Ways to improve the financial condition of an agricultural enterprise. Ways to improve the financial condition of the enterprise. business analysis

In modern conditions, further development agriculture, increasing agricultural production and improving financial condition agricultural enterprises is possible only on the basis of increasing the pace of intensification.

Having studied and thoroughly analyzed the economic activities of OJSC "Vinogradnoye", having identified its strengths and weaknesses, potential opportunities and threats, as well as analyzing its competitive position, we can come to the conclusion that this enterprise needs to focus on:

product-market and competitive strategy - measures should be taken to reduce production costs and improve product quality, determine ways to further increase the level of competitiveness of manufactured products, which will strengthen the company's position in the market;

strategy of innovations and capital investments - the enterprise should combine the goals of technical policy and investment policy, direct free funds to purchase processing equipment and introduce new technologies;

development strategy - to direct efforts to ensure sustainable development rates by mastering the production of new types of agricultural products for the enterprise, increasing competitiveness and entering foreign markets;

marketing strategy - an enterprise needs to implement a set of measures that will make it possible to flexibly adapt to market conditions, taking into account the position of the goods in the market, as well as to speed up the sale of agricultural products;

strategy for managing a set of industries - the management of OJSC "Vinogradnoye" is obliged to keep under constant control all types of activities and the range of products in order to diversify the types of activities and products;

a strategy of centralized diversification - the enterprise must find and use additional opportunities for the production of new products, that is, the existing production at Vinogradnoye OJSC remains central to its activities, and a new one arises on the basis of the opportunities that are contained in the already developed market;

horizontal diversification strategy - the enterprise should seek new opportunities in the existing market due to new products, for the production of which new technology is required.

JSC "Vinogradnoye" must take into account the risk factors that are known to be present in any economic activity, therefore the company must be prepared for the possible negative consequences of such factors.

The main risk factor that has a decisive influence on the results of economic activities in agricultural production is weather and climatic conditions. They significantly affect the yield and product quality, and, consequently, the financial results of economic activities in general.

Risk factors in agricultural production also include:

decline in market prices for agricultural products;

an increase in prices for fuels and lubricants, especially during the harvesting period;

possible changes in tax legislation concerning agricultural producers;

possible breakdowns of equipment, fires, theft, fraud officials etc.

All of the above allows us to draw the following conclusions:

1. The increase in the production cost of cereals and legumes is caused by an increase in the unit costs of their production, which is explained by a decrease in the yield of these crops due to weather conditions. In this regard, when developing a production program, the enterprise gives preference to growing other crops (sunflower seeds and sugar beets) and increases their sown areas;

2. Incomes of JSC "Vinogradnoye" in 2007-2009 were formed through the sale of products (in 2007 - 97.3%, in 2008 - 76.3%, in 2009 - 85.5%); other operating activities (in 2007 - 2.7%, in 2008 - 23.0%, in 2009 - 7.5%), as well as from other financial income (in 2007 - 0.0%, in 2008 - 0.7%, in 2009 - 6.9%).

The total amount of income was: in 2007 - 2949.5 thousand UAH; in 2008 - 7021.1 thousand UAH; in 2009 - 6250.9 thousand UAH;

3. Analysis of indicator values financial sustainability OJSC "Vinogradnoye" allows to draw conclusions that:

JSC "Vinogradnoye" becomes more independent from external financial sources;

the share of own funds in the total capital of JSC "Vinogradnoye" is increasing;

the amount of non-current assets prevails over the amount of the company's own funds;

own circulating assets are invested in the most liquid assets, inventories and costs are reduced, and accounts receivable are reduced.

The optimal theoretical value of the Kfs index is not less than 0.6.

The optimal theoretical value of the Kn indicator is no more than 1.0.

The optimal theoretical value of the Ka index is not less than 0.5.

The optimal theoretical value of Km is not less than 0.5.

The optimal theoretical value of Kos is not less than 0.2.

4. Analyzing the indicators of business activity and profitability of Vinogradnoye OJSC, the following can be noted:

the enterprise as a whole is profitable, the deterioration in the profitability of assets in 2009 can be explained by the deterioration in the profitability of sales in comparison with 2008;

the ratio of receivables and payables is significantly lower than the theoretical value (not less than 0.8), since the receivables are much less than the amount of funds raised. This is due to the fact that the company is at the development stage.

Proposals to improve the financial condition of the enterprise:

1. The main direction of improving the financial position of OJSC "Vinogradnoye" is to increase the received profit, which can be achieved through:

· Increase in sales of products (works, services);

· Reduction of costs for production and sale of products;

· Constant reduction of non-operating expenses.

Stable highly efficient activity of OJSC "Vinogradnoye" will also make it possible to solve a number of social problems:

providing employment for workers of former collective agricultural enterprises;

timely payment of wages;

payment of rent to the owners of land shares, both in cash and in kind;

timely settlements with the budget and extra-budgetary funds, which, in the Simferopol region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

2. In order to improve the financial condition of OJSC "Vinogradnoye", it is necessary:

· To determine ways to further increase the level of competitiveness of manufactured products, which will strengthen the company's position in the market;

· To carry out activities aimed at reducing production costs and improving product quality;

· To unite the goals of technical policy and investment policy, to direct free funds for the purchase of processing equipment and the introduction of new technologies;

· To carry out a set of measures that will make it possible to flexibly adapt to market conditions, taking into account the position of the goods on the market, as well as to speed up the sale of agricultural products;

· Direct efforts to ensure sustainable development rates by mastering the production of new types of agricultural products for the enterprise and increasing competitiveness.

OJSC "Vinogradnoye" has a number of competitive advantages:

· High quality indicators of products due to the use of highly productive elite seeds of agricultural crops;

· Use of modern agricultural technologies and equipment;

· Use of highly effective plant protection products, mineral and organic fertilizers.

The main factors in reducing the cost of production of OJSC "Vinogradnoye" are: increase in labor productivity, growth in crop yields and livestock productivity, rational use of production assets, cost reduction, etc.

3.In order to reduce costs, it is necessary:

make up technological maps for each crop, taking into account all the requirements of agricultural technology, which will allow the most rational use of material and labor resources;

to maximize the mechanization of production operations in crop and livestock raising, to introduce progressive technologies, achievements of science and advanced experience, which will ensure an increase in production volumes and a decrease in the cost of living labor;

to finalize the grown crop on its own at the current of JSC "Vinogradnoye", which will make it possible to significantly reduce the cost of transporting agricultural products and payment for services of third-party organizations;

to carry out the purchase of fuels and lubricants, seeds, herbicides, mineral fertilizers and other materials in bulk, which will significantly reduce the cost of their purchase.

An increase in the yield of agricultural crops and the productivity of animal husbandry will allow JSC "Vinogradnoye" not only to reduce the cost of production, but also to significantly increase the volume of its sales, which in turn will serve to increase the profit.

In addition, the company can increase sales volumes by expanding the range of products it produces, introducing capacities for processing agricultural raw materials. It seems promising and further carrying out selection work with the aim of raising and selling pedigree livestock.

Kovalenko Elena Valentinovna, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics, Accounting and Financial Control of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Omsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin ", Omsk [email protected]

Golubeva Galina Aleksandrovna, 2nd year undergraduate student of the Department of Economics, Accounting and Financial Control of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Omsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin ", Omsk [email protected]

Ways to improve the financial condition of the enterprise SPK "Pushkinsky"

Annotation. The article is devoted to the analysis of the financial condition of the SPK "Pushkinsky" Based on the results of the analysis, the article provides recommendations for improving the financial condition of the enterprise, calculating their economic efficiency. Key words: analysis, financial condition, financial stability, liquidity, profitability, business activity, profit.

The correct determination of the real financial condition of the organization is of great importance not only for the business entity itself, but also for shareholders and potential investors. Therefore, in a market economy, the financial condition of the organization is of paramount importance.

In addition, the financial condition of the company is constantly changing and therefore the analysis of the financial condition should be carried out regularly. It is also necessary to identify financial problems, the reasons for their occurrence and the timely adoption of measures to eliminate them. Thus, in connection with these circumstances, the analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise acquires special relevance. The object of observation is the enterprise SPK "Pushkinsky" of the Omsk region of the Omsk region, which specializes in the production of milk and potatoes. Every year the cooperative achieves high performance in agricultural production and takes leading positions in the district and region. The scientific novelty of the research results is as follows: 1. The concept of "financial condition of an enterprise" has been clarified; 2. the model of analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise is presented. The practical significance of the research results lies in the development of recommendations for improving the financial condition for a particular enterprise - SEC "Pushkinsky" of the Omsk region, Omsk region. By the financial condition, we mean one of the characteristics of the financial and economic activity of an enterprise, determined by a high share of equity capital, an increase in profits and cash, as well as a decrease in the company's liabilities over a number of years. To analyze the financial condition of enterprises, we proposed a model for analyzing the financial condition of an enterprise in the form of a structured sequence of actions based on the relationship of key blocks of analysis and allowing us to identify the reasons for the change in the financial condition of the enterprise in question (Fig. 1). Pushkin ". First, let us analyze the structure and nature of the changes that have occurred in the composition of the property of the SEC "Pushkinskiy" (Table 1).

Figure: 1. Model of analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise Table 1 general characteristics of property of SEC "Pushkinskiy" for 2010-2012, thousand rubles Indicator 2010 2011 2012 Growth rate,% 2011 to 2010 2012 to 2011 Total property 237289275288285676116.0103.8 in incl. including: Non-current assets107484158073166796147.1105.5 of which: fixed assets97706148295157018151.8105.9 long-term financial investments191919100.0100.0 other non-current assets975997599759100.0100.0Current assets 12980511721511886,090.3101.35,08,754 receivables out of which 8,846,975.0 receivables8,849107,05,08,847,107,5004,887107,0874 receivable 5133.6

From the data in the table, we can conclude that the value of the property of the SPK "Pushkinskiy" for the period under review increased by 48387 thousand. rub. This increase was mainly due to the growth of non-current assets. The value of non-current assets increases significantly due to the increase in the value of fixed assets. The amount of current assets of the enterprise for the analyzed period fluctuated. To study the sources of the formation of the property of the enterprise, the data of the liability balance are used (Table 2). Table 2 General characteristics of the sources of property of the SEC "Pushkinsky" for 2010-2012, thousand rubles Indicator 2010 2011 2012 Growth rate,% 2011 to 2010 2012 to 2011 Total sources of funds 237289275288285676116, 0103,8Sobstvennye sredstva216585255892263480118,1103,0iz them: charter kapital110641107211078100,1100,1pereotsenka noncurrent aktivov226122261222612100,0100,0rezervny kapital154088181164219317117,6121,1neraspredelennaya pribyl288214104410473142,425,5Dolgosrochnye obyazatelstva111328244851574,1103,3iz them: borrowed sredstva91176574719172,1109,4prochie obyazatelstva20151670132482,979,3Kratkosrochnye liabilities95721115213681116.5122.7 of which: borrowed funds 422842284488100.0106.1 payables534469249193130.0132.8

During the analyzed period, the total amount of sources of the enterprise SPK "Pushkinskiy" increased by 20.4%. This happened mainly due to the increase in own funds, and specifically due to the increase in reserve capital. Other long-term liabilities decreased in borrowed sources. The growth in short-term liabilities was mainly due to an increase in accounts payable.

