Silicate glass is harmful or not. General information about glass. Hot decorated glass products

GOST EN 572-1-2016

INTERSTATE STANDARD

SODIUM-CALCIUM-SILICATE GLASS

Main characteristics

Soda lime silicate glass. General characteristics

ISS 81.040.30

Introduction date 2018-03-01

Foreword

Goals, basic principles and the main procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established in GOST 1.0-2015 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2015 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption , updates and cancellations "

Information about the standard

1 PREPARED by the Open Joint Stock Company "Glass Institute", the Technical Committee for Standardization TK 41 "Glass" on the basis of its own translation into Russian of the English version of the standard specified in clause 5

2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

3 ACCEPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (minutes of August 31, 2016 N 90-P)

Voted for adoption:


Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97		Abbreviated name of the national standardization body
Armenia		Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia
Belarus		Gosstandart of the Republic of Belarus
Kazakhstan		Gosstandart of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan		Kyrgyzstandard
Moldova		Moldova-Standard
Russia		Rosstandart
Tajikistan		Tajikstandart

4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of April 25, 2017 N 307-st, the interstate standard GOST EN 572-1-2016 was put into effect as a national standard of the Russian Federation from March 1, 2018.

5 This standard is identical to the European standard EN 572-1: 2012 * "Glass in building. Basic soda lime silicate glass products. Part 1. Definitions and basic physical and mechanical properties" ("Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 1: Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties ", IDT).
________________
* Access to international and foreign documents mentioned in the text can be obtained by contacting the User Support Service. - Note from the manufacturer of the database. ,

The European standard was developed by the Technical Committee CEN / TC 129 "Glass in Building" of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).

The name of this standard has been changed from the name of the specified European standard to bring it in line with GOST 1.5 (subsection 3.6).

Clause 6.2 is supplemented with a footnote containing background information on glass strength.

When applying this standard, it is recommended to use instead of the reference European and international standards the interstate standards corresponding to them, information about which is given in the additional appendix YES

6 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

7 Certain provisions of the European standard referred to in clause 5 may be the subject of patent rights. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) is not responsible for the identification of such patent rights

Information on changes to this standard is published in the annual information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notice and texts are also posted in information system general use - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)

1 area of \u200b\u200buse

This standard applies to basic soda-lime-silicate glass products and specifies their chemical composition and basic physical and mechanical characteristics.

Dimensions and dimensional deviations, description of defects, quality requirements and symbols for basic products are not included in this standard and are given in other parts of EN 572, which establish requirements for products of a particular type:

- EN 572-2 - float glass;

- EN 572-3 - polished wired glass;

- EN 572-4 - drawn sheet glass;

- EN 572-5 - patterned glass;

- EN 572-6 - reinforced patterned glass;

- EN 572-7 - reinforced or unreinforced profile glass;

- EN 572-8 - supplied and final dimensions;

- EN 572-9 - conformity assessment / product standard.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. * For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
_______________
* The table of conformity of national standards to international ones, see the link. - Note from the manufacturer of the database.

EN 410 Glass in building - Determination of luminous and solar characteristics of glazing (Glass in building. Determination of light and solar characteristics of glazing)

EN 572-2 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 2: Float glass (Glass in construction. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 2. Float glass)

EN 572-3 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 3: Polished wired glass (Glass in building. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 3. Polished wired glass)

EN 572-4 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 4: Drawn sheet glass (Glass in construction. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 4. Drawn sheet glass)

EN 572-5 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 5: Patterned glass (Glass in construction. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 5. Patterned glass)

EN 572-6 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 6: Wired patterned glass (Glass in building. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 6. Wired patterned glass)

EN 572-7 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 7: Wired or unwired channel shaped glass (Glass in building. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 7. Wired or unwired profile glass)

EN 572-8 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 8: Supplied and final cut sizes (Glass in construction. Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 8. Supplied and final cut sizes)

EN 572-9 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 9: Evaluation of conformity / Product standard (Glass in building. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 9. Conformity assessment / product standard)

ISO 9385 Glass and glass-ceramics - Knoop hardness test (Glass and glass-ceramics. Determination of hardness according to Knoop)

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms are used in this standard with the corresponding definitions:

3.1 float glass (float glass): Flat transparent colorless or mass-colored soda-lime-silicate glass with parallel polished surfaces, produced by thermal molding on a metal melt.

NOTE 1 Equivalents of the term: on french - "glace", on german - "Floatglas".

3.2 drawn sheet glass drawn sheet glass: Flat, transparent, colorless or mass-tinted soda-lime-silicate glass, produced by vertical drawing, having a uniform thickness and fire-polished surfaces.

Note 1 - Drawn flat glass is divided into three types: "antique", "for restoration" and "with a minimum number of defects".

3.3 patterned glass (patterned glass): Flat translucent colorless or mass-colored soda-lime-silicate glass made by continuous rolling.

3.4 reinforced patterned glass (wired patterned glass): Flat, translucent, colorless or mass-colored soda-lime-silicate glass made by continuous rolling, inside which is a welded steel mesh, fused into the glass during its production.

NOTE 1 Glass surfaces can be patterned or wrought.

NOTE 2 In German, the term "Drahtglas" ("reinforced glass") is used for wrought patterned wrought glass.

3.5 polished wired glass (polished wired glass): Flat transparent colorless soda-lime-silicate glass having parallel polished surfaces, made of reinforced patterned glass by mechanical grinding and polishing of the surfaces.

3.6 reinforced or unreinforced profile glass (wired or unwired channel-shaped glass): Translucent colorless or mass-colored soda-lime-silicate glass, whether or not reinforced, manufactured by continuous rolling, which is imparted during production U-shaped shape.

4 General

This standard applies in conjunction with EN 572 parts 2-9.

5 Chemical composition

5.1 Main components

Basic products covered by this standard are made from soda-lime-silicate glass.

The mass content of the main components of sodium-calcium-silicate glass, which is subject to this standard,%, is:


Silicon dioxide (SiO)
Calcium oxide (CaO)
Sodium oxide (NaO)
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Aluminum oxide (AlO)
Other components

In addition to these main components, glass may contain small amounts of other substances.

5.2 Glass, body-colored

Tinted glass is obtained by adding special substances (dyes) to the glass melt.

6 Physical and mechanical characteristics

6.1 Main characteristics

The generally accepted values \u200b\u200bof the physical and mechanical characteristics of basic products made of soda-lime-silicate glass, with the exception of the flexural strength, are given in Table 1. The values \u200b\u200bgiven, typical for ordinary annealed glass without additional processing, are not mandatory requirements that glass must strictly comply with. a are generally accepted values \u200b\u200bfor use in calculations that do not require high accuracy.

Table 1 - Main characteristics of basic products made of soda-calcium-silicate glass


Description of characteristics	Designation	Value
Density (at 18 ° С)		2500 kg / m
Knoop hardness number	HK 0,1/20
Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)
Poisson's ratio
Specific heat		720 J / (kg K)
Temperature coefficient of linear expansion (in the temperature range from 20 ° С to 300 ° С)
Heat resistance
Coefficient of thermal conductivity
Refractive index (at a wavelength of 589.3 nm)
Emission factor (corrected)
According to ISO 9385. A generally accepted value that depends on the quality of the edging and the type of glass.

6.2 Flexural strength "function" (g, kk)

The flexural strength value is valid for a short-term quasi-static load (e.g. wind load) with a 5% failure probability at the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval.

The flexural strength of soda lime silicate glass is 45 MPa *.
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* The specified value is not intended for calculations. The reference values \u200b\u200bof the flexural strength of products made of soda-lime-silicate glass, recommended for calculating the strength in the design of glazing, are given in GOST 33561 and standards for specific types of glass.

NOTE Methods for determining the flexural strength of glass are given in EN 1288 (parts 1-5), see -. The calculation methods for sheet glass are given in prEN 13474 (see).

6.3 Determination of colorless glass

6.3.1 General

Sodium calcium silicate glass is classified as colorless glass if it is not colored in the mass and the light transmittance of the base glass, not altered by the possible presence of a coating or surface relief (for example, patterned glass), corresponds to 6.3.2, 6.3.3.

Before measuring the light transmittance in order to determine the possibility of classifying glass as colorless glass, if necessary, the glass is subjected to the following preliminary treatment:

- coatings on flat surfaces are removed without changing the thickness of the base glass;

- raised or uncoated surfaces are leveled by grinding and polishing, and the thickness of the glass will be changed.

