Edit the sentences, eliminating the use of case forms that are not justified by the context and make it difficult to understand. Stringing cases The speech was greeted by noisy deputies

Many football players are well aware of how markets and odds usually work. However, for those who are new to football betting, there may be some issues when trying to pick the best odds in their chosen markets. Such bettors should look for free betting advice on individual sites offering these services. It is important for new players to have a proper understanding of the different markets and how they work. Free Tips bettors will only be useful to players if they know the basics of football betting. Football fans need to understand the typical markets before betting their money on any games.

The roof has two functions: insulation and drainage. Insulation protects the home or any establishment not only from the weather, but also from noise and birds. The roof serves, for example, to drain snow that has accumulated on the top of your roof, or possibly rain. Gutters are installed so that water caused by rain or melted snow is directed towards the ground so that it does not interfere with the ventilation of your home. If gutters are not installed, water can run down the walls of your home or building or seep into your property.

Traveling is very popular among people nowadays. Those who consider themselves travel enthusiasts are generally considered the best workers. They are not under duress and are in high spirits when you meet them. Even scientific researchers are encouraging travel now because, according to their findings, travel relaxes the mind and makes people more productive. However, if you are still unsure if traveling is good for you, read this article.

With a long coastline and pristine beaches, Goa is without a doubt one of the most popular destinations. tourist destinations in India. The beaches in Goa attract a crazy number of local and international tourists and are an important part of Goa tourism. Although the most popular beaches such as Baga, Calangute, Vagator, Anjuna and Morjim are located in North Goa, South Goa also has some of the most peaceful and beautiful beaches surrounded by exotic palm groves. The beaches in South Goa are known to be quiet, less crowded and are the most convenient places to visit in Goa for an amazing vacation.

Options for harmonizing definitions and applications. Features of the implementation of agreement within the phrase. Variants of the forms connected with management. Synonymy of non-prepositional and prepositional constructions.

Control training exercises

1. Compose phrases using homogeneous members given on the left and dependent words placed on the right:

2. Read the sentences. Find grammatical and stylistic errors in them and edit them.

1. The head of administration distributes and manages property and finances. 2. Reading and taking notes on scientific literature is best in the morning. 3. Innovation has become objectively useful, as it regulated and introduced a new order into the relationship between power structures. 4. Bodies authorized by the Mayor independently form and manage extra-budgetary funds. 5. Market relations form independence, interest and responsibility for the final results among producers and consumers. 6. For the successful defense of the dissertation, it is necessary to compile and study the bibliography on your topic.

3. Read the sentences. Correct, where necessary, stringing cases that are not justified by the context and make it difficult to understand.

1. The speech was met with loud applause by the deputies. 2. The speaker dwelled on some of the latest assessments of the science of the impact on the nature of chemical production. 3. Our representative was again nominated by the deputies as the chairman of the commission. 4. The paper gives a brief description of the methodology for determining the cost of agricultural products. 5. In order to further expand the participation of students and attract members of the Managers' Club to active work in the economy, regular meetings are held for round table. 6. Research is underway to create independent independent publishing houses. 7. The dissertation contains an analysis of the theory and practice of solving the problem of strengthening the economic base of the enterprise of our time. The work is an attempt to summarize the experience in the production of goods consumer goods. 9. With the release of the book, readers will be able to get acquainted with the understanding of our problems by a well-known contemporary writer.

4. Choose words close in meaning to these words. Make up phrases with both using case forms.

Sample: confidence - confidence in success, faith in success.

Implementation, lean, review, superiority, brake, warn, identical.

5. In these phrases, replace the highlighted words with similar ones. Read the word combinations with synonyms. Watch the case form of dependent words.

invert attention to detail, substantiate facts endure defeat by an opponent distinguish friends and enemies pay for travel, angry bad luck be surprised resilience offended faux pas.

6. Read these words and phrases. Indicate those that are characterized by color formal business style.

commend, disability, housing stock, square root, enforce, insurance policy, promptly, appropriate, prescribe, miracle case, research, solicit, conviction, expose, sociology, routine, lump sum, advise, direct duties, walk, agreement, non-compliance, graduate work, delay, defendant.

7. In the given sentences, find the words that name people. Describe these words from a stylistic point of view. Give your own examples.

1. Guardianship and guardianship are established at the place of residence of the person subject to guardianship or guardianship, or at the place of residence of the guardian (custodian). 2. A witness may be interrogated about the facts relating to the given case, as well as about the identity of the accused or the victim. 3. Member of the state acceptance commissions for the commissioning of facilities industrial purpose representatives of the customer, general contractor, general designer, sanitary inspection bodies are subject to inclusion. 4. In response to the claim, the defendant agreed to reimburse us for the costs of labor to correct the marriage. 5. The supplier assumes responsibility for preventive maintenance as well as current repairs gas equipment owned by customers. 6. Free balances of funds on the account, on the basis of the client's application, can be transferred to a deposit at his request with the subsequent payment of the established additional agreement percent.