Current assets exceed short-term liabilities, which provides a safety margin to compensate for losses that the company may incur when placing and liquidating all current assets, except cash. However, the excess of current assets over short-term liabilities by more than two times is considered undesirable. This testifies to the irrational investment by the enterprise of its funds and their ineffective use. Next, we will analyze the financial stability of the enterprise SPK "Pushkinskiy", for which we will calculate the absolute and relative indicators. To characterize the sources of formation of stocks and costs, we define three main indicators (Table 3). Table 3 Indicators characterizing the sources of formation of stocks and costs of the enterprise SPK "Pushkinsky" for 2010-2012, thousand rubles Indicator 2010 2011 2012 Growth rate ,% 2011 to 2010 2012 to 2011 Availability of own circulating assets 109101106063 10519997,299.2 Availability of own and long-term borrowed sources of formation of stocks and costs 120,23311430711371495,199.5 Total value of the main sources of formation of stocks and costs 12446111853511820295,299.7

It can be seen from this table that all the calculated indicators have a positive value, which indicates the presence of the total amount of the main sources of the formation of reserves and costs. Let us evaluate another aspect of financial stability, finding out how secured the enterprise is with the sources of reserves formation (Table 4) Table 4 Indicators characterizing the enterprise availability with the sources of reserves formation for 2010-2012, thousand rubles Indicator 2010 2011 2012 Growth rate,% 2011 by 2010 2012 by 2011 Surplus or shortage of own circulating assets 16552830767850,198.2 Surplus or shortage of own and long-term sources of stock formation 2768416551919359.7955.5 Surplus or shortage of the total amount of the main sources of stock formation 31912207791368165,1165.8

The enterprise SPK "Pushkinskiy" is provided with sources of formation of reserves, since there is a surplus of own circulating assets, long-term sources of formation of reserves and the total value of the main sources of formation of reserves. Thus, the enterprise corresponds to absolute financial stability, the three-dimensional indicator of the type of financial stability has not changed over time. The enterprise mainly uses its own sources of financial resources and fully covers reserves and costs, which is the main condition for absolute financial stability. The analysis of relative indicators. The values \u200b\u200bof the coefficients are presented in table 5.

Table 5 Coefficients of financial stability of the SPK "Pushkinsky" for 2010-2012 Indicator 2010 2011 2012 Growth rate,% 2011 to 2010 2012 to 2011 Coefficient of financial independence 0.910.930.92 102.198.9 Coefficient of financial dependence0, 090,070,0877,7114.2 Self-financing ratio 10.4613,1911.87126,089.9 Ratio of own circulating assets provision 0,840,900,88107,197,7 Maneuverability ratio 0,500,410,4082,097,5 Financial stability ratio 0,960,960,95100,098,9 Forecast ratio 0,460,380 bankruptcy , 3782,697.3

In general, it can be seen that all the coefficients correspond to the standard values. The decrease in the coefficients turned out to be insignificant and did not affect the level of the company's financial stability. The financial independence ratio is quite high, which undoubtedly strengthens the financial stability of the enterprise. The next stage in the analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise is the analysis of liquidity and solvency. To begin with, let's draw up the liquidity balance of the SEC "Pushkinskiy" for 2012. (table 6). Table 6 Analysis of liquidity balance sheet SPK "Pushkinskiy" for 2012

According to table 6 we obtain the following correspondence: A1 P2, A3\u003e P3, A4
Asset Absolute values, thousand rubles Specific weights,% Passive Absolute values, thousand rubles Specific weights,% Payment surplus or deficit A1 78452.7P1 91933.21348A2 65142.3P2 44881.62026A310452136.6P385153.09665.00 Balance sheet.286679100N Despite the decrease in liquidity ratios, their values \u200b\u200bremained within the normal range, which indicates the company's solvency.

The next step is to determine the main indicators of profitability of the enterprise SPK "Pushkinsky" (table 8). Table 8 Indicators of profitability of the SPK "Pushkinsky" for 2010-2012,% Indicator 2010 2011 2012 Growth rate,% 2011 to 2010 2012 to 2011 Total profitability 12,916,03,7124,023,1 Profitability of products 15,720,22,5128,712,4 Return on sales 21,323,26,9108,929.7 Return on equity 14,117,44,0123,423, 0 Return on current assets 25,0 33,08,9 132,0 27,0

In general for the enterprise in 2011 there is an increase in profitability indicators due to an increase in all factors affecting the value of these indicators, and in 2012 due to a sharp drop in the amount net profit a decrease in profitability indicators of the enterprise is observed by 74.4%. The decrease in the company's profit is associated with a drop in product yields due to unfavorable weather conditions (abnormal heat and drought). In addition, there was a drop in prices for grain and potatoes. Let's analyze the business activity of the enterprise SPK "Pushkinskiy". The obtained data on the dynamics are presented in Table 9. Table 9 Indicators of business activity of the SEC "Pushkinsky" for 2010-2012 Indicator 2010 2011 2012 Growth rate,% 2011 to 2010 2012 to 2011 Turnover ratio total capital 0,610,70,54114,777,1 The period of total capital turnover, days 59152266988,3128.2 Equity capital turnover ratio 0.670,750,58111,977,3 The period of equity capital turnover, days 54048161989,1128.7 Working capital turnover ratio

1,171,421,28121,490,1 Period of working capital turnover, days 30625428283.0111.0 Cash turnover ratio 22.1125.6922.0116.285.6 Cash turnover period, days 16141687.5114.3 Accounts receivable turnover ratio 7.648.2215, 01107.6182.6 Accounts receivable turnover period, days 47442497,654.5 Accounts payable turnover ratio 23.9128.818,72120.465.0 Accounts payable turnover period, days 15121980.0158.3 Operating cycle duration, days 29023826582,1111, 3 Duration of the financial cycle, days 27522624682.2 108.8

According to table 9, it can be seen that in the analyzed period there was a decrease in the turnover of assets, which, first of all, is associated with a drop in the company's revenue. First of all, it should be noted the acceleration of accounts receivable turnover and, accordingly, a decrease in the average settlement period with debtors from 47 to 24 days in 2012 In addition to all this, the accounts payable turnover ratio for the entire study period decreased by 21.8% due to a drop in revenue enterprises. In this regard, the settlement period with creditors has increased from 15 to 19 days. The duration of the turnover of accounts payable is less than that of accounts receivable. This means that the outflow of funds to creditors is more intense than the inflow of these funds from debtors. The duration of the operating and financial cycle fluctuated, although in general for 2010-2012. In the end, we will conduct a factor analysis of profit from product sales. The profit from the sale of products as a whole for the enterprise depends on four factors: the volume of sales of products, its structure, prime cost and the average selling price. Let us consider the influence of these factors on the profit from the sale of products of the SPK "Pushkinskiy". The initial data for the analysis are shown in Table 10, the results are in Table 11. Table 10 The initial data for the analysis of profit from the sale of products of the SPK "Pushkinsky"

2011 2012 Indicator Indicator value Change 2011 2012 Absolute, + / Relative,% Sales volume (VP), price:

potatoes

51048,046795,0+2959,0

261,147.1 + 6.4 Product structure (di),%:

potatoes

247.449.4 + 1.8 Cost (Ci), rub / c:

potatoes

255,0340,21280,0

457,0540,01360,0

202,0+199,8+80,0

79.2 + 58.7 + 6.2 Average selling price (Ci), rubles / c:

potatoes

359,8783,61432,9

357,1610,81479,9

Table 11 Results of factor analysis of profit from sales of products of SPK "Pushkinskiy" for 2011-2012 Factor¨P, thousand rubles Sales volume (RP) + 2320.9 Product structure (di) 17292.7 Cost price (Ci), 28697.9 Average selling prices (Qi) 6929.2

The calculation results showed that the amount of profit from the sale of products in 2012 decreased by 50,598.9 thousand rubles. This was due to a change in the structure of products, an increase in production costs and a decrease in product prices. The growth in the cost of production reduced the profit by 28697.9 thousand rubles, the fall in prices for grain and potatoes reduced the profit of the enterprise by 6929.2 thousand rubles, and the change in the structure of products contributed to a decrease in profit by 17292.7 thousand rubles. The volume of sales of products is a positive factor, which increased the profit from sales by 2,320.9 thousand rubles Thus, the analysis showed that the enterprise has some financial problems. These include: lack of funds to pay off the most urgent obligations and a decrease in profits. To improve the financial condition of the enterprise SPK "Pushkinskiy", you can offer the following basic recommendations (table 12).

Accounts payable exceeds cash 1) Development of a system of discounts / premiums due to the due date of payment. 2. Decrease in profit (resulting in lower profitability and business activity)

A decrease in the volume of products produced due to a decrease in yield associated with unfavorable weather conditions;

drop in product prices. 1) Insurance of crops with state support. 2) Provision of services for sowing / harvesting.

Let's consider in more detail the proposed activities. 1. Development of a system of discounts / allowances due to the term of payment. Table 13 shows the scale of discounts / premiums due to the payment term. Table 13 Scale of discounts / premiums due to the payment term Payment term Type Size,% 1. Prepayment discount

1.1. 30 days before discount51.2. 15 days discount32. Payment on the day of deliveryDiscount23. Deferral of payment

3.1. 15 days surcharge 23.2. 30 days surcharge3

Thus, this event will make it possible to interest buyers to pay for products earlier, which is undoubtedly beneficial for the enterprise, since it will receive the funds earlier and the accounts receivable will be less. 2. Crop insurance with state support. There are various insurance programs: sum insured - 100%, 90%, 80% of the insured value; participation of the insured in risk insurance (unconditional deductible - covering part of the risk by the insured himself) –0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% of the insured amount. Insurance rate rates vary from 2.5% to 7.2%. The company pays only 50% of the insurance premium (contribution) under the insurance contract, the rest is paid by the state. Let's give the calculations of insurance for the harvest of spring wheat. The initial data for the calculation are given in Table 14. Table 14 The initial data for the calculation of spring wheat insurance Indicator Value1. Sowing area, ha 3000 2. Average yield, c / ha21.83. Average price, rubles / c357.14. Sum insured,% of the insured value 805. Participation in risk insurance,% 106. Insurance rate rate,% 51) Calculate the insured value of the crop: 3000 * 21.8 * 357.1 \u003d 23354340 rubles Insurance amount \u003d 23354340 * 80/100 \u003d 18683472 rubles 2) Determine the amount of participation of the policyholder in insurance: 18683472 * 10 / 100 \u003d 1,868,347.2 rubles 3) Calculate the amount of the insurance premium: 18683472 * 5/100 \u003d 934,173.6 rubles 4) Calculate the amount to be paid to the company: 934,173.6 * 50/100 \u003d 467086.8 rubles Remaining 50% the accrued insurance premium on the basis of the enterprise's application is transferred to the settlement account of the insurer by the authorized body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. ... (17.5 c / ha * 357.1 rubles / c * 3000 ha). The damage will be equal to: 23354340 - 18747750 \u003d 4606590 rubles. The amount of insurance payment. The insurance payment is determined as the product of the amount of damage by the ratio of the insured amount to the insured value minus the amount of the unconditional deductible from the product received: (4606590 * 80/100) - (18683472 * 10 / 100) \u003d 1,816,924.8 rubles. Economic efficiency of the event: 1,816,924.8 -467086.8 \u003d 1,349,838 rubles. This event allows to reduce the risks of loss of income in the production of agricultural products in the event of adverse natural events. 3. Provision of services for sowing / harvesting. The essence of this event is as follows. Because SEC "Pushkinskiy" is one of the leading enterprises not only in the region, but also in the region, it finishes both spring field work and harvesting work earlier than others. In this regard, the enterprise has the opportunity to provide services for these types of work to other enterprises in the region. Table 15 shows the calculations of the cost of the service.