Light transmittance should be measured on glass with polished surfaces.

NOTE The light transmittance values \u200b\u200bgiven in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 are not intended for calculation. These values \u200b\u200bdo not take into account the influence of coatings and surface relief and are only used to classify glass as colorless glass. Light transmittance values \u200b\u200bfor calculations can be obtained from the glass manufacturer or determined according to EN 410.

6.3.2 Colorless transparent glass

Transparent glass is classified as colorless glass if it is not colored in the mass and its light transmittance

- rounded up to 0.01,

not less than the value specified in table 2 for the corresponding nominal glass thickness.

NOTE The limits given in Table 2 apply provided that the measured glass thickness is within the tolerances for the nominal glass thickness.

Table 2 - Light transmittance for classifying transparent glass to colorless glass


Nominal glass thickness, mm

6.3.3 Colorless translucent glass

Translucent glass is classified as colorless glass if it is not colored in the mass and its light transmittance

- after the necessary pre-treatment of the glass,

- measured according to EN 410 and

- rounded up to 0.01,

not less than the value specified in table 3 for the measured thickness of the glass sample.

NOTE The limit value will vary depending on the exact thickness of the glass sample after pretreatment.

Table 3 - Light transmittance for classifying translucent glass to colorless glass


Glass sample thickness, mm	Light transmittance, not less

6.4 Stability of physical and chemical characteristics

The physical and chemical characteristics of basic soda-lime-silicate glass products do not change over a long period of time for the following reasons:

a) since glass is not a light-sensitive material, the spectral properties (transmission of light and solar energy) of basic glass products are not affected by solar radiation;

b) the surface of glass used in construction is practically insensitive to environmental influences.

Note - Although the surface of glass installed in glazing of buildings is practically insensitive to water, the surface of the glass should be protected prior to installation. Improper storage can cause water / moisture to enter between the glass sheets. Such localized environmental influences can damage the glass surface (see).

6.5 Characteristics for assessing product quality

6.5.1 Optical distortion

Optical distortion is characterized by the presence or absence of distortions in the shape of an object visible through glass and is controlled only for products made of transparent glass.

The main causes of optical distortion are surface irregularities and optical inhomogeneity of the glass mass.

Methods based on visual inspection are used to assess optical distortion.

6.5.2 Appearance

The appearance of products is assessed using several indicators.

The main indicators that worsen the appearance of the product are local defects (bubbles, stones, etc.), linear defects (scuffs, scratches, wrinkles, prints, etc.), pattern displacement and wire displacement.

Local defects are assessed by determining their number and size.

Linear defects are assessed visually.

The displacement of the pattern and the wire is estimated by measuring the corresponding deviations.

Appendix YES (reference). Information on the compliance of the referenced European and international standards with interstate standards

Appendix YES
(reference)

Table YES.1


European / International Reference Standard Designation	Compliance	Designation and name of the relevant interstate standard
		GOST EN 410-2014 "Glass and glass products. Methods for determining optical characteristics. Determination of light and solar characteristics"
		* EN 572-5 EN 572-7 "Sheet glass, mass-colored. General specifications" "Glass and glass products. Method for determining hardness"
* There is no corresponding interstate standard. Before its adoption, it is recommended to use the Russian translation of this European standard. NOTE In this table, the following conventions are used for the degree of conformity of standards: - IDT - identical standards; - NEQ - non-equivalent standards.

Bibliography


		Glass in building - Determination of the bending strength of glass - Part 1: Fundamentals of testing glass
		Glass in building - Determination of the bending strength of glass - Part 2: Coaxial ring test on flat specimens with large test surface areas
		Glass in building - Determination of the bending strength of glass - Part 3: Test with specimen supported at two points (four point bending)
		Glass in building - Determination of the bending strength of glass - Part 4: Testing of channel shaped glass
		Glass in building - Determination of the bending strength of glass - Part 5: Coaxial ring test on flat specimens with small test surface areas
PrEN 13474 (all parts)		Glass in building - Design of glass panes - Determination of the load resistance of glass panes by calculation and testing
	Evaluation of the relevant parameters allowing to prevent the weathering of float glass during storage, Franco Geotti-Bianchini, Martina Preo, Rivista della Stazione Sperimentale del Vetro n.3-1999, pages 127-146


UDC 666.151: 006.354	ISS 81.040.30
Key words: sodium-calcium-silicate glass, chemical composition, characteristics, colorless glass

Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified by:
official publication
M .: Standartinform, 2017

We all periodically prepare food for ourselves and our loved ones. We eat several times a day. Do we know what exactly we cook and what we eat?

We all periodically prepare food for ourselves and our loved ones. We eat several times a day. Do we know what exactly we cook and what we eat? Do we use useful or harmful dishes? Let's figure it out.

In Russia, traditionally, the dishes were wooden... Moreover, not every tree was suitable for making it. The medicinal properties of wood were of great importance.

So, it was believed that linden dishes had anti-inflammatory properties, rowan dishes - protected from vitamin deficiency. It is known that birch bark has many medicinal properties - from bactericidal to tonic. They ate with wooden spoons from wooden bowls, used wooden bowls, ladles and jugs. In addition, they made dishes from birch bark - salt shakers, tueski for storing flour and cereals.

Copper

Copper crockery appeared next. Perhaps you also have a copper basin or saucepan in your kitchen? Indeed, in many families, dishes made of copper and its alloys are passed down from generation to generation. And no wonder: it has always been used with pleasure! The fact is that due to its high thermal conductivity, copper has a wonderful quality for cooking - heat is evenly distributed over the surface of the dishes. And therefore, delicious jam, aromatic coffee or wonderful sauce are obtained in copper dishes as if by themselves.

But modern science somewhat darkens our emotions - it warns: even a very small amount of this metal destroys ascorbic acid in berries and fruits.

And one more thing: food stored in copper dishes loses vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids are easily oxidized in it, forming compounds dangerous for the body - free radicals.

With its frequent use, poisoning is not excluded.

In addition, copper is easily oxidized in a humid environment and a green or blue-green film appears on the dishes - patina. When heated, it interacts with food acids, forming copper salts harmful to the body.

Therefore, after washing, the plate or basin must be thoroughly wiped, avoiding the formation of a film. If, nevertheless, the patina appears, then it must be carefully removed from the entire surface, otherwise using harmful dishes will be dangerous to health. This can be done as follows: wipe with table salt dipped in vinegar, and immediately rinse first with warm, then cold water.

Lead in ceramic dishes

For centuries, lead was added to the alloys from which the cookware was made. The sad consequences of this in our time are well known to scientists: lead, gradually accumulating in the human body, led to poisoning.

In the Roman Empire, wine vessels and other kitchen utensils contained large amounts of lead. As a result of the use of such harmful dishes, the life expectancy of the population has almost halved. Some historians even believe that the lead poisoning of the Roman "elite" was not the last reason for the decline of the powerful state.

Also, in our time, scientists have proven that lead is guilty of destroying the health of the Moscow princes - the water that was supplied to the Kremlin flowed through the lead water supply ...

In many countries of the world, more than a quarter of a century ago, a ban was introduced on the use of lead in tableware.

But, despite this, even nowadays you can easily become the owner of harmful pots or, for example, cups.

It is appropriate here to recall the well-known story of an American married couple.

Once, while vacationing in Italy, the couple bought beautiful ceramic cups. Arriving home, they did not put them in the cupboard behind the glass to admire and show to guests, but began to actively use them daily.

Two and a half years later, both of the spouses showed signs of lead poisoning: insomnia, nervous breakdowns, sudden bouts of pain “walking” in different parts of the body. The doctors to whom the sufferers turned were at a loss - they could not understand what was the matter.

The man even underwent two absolutely unnecessary operations, and the woman was persistently treated for liver disease.

But, following the well-known saying “rescuing drowning is the work of the drowning themselves,” the American couple, having “shoveled” a mountain of special medical (and maybe not only) literature, diagnosed themselves with lead poisoning! And he was absolutely correct, which was then confirmed by the specialists working with poisons.

Let's try to figure out how the lead got into the dishes (after all, the cups are ceramic, not metal!). Most likely, they were decorative, which means that they were not intended to be drunk from them tea, coffee and other drinks.