8. In the above sentences, find verbal nouns that are characteristic of the official business style of speech. Explain how the predicate is expressed in impersonal sentences.

1. The allocation of additional funds to the trust is denied. 2. Sudden braking of the vehicle on slippery sections of the road can lead to skidding and rollover. 3. Payment for the order is guaranteed. 4. Tanning of leather is their treatment by soaking in special solutions. 5. As a result of the investigation, it was established that the fire was caused by faults in the electrical wiring system. 6. Most metals that are not covered with any protective layer are subject to rusting.

9. Read the sentences and determine their functional and stylistic affiliation. Describe the prepositions and conjunctions used in them.

1. The Comrades' Court dismisses the case for reconciliation participants in the dispute. 2. The guys play together again, because they reconciled. 3. Seasonal work is recognized, which in strength natural and climatic conditions are not met all year round but over a certain period. 4. We couldn't go outside because of pouring rain. 5. In accordance with Authors of inventions may be awarded honorary titles under the current legislation. 6. He was given a big bonus, because the, he made a new machine. 7. In order to training of young men for military service in schools, special sections are organized. 8. He began to play sports intensively, to prepare for the army. 9. The ability of a citizen by his actions to acquire civil rights and create civil obligations for himself arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is upon reaching eighteen years of age. 10. When she was eighteen years old, they got married.

10. Form stable phrases that have the color of an official business style by adding the appropriate adjectives to the first group of nouns, and the necessary verbs to the second group of nouns. Make sentences with the word combinations you have received.

1. Sentence, term, person, children, responsibility, actions, defense, powers, circumstances, crime, punishment, complaint, allowance, authorities, order, consideration.

2. Order, control, official salaries, reprimand, censure, mistake, assistance, order, fulfillment, imperfections, discipline, meeting, restructuring, duties, examination, measures.

11. In the above sentences, find stable verb-nominal combinations that are characteristic of the official business style. Where possible, replace them with verbs.

1. The plant is completing the development of a new tractor model. 2. The team of the enterprise has committed to doubling the output in a year. 3. Particular attention at the factory is paid to the need to master new equipment as soon as possible. 4. Factory workers express full confidence that they will be able to achieve timely execution of the order. 5. To turn on the alarm, turn the lever. 6. For reporting period a survey of the activities of the plant was carried out.

12. Read the sentences taken from various documents. Try to explain why the active voice is used in some cases, and the passive voice in others. Give similar examples.

1. Payment is guaranteed. The letter has been sent. Your telegram has been received. Work deadlines are missed. Your proposal has been unanimously approved. The specified documentation will be returned to you together with the shipped cargo.

2. Plant "Progress" does not guarantee the quality of products after six months from the date of shipment. The main department does not object to the plant starting the production of dump trucks from November 19.... Despite repeated reminders, the Elektrostal plant disrupts the supply of non-ferrous castings.

13. Answer the questions so that your answer is a fragment from any official document: announcements, instructions, references.

1. Do the ateliers make coats from their material?

2. Is it possible to do business in the subway?

3. Will a notary certify a copy of the document if I do not have my passport with me?

4. Is it possible to ride in buses and trolleybuses in overalls?

5. Can I change my ID if I don't have a new photo?

14. Read sentences taken from colloquial speech. Find clericalisms in them and replace them with other words that correspond to the colloquial style of speech.

1. I bought for my son board game. 2. The clockwork monkey is out of order. 3. A famous poet lives in the same house with me. 4. In this moment I am preparing for exams. 5. My girlfriend got a living space. 6. My wife and I never clash. 7. I am not aware of these details. 8. The area is disgusting climatic conditions. 9. There are so many mushrooms and berries in our green area.

15. Read the comic text from the Literary Gazette. Find office supplies. Try to retell this text using neutral or colloquial vocabulary.

Corruption Have a good mood

After completing my return home from work, I did some work of taking off my hat, raincoat, boots, changing into pajamas and slippers, and sitting down with a newspaper in a chair. The wife during this period of time implemented a series of activities aimed at peeling potatoes, boiling meat, sweeping the floor and washing dishes.

After some time, she began to loudly raise the question of the inadmissibility of my non-participation in the events named by her. To this, a categorical statement was made on my part about the unwillingness to hear claims for this issue in view of the implementation by me at the moment, after the end of the working day, of my legal right for a well-deserved rest.

However, my wife did not draw the appropriate conclusions from my words and did not stop her irresponsible statements, in which, in particular, she reflected such a moment as my lack of a number of positive qualities, such as: conscience, decency, shame, etc., and how during her speech, and at the end of it, she was engaged in assigning to me the names of various animals that are in the personal use of workers and collective farmers.