Calculating the cost of services for the planting / harvesting wheat yarovoy№ n / pNaimenovaniya and types rabotStoimost services rub.1boronovanie rannevesennee7182boronovanie rannevesennee8723boronovanie rannevesennee23604vyvoz grain sklada9205podvoz water and yadov8006protravlivanie semyan6627podvoz semyan783,528posev236obrabotka1406011obrabotka2442

Let us calculate the economic efficiency of this measure: the service is sowing spring wheat for 10 shifts per 1 agricultural equipment of 1 worker, the enterprise provides only agricultural equipment and a worker (Table 16).

Table 16 Calculation economic efficiency events provision of services for sowing / harvesting spring wheat Indicator Value, rubles 1. Salary118002. Social contributions 35403. Depreciation 48 614. Total costs 202015. Results (revenue) 236006. Economic efficiency3399

The economic efficiency of the event is 3399 rubles. As a result of this event, the enterprise will be able to receive additional revenue and increase its profit. Thus, the proposed recommendations will allow to overcome the factors that negatively affect the financial condition of the enterprise SPK "Pushkinsky". As a result of these measures, there will be an increase in the type of balance sheet liquidity, an increase in profits and, as a result, an increase in the level of profitability and an acceleration of the turnover of the company's assets.

References to sources 1. Golubeva G.A. Financial stability of enterprise as the basis of its viability // European student scientific journal. –2013. –№ 2; URL: sjes.esrae.ru/ru/3126 (date of access: 17.03.2014). - [Date of access: 16.03.2014].

2. Golubeva G.A. Analysis of financial results from sales of products on the example of SEC "Pushkinsky" Omsk district of Omsk region // Contribution of young scientists to innovative development Agroindustrial complex of Russia: collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. –Penza: RIO PGSKhA, 2013. –S. 4951.3. Tyutyunnikov A. Programs for insurance of the risk of loss (destruction) of agricultural crops, carried out with state support in 2012 / A. Tyutyunnikov // Agraria. Let's save the harvest. –2012. –№ 04 (April). S. 58. URL: http: //www.askmag.ru/docs/newspaper/paper_agria_04_12.pdf. - [Date of treatment 03/16/2014].

Kovalenko Elena Valentinovna Candidate of economic Sciences, associate Professor, Economics Department, accounting and financial control Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Omsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin ", [email protected] Galina AleksandrovnaSecondyear Master's Degree studentof the Department of Economics, accounting and financial control Federal State Budget Educational Institutionof Higher Professional Education “Omsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin ", [email protected] improvement in the financial condition of the company APC "Pushkinsky"

Annotation. The article is devoted to analysis of the financial condition of APC Pushkinsky. By results of the analysis in article provides recommendations for improving the financial condition of the company, calculated their economic efficiencyKey words: analysis, financial condition, financial stability, liquidity, profitability, business activity and profits.

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Dear Chairman and Members of the State certification commission! Your attention is presented the thesis on the topic: Assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise and ways to improve it (for example, LLC "Guryevsk-Agro").

The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that at the present time agricultural workers are faced with a difficult task - to meet the needs of the population for food. Therefore, the most important task of an agricultural producer is to increase the efficiency of crop production.

The object of the research is the agricultural enterprise LLC "Guryevsk-Agro".

The subject of the research is the assessment of the financial condition of LLC "Guryevsk-Agro".

The purpose of this thesis is to assess the financial condition of the enterprise and ways to improve it, LLC "Guryevsk-Agro".

Sales proceeds in 2011 increased by 50,680 thousand rubles, which amounted to 252.13% compared to 2009. Profit from sales in 2011 amounted to 25,679 thousand rubles, which is 18374.10% more than the previous year. Net profit indicators of LLC "Guryevsk-Agro" in 2011 amounted to 26391 thousand rubles, which is 2573.86% higher than in the previous period. The return on assets ratio in 2011 increased by 236% compared to the previous year. There is an increase in profitability in 2011, which amounted to 36%, which is 35.3% more than in 2010. The total number of employees of LLC "Guryevsk-Agro" in 2011 increased compared to 2009 by 19 people and compared to 2010 by 16 people, due to the involvement of permanent workers in production, as well as those engaged in other activities, specialists. Also, seasonal and temporary workers were no longer involved. They are involved in production, since it has a seasonal nature of work and in different periods the need for labor resources fluctuates sharply. Especially during periods of the most intense work, such as sowing, harvesting.

The obtained profitability indicators show the successes of LLC "Guryevsk-Agro", as well as the possible main directions of increasing the efficiency of its further activities - ensuring financial liquidity, by building the most optimal capital structure and attracting long-term loans.

Based on the results of the analysis of the production, economic and financial activities of LLC "Guryevsk-Agro", measures were proposed to increase the efficiency of crop production, namely:

Improvement of the crop structure;

Reducing product losses during harvesting;

Expansion of the cultivated area;

Additional fertilization.

As a result of the introduction of the proposed ways to increase the efficiency of crop production, the gross output will increase and amount to 79,856 centners /

The proceeds of LLC "Guryevsk-Agro" from the sale of crop production will increase by 8,419 thousand rubles, which will amount to 79,200 thousand rubles. The total costs after the implementation of the developed recommendations will decrease and amount to 36,808 thousand rubles. The profitability will increase by 23% to 59%, which indicates the efficient operation of the enterprise.

Also in this diploma work, measures were developed for life safety and ecology at LLC "Guryevsk-Agro".

Thanks for your attention.

Introduction

The agro-industrial complex plays an important role in the development of the Russian economy, on which the general state of the country, its food security and the well-being of the population depend. The grain-product subcomplex plays a leading role in the country's agro-industrial complex. High nutritional value of grain, good transportability, and the possibility of long-term storage determine the advantages of this product in comparison with other agricultural products. It is no coincidence that grain plays a decisive role in ensuring stability in the country, and bread products historically make up a significant share in the structure of nutrition of the population of Russia.

Agriculture in the economy of any country has a number of features. The most important of these is that production is organically linked to the use of land and the natural environment; while the land is the main means of production. Agriculture is based on the use of biological factors of plants, which predetermines the discrepancy between the production period and the working period. Agriculture largely depends on climatic and weather conditions, is distinguished by a large territorial dispersion of production; in agriculture, to a greater extent than in other sectors, products are used in the reproduction process own production (seeds, feed, etc.). That is, in essence, the level of development of agriculture largely determines the level of economic security of the country. It is difficult to find another sector of the economy that would have such a wide and varied impact on the economy, social relations and the state of the environment.

The agro-industrial policy today is aimed at making agricultural products highly efficient and competitive, significantly increasing the reliability of supplying the country with these products, and improving their quality. The task is to carry out a radical restructuring of economic relations in agriculture, the meaning of which is to give rural residents the opportunity to display independence, entrepreneurship and initiative.

The transition to a market economy requires enterprises of the agro-industrial complex to increase production efficiency through the introduction of scientific and technological progress, effective forms of management and production management, overcoming mismanagement, enhancing entrepreneurship and initiative.

Crop production is one of the main branches of agricultural production; it includes the cultivation of crops in field cultivation, vegetable growing, melon growing, fruit growing, meadow growing, floriculture, etc. A person receives from him food products, raw materials for light and food industries, animal feed, etc.

An indicator that can give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe effectiveness of this type of agricultural production is the profit from the sale of crop production and, as a derivative, is an indicator of the profitability of products.

The dynamics and rates of crop production, the level of provision of the population with crop production, and the processing industry with raw materials, is determined by the development and location of crop production in the country. The successful development of crop production depends on the availability of a labor force, transport routes for the transportation of products, guaranteed near sales markets.

In modern conditions, the urgency of the problem of substantiating the main directions of resource conservation and increasing the efficiency of production is due to a low level of efficiency both in terms of the scale of agricultural production and from the standpoint of rational use of resource potential.

The main goal of this work is to study and develop proposals for improving the financial condition of the enterprise on the example of a specific enterprise - LLC "Guryevsk-Agro", for the achievement of which the following tasks are considered:

Consider the theoretical aspects of improving the financial condition of the enterprise;

Consider general information about the company;

Conduct an analysis of production and economic activities;

Analyze financial performance.

When writing the work, normative and legislative acts, comprehensive methodological guidelines for writing work on an agricultural enterprise, economic literature on the problem under study, as well as the annual financial statements of the object under study were used.

The diploma work uses the annual reporting of the enterprise LLC "Guryevsk-Agro" for the periods from 2009 to 2011 inclusive, as well as the charter of the enterprise and all documents necessary for work.

The diploma consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature, an application. The introduction reveals the relevance of the topic under consideration, sets tasks, defines goals. The first chapter examines the theoretical aspects of the financial condition of the enterprise. The second chapter provides an analysis of the production, economic and financial activities of LLC "Guryevsk-Agro". In the third chapter, ways of improving the financial condition of LLC Guryevsk-Agro are developed.

1. Theoretical aspects of the financial condition of the enterprise

1.1 The essence and concepts of the financial condition of the enterprise

Financial condition is a set of indicators that reflect the availability, placement and use of financial resources.

The purpose of the analysis is not only and not so much to establish and assess the financial condition of the enterprise, but also to constantly carry out work aimed at improving it.

The analysis of the financial condition shows in what specific direction this work should be carried out, makes it possible to identify the most important aspects and the weakest positions in the financial condition of the enterprise.

Assessment of the financial condition can be performed with varying degrees of detail depending on the purpose of the analysis, available information, software, hardware and staffing. The most appropriate is to highlight the procedures for express analysis and in-depth analysis of the financial condition. Financial analysis makes it possible to assess:

Property condition of the enterprise;

The degree of entrepreneurial risk;

Adequacy of capital for current activities and long-term investments;

The need for additional sources of funding;

Ability to build capital;

Rationality of attracting borrowed funds;

The validity of the policy of distribution and use of profits.