The fact is that according to sanitary standards, the presence of lead is allowed in the manufacture of decorative dishes. It turns out that it is added to paints to give the pottery a smooth and beautiful shine. But: the instructions for the use of such products must necessarily be written that food cannot be stored in them! And we must understand that these are harmful dishes.

Therefore, we draw a conclusion for ourselves: if we buy a plate, cup, pot that we like - brightly colored, we are not shy and be sure to ask the seller for a certificate. And in this document we are looking for information on the results of checking dishes for the content of toxic substances. But, unfortunately, the reality is that certificates are often forged.

So, it may be better to be careful not to buy ceramics with too bright red and yellow painting, which almost always indicates the presence of lead and cadmium in the paint.

By the way, the bright green color is possibly tinted with copper. And it, besides being not useful in itself, also accelerates the process of lead release. Therefore, for beauty, it is not forbidden to acquire such cups-plates, but for everyday use for their intended purpose - experts categorically do not advise.

Lead in cans

In addition to harmful dishes, some cans can also become a source of lead poisoning, since their elements are connected to each other with solder containing lead. These cans are easily distinguished by their corrugated seam and irregularly shaped silver gray connecting line. Although the inside of the cans is usually coated with a special compound, this does not always help.

There are cases when, during long-term storage, lead accumulated up to 3 mg / kg, which is much higher than the permissible level. Its content can be especially high in canned acidic foods: tomatoes, fruit juices, etc.

In addition, they usually contain another toxin - tin.

In order not to endanger yourself, you should buy canned food in cans with smooth welded seams that are located between the sticker and the top or bottom end of the can.

Aluminum

Even 10-15 years ago, aluminum cookware could be seen in almost every kitchen. It is easy to clean and does not burn food during cooking. It is very good to boil milk in such a saucepan, boil milk porridge, jelly, vegetables for vinaigrette and salad, etc. But, unfortunately, all this food turns out to be "flavored" with aluminum!

And under the influence of milk, as a representative of alkali, and under the influence of the acidic environment of cooking vegetables in microscopic doses, aluminum "exfoliates" from the dishes and safely ends up in our stomach. Aluminum does not oxidize in water, but even it “washes out” its microparticles.

So you should not boil water or store it in hazardous aluminum dishes, however, like any other food.

No, if you once or twice cooked oatmeal porridge for a child in an aluminum ladle, nothing bad will happen. But if you do it every day, then do not be surprised that the baby has become terribly excitable.

Well, if you have been cooking for yourself in dishes made of this metal for years, then the opinion of experts is as follows: sooner or later, enough aluminum will accumulate in your body to provoke such formidable diseases as anemia, kidney, liver diseases, various neurological changes and even Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Melamine

More recently, beautiful melamine dishes made in China and Turkey have appeared in our kitchens. It resembles porcelain in appearance, but is much lighter in weight. Due to its very attractive appearance, purity of colors, it is popular with buyers.

But these are toxic and harmful dishes! One of the sources of danger is the salts of lead (again!), Cadmium and other metals that are part of the paints with which she signs.

Decal inks are not coated with any protective layer and are very easily incorporated into products.

Another danger is that the composition of melamine contains toxic formaldehyde.It is isolated by many plastics, but melanin, according to the results of special studies, does this especially strongly - tens, or even hundreds of times higher than the permissible rate. In experimental animals, such doses of formaldehyde cause mutagenic changes in the body and the formation of cancer cells.

Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision has banned the sale of melamine tableware.But go to the crockery department in any market and you will see cute cups, plates and all kinds of sets of them.

In addition to melamine, you can find harmful dishes made of other polymer metals on sale.

The specialists involved in testing and certifying this product believe that it can be used, but only with strict adherence to the manufacturer's instructions.

For example, if plastic dishes are intended only for bulk products, then liquid cannot be kept in it, otherwise it can absorb toxic substances. If the instructions for use, for example, plastic containers say that they are for cold food, then do not put hot food in it, etc.

"Stainless steel" and silver

Recently, dishes made of stainless steel - an alloy of iron, carbon and other elements - have become very popular. Steel with additions of 18% chromium and 8% nickel is widely used for the manufacture of kitchen utensils. If it is made of high-quality steel (and the production technology is not violated), then it does not change the taste of the products and is safe for health.

Pots and pans made of such steel are preferred with a thick bottom - they provide gradual heating and prolonged cooling. Do not overheat dishes made from "stainless steel" - after that the food will burn in it. And one more thing: we must remember that nickel is a strong allergen, therefore people with allergies should be careful with it.

Enamel and glass

Perhaps all the safety requirements are met by the good old enameled dishes. She, of course, is in every home. Its main advantage is enamel, which, due to the inertness of its constituents, does not interact with salts, acids, or alkalis. This makes enameled utensils very popular.

Of course, such dishes can only be used whole. Indeed, in places of damage, cracks and chips, yellowish-red spots appear, which cannot be removed by washing. This is common rust. And she, interacting with food acids, forms iron salts harmful to humans. In addition, when washing, particles of the cleaning agent may remain in the damaged areas, which will also then enter your stomach.

Another type of safe cookware is heat-resistant glass. To impart these properties to glass, elements are added to its composition that retain strength at high temperatures. So you should not be afraid that a teapot made of such glass on gas fire or a baking sheet in the oven may crack, crumble, etc.

But we must remember that when using heat-resistant cookware, when it is in a "hot state", it is necessary to avoid its contact with very cold surfaces - then the saucepan will burst.

Glass is also chemically inert, like enamel, so glassware from it is not dangerous from this point of view. In addition, it is convenient - it washes well and food looks beautiful in it both when cooking and when serving.

This begs the question: so is there a perfectly safe dish at all? Perhaps it is best to eat from a silver plate with a silver spoon and drink from a silver cup? After all, everyone knows the healing properties of this metal and the history of the Suvorov army, where the officers did not suffer from gastrointestinal diseases, as they ate from silver dishes, while the soldiers died in large numbers from these diseases?

Indeed, experts say, silver ions suppress the development of pathogenic microflora in aqueous solutions.

But it turns out that food enriched with silver ions, with prolonged use, can adversely affect the human nervous system, cause headaches, a feeling of heaviness in the legs, and weaken vision. And if, again, you use silver dishes constantly, for years, it is possible to “earn” such a serious illness as gastroenteritis and even cirrhosis of the liver!

Teflon

Teflon is the trade name for a polymer used for the non-stick coating of cookware. Indeed, food will not burn in a Teflon pan, even if we smear its surface with only a minimal amount of oil or fat. Agree, it will benefit our health, right? And we don't need extra fat, and all sorts of harmful carcinogenic substances that are formed when food is overcooked, even more so.

But in order for Teflon dishes to serve us "faithfully", it is necessary that they remain intact as long as possible. To do this, first of all, it is necessary to have wooden or Teflon special spatulas on the farm for turning or mixing the prepared food. And do not put an empty saucepan or pan on the fire.

By the way, experts advise purchasing pans with a thickened bottom, since experience shows that thin pans, no matter how carefully you take care of them, for some reason do not last long.

And now some tips about dishes made from different materials. I hope they will be useful to the hostesses.

In order for any porcelain tableware to serve longer, it must be "hardened". Cups, saucers, plates, etc. are poured with cold water for several hours. And then, taking out one item at a time, they are poured hot.

Enamel dishes are also "tempered", but in a different way. A new saucepan is filled to the brim with a salt solution: 2 tbsp. l. per liter of water and let it boil. Then leave to cool.

But even "hardened" enameled dishes are better protected and not put directly out of the refrigerator on a hot stove - the enamel can crack from a sharp temperature drop.

And further. It turns out that white enamel slows down the absorption of heat, which means it will take you more time to cook a dish in such a dish than in a saucepan with dark enamel.

By the way, experts consider enamel or stainless steel containers to be the best for making jam.

Teflon is a good, but unfortunately very fragile non-stick coating. Therefore, for washing such dishes, you do not need to use not only metal scourers, but also powdered products - even they can scratch the Teflon. Wash pans and pans with a soft washcloth and liquid detergent, then dry thoroughly with a towel.