After giving mutual assurances on the non-recurrence of such phenomena, we began to eat dinner, which already had a lower temperature as a result of cooling and lost its taste.

This is how we sometimes still allow damage to a good mood, as well as appetite.

1. The response to his application was sent in a timely manner. 2. The editors received a lot of feedback on this work. 3. The article is written on the same topic. 4. Doubtful indicators on the use of electricity. 5. Preparations for the elections have begun. 6. The needs of Holland for rye and barley are met by imports. 7. The plan for the production of non-ferrous metals is not being fulfilled. 8. A mother worries about her son who is fighting in Chechnya. 9. The indifference of leaders for the fate of their subordinates causes indignation. 10. These facts indicate that there is no good owner at the plant. 11. It is necessary to accurately determine the need for bricks and other materials. 12. The graduate student must submit a report on the work done by him. 13. The inventor was awarded a high award. 14. Representative construction organization reassured the customer of his readiness to complete the work on time. 15. The answer to the complainant's application was received by him immediately. 16. The facts stated by the author of the letter were fully confirmed during the verification. 17. What, besides condemnation, deserves such a bureaucratic attitude? 18. The department of criticism and bibliography of "thick" journals regularly publishes reviews of emerging novelties of fiction. 19. Of exceptional importance is the possession by educators of high moral qualities and great sensitivity. 20. The development of the correct relationship between educators and pupils acquires an important role.

17. Analyze the choice of controlled forms with and without a pretext, point out errors in control and correct them.

1. Tatyana Ivanovna does not fulfill her promises. 2. The patient has not lost hope for recovery. 3. He will never take this blow. 4. The prefect cannot change this decision. 5. The laboratory assistant did not tell anyone the truth about the result of the experiment. 6. Reinforced concrete as the main building material will never lose its importance. 7. The poet does not intend to publish these poems. 8. I could not think of a worthy revenge. 9. I don't subscribe to any magazines. 10. We don't waste time. 11. Serious crimes revealed in the production of alcoholic beverages. 12. In order to identify deviations in normalized working capital to the established standards, a table is compiled. 13. Big job Now we have to face our employees, who must master computer technology. 14. Dismissed those who slowed down the movement forward. 15. Your offer is not substantiated on anything. 16. The offender did not repent for his deed. 17. In view of the past rains, the harvest promises to be good. 18. As a result of the planned negotiations, the conflict can be settled. 19. The lack of necessary materials creates a threat of timely completion construction works. 20. People complain about law enforcement agencies: law enforcement officers are often rude to detained citizens.

18. Choose the correct form of definition agreement, as well as the singular-plural form of the word being defined in the following sentences, motivate your choice.

1. It is difficult to deal with a person if you know that he is a (incorrigible - incorrigible) idiot. 2. Three (huge-huge) buildings grew in a wasteland. 3. The room was divided into two (unequal - unequal) parts. 4. I had to stand in line ( whole - whole) two hours. 5. Traffic is open on the (new - new) highway-highway. 6. (First - first) two places were shared by two grandmasters, (scored - scored) 12 points out of 17 possible. 7. Neither one nor the other (team - teams) scored a goal. 8. Fifth and sixth (place-places) are already taken. 9. The bill on changes in the financial and tax (oblast-oblasts) was approved. 10. Students of the geographical and historical ((faculty-faculties) are preparing for the expedition. 11. It was not easy to restore (destroyed-destroyed) industry and transport. 12. (Restored-restored) museum and art gallery are open to visitors. 13. A competition for solution of a (chess-chess) study and problem 14. The inventor designed a (special - special) generator and engine, with the help of which the energy of falling water or steam engines is converted into electricity.

19. Eliminate errors in the harmonization of definitions and applications, motivate your stylistic revision.

1. Four newly built eight-story houses are already occupied. 2. Two recently refurbished rooms for rent. 3. I want to read a historical novel or short story. 4. We have been living in the country for the last five years. 5. The past year was fruitful for the actor: three new roles were played. 6. Four nine-story buildings will be assembled entirely from large blocks. 7. Created new programs for primary and secondary schools. 8. At first, cheerful conversation and laughter were heard, and then everything was quiet. 9. An elderly father and mother need support. 10. Athletes who take the first three places rise to the podium. 11. The mass press, in particular newspapers, hopes for help from the government. 12. Our geobotanical detachment drove off from the village of Tugaya for eighty kilometers. 13. Four remaining chess games ended in a draw. 14. The route of the campaign with a length of more than two thousand kilometers runs along the rivers Seim, Desna, Dnieper. 15. In Russian, the verbs of the active and passive voices, perfect and imperfect species. 16. The war in Chechnya in 1994-1996 caused enormous damage to our economy. 17. At the Taygi station, we boarded a car with a board "Moscow - Tomsk". 18. The banks of the Oka River from the city of Serpukhov to the cities of Tarusa and Aleksin are being built up.