The basis of information support for the analysis of the financial condition should be made up of financial statements, which are uniform for the organization of all industries and forms of ownership.

The results of the financial analysis make it possible to identify vulnerabilities that require special attention and develop measures to eliminate them.

It's no secret that the adoption process management decisions more art than science. The result of the formalized analytical procedures performed is not, or at least should not be the only criterion for making a particular management decision. The results of the analysis are the "material basis" of management decisions, the adoption of which is also based on the intellect, logic, experience, personal likes and dislikes of the person making these decisions. All this once again testifies to the fact that financial analysis in modern conditions is becoming an element of management, an instrument for assessing the reliability of a potential partner. The need to combine formalized and non-formalized procedures in the process of making managerial decisions leaves an imprint on both the procedure for preparing documents and the sequence of procedures for analyzing the financial condition. It is this understanding of the logic of financial analysis that is most consistent with the logic of enterprise functioning in a market economy.

Financial analysis is part of a general, complete analysis of business activities; if it is based on data only from financial statements - external analysis; on-farm analysis can be supplemented by other aspects: analysis of the efficiency of capital advance, analysis of the relationship between costs, turnover and profit, etc.

The financial analysis of the company's activities includes:

Financial analysis;

Financial stability analysis;

Analysis of financial ratios:

Analysis of balance sheet liquidity;

Analysis of financial results, profitability ratios and business activity.

Effectiveness the financial condition of an enterprise of an economic entity in agriculture, the ability to ensure the achievement of high performance indicators, profitability, profitability, product quality - production efficiency

The essence of the efficiency of agricultural production is the central link in the economic strategy of the market system at the present stage of its development. The solution to this important problem can be carried out in the present conditions by moving to a predominantly intensive direction of development of all social production... This, first of all, requires a restructuring of the economic base in accordance with the conditions and requirements of scientific and technological progress, the search and implementation of production reserves in each industry and at individual enterprises. To determine the correct approach to solving this problem, it is important to correctly interpret in theoretical and practical terms the essence of the concept of production efficiency.

Efficiency can be defined as the relationship between the result and the cost of that result. Economic efficiency is used to assess the performance of all social production. From the point of view of the entire national economy, an effective state will be considered when the needs of all members of society are most fully satisfied with the given limited resources. More precisely, this provision can be formulated as follows: the economic efficiency of the economic system is a state in which it is impossible to increase the degree of satisfaction of the needs of at least one person without worsening the position of another member of society.

Effect (result) of production capital investments on the scale of the national economy, its branches, as well as individual subsectors, is manifested in the growth of gross and final production, as well as net (i.e., national income) in value and in kind; efficiency is measured by the ratio of the result (output) to the costs (investments) that caused it. In those industries and sub-sectors, as well as at enterprises (associations) where net production (national income) was not calculated, profit was used as an indicator of the effect, and efficiency was taken as the ratio of profit to the value of assets or the ratio of the increase in profit to the increase in the value of assets (or capital investments). Quantitatively, this indicator does not reflect the entire economic efficiency, since does not include a significant part of the net product (wages, social consumption funds), but allows one to judge its dynamics.

The growth of production efficiency requires such a management of the economy in which every ruble invested in a production facility, spent on raw materials, materials, fuel and energy, wages of workers, would give the maximum return so that the volume of output finished products increased rapidly, and the total cost per unit of output decreased.

The increase in the efficiency of agricultural production is not an accidental, but a natural, stable, repetitive and causally determined process that acts objectively. At the same time, it should be noted that the more civilized society is, the more important it becomes to increase production efficiency, since the need for and understanding of the need to save social costs of an extremely increased production increases; the goal of production is to satisfy the needs of all members of society, and the priority is given not to material, but to social results. All this allows us to say that increasing the efficiency of social production acquires the features of an economic law, which can be formulated as a law of increasing production efficiency. The law of increasing production efficiency is a trend law, since the growth of the efficiency of aggregate social labor is often hampered by opposing factors. The greatest increase in production efficiency is achieved with the intensive type of expanded reproduction, which is characteristic of the current stage of development of society and the economy of developed countries.

To clarify the essence of the economic efficiency of agricultural production, to determine its criterion and indicators, it is necessary to distinguish between the content of the concepts "efficiency" and "effect".

The problem of efficiency is always a problem of choice, for example, what to produce, what types of products, in what way, how to distribute them and how much resources to use.

The definition of the efficiency of agricultural production as the relationship between society and enterprises regarding the most rational use of natural, industrial and financial resources is also incomplete, since it does not reflect its specifics. The main drawback of all broad interpretations of the category of production efficiency is the inclusion in the definition of a category of a number of elements that are not directly its essence. Each economic category should be considered as a basic concept that reflects the most general and essential properties, aspects of the phenomena of activity and cognition.

Economic efficiency is a complex category of economics. It permeates all spheres of human practical activity, all stages of social production, is the basis for constructing quantitative criteria for the value of decisions made. Such most essential characteristics of economic activity as integrity, multidimensionality, dynamism and interconnectedness of its various aspects are reflected through the category of economic efficiency.

A correct and uniform interpretation of production efficiency, acceptable for all levels and spheres of the economy, is of great interest. However, it should be understood that the essence of economic efficiency is not at all in digital relative values \u200b\u200bbetween costs and results, but is the very relations of production, distribution and exchange, which determine cost reduction to achieve a useful effect. Efficiency of production is an economic category and it is inappropriate to understand it only as a category of a measurable or quantitative order, designed to compare costs with results. Increasing production efficiency has been and is of great importance both for the entire national economy and for each enterprise. This is due to many factors.

First, the growth of production volumes in conditions of limited resources contributes to a more complete satisfaction of the population's needs for food.

Secondly, with the efficient use of labor and material resources, production costs are reduced, which affects the level of retail prices for food.

Third, an increase in production efficiency ensures an increase in the income of enterprises, the allocation of more funds for the economic and social development of labor collectives.

The economic progress of any society is based on increasing the efficiency of social production. The specific content of production efficiency in each economic system is determined by:

The social form of production;

Target orientation of production;

The originality of the factors and production results inherent in this system.

Agricultural production efficiency is a difficult economic category. It reflects one of the most important aspects of social production - efficiency. When characterizing the final result, one should distinguish between the concepts of effect and economic efficiency. The effect is the result of certain activities carried out in agriculture. A more complete answer to this question is provided by the indicator of economic efficiency when the results of production are compared with the costs of material and monetary funds.

Economic efficiency shows the final beneficial effect of the use of means of production and living labor, in other words, the return on total investment. In agriculture, this is getting the maximum amount of products per unit area with the least cost of living and materialized labor.

In agriculture, the criterion for efficiency is the increase in net production (gross income).

To compare the results of production with costs, the following types of economic efficiency are calculated, which are presented in Figure 1.1:

National economic efficiency;

Agricultural production efficiency;

Production efficiency on farms (collective farms, state farms, joint stock companies and etc.).

Figure: 1.1- Types of economic efficiency of agricultural production

The efficiency of individual industries (livestock, crop production);

The efficiency of on-farm units (brigades, teams, farms);

Efficiency of production of certain crops or products (grain, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk, etc.);

The effectiveness of measures (land reclamation, chemicalization, scientific and technological progress).

All these types of efficiency are inextricably linked. The final economic effect in agriculture as a whole depends on the rational use of all resources, a systematic struggle for economy and thrift, reducing production costs and increasing labor productivity.

The essence of the economic efficiency of agricultural production can be expressed through its criterion and indicators. The criterion of effectiveness is a sign on the basis of which the effectiveness is evaluated. He points to the most effective method goal achievement, a means by which alternative options for the development of production are measured and selected. The main (general) criterion of efficiency is the general law of saving time. Availability different types efficiency and economic interests in society predetermines the presence of other criteria, which are subordinate to the main one and are its modification.

The criterion of the economic efficiency of social production can be formulated in general terms as the maximum effect from each unit of social labor costs or the minimum costs of social labor for each unit of effect. For individual producers, the maximum profit is a criterion for the economic efficiency of their economic activities. For enterprises whose main task is to stay on the market, competitiveness can be a criterion.

Indicators serve as a means of quantifying the level of production efficiency; there are usually several indicators for the same criterion.

Improving the financial condition and economic efficiency of the agro-industrial complex allows increasing the production of the final product with the same resource potential, reducing labor and material costs per unit of output.

1.2. Features of increasing the efficiency of crop production in modern conditions

Each sector of the national economy is characterized by specific means of production, labor skills of workers, manufactured products, production relations. Agro-industrial production has its own specifics, which must be taken into account when implementing business activities... A specific feature of this industry is that its effectiveness largely depends on the timing of certain labor processes or individual works, the quality of their performance.

The first feature of agriculture is that land is the main, irreplaceable means of production. Unlike other means of production, it does not wear out when used correctly, but retains its qualities.

Land resources used in agriculture differ sharply in fertility and location, resulting in differential rent; commodity producers with better soil and located closer to sales markets receive additional income (profit).

The second feature is that living organisms (plants and animals) that develop in accordance with biological laws act as specific means of production in agriculture. The economic process of reproduction in agriculture is intertwined with the natural, natural.

The third feature is the spatial dispersion of agricultural production; it is carried out in different soil and climatic conditions, and this has to be taken into account when choosing the means of mechanizing production processes, selecting varieties of agricultural crops and animal breeds, chemicalization and melioration.

The fourth feature is that the results of agricultural production are highly dependent on natural conditions, while on industrial production this factor has no significant effect. In addition, natural and climatic conditions have a significant impact on the location and specialization of agriculture. Many crops can only be cultivated under certain climatic conditions.

Weather conditions have a strong impact on market conditions. The fifth feature is that in agriculture the working period does not coincide with the period of production, which leads to a large seasonality of production, primarily in crop production. This is most clearly manifested in the cultivation of winter grain crops. Their production period begins in July-August, from the moment of soil preparation and sowing, and ends in July. next year harvesting. During this time, the working period is interrupted and resumed several times, while the production period, which is determined mainly by the natural conditions of plant growth and development, continues continuously. This has a significant impact on the organization of production, the use of technology and labor resources.

Seasonality is also typical for the processing industry, since agricultural raw materials are supplied very unevenly throughout the year. For example, sugar factories are most busy in September-November, during the period of harvesting root crops and their delivery to the factory; dairies - in the spring-summer period, the volume of milk production on farms usually increases.

The sixth feature of agriculture is that the products created in it often continue to be used in the industry itself (seeds, feed, young livestock, organic fertilizers, etc.); on the contrary, industry receives its main raw materials from enterprises in other sectors. The specificity of production technologies is also associated with this feature. In agriculture, the technological process is based on biological factors characteristic of living organisms, while in industry, the technology is based on chemical, physical and mechanical processes.