Not only heat-resistant glassware is suitable for a microwave oven. You can also use other glass, if, of course, there is no lead impurity in it. And also porcelain - only it should not have metal patterns, including "golden" edges. " Earthenware is also suitable - if it is glazed over the entire surface (including the bottom). But when using plastic, be careful - carefully read the instructions of the company that made the dishes.

Better yet, do not use microwave ovens at all, since they, with constant use, are also very harmful to health. But since now we are talking about harmful dishes, the danger of microwaves will be discussed in another article.

How to remove heavy metals from the body

The body, in essence, is capable of removing toxins and toxins without external interference. However, working and living in harmful conditions, leading the wrong way of life, we accumulate an excess of toxic substances, which our body can withstand with great difficulty. Heavy metals can build up in the plants and animals we eat. They can get into us with air, water, exhaust gases, tobacco smoke, with household chemicals and from harmful dishes (copper, lead, iron). Isotopes of heavy metals are deposited on internal organs, causing various diseases.

Eat foods that contain pectin. Pectin possesses useful property collect heavy metal salts on its surface. It is found in vegetables, fruits, berries. A product such as beet, for example, also contains flavonoids that convert heavy metals into inert compounds. The starch of potatoes, boiled in their skins, absorbs toxins from the body, removing them naturally. Carrots, pumpkin, eggplant, radish, and tomatoes are also removed heavy metals.

The use of apples, citrus fruits, quince, pears, apricots, grapes helps to eliminate toxic substances. Berries of mountain ash, viburnum, raspberry, blueberry, cranberry bind heavy metals into insoluble complexes, which are subsequently easily excreted by the body. By eating lingonberries, blueberries, blackberries, cloudberries and thorns, you cleanse your body of accumulated toxic substances. Even marmalade made from these berries is useful.

Drink tea made from chamomile, calendula, sea buckthorn, rose hips. Tea made from these herbs protects cells from penetration of heavy metals and promotes their elimination. Rosehip and sea buckthorn oil is also useful for heavy metal poisoning.
Remove isotopes of radioactive cesium from the body with the help of sorrel, spinach, salads.

Take substances containing lignan, it neutralizes radionuclides. Such substances are found in plants: juniper, sesame and burdock seeds, in the roots of Schisandra and Eleutherococcus. Also, with constant exposure to isotopes of radioactive metals, it is recommended to use 40 drops of tincture of aralia, leuzea, rhodiola rosea, ginseng before meals.

Drink a tea made from the herb coriander (cilantro), it can flush the mercury out of the body within two months. Brew four tablespoons of chopped cilantro with a liter of boiling water in a non-metallic bowl and drink after 20 minutes.

Perform rice cleansing procedures. They are especially recommended for people employed in hazardous work. Rice removes toxic metal salts from the body. Soak a spoonful of rice in water in the evening, cook without salt in the morning and eat.

Use a decoction of oats to remove heavy metal salts. Pour a glass of oats with two liters of water, boil over low heat for 40 minutes. Drink half a glass four times a day, so you will be cleansed of heavy metal salts, including cadmium, which is contained in tobacco smoke.

Take care of yourself and your family! Be healthy!published.

P.S. And remember, just by changing your consciousness - together we are changing the world! © econet

Put into effect by order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of April 25, 2017 N 307-st

Interstate standard GOST EN 572-1-2016

"SODIUM-CALCIUM-SILICATE GLASS. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS"

Soda lime silicate glass. General characteristics

Introduced for the first time

Foreword

Information about the standard

1 Prepared by the Open Joint Stock Company "Glass Institute", the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 41 "Glass" based on its own translation into Russian of the English version of the standard specified in clause 5

2 Submitted by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

3 Adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (minutes of August 31, 2016 N 90-P)

5 This standard is identical to European standard EN 572-1: 2012 "Glass in building. Basic soda lime silicate glass products. Part 1. Definitions and basic physical and mechanical properties" ("Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 1: Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties ", IDT).

The European standard was developed by the Technical Committee CEN / TC 129 "Glass in Building" of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).

The name of this standard has been changed from the name of the specified European standard to bring it in line with GOST 1.5 (subsection 3.6).

Clause 6.2 is supplemented with a footnote containing background information on glass strength.

6 Introduced for the first time

1 area of \u200b\u200buse

This standard applies to basic soda-lime silicate glass products and specifies their chemical composition and basic physical and mechanical characteristics.

Dimensions and dimensional deviations, description of defects, quality requirements and symbols for basic products are not included in this standard and are given in other parts of EN 572, which establish requirements for products of a particular type:

EN 572-2 - float glass;

EN 572-3 - polished wired glass;

EN 572-4 - drawn flat glass;

EN 572-5 - patterned glass;

EN 572-6 - wired patterned glass;

EN 572-7 - reinforced or unreinforced profile glass;

EN 572-8 - delivered and final dimensions;

EN 572-9 - conformity assessment / product standard.

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 410 Glass in building - Determination of luminous and solar characteristics of glazing (Glass in building. Determination of light and solar characteristics of glazing)

EN 572-2 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 2: Float glass (Glass in construction. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 2. Float glass)

EN 572-3 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 3: Polished wired glass (Glass in building. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 3. Polished wired glass)

EN 572-4 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 4: Drawn sheet glass (Glass in construction. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 4. Drawn sheet glass)

EN 572-5 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 5: Patterned glass (Glass in construction. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 5. Patterned glass)

EN 572-6 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 6: Wired patterned glass (Glass in building. Basic soda-lime silicate glass products. Part 6. Wired patterned glass)

ISO 9385 Glass and glass-ceramics - Knoop hardness test (Glass and glass-ceramics. Determination of hardness according to Knoop)

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms are used in this standard with the corresponding definitions:

3.1 float glassfloat transparent, colorless or mass-colored soda-lime-silicate glass with parallel polished surfaces, thermoformed on a molten metal

NOTE 1 Equivalents of the term: in French - "glace", in German - "Floatglas".

3.2 drawn sheet glassflat transparent, colorless or mass-colored soda-lime-silicate glass, produced by vertical drawing, having a uniform thickness and fire-polished surfaces

Note 1 - Drawn flat glass is divided into three types: "antique", "for restoration" and "with a minimum number of defects".

3.3 patterned glassfloor translucent colorless or mass-colored soda-lime-silicate glass produced by continuous rolling

3.4 wired patterned glassplanar translucent colorless or mass-colored soda-lime-silicate glass produced by continuous rolling, within which there is a welded steel mesh fused into the glass during its production

NOTE 1 Glass surfaces can be patterned or wrought.

NOTE 2 In German, the term "Drahtglas" ("reinforced glass") is used for wrought patterned wrought glass.

3.5 polished wired glassflat transparent colorless soda-lime-silicate glass having parallel polished surfaces made of reinforced patterned glass by mechanical grinding and surface polishing

3.6 wired or unwired channel-shaped glasstranslucent colorless or mass-colored soda lime glass, wired or unreinforced, made by continuous rolling, formed into a U-shape during production

4 General

This standard applies in conjunction with EN 572 parts 2 to 9.

5 Chemical composition

5.1 Main components

Basic products covered by this standard are made from soda-lime-silicate glass.

In addition to these main components, glass may contain small amounts of other substances.

5.2 Glass, body-colored

Tinted glass is obtained by adding special substances (dyes) to the glass melt.

6 Physical and mechanical characteristics

6.1 Main characteristics

The generally accepted values \u200b\u200bof the physical and mechanical characteristics of basic products made of soda-lime-silicate glass, with the exception of the flexural strength fg, kk, are given in Table 1. The values \u200b\u200bgiven, typical for ordinary annealed glass without additional processing, are not mandatory requirements that glass must strictly comply, but are generally accepted values \u200b\u200bfor use in calculations that do not require high accuracy.

Table 1 - Main characteristics of basic products made of soda-calcium-silicate glass

Description of characteristics	Designation	Value
Density (at 18 ° С)
Knoop hardness number
Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)
Poisson's ratio
Specific heat		720 J / (kg K)
Temperature coefficient of linear expansion (in the temperature range from 20 ° С to 300 ° С)
Heat resistance
Coefficient of thermal conductivity
Refractive index (at a wavelength of 589.3 nm)
Emission factor (corrected)
(a) According to ISO 9385. (b) Generally accepted value that depends on the quality of the edging and the type of glass.

6.2 Flexural strength f g, kk

The flexural strength value is valid for a short-term quasi-static load (e.g. wind load) with a 5% failure probability at the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval.