26*. Read the sentences. Correct, where necessary, stringing cases that are not justified by the context and make it difficult to understand (see Help 10).

1. The speech was met with loud applause by the deputies. 2. The speaker dwelled on some of the latest assessments of the science of the impact on the nature of chemical production. 3. Our representative was again nominated by the deputies as the chairman of the commission. 4. The paper gives a brief description of the methodology for determining the cost of agricultural products. 5. In order to further expand the participation of students and attract members of the Managers' Club to active work in the economy, regular round-table meetings are held. 6. Research is underway to create independent independent publishing houses. 7. The dissertation contains an analysis of the theory and practice of solving the problem of strengthening the economic base of the enterprise of our time. The work is an attempt to summarize the experience in the production of consumer goods. 9. With the release of the book, readers will be able to get acquainted with the understanding of our problems by a well-known contemporary writer.

CHOICE OF CASE IN CONSTRUCTIONS WITH CLOSE IN MEANING AND SINGLE-ROOT WORDS

27. Match these words with similar meanings. Make up phrases with both using case forms. In case of difficulty, use the table. 13 and help 11.

Sample: confidence - confidence in success, faith in success.

Implementation, lean, review, superiority, brake, warn, identical.

28*. In these phrases, replace the underlined words with similar meanings. Read the word combinations with synonyms. Watch the case form of dependent words. Use table. 13 i. help 11.

Pay attention to the little things, substantiate with facts, be defeated by an opponent, distinguish between friends and enemies, pay a fare, angry with failure, surprised by stamina, offended by tactlessness.

Reference words: pay attention, be offended, surprised, pay, lose, build, get angry, distinguish.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT CASE AND PREPOSITION

29*. Open the brackets by using the words in the brackets in the correct form; use the appropriate preposition where necessary (see Help 12).

1. Seriousness and depth distinguishes the work under discussion (many student studies). 2. The monograph gives a description (the state of affairs in the industry). 3. Efforts are currently being directed (modernization of production). 4. What happened hardly fits in (the framework of democratic traditions). 5. The published article contains a brief overview (scientific achievements). 6. Successes achieved instill confidence (further improvement of performance). 7. Serious scientific work demands (self-giving).

thirty*. Fix usage errors case forms and suggestions.

1. We will introduce you to this later. 2. The speaker emphasized the need for construction. 3. Criticism is expressed about what we do. 4. Parliament's determination was reduced only to the granting of powers. 5. A store oriented specifically for schoolchildren. 6. Everyone's confidence in their tomorrow. 7. Monitor the progress of treatment. 8. Concerns about border security. 9. Participate in elections. 10. The facts speak for the possibility of using the reserves.

31. Come up with sentences (phrases) with these words. Pay attention to the correct use of case forms and prepositions.

Assume (what?); manager (w e m?); be burdened (with what?); give a report (in what?); awarded (what?); rejoice (with what?); amazed (what?); fit in (into what?); supervise (whom-what?); peculiar (to whom-what?)

32*. In the above sentences, correct the stylistic flaws in the choice of preposition, as well as the erroneous use of case forms.

1. According to the order of the director, the enterprise switched to round-the-clock work. 2. Destruction occurred due to bad work water supply systems. 3. Due to the fact that the schedule is broken, builders have to work in very difficult conditions. 4. Due to insufficient lighting, many plants die. 5. At the end of work, everyone should gather in the hall. 6. Contrary to these provisions, the plant continues to violate safety regulations. 7. After some time, it will be possible to return to this issue again. 8. Due to planned work, some will have to work overtime. 9. Due to difficulties, we did not manage to complete the task on time.

33*. Complete the sentences by using the words in brackets in the correct case, using the correct prepositions if necessary. Use table. 14.

1. The project deserves (approval). The new leader quickly earned (respect). 2. In last years serious changes have taken place (the life of society). The change (direction) was indicated on the diagram. 3. Preparation (the text of the report) is entrusted to referents. During preparation (exams) students receive consultations. 4. Time has proven the superiority of this method (others). Superiority (technique) helped the team to win. 5. All this is done for the good (children, homeland).

USE OF GENERAL PARTICIPAL

REVOLUTIONS

34*. Make sentences with adverbial phrases, using, where possible, the sentences (phrases) given in the right and left columns. Explain why in some cases the use of the adverbial phrase is impossible (see reference 13).

1. I edited 1. I submitted the manuscript re-manuscript. dactor.

2. Edit 2. Submit the manuscript. letter to the editor.

3. I finished my work. 3. I became happy at

4. I finished the manuscript. 4. The manuscript has been submitted

to the editor.

5. Have free time. 5. You can do a lot.

35*. Correct grammatical and stylistic errors in the use of adverbial phrases. Explain what the errors are.