The seventh feature is a high capital intensity of the industry, a low rate of capital turnover, which makes agriculture less attractive for investment in comparison with other industries and objectively increases the need for government assistance.

The eighth feature is related to the conditions of use of technology. In agriculture, as a rule, the implements of production (tractors, machines, combines and other agricultural machinery) move, and the objects of labor (plants) are motionless. In industry, on the contrary, objects of labor (raw materials) are usually moved, and equipment, machines, machine tools are fixed in place.

Agricultural machinery is very specific and many machines can be used to produce one product. In fact, each sub-industry has its own set of machines. Therefore, the overall demand for equipment per unit of production is much higher here than in industry.

The ninth feature of agriculture is that the social division of labor here manifests itself in a different way than in industry, where enterprises are usually highly specialized. The majority of agricultural enterprises produce several types of marketable products, developing simultaneously crop and livestock production. This allows the efficient use of by-products (for example, grain waste and manure), as well as land resources that are unsuitable for the cultivation of field crops.

The tenth feature is the price inelasticity of demand for agricultural products; the coefficient of elasticity in this case is much less than one (in most developed countries it is 0.2-0.25). This means that prices for agricultural products must fall by 40-50% in order for consumers to increase their purchases by only 10%. This significantly worsens the financial conditions for the development of the industry and requires great efforts to stabilize the market.

Finally, the eleventh feature of agriculture is the presence of a large number of similar producers, which creates conditions for high competition in the market. This makes it impossible to influence the market price on the part of an individual agricultural enterprise or their group; there are no conditions for creating a monopoly.

The above and some other features of agro-industrial production must be taken into account when analyzing and assessing the functioning of agricultural enterprises.

The further intensification of production will contribute to the stabilization and increase in the economic efficiency of grain farming, one of the main factors of which is the improvement of the technology of cultivation of grain crops. Modern technologies suggest:

Optimization of the nutritional regime of plants by applying fertilizers in strict accordance with technological norms and terms, which guarantees a programmed harvest;

Use of high-yielding varieties and hybrids of grain crops that are resistant to lodging, diseases and pests;

The use of optimal plant placement schemes according to the best predecessors in crop rotations, allowing efficient use of land and machinery;

Reduction of the number of agrotechnical techniques based on their combination in combined units (pre-sowing preparation of soil, crops and fertilization, etc.);

In-line execution of operations within the framework of individual technological stages (harvesting, cleaning fields from straw, etc.);

Application of integrated plant protection systems against diseases, pests and weeds;

Timely and high-quality implementation of all technological methods based on comprehensive mechanization of production.

The experience of advanced farms shows that the use of intensive technologies for the cultivation of grain crops, even in conditions of inflation and price disparity, is economically beneficial.

An indispensable condition for achieving high yields is the use of mineral fertilizers. Unfortunately, the majority of farms now have no funds to purchase them. State support is needed so that soil fertility does not decrease and grain production increases.

The grain yield from 1 hectare also largely depends on the quality of the seeds. Now the farms mainly sow seeds of one class, but at least 10% of them belong to the second class, with a lower germination rate (92%). Hence the constant overconsumption of seeds in the amount of 5 ... 10% of the seeding rate. Sowing only with conditioned seeds that meet the standard will reduce seed consumption and increase yields by 20-25%.

A significant increase in yields and gross grain yields can be achieved as a result of reducing losses during harvesting. As the experience of the leading grain-producing farms shows, harvesting at the optimal time (10-14 days) prevents losses of 15-20% of the crop.

An indispensable condition for highly profitable grain farming is the rational use of grown products based on agro-industrial integration... In the current economic conditions, when the market infrastructure is insufficiently developed, there are difficulties with the sale of products, non-payments, it is advisable to sell not raw materials, but processed products. The processing of grain in the places of its production is economically profitable, since it allows the rational use of all grown products and, by processing it, to involve them in trade.

The market economy requires any manufacturer to pay the most serious attention to the marketing of their products.

It is advisable to establish appropriate services, first, at large agricultural enterprises producing a wide range of products; secondly, in farms that sell a significant part of it outside their administrative district or region.

At the same time, in the current conditions, when the economic situation of the majority of agricultural enterprises is close to critical, the development of the grain industry is impossible without state support. It is necessary to provide them with compensation for part of the costs of purchasing mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, oil products, agricultural machinery, and electricity.

State regulation of agricultural production should be based on the principle of ensuring all normally operating farms with a minimum profitability sufficient for their further development.

In the first group (agrotechnical and biological factors), the most important is the use of promising, zoned varieties and hybrids of grain crops, the use of scientifically grounded and effective system tillage and a system of measures to combat diseases and pests.

In the second (technical) - a system of machines for tillage and harvesting.

In the third (organizational and economic) - labor organization, material incentives and state regulation. In the fourth, labor motivation.

There is a close relationship between all agrobiological, technical, organizational, economic and social factors that directly or indirectly characterize the conditions of production, its effectiveness - yield, gross output, labor productivity, profitability, etc.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production is mainly determined by two groups of factors.

Currently, the economic efficiency of agricultural production is largely determined by the factors of the first group. With a well-functioning economic mechanism, the second group of factors to a greater extent forms the level of economic efficiency.

The main indicator of the economic efficiency of agricultural production is the amount of profit from the sale of products. The latter depends on the amount of proceeds from the sale of agricultural products and the costs associated with the production and sale of products. In turn, the selling prices of a specific type of agricultural products are formed under the influence of supply and demand and largely depend on the ways and channels of product sales.

1.3. Methods of economic assessment and indicators of the financial condition of the enterprise

The transition to market relations requires profound shifts in the economy - a crucial area of \u200b\u200bhuman activity. It is necessary to make a sharp turn towards the intensification of production, to reorient every enterprise, organization, firm to the full and priority use of high-quality factors of economic growth. The transition to an economy of higher organization and efficiency with comprehensively developed productive forces and production relations, a well-oiled economic mechanism must be ensured. To a large extent, the necessary conditions for this are created by the market economy.

The effectiveness of each branch of agriculture is determined by its own system of factors. The efficiency of cultivation of grain crops is influenced by a system of factors that can be combined into four main groups: agrobiological, technical and organizational-economic and social.

In modern conditions, the main reserve for improving the financial condition of the enterprise is the increase in the yield of cultivated crops and the productivity of livestock. For this, it is necessary to constantly improve, develop and introduce agrotechnical, zootechnical, veterinary measures. In a well-organized production, all its constituent elements are interconnected and the violation of one of them leads to the failure of the other. It is especially important to determine the economic efficiency of the proposed measures.

In crop production, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness of various structures of sown areas, new varieties of agricultural crops, progressive technologies and individual agrotechnical measures (methods of tillage, sowing, harvesting, fertilizing, etc.).

The economic efficiency of agrotechnical measures is expressed in an increase in yield, an increase in the gross yield of crop production, an increase in labor productivity, a decrease in the cost of a unit of production, and an increase in profitability.

When economic assessment the structure of cultivated areas, it is necessary to determine the volume of production of all products in physical and value terms, to establish how much it corresponds to the specialization of the economy and market demand for products, and also to calculate labor costs as a whole for the year and for individual periods, to determine material and monetary costs. The criterion for a comparative assessment of the structure of sown areas is the maximum output from 1 hectare of area with the lowest labor and cost per unit of production.

The structure of cultivated areas is closely related to crop rotations, therefore, their economic assessment is carried out simultaneously.

The economic assessment of crop rotations consists in comparing the following indicators:

Gross output per 1 hectare of crop rotation area in natural, fodder units and value terms;

Labor and material costs per 1 hectare of crop rotation area and for the production of a unit of production;

Gross output per 1 ruble of production costs and per 1 person an hour;

Profit (net income) per 1 hectare of area; cost recovery;

distribution of labor costs by periods;

Land use factor (the ratio of the crop rotation area to the arable land area).

In this case, the products are evaluated at the current average selling prices; comparable prices, as a rule, are lower and it is impractical to use them for the estimation of crop rotations. The main criterion is the maximum yield of crop production from 1 hectare of crop rotation area with the lowest labor and cost per unit of production.

An important reserve for increasing the volume of production and improving its quality is the introduction of new intensive varieties.

The economic efficiency of growing new varieties of agricultural crops is determined by comparing them with the zoned ones adopted as a standard. To do this, an increase in the yield of new varieties in comparison with previously cultivated varieties is determined, as well as the actual indicators of economic efficiency (labor intensity, production cost per unit of production, profit per 1 hectare of crops, the level of profitability). The costs of purchasing seeds, both already cultivated on the farm, and a new variety are compared. This is important, since the cost of purchasing high-quality varietal seeds of basic conditions (or new varieties) is usually higher.

The assessment of varieties should be comprehensive, since crop breeding is now carried out in various directions (for example, the breeding of high-protein varieties of wheat, barley, etc.).

The economic assessment of progressive technologies (intensive, resource-saving) is carried out by comparing their indicators with those obtained using traditional (conventional) technologies. If a new technology is introduced only in some part of the area, the results are compared with those achieved in the remaining areas. If all sowing of this crop has been transferred to a new technology, it is advisable to compare it with the data for the previous 3-5 years, excluding years with extreme weather conditions. The main indicators for a comparative economic assessment of technologies can be yield, product quality, labor costs per 1 hectare of crops and per 1 centner of production, the cost of gross production and its growth per 1 hectare, production costs per 1 hectare, unit cost, additional costs for an increase in harvest and their payback, profit (net income) from 1 hectare of crops, the level of profitability, the annual economic effect.

The financial condition of agricultural production is mainly determined by two groups of factors.

External factors that do not depend on the economic activity of the enterprise - pricing, taxation, lending, inflationary processes, subsidies and compensations, agricultural legislation, etc.

Internal factors - crop yields, animal productivity, production costs, technology and organization of production, specialization, etc.

Currently, the financial condition of agricultural production is largely determined by the factors of the first group. With a well-functioning economic mechanism, the second group of factors to a greater extent forms the level of economic efficiency.

The main indicator of the financial condition of agricultural production is the amount of profit from the sale of products. The latter depends on the amount of proceeds from the sale of agricultural products and the costs associated with the production and sale of products. In turn, the selling prices of a specific type of agricultural products are formed under the influence of supply and demand and largely depend on the ways and channels of product sales.

An important factor influencing the increase in sales proceeds is the improvement of product quality. The quantity of products supplied to the market depends on the quality, since non-standard and low-quality products are sold at lower prices or are generally excluded from the total volume of goods sold. Particularly important is the quality of grain, sugar beets, vegetables, milk and other agricultural products. Thus, a decrease in the protein content in grain, sugar content in sugar beets, dry substances in tomatoes leads to a significant decrease in the sales price and large losses of the economy as a whole.

Factors affecting profit margins are in close relationship with each other and changing one of them leads to corresponding changes in the others. So, the total size products sold affects the amount of profit and cash receipts. At the same time, the amount of cash proceeds depends on the amount of gross output and the level of marketability.