The flexural strength f g, kk of soda-lime-silicate glass is 45 MPa *.

NOTE Methods for determining the flexural strength of glass are given in EN 1288 (parts 1 to 5), see -. The calculation methods for sheet glass are given in prEN 13474 (see).

6.3 Determination of colorless glass

6.3.1 General

Before measuring the light transmittance in order to determine the possibility of classifying glass as colorless glass, if necessary, the glass is subjected to the following preliminary treatment:

Coatings on flat surfaces are removed without changing the thickness of the base glass;

Coated or uncoated embossed surfaces are smoothed by grinding and polishing, and the thickness of the glass will be changed.

Light transmittance should be measured on glass with polished surfaces.

NOTE The light transmittance values \u200b\u200bgiven in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 are not intended for calculation. These values \u200b\u200bdo not take into account the influence of coatings and surface relief and are only used to classify glass as colorless glass. Light transmittance values \u200b\u200bfor calculations can be obtained from the glass manufacturer or determined according to EN 410.

6.3.2 Colorless transparent glass

Transparent glass is classified as colorless glass if it is not colored in the mass and its light transmittance

Rounded to 0.01,

not less than the value specified in table 2 for the corresponding nominal glass thickness.

NOTE The limits given in Table 2 apply provided that the measured glass thickness is within the tolerances for the nominal glass thickness.

Table 2 - Light transmittance for classifying transparent glass to colorless glass

6.3.3 Colorless translucent glass

Translucent glass is classified as colorless glass if it is not colored in the mass and its light transmittance

After the necessary pre-treatment of the glass,

Measured according to EN 410 and

Rounded to 0.01,

not less than the value specified in table 3 for the measured thickness of the glass sample.

NOTE The limit value will vary depending on the exact thickness of the glass sample after pretreatment.

Table 3 - Light transmittance for classifying translucent glass to colorless glass

6.4 Stability of physical and chemical characteristics

The physical and chemical characteristics of basic soda-lime-silicate glass products do not change over a long period of time for the following reasons:

a) since glass is not a light-sensitive material, the spectral properties (transmission of light and solar energy) of basic glass products are not affected by solar radiation;

b) the surface of glass used in construction is practically insensitive to environmental influences.

Note - Although the surface of glass installed in glazing of buildings is practically insensitive to water, the surface of the glass should be protected prior to installation. Improper storage can cause water / moisture to enter between the glass sheets. Such localized environmental influences can damage the glass surface (see).

6.5 Characteristics for assessing product quality

6.5.1 Optical distortion

Optical distortion is characterized by the presence or absence of distortions in the shape of an object visible through glass and is controlled only for products made of transparent glass.

The main causes of optical distortion are surface irregularities and optical inhomogeneity of the glass mass.

Methods based on visual inspection are used to assess optical distortion.

6.5.2 Appearance

The appearance of products is assessed using several indicators.

The main indicators that worsen the appearance of the product are local defects (bubbles, stones, etc.), linear defects (scuffs, scratches, wrinkles, prints, etc.), pattern displacement and wire displacement.

Local defects are assessed by determining their number and size.

Linear defects are assessed visually.

The displacement of the pattern and the wire is estimated by measuring the corresponding deviations.

_____________________________

* The specified value is not intended for calculations. The reference values \u200b\u200bof the flexural strength of products made of soda-lime-silicate glass, recommended for calculating the strength in the design of glazing, are given in GOST 33561 and standards for specific types of glass.

Appendix YES

(reference)

Information on the compliance of the referenced European and international standards with interstate standards

Table YES.1

European / International Reference Standard Designation	Compliance	Designation and name of the relevant interstate standard
		GOST EN 410-2014 "Glass and glass products. Methods for determining optical characteristics. Determination of light and solar characteristics"



		GOST 5533-2013 "Patterned glass. Specifications"
		GOST 7481-2013 "Reinforced glass. Specifications"

		GOST 5533-2013 "Patterned glass. Technical conditions"; GOST 7481-2013 "Reinforced glass. Technical conditions"; GOST 32997-2014 "Sheet glass, colored in the mass. General specifications" GOST 111-2014 "Colorless sheet glass. Specifications"

		GOST ISO 9385-2013 "Glass and glass products. Method for determining hardness"
* There is no corresponding interstate standard. Before its adoption, it is recommended to use the Russian translation of this European standard. NOTE In this table, the following conventions are used for the degree of conformity of standards: IDT - identical standards; NEQ are non-equivalent standards.

Bibliography

		Glass in building - Determination of the bending strength of glass - Part 1: Fundamentals of testing glass
		Glass in building - Determination of the bending strength of glass - Part 2: Coaxial ring test on flat specimens with large test surface areas
		Glass in building - Determination of the bending strength of glass - Part 3: Test with specimen supported at two points (four point bending)
		Glass in building - Determination of the bending strength of glass - Part 4: Testing of channel shaped glass
		Glass in building - Determination of the bending strength of glass - Part 5: Coaxial ring test on flat specimens with small test surface areas
		Glass in building - Design of glass panes - Determination of the load resistance of glass panes by calculation and testing
	Evaluation of the relevant parameters allowing to prevent the weathering of float glass during storage, Franco Geotti-Bianchini, Martina Preo, Rivista della Stazione Sperimentale del Vetro n. 3 - 1999, pages 127 - 146

Glass is one of the most popular, demanded materials for various spheres of life. It is used in construction and finishing works, works of applied and high art are made from it, and is used in the space industry. This is one of the available materials, simple in composition. The most common type that we most often encounter and use products from it is silicate glass.

What it is?

Beads found during excavations in Egypt are considered the oldest glass products, scientists believe that the find is more than five thousand years old. Since then, the composition of the glass has changed little. The main element of the material is quartz sand (SiO2) - silicate. Soda, potash, limestone and a few other elements are added to it.

In industry, to obtain a glass mass, oxides of basic substances are mixed and melted in a furnace. The melting point depends on additives that change the properties of the glass. The resulting mass is molded in several ways: making sheet glass, giving it various shapes (dishes, shades for chandeliers, glass for watches, etc.), making blanks for subsequent piece processing by glass blowers, and much more.

Lomonosov M.V., Kitaigorodsky N.I. made a significant contribution to the development of glassmaking; he was interested in the practical side of the issue; Mendeleev D.I. and others. oxides with subsequent cooling.

Glass making

The main element for the production of glass is to which at least five ingredients are added in proportions. Additives are made to the main recipe, depending on the further purposes of using the obtained material: oxidizers, mufflers, decolors, dyes, accelerators, and so on. Metal oxides are used as dyes. For example, copper will color a glass mass red, iron will give a blue or yellow tint, cobalt oxides will give a blue color, and colloidal silver - yellow.

The prepared dry mixture is loaded into where the raw material melts at a temperature of 1200-1600 ° C, in time the process takes from 12 to 96 hours. The production of glass is completed with a process of rapid cooling, only under this condition the molten glass will receive all the required qualities: transparency, mechanical resistance and additional properties that are incorporated in the process of mixing oxides.

Types of silicate glass

The release of the material belongs to the energy-consuming processes, and is engaged in it. Glass production in the industry takes place in tunnel-type furnaces with continuous maintenance of a given temperature. The dry mix is \u200b\u200bloaded from one end of the furnace, the finished material is unloaded at the exit.

Due to its wide application in various industries, silicate glass can be divided into types:

Quartz glass without impurities of sodium and potassium oxides is an alkali-free glass. Possesses high resistance to heat and excellent electrical properties. Of the shortcomings - it is difficult to process.
Sodium, potassium, sodium-potassium - alkaline glass. The most common type of material, suitable for general use. It is used to make glass for an aquarium, window glass, dishes and more.
Alkaline with a high content of heavy metal oxides. For example, the addition of lead is necessary to obtain crystal, optical glass.

Multipurpose use

Silicate glass has a number of properties that allow it to be used in a wide range. Each of its qualities can be enhanced, which opens up additional opportunities. For example, glass coated with amalgam serves as a mirror and can also be used as a solar panel under certain conditions.

The hygienic and practical properties of glassware are undeniable. The material does not have porosity, which means that pathogenic bacteria do not multiply in it, it is easy to clean, and is resistant to the effects of any food products. Heat-resistant dishes made of it are multitasking: they can be baked at high temperatures in the oven or put in the freezer without any damage.