1. An explanation of these phenomena can be found by taking recent events as an illustration. 2. Thus, having considered functional characteristics structures of the municipality, the following is proposed. 3. Looking at what is happening today, my hands are untied. 4. The trading floor was cleared of people, fearing that the ceiling would collapse. 5. By raising prices for cars and fuel, this directly affects the cost of agricultural products. 6. Having read the manuscript a second time, I think it needs serious revision. 7. Applying this or that form of the organization of work, in each separate case local features are considered. 8. Having found out that the volume of production has decreased, the question arises as to the reason for this. 9. Attaching great importance to the research methodology, a number of experiments were carried out. 10. Studying the process of denationalization, a certain regularity is revealed.

KEYS TO THE OBJECTIVES

1. An old piano, your last name, a registered parcel, our reserved seat, an old banknote, a new rate, a ripe apple, a large corn, a small mouse, a leather shoe, a wide ice hole, a forest clearing, a ripe tomato, a young giraffe, a black shoe, a felt slipper.

2. 1) Any vegetable; 2) an apple is green, itself; 3) mouse - that one; 4) favorite callus; 5) the mouse is small; 6) a healthy apple;

7) wormy apple; 8) giraffe - big, to him.

4. 1) Was, warm; 2) favorites, viewed; 3) published (magazine); 4) interested, solemn; 5) was created (language) - was created; 6) two - two; 7) navigable (river);

8) wrote, great; 9) appeared (mountains); 10) military-industrial; 11) new.

6. Fresh, cooled down, sweet, young, military, cargo, green (city), ancient (city), overseas - overseas, declared (state), spilled (lake), small, familiar (man) - acquaintance (woman); my (woman) - my (man).

7. 1) Concentration - feminine; substance is neuter; characteristic is feminine.

8. The military-industrial complex existed; The State Security Committee noted; international organization united nations; city heat and power plant,

new automatic telephone exchange; International Monetary Fund united; federal Service counterintelligence reported; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is dangerous:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization awarded. The Moscow ring road has been built. Moscow State University prepared.

9. Obstetrician, bath attendant, basketball player, racer, milker, massage therapist, winder, orderly, pig farmer, secretary, soloist, stenographer, telephone operator, weaver, paramedic.

10. Postgraduate student, headmistress (outdated), correspondent, conductor (colloquial), skater (colloquial), laboratory assistant, wrapper, leader (colloquial), tractor driver, teacher, hero of the day (colloquial).

Neoplasms in -sha, -iha, such as agronomist, doctors.ha, prosecutor's wife are purely colloquial, often ironic.

12. Cosmonaut, editor, graduate students, conductor, best master, foreman, world champion, usher, leader.

15. 1) Lecturers; 2) bodies - bodies; 3) flaps, 4) patches;

5) tones; 6) tone; 7) sectors - sectors; 8) drivers; 9) stacks - stacks; 10) searchlights; 11) teachers, accountants, engineers, conductors - conductors.

17. Two sons - two sons, two steamers, two commanders, two directors, two farm laborers - two farm laborers, two carts, two sledges, two days, two daughters, two teachers, two laborers, two villages, two villages, two cities, two teachers - two teachers, two teachers, two bears, two animals, two wolves, three of them, two military men, two presidents.

18. 1) Two friends - two friends; 2) four orphans (gender unknown); 3) three sons - three sons, all three; 4) behind them three; 5) three servants - three servants; 6) two associate professors.

19. 1) Both sisters; 2) four women; 3) a nursery in the amount of twenty-two; 4) two bulldozers; 5) three workers;

6) two kittens; 7) on both banks; 8) in both countries.

20. 1) By three hundred and forty-five; 2) from nine hundred and sixty four; 3) with seven hundred ninety-eight; 4) by three hundred and seventy-five votes to forty-four; 5) one hundred and sixty-three kilometers.

21. Among six hundred managers: eighty-eight and nine-tenths percent of managers: more than fifty-one percent of those surveyed.

24. Preparation of graduate students and guidance to them;

assistance to related enterprises and control over them; hope for their graduates and believe in them; understand the difficulties of the transition period and come to terms with them; selection of facts and observation of them; coordinate the activities of related enterprises and manage them.

25. 1) Distributes property and finances and manages them;

3) regulated the relationship of power structures and introduced a new order into them; 4) form off-budget funds and dispose of them; 5) interest in the final results and responsibility for them; 7) does not have a leader and needs one; 8) in connection with the class split of society and as a result of it (such a split).

26. 1) The deputies met with a speech ... 2) The speaker dwelled on how modern science assesses the impact of chemical production on nature. 3) The deputies nominated our representative for the second time ... 4) The paper briefly characterizes the methodology ... 5) In order to expand ... and attract ... 6) Opportunities are being sought to create ... 7) The thesis analyzes the theory and strengthening practice... in our time. 8) An attempt is made in the work to generalize ... 9) To get acquainted with how a well-known modern writer understands our problems.