Identification of the entire spectrum of these and other factors, their correct accounting and use in production will allow us to outline a specific set of measures to ensure the efficiency of the grain industry and its stability.

One of the most well-known methods for assessing the financial condition of an enterprise is the profitability method, which characterizes the amount of profit received depending on the volume of sales and the value of the company's assets.

To determine the level of efficiency of the enterprise, the profit received by it must be compared with the corresponding costs.

First, the costs can be considered as the current costs of the enterprise - the cost of production (work, services). Here, there are various options for determining the current costs and profits used in the calculations.

Secondly, the costs can be taken as the advanced value (advanced capital) to ensure the production, all financial and economic activities of the enterprise. At the same time, various options for determining, calculating the advanced cost and determining the profit accepted for calculations are also possible.

Profit is a part of the newly created value and acts as one of the forms of the net income of society, formed in the sphere of material production. The enterprise makes a profit after the value embodied in the created product, having completed the stage of circulation, takes the form of money. It is part of the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services), which remains after deducting taxes paid from the proceeds and production costs. Unlike profit, the income of the enterprise is the realized newly created value (the part of the revenue that remains after deducting the material costs of production from it).

As a target for the enterprise;

Effective estimated indicator of the enterprise;

A source of enterprise development and financing of its activities.

As an estimated indicator, profit characterizes the total efficiency of using all the resources of the enterprise.

The presence of profit allows to satisfy the economic interests of the state, enterprises, workers and owners.

The availability of profit to satisfy the economic interests of the state is ensured through the payment of taxes, which the state then uses to solve social problems.

The economic interests of the enterprise are to increase the share of profits remaining at its disposal and directed to its development.

The interests of employees in increasing profits are associated with the creation of additional opportunities for their material incentives.

Owners are also interested in increasing profits, since an increase in profits means an increase in the resources of their property and an increase in the dividends they receive.

The essence of profit can be viewed from various perspectives - The most common is to consider profit from a functional point of view and from a position of origin.

Minimum, normal, maximum profits are associated with different levels of production and indicate in which area the enterprise is located (breakeven, profitability, loss ratio). The minimum is considered to be the profit that provides the company with a minimum level of return on capital invested. The value of the minimum level of profitability is taken to be equal to the average interest rate of the bank on deposits, prevailing over the study period.

Normal Profit is the minimum income or pay required to keep a business in a particular industry.

The maximum profit determines the target setting when planning the activities of the enterprise. Achieving it means reducing production and sales costs to a minimum.

The volume of production that provides the maximum profit is established at the point at which the equality of marginal revenue and marginal cost is achieved.

Consolidated profit is profit that is free from the accounting statements of activities and financial results of separate parent and subsidiary companies. The profitability of using consolidated profits is determined by savings on tax payments and reducing the negative consequences of risky activities.

Economic profit is the difference between revenue (gross income) and economic costs (the sum of explicit and implicit costs).

Accounting profit is the difference between the proceeds received and the accounting costs (explicit). Its value is identical to the balance sheet profit.

Sources of economic profit are sales of products, other sales, non-sales transactions, innovative activities, monopoly situations, non-insured risks (changes in market conditions, tax legislation, risk associated with the development of new territorial commodity markets, risk due to inflationary processes in the national economy) ...

The sources of accounting profit are sales of products, other sales, non-sales transactions. Profit at the enterprise is considered not only as the main goal, but also as the main condition for its business activity. When assessing the level or change in business activity, a distinction is made between the concepts of expected profit (which can be obtained in the future as a result of management) and actually received.

With this in mind, the following profit functions are distinguished:

Investment - since the expected profit is the basis for making investment decisions;

Effective - the actually received profit evaluates the efficiency of the enterprise;

Financing - a part of the received or expected profit is determined as a source of self-financing of the enterprise;

Incentive - a part of the expected or earned profit can be used as a source of material remuneration for employees of the enterprise and payment of dividends to capital owners.

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Factors and indicators affecting the efficient operation of an enterprise in a market economy. Comprehensive analysis of the enterprise. Ways to increase profits and profitability of the enterprise. Strengthening the financial condition of the enterprise.

To improve the financial condition, management efficiency, productivity and labor intensity, the management of OJSC "New Drut" must take into account the following aspects of its financial and economic activities:

• 1) Introduction of innovations into production (a new product or a product of a higher quality);
• 2) Development of new product markets;
• 3) The introduction of new progressive technological processes;
• 4) Mastering new types of raw materials and materials;
• 5) Lack of entrepreneurial fear of risk;
• 6) Selection of such a volume of production that would minimize production costs;
• 7) Saving all types of resources consumed in production: material and labor;
• 8) Release of highly profitable products;
• 9) Sale of competitive products both in foreign and domestic markets.

JSC "New Drut" should make maximum use of all possible ways of making a profit (profit from product sales, profit from non-operating income and profit from operating income).

The expenditure of funds received as a result of financial and economic activities should be carried out in strict control and only for necessary purposes (for example, expansion of production).

Summarizing the experience of enterprises that have achieved higher economic efficiency of animal husbandry and the available scientific recommendations, a set of measures aimed at mastering and developing advanced practices, introducing innovative achievements of scientific and technological progress in the considered most difficult branch of agricultural production was designed for Novaya Drut.

The measures developed are divided into four blocks:

• 1) measures to improve the financial efficiency of milk production;
• 2) measures to improve the financial efficiency of raising and fattening young cattle;
• 3) measures to improve the financial efficiency of raising and fattening pigs;
• 4) measures to increase the financial efficiency of feed production, feed preparation and feeding of livestock.

They are presented in the diagrams (Figures 7, 8, 9, 10).

From the diagram in Figure 7 it can be seen that the surveyed enterprise in order to increase the financial efficiency of dairy farming is recommended to carry out a number of organizational, technological and organizational and economic measures. It should be noted that the management of the enterprise is already carrying out a considerable part of these measures. These include staffing a herd of cows with highly productive Holstein animals. This breed is considered not only the most productive, but also the most adaptable to different external conditions.

Figure 7 - A set of measures aimed at improving the financial efficiency of dairy farming of JSC "New Drut"

To accommodate highly productive animals, it is necessary to reconstruct the premises of a dairy farm, they are depreciated and do not meet modern requirements. In new premises, first of all, it is necessary to ensure proper conditions for air exchange. In old barns, there was a constant excess of ammonia, which negatively influenced both health and productivity of livestock.

It is necessary to radically update the technological equipment, primarily designed for milking cows in a gentle mode, but without milk loss due to incomplete milking. The loose-box method of keeping cows with milking in the milking parlor is more rational. This significantly reduces labor costs for servicing animals. In the same direction, the system of automated herd management, carried out through computer technology... But at the same time, preliminary calculations of the expected efficiency of investments are required according to the methods set forth in the most modern works on investment activities.

The health of cows should be maintained at the required level with more targeted veterinary services, as well as with the transition to year-round feeding of the same type of cows with complete feed mixtures balanced in all nutrients.

Thorough cleaning and cooling of milk and, in the long term, sale after processing will be of great importance to increase the selling prices for milk.

Figure 8 schematically shows the complexes of organizational, technological and organizational and economic measures aimed at increasing the economic efficiency of growing and fattening young cattle, i.e. for the production of beef and breeding cattle.

First of all, it is required to create a specialized farm at one of the branches of the farm, which would have no other tasks, except for raising young cattle. It will be overhauled young growth, i.e. young animals not required to repair a herd of cows. Here it is necessary to organize specialized brigades of livestock breeders, some of which will raise young animals younger ages, and the other - to fatten the animals before selling them for meat.

As in the case of a dairy farm, rearing and fattening of cattle should be carried out with a comprehensive mechanization of technological processes - feeding, drinking, cleaning manure and bedding. And just like cows, young cattle should be transferred to year-round feeding of the same type with complete feed mixtures balanced in terms of nutrients. At the same time, it is necessary to tighten the observance of sanitary and veterinary requirements for the maintenance and feeding of livestock, since until recently the farm failed to minimize losses from diseases and calf mortality.

The norm should be the implementation of animals at the age of 18 months with a live weight of at least 450 kg of higher or higher average body condition. Unfortunately, this requirement was often not met, which led to a decrease in selling prices.

The sale of at least part of the young stock for breeding purposes, as well as the supply of delicious steamed veal to restaurants and other privileged public catering establishments, could contribute to the increase in selling prices.

Figure 8 - A set of measures aimed at increasing the financial efficiency of growing and fattening young cattle

First of all, it is required to create a specialized farm at one of the branches of the farm (most likely, at the branch in the village of Rasypnoye), which would have no other tasks, except for raising young cattle. It will be overhauled young growth, i.e. young animals not required to repair a herd of cows. Here it is necessary to organize specialized teams of livestock breeders, some of which will raise young animals of young ages, and the other will fatten the animals before selling them for meat.

As in other cases, measures to improve the qualifications of personnel, their studies and training in the best farms and even abroad are of great importance. Special measures are required to enhance the motivation of the work of pastoralists, their material interest in improving the final results of production, i.e. in the increase in the difference between sales revenue and material costs.

A more distant reference point, but, nevertheless, very important should be the sale of a significant part of the livestock in the form of finished products - meat, sausages, various delicacies, as this will provide the greatest increase in prices.

Let us now consider measures to further improve the financial efficiency of pig breeding (Figure 9).

Figure 9 - A set of measures aimed at increasing the financial efficiency of pig breeding at JSC "New Drut"

Figure 9 shows that some of the measures that can further increase the efficiency of pig breeding at Novaya Drut 'coincide with the measures proposed for other industries. This is a tightening of sanitary and veterinary requirements, since the farm still has a significant proportion of sick piglets, as well as dead animals. Further, it should be noted the improvement of the qualifications of personnel, their constant purposeful training. Successful production at modern livestock facilities equipped with expensive, often imported equipment is impossible without qualified workers. However, one cannot be limited only to raising the qualifications of workers. It is necessary to raise their wages, to strengthen material incentives and labor motivation. As in other cases, it is necessary to link the level of wages with the final results of production, i.e. with the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products and material costs.

The volumes of livestock production projected at OJSC “Novaya Drut” for the coming years are large enough to ensure a high return on investment costs in the creation of its own processing units. In this case, milk and beef cattle products will be sold ready-made. The farm will receive income not only from livestock breeding, but also from the sale of processed products. The profitability of such products is significantly higher than the profitability of the raw materials sold. Therefore, the industry will receive significant amounts of additional profits.

Special measures proposed to increase the economic efficiency of the pig-breeding industry are reduced to targeted selection and breeding work, the introduction of artificial insemination of sows. In this case, it is possible to increase not only the number of piglets received, but also to ensure their higher viability and subsequent productivity, more economical payment for feed.

At the same time, it is necessary to ensure at least double farrowing of the main sows within one year.