Layering and thickness

The material has different thicknesses, which determines its capabilities. Sheet, 2 mm thick, suitable for windows. Aquarium glass is used at least 5 mm, depending on the volume of water poured into the container. However, aquarists are increasingly coming to the conclusion that using an acrylic analog is much more convenient, especially if a container of 500 liters or more is required.

The use of laminated material (triplex) expands the possibilities: the canvas glued with the help of a polymer film is practically indestructible, it is safe, since it does not crumble. It is practically impossible to break with a hammer two silicate glasses 10 mm thick with a film interlayer. Transparent bridges, cladding of building facades, pool fences, etc. are made of triplex.

Properties

The use of silicate-based materials finds its place in construction. They are used not only for the manufacture of windows, but also as additional protection and binder. So, they process foundation blocks, which makes them resistant to moisture, fungus, temperature fluctuations, etc.

Curved translucent or matte material is used in everyday life, furniture doors, shower cabins, building facades and so on are made from it.

Silicate glass has the following properties:

Transparency.
Light reflection.
Environmental friendliness.
Heat resistance.
Resistant to aggressive chemical environment.
Resistance to natural aggressive environment.
Durability.
Low thermal conductivity.

Additional qualities, such as resistance to stress and mechanical damage, are given to the material by the hardening method. The essence of the process is rapid heating and the same rapid cooling in a short period of time. Strength increases 4-5 times. Glass for watches, door leaves, furniture, and interior partitions are made of it.

Manufacturing of products

Silicate glassware and household items are produced in several main ways:

Pressing. The viscous mass is poured into a stationary mold, after which certain parameters are set using the movable part of the mold (punch). The mold on the inner surface can have a pattern, which is transferred to the outer part of the product during the stamping process.
Blowing. Differs into mechanical and manual. The wall thickness of the product varies from 1 mm to 10 mm. This method is used to make vases, bottles, wine glasses, glasses. Hand blowing is an art. Master glassmakers create unique works by combining transparent and colored mass, include metal, natural raw materials, gold and others in the body of work. There are no identical hand-blown products.
Casting. Mainly used for making figurines, figurines. In industry, the casting method is used to produce
Multi-stage articulation. Parts produced by two technologies are used: blowing and pressing. For example, the container of the glass is blown out, and the leg is pressed, the finished parts are connected.

Decorative processing

Silicate glass is a fertile material for many types of decoration. Distinguish between hot and cold design.

Hot include:

Bulk staining with metal oxides.
Mixing mass of different colors with further shaping (Venetian glass with stains).
Crackling. The mass is molded into a product, cooled sharply, resulting in surface cracks, and the product is melted to fix it.
Fusing.
Hot molding of cords, threads with subsequent addition to the product.
Formation of additional edge shape during blowing. Achieved by using tools.

Cold forms of decor:

Mechanical: grinding, engraving, diamond edge, sandblasting.
Chemical: etching with hydrofluoric acid.
Overhead: painting, decal drawing, silk-screen printing, metallization, plasma spraying, painting with luster paints.

Other types of glass

Modern technologies have made it possible to impart additional qualities to silicate glass. Of these, the most interesting and popular are:

Smart glass: a type of material that changes its properties under the influence of external conditions. For example, under the influence of an electric current, the product becomes dull; when the circuit is disconnected, it returns to a transparent state.

Fiberglass (fiberglass): obtained by pulling the material into thin (measured in microns) filaments. They create a rather flexible material. Used for the production of fiber optics, insulating materials, etc.

Clarified glass: ordinary silicate glass has a greenish or grayish tint, clearly visible when looking at a cut. As a result, the canvas is slightly colored. To avoid this effect, brighteners are added during the manufacturing process to neutralize unwanted color. It differs from the usual material in its increased light transmittance, transfer of paints without color change.

The range of glass products is quite dynamic and changes due to the constant development of science, the state of production technology, the nature of consumer demand, and a change in style.

The assortment of household products is classified by purpose and operating conditions, composition and color of glass, molding method and the nature of heat treatment, types (names), sizes, styles of products, methods and complexity of decoration, completeness.

By purpose, household goods are divided into dishes and decorative items for table setting and interior decoration, household dishes for storing food products and home canning, kitchen utensils for cooking, lamp products (table lamps, lamp tanks, lamp glasses) and mirrors.

According to the composition of the glass, dishes are distinguished from sodium - calcium - silicate, special household and crystal glass.

Tableware is made from sodium - calcium - silicate glass, crystal of various types, as well as from muted borosilicate glass; household dishes - from sodium - calcium - silicate glass with additives that increase chemical and thermal stability; kitchen - from special household glass and sitalls.

By color, dishes are distinguished from colorless glass, colored (dyed in the mass) and overhead (two and multilayer) glass. Colored glasses are named according to their color tone (yellow, green, pink, etc.), by the nature of the dye (cobalt, manganese), by analogy with precious stones: rubies (red), topaz (yellowish brown), sapphires (light -blue), emeralds (light green).

According to the method of molding, dishes are distinguished by hand, free, machine blowing, pressed, press blown, multi-stage molding, bending, centrifugal production.

According to the method of heat treatment, dishes are distinguished unhardened, i.e., annealed, and hardened by hardening.

The overwhelming majority of high-quality glass products and all crystal products are produced annealed.

Hardening consists in heating products to 700 ° C and subsequent rapid and uniform cooling by blowing air. In this case, high, evenly distributed residual stresses arise in the glass, increasing the impact strength by 5 - 8 times, and heat resistance by 2 - 3 times. Some types of pressed tableware and cookware made of heat-resistant borosilicate glass are hardened by hardening.

Types of glassware

There are about thirty types of tableware; these are glasses, goblets, wine glasses, wine glasses, wine glasses, jugs, decanters, sugar bowls, oil cans, vases for table setting (for fruits, jam, cookies, cream, sweets, salad bowls), dishes, etc.

Decorative items are glass sculptures, flower vases, toiletry, horn-shaped glasses, dishes, etc.

Each type of product is produced in several varieties (articles), differing in size and style.

In terms of size, dishes are divided into small, medium, large, and extra large. The size of the products is characterized by their diameter, length or height, and the size of the hollow products is characterized by their capacity.

According to the style, the products are subdivided taking into account the shape of the body (ball, oval, cone, etc.), the presence of adhered (handle, leg, lid holder) and removable (cork, lid) parts, the nature of the edge (smooth, cut) and the bottom of the products. The dishes are produced with a bottom of normal thickness, thickened, as well as on a pallet (a ledge or ledge in the lower part of the product).

The leg of the products can be of different heights, shapes (straight or curly) and processing (faceted and even). Blown flower vases, depending on the complexity of the form, are divided into three groups.

The style, along with the aesthetic features of molten glass and cutting, largely determines the artistic expressiveness of products. It is subject to change according to style requirements. Currently, festive and giftware dishes are distinguished by a complex silhouette, careful processing and intricate shape of details. The everyday utensils have simpler and more solid shapes.

According to the method of decoration, a distinction is made between smooth and decorated dishes. Decorated dishes, depending on the nature, complexity and artistic merits of the cut are divided into group and non-group. Cuts of group blown glassware made of high-quality colorless glass are subdivided into groups 1-7, from colored glass - into groups 3-8, from overhead glass - into groups 4-8. Cutting of crystal products belongs to the 4-10th complexity groups.

The group includes drawings of the same complexity, but with a different plot. They are designated by three-digit numbers, in which the digit in the hundreds indicates the group number.

Non-group items are characterized by originality of forms, complex, often combined designs of high artistic value. They are individual for the products of each plant. Many products with the "H" index and sold at contractual prices are classified as non-group items.

Cutting pressed products into groups of complexity is not subdivided.

Modern tendencies in the decor of glassware - an expansion of the range of colored glasses, a combination of colored and slightly dimmed glass in an overlay, contrasting combinations of elements of a diamond facet, matte engraving, a chandelier, a wide use of decal and silkscreen patterns of various subjects, picturesque cuts with paints and gold, often in combination with matting. Sheathed cuts and products are still popular.

By completeness, one-piece products are distinguished, sets (include products of the same type - a set of glasses, etc.), devices (contain products different types one purpose) - for water, jam, jug, toilet, etc. The products of the sets are characterized by the unity of the artistic and constructive solution.