28. Pay attention to the little things; be based on facts; lose to an opponent distinguish friends from enemies; pay for travel; get angry at failure; surprised by the tenacity; resent the indiscretion.

29. 1) (Of what?) from many student studies; 2) (what?) the state of affairs; 3) (on what?) for the modernization of production; 4) (what about?) in the frame; 5) (h his?) scientific achievements; 6) (wh e m?) in further improving performance; 7) (what?) self-giving.

30. 1) Introduce what? with this; 2) emphasize what? necessity; 3) criticism of what? what we do;

4) come down to what? to the provision; 5) focused on whom - what? for schoolchildren; 6) confidence in what?

in his tomorrow; 7) control what? course of treatment; 8) concern for what? security..; 9) participate in what? in elections; 10) talk about what? about the possibility.

32. 1) According to what? order; 2) in connection with what? (because of which); 3) because of what? (as a result of which); 4) because of what? (for what reason?); At the end of what? - complex preposition; 6) contrary to what? the said provisions; 7) after what? - complex preposition; 8) in view of what? 9) thanks to what? difficulties.

33. 1) Deserve what? approval, deserve what? respect; 2) changes in what? (i.e. changes, alteration) in the life of society, changes in what? (i.e. replacing the former with a new one) direction; 3) preparation for what? (i.e. preliminary work to do something) of the text of the report, preparation for what? (i.e. preliminary activities, activities) for exams; 4) superiority over someone or something? (i.e., possessing superior virtues compared to someone) over others, superiority in what? (i.e. advantage in some respect) in technology; 5) for the benefit of whom? (when designating a face) children, what? (when denoting a person) of the homeland.

34. 1. Having edited the manuscript, I submitted it to...

2. Having edited the manuscript, you need to submit it ...

3. The adverbial turnover is not possible. The logical subject expressed in the indirect case (to me). There is no infinitive.

4. The adverbial turnover is not possible. The subjects of the action do not match (I, the manuscript).

5. With free time, you can do a lot.

6. After reviewing the results of the study, the doctor recommended ...

35. 1) These phenomena can be explained by taking; 2) having considered ..., the author suggests; 3) what is happening today unties my hands; 4) shopping room cleared of people, fearing; 5) price increases ... are reflected; 6) after reading the manuscript..., I think; 7) applying ... must be taken into account; 8) finding out ..., you need to answer the question; 9) attaching great importance to... have fulfilled; 10) when studying ... is found.

LANGUAGE MEANS FOR WRITTEN TEXT DESIGN

WRITTEN SCIENTIFIC TEXT:

STRUCTURE AND LANGUAGE DESIGN

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC WRITTEN TEXT AND THEIR LANGUAGE DESIGN

1. Read the text of article 1, as well as the abstract (see reference 1), abstract and review (see references 2. 3, 4) compiled on its basis. Analyze the composition of the text of the abstract, abstract and review, pay attention to the words and phrases highlighted in them, which serve to organize these types of texts.

Artificial intelligence. The phenomenon of thinking

The machines have already learned, and they do it very soundly, to compose poetry, compose music, draw pictures. It may seem to someone that this is an undoubted sign of their reasonableness. After all, if a computer has access to creativity, which has always been considered a property of high intelligence, then is it fair to deny it the mind? Maybe ingrained prejudices prevent us from taking a broader view of the world?

Yet most of us would hardly agree to consider a computer that draws and composes poetry as a thinking computer. What, then, should be called thinking? How to distinguish the thinking from the non-thinking?

It is difficult for a person far from science to imagine how much modern cybernetic devices can do. It is worth at least mentioning the so-called "expert systems", which, based on the information available in their memory (besides, they also learn from their own experience) analyze the patient's condition, the mode technological process, the alignment of forces on the battlefield and similar multifactorial phenomena and give advice on how to act in a particular case. At the same time, the computer not only reports its decision, but also explains why it should be so.

1 Barashenkov B.C. Artificial intelligence // Man. - 1991. - M "4. - S. 64-70.

Compared with electronic memory, the issuance of archival references and mathematical calculations, which most people today associate with the image of a computer, this is a qualitatively new stage of intellectual activity, when new knowledge is developed on the basis of existing knowledge. It is not being formed from one form into another, but it is being worked out. Until now, this has always been considered an indisputable privilege of the human brain. It is not surprising that the one who first encounters such systems often simply does not believe that he is dealing with an "iron computer", and not with a human operator hiding somewhere.