Selling products at the highest prices / 20 / is very important for increasing the economic efficiency of the industry. This can be partially facilitated by the sale of pigs for breeding purposes to other farms, farmers and the public. However, the greatest result can be obtained from the sale of livestock products in the form of finished products - meat, sausages, smoked meats, etc. It is difficult, but it should be striven for. Moreover, successful experience JSC "New Drut" has already accumulated such work.

A reliable fodder base and adequate feeding of livestock are of particular importance for increasing the economic efficiency of livestock industries. As the study of modern economic literature shows, many opportunities for improving matters in fodder production, fodder preparation and feeding of animals are associated with the organization of year-round feeding of the same type of cattle with nutritionally balanced complete feed mixtures. The main elements of such an organization of cattle feeding are shown in the diagram (Figure 10) and are summarized as follows.

The entire area of \u200b\u200barable land allocated for fodder crops is sown in such a way that the largest amount of fodder units and digestible protein is obtained from each hectare. Crops and their varieties are selected so that the timing of their probable harvest is divided into two or three main stages. The entire crop of forage crops grown is harvested in the form of silage, haylage and partly hay. The crop is not used as green fodder. This type of feeding is considered a kind of revolution in animal husbandry.

Figure 10 - A set of measures aimed at improving the efficiency of feed production, feed preparation and feeding of animals at JSC "New Drut"

Harvesting of haylage and silage is carried out in strict accordance with technologies that ensure the greatest preservation of the original nutrients for one and a half to two years.

A variety of equipment, including Belarusian and Russian, is already being produced for harvesting, picking up from storages, regrinding, thorough mixing and distributing to animals in the places allocated for their feeding. True, most often such equipment is offered to Russian agricultural producers by foreign companies that manufacture and supply their products to the markets of resources for the village.

This technique is maximally equipped with the means of automatic preparation of feed mixtures according to any of the 30 complete recipes set by livestock specialists. At the same time, mixed juicy and roughage feeds are taken from the storage facilities, crushed to fractions of no more than 30 mm in size. This ensures their complete digestibility by animals and a high degree of digestibility. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that by consuming feed in the specified form, animals are able to absorb more energy than with other methods of feeding. This circumstance is especially important for the realization of the biological potential of highly productive animals. In the form of green fodder, usually fed in summer, such animals cannot consume the required amount of energy elements purely physically.

When using this technique and technology, all kinds of feed loss are excluded, including the not-so-rare cases of feed theft. In this case, it is virtually impossible to do this. The animals will finally be able to receive the volume of feed, primarily concentrated feed, which are set by zootechnical norms.

The experience of farms that have already applied the described technology has shown that it allows at least 15% to reduce the annual consumption of feed per centner of the product obtained. At the same time, the productivity of animals increases by at least 20%. The unit cost of manufactured products only on the basis of the "feed" factor is reduced by at least 20%. The level of its profitability can consistently exceed the profitability of many types of crop products.

In the process of implementing the financial strategy of the enterprise, great attention should be paid to areas of improving the financial condition of the enterprise, namely, increasing liquidity, solvency, financial stability and business activity.

The main directions of improving the financial condition of OJSC "New Drut":

• 1) The direction "Optimizing or reducing costs" involves actions to stop the decline in profits. A very effective mechanism is the creation of a system for effective cost control. Sometimes you can cut costs by simply starting to account for them. It has been noticed, for example, that when an enterprise begins to register outgoing long-distance and international calls of its employees by date, time and purpose, the total number of calls decreases due to the reduction of calls to personal affairs employees. In this case, a prerequisite is the support by employees of the existing cost accounting system. An important point in this direction is the analysis of the causes of costs, which allows you to take the necessary actions to eliminate the causes of undesirable cost increases. It is also advisable to analyze the organizational structure in order to eliminate unnecessary levels of management and reduce labor costs.
• 2) The “Conduct inventory reorganization” direction assumes that inventories are categorized according to their degree of importance in improving the stability of operations. The volumes of those types of reserves that are not critical to the functioning of the business should be reduced. At the same time, supply order activities should be intensified by introducing more effective control procedures, such as centralizing storage and release of goods, reallocating storage space, or improving workflow. It is advisable to sell stubborn stocks at discounts in order to receive additional cash.
• 3) Direction "Receiving additional funds from the use of fixed assets" After that, it is possible to determine the most appropriate communication channels for effectively communicating offers to market participants for the sale or lease of property. The property that could not be rented out must be mothballed, an act of conservation must be drawn up and submitted to the tax office, which will allow this property to be excluded from the calculation of the tax base.
• 4) Direction "Debt collection in order to accelerate the turnover of funds." Customer debt collection can be encouraged through special discounts. It is also necessary to create a system for evaluating customers that would summarize all the risks associated with them as business partners. The total dependence on a customer will include his receivables, goods in stock ready for shipment, products in production intended for that customer.
• 5) The direction "Changing the structure of debt obligations" involves a detailed analysis of these obligations and possible options for their repayment in order to increase liquidity in the future. If it is impossible to repay these obligations, options for changing the structure are considered (transfer of long-term obligations to short-term ones or vice versa).
• 6) The direction "Differentiation of payments to creditors by priority to reduce cash outflow" involves ranking suppliers depending on their degree of importance. Critical suppliers must be the focus; it is advisable to intensify contacts with them in order to strengthen mutual understanding and the desire for cooperation.
• 7) The direction "Revision of capital investment plans" is a means of increasing the flow of funds. It aims to minimize costs. Especially in the context of the threat of a crisis, it makes sense to abandon investments in capital construction, the acquisition of new equipment, the expansion of the sales network, etc., except in urgent cases. To determine them, it is necessary to assess which capital investment requirements cannot be deferred to a later date. It is also necessary to abandon those capital expenditures that cannot provide an immediate return for the enterprise.
• 8) The direction "Increasing the flow of funds from interested financial sources not related to mutual trade" involves the provision of assistance by the main support groups - the bank, shareholders or owners.
• 9) The direction "Increase in the volume of production and sales" provides an increase in the funds received from the sale of products, i.e. an increase in absolutely liquid assets, and hence liquidity itself. To this end, it is necessary to single out the groups of goods that bring the greatest profit, analyze the price and volume of products sold to determine the most reasonable compromise that will help the company, despite the decrease in sales, increase the receipt of additional funds by increasing the price or sales volumes.
• 10) The next two areas - "Forecasting the financial condition" and "Introduction of an effective system for forecasting cash flow" are closely interconnected. Forecasting the financial condition of an enterprise should always be carried out after a comprehensive analysis in order to determine the prospective financial condition in the near future and, as a consequence, develop appropriate measures. Cash flow forecasting is the most important component of forecasting the financial condition in general. The reliability, accuracy, validity of the methods used ensure the effectiveness of the forecasting system as a whole.

Implementation of the above directions will allow OJSC “New Drut” to receive an additional amount of profit.

Illiterate and ineffective financial planning ultimately leads to problems in the financial condition of the organization. Problems and difficulties arising in the financial condition of the organization ultimately have three main manifestations. They can be formulated as:

• 1) Deficit of funds; low solvency. The economic essence of the problem lies in the fact that in the near future the company may not have enough or already does not have enough funds to pay off obligations on time. The indicators of low solvency are unsatisfactory liquidity indicators, overdue accounts payable, excess debts to the budget, personnel and lending organizations.
• 2) Insufficient return on capital invested in the enterprise (insufficient satisfaction of the interests of the owner; low profitability). In practice, this means that the owner receives incomes that are inadequately small for their investments. The possible consequences of such a situation are a negative assessment of the work of the organization's management, the withdrawal of the owner from the company. Insufficient return on capital invested in the company is evidenced by low profitability indicators. At the same time, the greatest interest is shown to the return on equity as an indicator of satisfying the interests of the owners of the organization.
• 3) Low financial stability. In practice, low financial stability means possible problems in repaying obligations in the future, in other words, the company's dependence on creditors, loss of independence. Insufficient financial stability, that is, the risk of disruptions in payments in the future and the dependence of the company's financial position on external sources of financing, is evidenced by a decrease in the autonomy indicator below the optimal value, and a negative value of the company's equity capital. Also, an indicator of the insufficient level of financing of the company's current activities from its own funds is a decrease in net working capital (PSC) below its optimal value and, especially, a negative PSC value.

Two global causes of problems and difficulties arising in the financial condition of an enterprise can be distinguished:

• - lack of potential opportunities to maintain an acceptable level of financial condition (or low volumes of profit);
• - irrational management of performance results (irrational financial management).

Problems with solvency, financial independence, profitability have the same roots: either the company has insufficient operating results to maintain an acceptable financial position, or the company does not rationally manage the results of its activities.

Finding out which of the above reasons led to a deterioration in the financial condition of the enterprise is of fundamental importance. Depending on this, the choice of management decisions is made, aimed at optimizing the financial position of the organization.

However, to determine in which of the listed areas the reason for the decline in financial indicators lies does not mean to conduct a full financial analysis. It is necessary to further clarify the reasons - to the level of specific actions of the enterprise or the external environment. Management recommendations are also needed to improve the condition of the enterprise.

Insufficient amount of profit received as a reason for the deterioration of the financial condition of the organization Profit optimization levers.

The potential of an enterprise to maintain (achieve) an acceptable financial condition is determined by the amount of profit it receives. The main components on which the volume of the enterprise's profit depends are prices and volumes of product sales, the level of production costs and income from other activities.

The analysis of income and costs from core and other activities is carried out using the statement of financial results, profitability indicators, the amount of accumulated capital. To assess the level of variable and fixed costs, as well as the ratio of prices for consumed resources and products sold, a marginal analysis is carried out.

Of course, the assessment of sales volumes is carried out in the first place. With a decrease in sales volumes, it is necessary to find out the reason for the current situation. Often at enterprises there is another reason - insufficient efforts to promote their products. This is not about the lack of advertising on television, but about the passivity of the marketing department (or a department with any other name that is responsible for attracting orders). Instead of looking for customers, participating in exhibitions, sending out information, the marketing department duplicates the functions of the sales department - it simply records received and completed orders.

If the market situation is such that the demand for the company's products is limited and the expansion of the sales market is not predicted in the near future, we can talk about the need to release new types of products. The release of a new type of product, which is in demand on the market, will increase sales volumes, but will require funds for the purchase of new equipment.

It is possible that the promotion of products is organized at the proper level and the company has taken the maximum possible market share, but the profit is still low. The reason for this situation may be high costs.

One of the possible reasons for high costs is high prices for raw materials, materials, components, services set by suppliers. In this case, an option to reduce costs is to look for suppliers that set lower prices. In most cases, alternative suppliers exist; maintaining, promptly replenishing the database of possible suppliers of raw materials, materials, components, services and using this information is a real measure to reduce the company's costs.

High costs can be caused not only by suppliers, but also by the enterprise itself. In particular, high costs for lighting, heating, water consumption may arise due to the lack of control over the consumption of resources. This is especially typical for large enterprises: lighting of premises not only during working hours, not repaired heating systems that heat the "street air" in addition to the premises.