The assortment of tableware for table setting is extremely diverse and grouped taking into account all the previously mentioned characteristics. The main types of products: glasses, mugs, cups, glasses, wine glasses, wine glasses, wine glasses, decanters, jugs, milk jugs, vases for table setting (for fruits, cookies, sweets, jam, cream, salad, dish), butter dishes, sugar bowls, rusks and etc.

Decorative items are sculptures, flower vases, toiletry, horn-shaped glasses, etc.

Household utensils are produced manually or mechanically from colorless and semi-white glass. The assortment includes thermoses and other food storage products - jars, jars for pickles and jams, barrels, bottles for storing liquids. Thermoses are subdivided according to their purpose into thermos for liquids and food (with a wide mouth), according to the capacity of the flask, design and material of the shell (metal, plastic, combined).

Cookware made of heat-resistant glass and sitalls is represented by pots of various capacities, baking dishes, braziers, pans. Sitall is used to produce sets of pots and a set "Kid". Cookware made of heat-resistant glass is tempered and not decorated. Sitall dishes of white color with a smooth shiny surface are additionally decorated with decal patterns.

October 27, 2015 Guest (nastya)

www.treeland.ru

What dishes are harmful to health: what can and cannot be used to cook food

Can utensils be unhealthy: how to store and prepare food

To avoid many diseases, it is important not only to eat right, but also to know which dishes are harmful to health, because the material from which they are made is capable of releasing hazardous substances.

Are there safe dishes for health ^

Among the wide range of products for storage and cooking, cast iron, earthenware, enamel dishes and those made of stainless steel are considered safe. In all other cases, harmful dishes can have a negative effect on the human body:

Allocate toxic substances when heated;
Cause severe allergies or food poisoning;
Oxidize, as a result of which harmful substances are activated.

Of course, when choosing any tableware, you should pay attention not only to the material from which it is made, but also to the composition that is usually indicated on the labels. For example, low-quality stainless steel may contain nickel, which, when heated, gives it a metallic taste.

In what utensils can and cannot be cooked ^

Unhealthy dishes: myth or reality

Cast iron cookware: benefits and harms

Cast iron products are best used for frying or cooking, because food does not burn in it, and the material itself is environmentally friendly and becomes only stronger and safer over time.

Aluminum cookware: harm and benefit

It is such dishes that are considered the most harmful, because when heated, they actively release metal ions. Under the influence of acids contained in milk or any other product, aluminum is converted into food.

It is strictly forbidden to fry and boil soups or vegetables in such pans.
The daily use of aluminum utensils often leads to food poisoning.

Copper dishes: benefits and harms

The dishes made of copper are completely harmless to the body, because even if its ions enter it, they are excreted very quickly.

Despite this, it has a significant drawback: when cooking fruits or vegetables, copper destroys most of the vitamins they contain;
If food contains acids, then it can react with them.

The harm of crystal dishes

Most often, people drink drinks from crystal dishes, and in this case it is considered safe.

If liquids are stored in it, then it begins to release lead, which further harms the body.

Silicone dishes: benefits and harms

Despite the fact that silicone contains chromium, cobalt, copper and other components, bakeware made from it can be used safely:

due to the special technologies and requirements for the production of such utensils, the release of harmful substances under the influence of temperature does not occur.

Enameled dishes: benefits and harms

Initially, enameled dishes were designed specifically to protect against the ingress of metal ions into food, but here it all depends on the color of the coating:

blue, black, cream, white or gray-blue color is considered safe,
it is worth abandoning the red, yellow or brown shade - they contain many dyes and have low protective properties.

Silver dishes: benefits and harms

For a long time, dishes made of silver were considered the best: they not only look good, but also kill all kinds of bacteria, thereby preventing them from entering the human body.

More recently, some media reported that this metal is not able to retain useful elements and remove harmful ones, but there is no direct evidence of this.

Why are polypropylene dishes harmful?

Plastic dishes have three degrees of heat resistance:

high,
average,
low.

In the first case, containers for food are meant that can be placed in the microwave, and in all others - all kinds of bowls, cups, forks, spoons, etc. regardless of the ability to withstand high temperatures, it is not recommended to reheat food in such a container, because at high temperatures plastic can melt and release harmful elements.

Polypropylene utensils should also not be used for storing food.

Stainless steel dishes (stainless steel): harm and benefit

Steel utensils can be safely used for frying and preparing first courses, but food cannot be stored in them, as they can release nickel that penetrates into the dishes.

Cupronickel dishes

For several centuries, cupronickel products have been very popular, and it is not in vain: despite the fact that they are made from an alloy of copper and nickel, they are safe for human health - you just need to clean them from plaque in time.

Pewter

In general, tin utensils are safe, but if they contain lead impurities, from which they darken over time, it is best to refuse to use them.

Glass ceramic dishes

Dishes made of ceramics are harmless only if there are no chips or cracks on them, otherwise salts of heavy metals may enter the body.

In addition, the inside of plates made of such material may have drawings applied with paints containing lead, therefore, it is not recommended for its intended use.

Galvanized cookware

Such dishes are not suitable for heat treatment of food, because when heated, it releases zinc.
Storing food in it is not worth it for the same reasons.

Teflon coated cookware

Now Teflon is used to cover not only frying pans, but also other kitchen utensils, but if the integrity of the coating is compromised, it is best to get rid of such dishes, because it provokes the development of obesity and cancer.

Melamine tableware

If such dishes are damaged, they begin to emit a dangerous poison - formaldehyde.
In this case, it must be discarded. It is also not suitable for frying or cooking.

Ceramic dishes: harm and benefit

Unlike Teflon, thermolon-coated dishes are more harmless because its negative impact on human health has not been confirmed.
In addition, it can be heated to 400 degrees or more.

Glassware: harm or benefit

Like ceramic containers, baking containers, mugs and plates made of glass do not bring any harm to health, because they are made without using elements that negatively affect the human body.

Acrylic tableware

If you do not reheat food in such utensils, then it is quite safe.
Unlike harmful disposable tableware, it can be used repeatedly, and it obviously wins in this.

Opal dishes: harm and benefit

Thanks to modern technology, opal glass dishes are very light and elegant:

Various patterns can be applied to it, which does not affect its strength in any way.
It has practically no pores, which makes it completely safe for storing food.
It tolerates temperature extremes, from high to low. Pots made of frosted glass are ideal for microwave ovens.
It has low thermal conductivity, which allows you to keep food hot for a long time.
It lends itself well to washing, it is easy to keep it perfectly clean.
It is resistant to the use of any detergents, they do not cause any visible harm to it.
Thanks to their increased durability, these cookware can be stored in stacks, which saves space in your kitchen.

What dishes are not harmful to health

The most harmful is nickel-plated dishes, because it contains nickel, however it is the most common. Food is best prepared and stored in containers made from the following materials:

Clay;
Cast iron;
Stainless steel (leave dishes in it on for a long time it is impossible).

The harm of plastic bottles and plastic wrap: what is the danger ^

The composition of the plastic container may contain chemical substance bisphenol-A is a synthetic analogue of the female sex hormone, which is capable of penetrating water or liquid, and then into the human body.

If you drink water from plastic bottles, thereby increasing the content of bisphenol in the body:

Scientists at Harvard University conducted research and found out: the use of cold liquids from plastic for just one week increases the level of bisphenol in the urine by 69%.
The release of bisphenol is temperature dependent. The higher the temperature, the more active the water is contaminated with BPA from plastic. That is, the usual summer heat is capable of increasing the concentration of harmful substances in water tenfold.
If filled with hot liquid or specially heated plastic bottles, then the release of bisphenol will increase up to 55 times! This fact should be known to parents who heat milk in plastic bottles for their children.
An increased concentration of bisphenol increases the likelihood of prostate cancer in men and has a negative effect on men's health, as hormones are disrupted.
Pregnant women are generally contraindicated to drink water from plastic bottles, since due to bisphenol poisoning, a child may be born with birth defects.

happy-womens.com

Caution! Harmful dishes

In Russia, traditionally, the dishes were wooden. Moreover, not every tree was suitable for making it. The medicinal properties of wood were of great importance.