And the ability of a computer to perform mathematical calculations, to which we are now accustomed, was quite recently regarded as one of the highest levels of a person's spiritual activity. Complex numbers, with which almost any computer can easily operate today, even some caranal calculators, G. Leibniz, himself an outstanding mathematician, called "spiritual amphibians", an amazing "spawn of the spirit of God", and the writer V. Odoevsky in his Russian speech" wrote about our ability to calculate as some kind of incomprehensible, almost mystical property: With every mathematical process, we feel how some other, alien, which works, thinks, calculates, and yet our own the being, as it were, ceases to act, without taking any part in this process, as in an outside matter, it eats its own food, namely the connection that should exist between it and this process - and we do not find this connection.

One can imagine how amazed Odoevsky would have been when he recognized the computational abilities of our computers! And yet I do not consider them thinking. What do they lack? Any computer, no matter how amazing its "ability" to learn, works on the basis of a program set for it in advance and incoming external data. True, we humans also implement certain programs of actions, especially in the first months of life, when our behavior is almost entirely determined by the netic program embedded in us. However, the fundamental difference in m is that a person is capable of being motivated, i.e. depending on certain conditions, change the program and does it to that between the old and new programs there is no continuous ogic bridge. How this happens is also not yet clear.

there are many disputes and different points of view, but this is another question, it is important that modern computers do not have this property. Now, if it happened that some kind of computer, solving, say, problems in electromagnetism and quantum mechanics, would combine these two sections of science and derive the equations of quantum electrodynamics, and then with their help would predict new phenomena in this previously unknown area , then, probably, we would be entitled to call her thinking. And first of all, because she herself, without any program prompting, decided to do quality work new challenge. The word "decided" just means that she thinks.

Any intellectual task is a search for a way to achieve the goal, otherwise it will not be a solution to the problem, but simply an action according to precise instructions, not much different from the operation of an automatic machine. When we say that a student solves a problem, this means, first of all, that he must figure out what formula to take for this, what numbers to substitute into it. However, if he, looking into his neighbor's notebook, substitutes the numbers indicated there into the formula written on the board, this is no longer a solution, but a mechanical repetition. This is how modern computers behave. Strictly speaking, they do not solve any problems, and the expression “computer solves” that we often use has a conventional meaning ... She, like a student who has started the lessons, does everything according to a cheat sheet, not understanding its meaning and not being able to retreat even a hair’s breadth from what what they tell her. Therefore, we do not consider it reasonable.

The ability to set a task and self-program to solve it - this is precisely the main thing that characterizes the phenomenon of thinking.

True, some will probably immediately object: a stupid fish in an aquarium and even a primitive amoeba, overcoming obstacles in pursuit of prey, also set themselves tasks that change depending on specific conditions, so they also think?

Why not? There may be primitive forms of thinking, because to explain the behavior of animals in all their diversity life situations by instinct alone is a hypothesis. And it would be very strange if nature went only along this hard path, completely not using the opportunity to adapt to the environment "on the go."

By the way, animals and birds have such a "higher property" of thinking as the ability to generalize. For example, they recognize food in the most varied concrete forms, so to speak, food in general. The dog recognizes his brother in a huge dog and a tiny Japanese dog that fits in the palm of your hand. Pigeons slowly walking along the sidewalk do not pay attention to people, but they immediately take off, as soon as a cat appears nearby - large or small, black or white. The reader will find even more convincing examples.

Our ordinary understanding of the rational is too humanized, and, just as in the last century the very idea of a succession between man and ape seemed ridiculous to many, today many of us are confused by the idea of the possibility of non-human intelligence. In particular, without noticing it ourselves, we often associate the idea of thinking with the ability to be aware of our own "I", and this prevents us from taking a broader look at the phenomenon of thinking. True, the connection between thinking and feeling "I" seems to really exist. It can be thought that in the conditions of a whimsically changing external environment, a complex system will be stable only if it has the ability to sense its state, and this, in fact, is the essence of our "I". The analysis shows that such a feeling is already necessary for many automatic robots. After all, a robot, and in general any complex self-learning machine that actively communicates with a person, must inform him about the state of his memory, about what is clear and what is not and why. And for this, the automaton must feel and be able to express its state. This is also necessary for the robot in order to notice problems in its "organism" in time. A non-self-aware robot is unlikely to survive for long in a complex, rapidly changing environment that affects it. Of course, the "I" of the robot is very different from our self-awareness. But even here there should not be a sharp edge.

Surprising as it may seem, but much of what is considered to be inherently human has a continuation on the lower floors of nature ...

annotation

Article by Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Head of Department of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna Barashenkov V.S. "Artificial Mind. The Phenomenon of Thinking", published in the journal "Man" 1991, No. 1, is devoted to the problem of creating an artificial mind.

The article talks about the wide possibilities of modern cybernetic devices, and also names the factors that characterize the phenomenon of thinking, without taking into account which it is impossible to talk about artificial intelligence.

The article titled "Artificial Mind. The Phenomenon of Thinking" was written by Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences B.C. Barashenkov and published in the magazine "Man" No. 1 for 1991.

This article deals with the problem of artificial intelligence.

