepares documents for the shipment of products. Participates in the development and implementation of organization standards for material and technical support, sales, product quality control, organization of transportation and storage of raw materials, materials, fuel, equipment and finished products. Keeps an operational record of the receipt and sale of inventory items, controls the timeliness of shipment of returnable containers, and, if necessary, searches for non-received goods. Participates in inventories, studies the reasons for the formation of excessive excess material resources and illiquid assets, takes measures to implement them. Monitors compliance with the rules for storing inventory items in warehouses, prepares finished products for shipment to consumers, draws up required documentsconnected with the supply and sale of products, prepares reports in accordance with established forms.
Must know: decisions, orders, orders, other governing and regulations higher authorities dealing with the logistics and marketing of products; market methods of management; standards and specifications for inventory items, their main properties and quality characteristics; the procedure for the development of plans for material and technical support and the conclusion of business contracts; methods of accounting for inventory, calculating the need for them; forms of accounting documents and reporting procedure; organization of storage facilities and product sales; terms of delivery, storage and transportation of inventory items; valid price tags and price lists; standards production stocks material resources; the main technological processes production; nomenclature and range of products; fundamentals of economics, labor organization and management; fundamentals of labor legislation; internal rules work schedule; rules and regulations of labor protection.
Qualification requirements.
Commodity specialist: higher professional education without any requirements for work experience or secondary vocational education and work experience in positions replaced by specialists with secondary vocational education for at least 3 years.
To narrow your search results, you can refine your query by specifying the fields to search for. The list of fields is presented above. For example:
You can search by several fields at the same time:
Logical operators
The default operator is AND.
Operator AND means that the document must match all elements in the group:
research development
Operator OR means that the document must match one of the values \u200b\u200bin the group:
study OR development
Operator NOT excludes documents containing this element:
study NOT development
Search type
When writing a request, you can specify the way in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search with morphology, without morphology, prefix search, phrase search.
By default, the search is based on morphology.
To search without morphology, just put a dollar sign in front of the words in the phrase:
$ study $ development
To search for a prefix, you need to put an asterisk after the request:
study *
To search for a phrase, you need to enclose the query in double quotes:
" research and development "
Search by synonyms
To include a word in the search results for synonyms, put a hash " #
"before a word or before an expression in parentheses.
When applied to one word, up to three synonyms will be found for it.
When applied to a parenthesized expression, a synonym will be appended to each word if found.
Cannot be combined with non-morphology search, prefix search, or phrase search.
# study
Grouping
In order to group search phrases, you need to use brackets. This allows you to control the boolean logic of the request.
For example, you need to make a request: find documents whose author is Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains the words research or development:
Approximate word search
For an approximate search, you need to put a tilde " ~ "at the end of a word from a phrase. For example:
bromine ~
The search will find words such as "bromine", "rum", "prom", etc.
You can additionally specify the maximum number of possible edits: 0, 1 or 2. For example:
bromine ~1
By default, 2 edits are allowed.
Proximity criterion
To search by proximity, you need to put a tilde " ~ "at the end of a phrase. For example, to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:
" research development "~2
Expression Relevance
To change the relevance of individual search terms, use the " ^
"at the end of the expression, and then indicate the level of relevance of this expression in relation to the rest.
The higher the level, the more relevant the expression is.
For example, in this expression, the word "research" is four times more relevant than the word "development":
study ^4 development
By default, the level is 1. Allowed values \u200b\u200bare a positive real number.
Interval search
To specify the interval in which the value of a field should be located, you should specify the boundary values \u200b\u200bin brackets, separated by the operator TO.
Lexicographic sorting will be performed.
Such a query will return results with an author ranging from Ivanov to Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
To include a value in an interval, use square brackets. Use curly braces to exclude a value.