So, it was believed that linden dishes had anti-inflammatory properties, from mountain ash - they protected from vitamin deficiency. It is known that birch bark has many medicinal properties - from bactericidal to tonic. They ate with wooden spoons from wooden bowls, used wooden bowls, ladles and jugs. In addition, they wove birch bark dishes - salt shakers, tueski for storing flour and cereals.

But modern science somewhat darkens our emotions - it warns: even a very small amount of this metal destroys ascorbic acid in berries and fruits.

And one more thing: food stored in copper dishes loses vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids are easily oxidized in it, forming compounds dangerous for the body - free radicals.

With its frequent use, poisoning is not excluded.

Therefore, after washing, the plate or bowl must be thoroughly wiped, avoiding the formation of a film. If, nevertheless, the patina does appear, then it must be carefully removed from the entire surface, otherwise using harmful dishes will be dangerous to health. This can be done as follows: rub with table salt dipped in vinegar, and immediately rinse first with warm, then cold water.

Lead in ceramic dishes

For centuries, lead was added to the alloys from which the dishes were made. The sad consequences of this in our time are well known to scientists: lead, gradually accumulating in the human body, led to poisoning.

In the Roman Empire, wine vessels and other cooking utensils contained large amounts of lead. As a result of the use of such harmful dishes, the life expectancy of the population has almost halved. Some historians even believe that the lead poisoning of the Roman "elite" was not the last reason for the decline of the powerful state.

Also, in our time, scientists have proven that lead is guilty of destroying the health of the Moscow princes - the water that was supplied to the Kremlin flowed through a lead water supply ...

In many countries of the world, more than a quarter of a century ago, a ban was introduced on the use of lead in tableware.

But despite this, even nowadays you can easily become the owner of harmful pots or, for example, cups.

It is appropriate here to recall the well-known story of an American married couple.

Once, while vacationing in Italy, the couple bought beautiful ceramic cups. Arriving home, they did not put them in the buffet behind the glass to admire and show to guests, but began to actively use them daily.

The man even underwent two absolutely unnecessary operations, and the woman was persistently treated for liver disease.

The fact is that according to sanitary standards, lead is allowed in the manufacture of decorative utensils. It turns out that it is added to paints to give pottery a smooth and beautiful shine. But: the instructions for the use of such products must necessarily be written that food cannot be stored in them! And we must understand that these are harmful dishes.

Therefore, we draw a conclusion for ourselves: if we buy a plate, cup, pot that we like - brightly colored, we are not shy and be sure to ask the seller for a certificate. And in this document we are looking for information on the results of testing dishes for the content of toxic substances. But, unfortunately, the reality is that certificates are often forged.

So, it may be better to be careful not to buy ceramics with too bright red and yellow painting, which almost always indicates the presence of lead and cadmium in the paint.

By the way, the bright green color is possibly "tinted" with copper. And it, besides being not useful in itself, also accelerates the process of lead release. Therefore, for beauty, such cups-plates are not forbidden to acquire, but for everyday use for their intended purpose - experts categorically do not advise.

Lead in cans

In addition, they usually contain another toxin - tin.

In order not to endanger yourself, you should buy canned food in cans with smooth welded seams that are located between the sticker and the top or bottom end of the can.

Aluminum

So you should not boil water or store it in hazardous aluminum dishes, however, like any other food.

But these are toxic and harmful dishes! One of the sources of danger is the salts of lead (again!), Cadmium and other metals that are part of the paints with which she signs.

Decal inks are not coated with any protective layer and are very easily incorporated into products.

Another danger is that melamine contains toxic formaldehyde. It is isolated by many plastics, but melanin, according to the results of special studies, does this especially strongly - tens, or even hundreds of times higher than the permissible rate. In experimental animals, such doses of formaldehyde cause mutagenic changes in the body and the formation of cancer cells.

Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision has banned the sale of melamine tableware. But go to the crockery department in any market and you will see cute cups, plates and all kinds of sets of them.

In addition to melamine, you can find harmful dishes made of other polymer metals on sale.

The specialists involved in testing and certifying this product believe that it can be used, but only with strict adherence to the manufacturer's instructions.

"Stainless steel" and silver

Enamel and glass

Another type of safe cookware is heat-resistant glass. To impart these properties to glass, elements are added to its composition that retain strength at high temperatures. So you should not be afraid that a teapot made of such glass on gas fire or a baking sheet in the oven may crack, crumble, etc.

But we must remember that when using heat-resistant cookware, when it is in a "hot state", it is necessary to avoid its contact with very cold surfaces - then the saucepan will burst.

This begs the question: is there a perfectly safe dish at all? Perhaps it is best to eat from a silver plate with a silver spoon and drink from a silver cup? After all, everyone knows the healing properties of this metal and the history of the Suvorov army, where the officers did not suffer from gastrointestinal diseases, as they ate from silver dishes, while the soldiers died in large numbers from these diseases?

Indeed, experts say, silver ions suppress the development of pathogenic microflora in aqueous solutions.

By the way, experts advise purchasing pans with a thickened bottom, since experience shows that thin pans, no matter how carefully you take care of them, for some reason do not last long.

And now a few tips about dishes made from different materials. I hope they will be useful to the hostesses.

Enamel dishes are also "tempered", but in a different way. A new saucepan is filled to the brim with a salt solution: 2 tbsp. l. per liter of water and let it boil. Then leave to cool.

But even "hardened" enameled dishes are better protected and not put directly out of the refrigerator on a hot stove - the enamel can crack from a sharp temperature drop.

And further. It turns out that white enamel slows down the absorption of heat, which means it will take you more time to cook a dish in such a dish than in a saucepan with dark enamel.

By the way, experts consider enamel or stainless steel containers to be the best for making jam.

How to remove heavy metals from the body

Eat foods that contain pectin. Pectin has the useful property of collecting heavy metal salts on its surface. It is found in vegetables, fruits, berries. A product such as beet, for example, also contains flavonoids that convert heavy metals into inert compounds. The starch of potatoes, boiled in their skins, absorbs toxins from the body, removing them naturally. Carrots, pumpkin, eggplant, radish, and tomatoes are also removed heavy metals.

Drink tea made from chamomile, calendula, sea buckthorn, rose hips. Tea made from these herbs protects cells from penetration of heavy metals and promotes their elimination. Rosehip and sea buckthorn oil is also useful for heavy metal poisoning. Remove isotopes of radioactive cesium from the body with the help of sorrel, spinach, salads.

Take care of yourself and your family! Be healthy! published by econet.ru

Silicate glass is harmful or not. General information about glass. Hot decorated glass products

Foreword

1 area of \u200b\u200buse

2 Normative references

3 Terms and definitions

4 General

5 Chemical composition

5.1 Main components

5.2 Glass, body-colored

6 Physical and mechanical characteristics

6.1 Main characteristics

6.2 Flexural strength "function" (g, kk)

6.3 Determination of colorless glass

6.3.1 General

6.3.2 Colorless transparent glass

6.3.3 Colorless translucent glass

6.4 Stability of physical and chemical characteristics

6.5 Characteristics for assessing product quality

6.5.1 Optical distortion

6.5.2 Appearance

Appendix YES (reference). Information on the compliance of the referenced European and international standards with interstate standards

Bibliography

Table 2 - Light transmittance for classifying transparent glass to colorless glass

Table 3 - Light transmittance for classifying translucent glass to colorless glass

What it is?

Glass making

Types of silicate glass

Multipurpose use

Layering and thickness

Properties

Manufacturing of products

Decorative processing

Other types of glass

Types of glassware

What dishes are harmful to health: what can and cannot be used to cook food

Are there safe dishes for health ^

In what utensils can and cannot be cooked ^

Cast iron cookware: benefits and harms

Aluminum cookware: harm and benefit

Copper dishes: benefits and harms

The harm of crystal dishes

Silicone dishes: benefits and harms

Enameled dishes: benefits and harms

Silver dishes: benefits and harms

Why are polypropylene dishes harmful?

Stainless steel dishes (stainless steel): harm and benefit

Cupronickel dishes

Pewter

Glass ceramic dishes

Galvanized cookware

Teflon coated cookware

Melamine tableware

Ceramic dishes: harm and benefit

Glassware: harm or benefit

Acrylic tableware

Opal dishes: harm and benefit

What dishes are not harmful to health

The harm of plastic bottles and plastic wrap: what is the danger ^

Caution! Harmful dishes

Recent

You need to know