In some cases, cost reduction requires more radical measures - reducing the production assets of the enterprise or, as it is sometimes said, reducing the size of the company. Such measures often have to be resorted to by enterprises that were created quite a long time ago and were designed for production volumes that are ten times larger than the volumes currently being produced.

Underutilized production assets become “too expensive” for the enterprise - they require too large (compared to revenue) costs for repairs and maintenance. There is a decision to abandon some of the funds and thereby reduce fixed costs (nowadays there are often cases of sale auxiliary production, which are initiated precisely with the aim of reducing costs). Reducing the scale of production assets will increase profits by reducing fixed costs - reducing the cost of maintaining and repairing equipment, buildings, structures.

The profit earned by the enterprise remains at its disposal not in full. Part of the profits earned can be spent on paying off fines, penalties for overdue debts or canceling contracts, part - on non-production expenses. Reducing non-production costs from profits can also be by optimizing profits, and therefore the financial position of the company.

Poor performance management as a cause of deterioration in the financial condition of the organization. Optimization levers.

There are three main components that relate to the management of the results of the organization's activities - this is the management of working capital (working capital), the management of investment policy and the management of the structure of funding sources.

Investment policy. The company can make capital investments - in the construction of workshops, the purchase of equipment, the acquisition of other organizations - that exceed the financial capabilities of the company. The financial capabilities of the company in this case is the sum of the profit and attracted long-term loans. Investment investments that exceed the financial capabilities of the company can be one of the reasons for the deterioration of the financial condition of the organization.

To characterize the investment policy, the calculation of indicators of self-financing and mobilization, net working capital, as well as a statement of cash flows is intended.

Working capital management. For many operating enterprises, the reason for financial difficulties lies precisely in the irrational management of working capital, that is, the approaches developed at the enterprise in terms of managing working capital are not adequate to the changed economic conditions. The concept of "working capital management" includes such processes as material and technical supply, sales, establishment and control of the terms of mutual settlements of the enterprise with buyers and suppliers.

To characterize the principles of working capital management that have developed in the enterprise, the results of the analysis of the balance sheet structure, indicators of the turnover of current assets and liabilities, as well as data from the cash flow statement are used.

Large accounts receivable are a problem for many businesses. Efforts to promptly collect debtor debts is also a way to optimize the company's financial condition. Organizational measures to optimize accounts receivable include setting up a procedure for controlling invoices (register of buyers, invoice date, set date for invoice payment, contact person of the buyer, person responsible for contacting the buyer from the company). Legal measures to optimize accounts receivable include, for example, the inclusion in the sales agreement of an item on the inventory of the seller's warehouse (in case of sales through intermediaries), the inclusion in the sales agreement of penalties for late payment of invoices.

Assessment of the impact of the structure of funding sources (structure of liabilities) on the return on equity is a task that is solved by analyzing the financial leverage. The essence of managing the structure of funding sources can be formulated as follows: having ensured an acceptable level of financial stability, it is advisable to choose such a structure of liabilities that will help increase the profitability of the organization's equity capital.

In a market economy, efficiency gains industrial enterprise is inextricably linked with the intensification of intensification, which makes it possible to exclude the possibility of a declarative approach and focus on the real mechanisms of organizing production.

In industry, the planned regulation of the intensification of production takes into account the following factors:

• - reducing the consumption of materials;
• - improving the use of capital investments, basic production stocks and working capital;
• - growth of labor productivity;
• - improvement of production management.

In addition to the listed factors, you can also highlight such as:

• - the level of competitiveness of production and products;
• - technical and economic parameters of the economic activity of the enterprise, corresponding to the requirements of demand in the sales market.

Therefore, when developing a plan of organizational and technical measures to intensify production, first of all, internal production reserves should be implemented and only after that one should proceed to measures related to technical re-equipment and expansion of production based on the creation of a progressive structure of the equipment park and flexible technology that allows rebuilding production without significant losses. in order to improve its efficiency.

In order to maintain the normal financial stability of the OJSC "Novaya Drut" enterprise, it is necessary:

• - to accelerate the turnover of capital in current assets, as a result of which there will be a relative decrease in turnover per ruble;
• - return receivables;
• - replenishment of own working capital at the expense of internal and external sources.

To reduce the cost of products manufactured at the OJSC "New Drut", and, consequently, to increase the level of profit and efficiency, it is necessary to take a number of measures.

First of all, this is an increase in the technical level:

• - improving the means of labor (introduction of advanced technology, increasing the share of improved equipment), objects of labor (the use of progressive types of raw materials, materials);
• - rational use of raw materials, materials;
• - mechanization and automation of production processes.

This, of course, will require considerable expenses, but as a result, downtime due to constant failures of galvanic lines will decrease, labor costs for maintenance will decrease, and the throughput of the galvanic workshop will increase. All this will have a positive effect on the total cost.

As you know, the use of more productive equipment allows you to save wages (live labor).

Secondly, it is the improvement of the organization of production and labor.

These measures affect cost reduction as a result of improving the organization of labor and production management, specialization of production, improvement of material and technical supply, and reduction of unnecessary costs. As a result of a decrease in labor intensity, savings will be obtained by reducing labor costs, taking into account additional wages and various deductions.

The search for new sales markets can also be referred to measures to improve the financial condition.

An increase in the volume of production and, accordingly, its implementation is possible due to the clear and well-coordinated work of production, supply, as well as service services, since production and other equipment on which, and with the help of which the products are manufactured, are far from new, and can only work stably under conditions of constant preventive supervision by the maintenance personnel (repairmen).

One of the measures in this case is the renovation of the plant equipment.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the quality of products and systematically implement a quality management system for compliance with the requirements of standards, application and implementation internal audit quality and production process, training of production and service personnel. Each employee should be interested in the production of high-quality and competitive goods, because the final result of the enterprise will depend on this.

The most important areas for improving financial work at OJSC "New Drut" should be the following:

• - systematic and continuous financial analysis of their activities;
• - organization of working capital in accordance with existing requirements in order to optimize the financial condition;
• - optimization of enterprise costs based on dividing them into variables and constant and analysis of the interaction and relationship "costs - revenue - profit";
• - optimization of profit distribution and selection of the most effective dividend policy;
• - wider introduction of commercial credit and bill circulation in order to optimize the sources of funds and impact on the banking system;
• - the use of leasing relations for the development of production;
• - optimization of the structure of property and the sources of its formation in order to prevent an unsatisfactory balance sheet structure;
• - development and implementation of the company's strategic financial policy.

Thus, in this chapter of the thesis, measures are proposed to improve the financial situation, among which the main ones were the following: acceleration of the capital turnover in current assets, as a result of which there will be a relative decrease in turnover per ruble; return of receivables; replenishment of own working capital from internal and external sources; introduction of innovations into production (a new product or a product of a higher quality); development of new markets for product sales; introduction of new progressive technological processes at the enterprise; development of new types of raw materials and materials; lack of entrepreneurial fear of risk; selection of such a volume of production that would minimize production costs; saving all types of resources consumed in production: material and labor; release of highly profitable products; sale of competitive products both in foreign and domestic markets.

In the process of implementing the financial strategy of the enterprise, great attention should be paid to areas of improving the financial condition of the enterprise, namely, increasing liquidity, solvency, financial stability and business activity.

The analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise SUE "Severny", carried out in the second chapter, revealed rather low indicators of the financial and economic activity of this enterprise. Based on the analysis results, the enterprise can be characterized as financially unstable. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors influencing its unfavorable development.

The specific ways out of an enterprise from a crisis situation depend on the reasons for its insolvency. Since the majority of enterprises go bankrupt due to ineffective state policy, one of the ways of financial recovery of enterprises should be state support of insolvent business entities. But due to the shortage state budget Not all businesses can count on this assistance.

Since stocks and costs in the enterprise occupy most of the current assets, then in order to improve the financial condition it is necessary to reduce the amount of stocks and costs. To accomplish this task, the following measures can be proposed:

1) inventory of stocks in order to identify them as illiquid, not necessary for the enterprise, but burdening its balance;

2) reducing the need for these reserves and costs, including by reducing material consumption, energy intensity of production, and other measures.

An increase in the volume of production and sales provides an increase in the money received from the sale of products, i.e. an increase in absolutely liquid assets, and hence liquidity itself. To this end, it is necessary to single out the groups of goods that bring the greatest profit, conduct an analysis of the price and volume of products sold to determine the most reasonable compromise that will help the enterprise, despite the decrease in sales, increase the receipt of additional funds by increasing the price or trade margins.

A significant factor in the deterioration of the financial condition of the enterprise is that in conditions of inflation, there is, in fact, the withdrawal of part of the working capital. In order to eliminate such an unjustified withdrawal of working capital from the enterprise, it would be necessary to reevaluate on a quarterly basis. productive reserves and work in progress. This will reduce the taxable base and help prevent the withdrawal of working capital as part of the income tax.

If the company makes a profit and is insolvent at the same time, you need to analyze the use of profit. In the presence of significant deductions to the consumption fund, this part of the profit in conditions of the company's insolvency can be considered as a potential reserve for replenishing the company's own circulating assets.

One of the effective methods of updating the material and technical base of the enterprise is leasing, which does not require a full one-time payment of the leased property and serves as one of the types of investment. The use of accelerated depreciation for leasing operations allows you to quickly update equipment and carry out technical re-equipment of production.

Attraction of loans for profitable projects that can bring the company a high income is also one of the reserves for the financial recovery of the company.

This is also facilitated by the diversification of production in the main areas of economic activity, when the forced losses in some areas are covered by profits from others.

A great help in identifying reserves for improving the financial condition of an enterprise can be provided by marketing analysis to study supply and demand, sales markets and the formation on this basis of the optimal range and structure of production.

One of the main and most radical directions of the financial recovery of the enterprise is the search for internal reserves to increase the profitability of production and achieve break-even work due to more complete use of the production capacity of the enterprise, improving the quality and competitiveness of products, reducing its cost, rational use of material, labor and financial resources, reduction of non-productive costs and losses.

An increase in crop production is possible by increasing crop yields.

Table 13 - Increase in the volume of crop production due to an increase in yield

With the preservation of the sown area, but the increase in the yield of the main crops of the "Severny" soup to the indicators indicated in Table 13, the volume of production increases from 31,720 centners to 43,050 centners, i.e. increase in production volume by 11,330 c. And this will bring additional income to the company.

An increase in yield can occur due to: increasing the dose of fertilizers, increasing their payback, introducing more productive varieties of crops, reducing product losses during harvesting, improving hayfields and pastures, and other agrotechnical measures.

Table 14 - Reserves for increasing production due to more complete use of land resources

Note - Source: Own development

In order to obtain an additional 217 centners of rye, it is necessary to increase the area under crops by 10 hectares (to grub up the bushes). This result can be obtained with a yield of 21.7 c / ha.

Table 15 - Generalization of reserves for increasing rye production