In the beginning, the author notes that modern cybernetic devices perform operations that until recently were considered the privilege of the human brain. Using the example of "expert systems", he explains the actions of such machines and argues that this is a qualitatively new stage of intellectual activity, when, on the basis of the available information, new knowledge is developed - precisely, it is developed, the scientist emphasizes. However, the author cannot call them thinking.

The author writes that any computer acts according to instructions, works on the basis of a program prepared in advance for it, which it is not able to change motivatedly. Any intellectual task, the author emphasizes, is a search for a way to achieve the goal. The scientist leads us to the idea that the phenomenon of thinking is characterized, most importantly, by the ability to set a task and self-program for its solution, as well as the ability to generalize.

At the end of the article, the author analyzes the question of the connection between thinking and the feeling of "I" and argues that in a complex, rapidly changing environment, only an automaton that is aware of itself, capable of expressing its state, can exist. A non-self-aware robot has no future.

Thus, we can come to the conclusion that modern computers that do not yet have the listed characteristics cannot be called thinking, which means that it is still impossible to talk about artificial intelligence.

Review

The topic of the article by Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences V. Barashenkov is one of the most relevant in the era of scientific and technological revolution: both scientists and people far from science are concerned about the possibility of the existence of non-human intelligence.

Using interesting examples and illustrations, the scientist talks about new cybernetic devices that can compose poetry, music, create art canvases, analyze human diseases, set the mode of technological processes, and much more, which was recently considered an intellectual, spiritual activity only of a person.

In this regard, the question of the phenomenon of thinking, of what characterizes it, is rightfully brought to the fore, how the idea of thinking is connected with the ability to realize one's own "I". The thesis that the main thing that characterizes the phenomenon of thinking is the ability to set a task and self-program to solve it, as well as the ability to generalize, sounds convincing.

Apparently, not everything is indisputable in the author's reasoning, and his point of view, of course, is not new and by no means sensational, which he himself admits, but the core, the key to the problem, in our opinion, was found to be true. The whole point, of course, is not in the incomprehensible abilities of a super-perfect computer, but in the motivation of actions, and the thinking of a machine is, first of all, a consequence of the scale and depth of the human mind.

2. Find in the table. 1-4 means that perform functions similar to the highlighted words. Define:

a) with the help of what language means the topic can be formulated;

b) what language means are used to describe the main content;

c) what language means are used for illustrations, enumeration, special emphasis (semantic emphasis), for conclusions, etc.

3. Define in the texts of the annotation, abstract and review the words - the means of organization scientific text. Find in the table. 7 similar means.

4. Analyze the text of the review from the point of view of the use of emotional and expressive means of the language in it and their functional purpose. Select similar evaluation structures from the table. 2 (VIII p.) and 5 and references 5.

5. Read the new versions of the abstract, abstract and review of the assignment text. Find compositional, logical and stylistic inaccuracies and deviations.

annotation

In an article by B.C. Barashenkov "Artificial Mind. The Phenomenon of Thinking" is about the fact that under certain conditions, modern computers can show some independence, are able to self-learn and even make decisions. The author characterizes the phenomenon of thinking, and also lists the characteristics that thinking machines should have.

In the article "Artificial Mind. The Phenomenon of Thinking", the author says that today, under certain conditions, computers can become independent, they can make decisions on their own without any software prompt.

The final part of the article is devoted to the phenomenon of thinking. According to the author, the phenomenon of thinking is characterized by the ability to set a task and self-program for its solution, as well as the ability to generalize.

Review

Article by Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences B.C. Barashenkova is dedicated to modern cybernetic devices, their enormous capabilities today and fantastic prospects for the future.

The paper tells about expert cybernetic systems that analyze the patient's condition, the mode of the technological process, and similar phenomena and give advice on what to do in a particular case. Of particular interest is the description of self-learning systems, which we only recently could read about in science fiction. These machines, like a person, become experts in their field, acquiring day by day own experience and learning from it.

And yet one cannot but agree with the scientist that machines are still far from real thinking - the ability to independently set tasks.

6. Read the continuation of article B.C. Barashenkov. Using references 1-6 and tables, make an annotation, abstract and review to it.

On the verge of a thought

Yes, a modern computer behaves like a schoolboy, stupidly, using a cheat sheet, repeating a solution already found by someone. But this is not always the case. Under certain conditions, machines can show some independence and go beyond cheat sheets. They have already been taught this. This is how expert cybernetic systems, which were mentioned above, behave. Each of them contains in its memory a "bank of knowledge" collected from human experts (hence the name of these systems). For example, in a system related to the diagnosis of diseases and the choice of appropriate drugs, this is the knowledge of experienced medical practitioners. The memory of the expert system, which helps in the repair of complex electronic devices, accumulates the knowledge of qualified technicians and engineers who have worked in this field for a long time. And so on - each expert system has a certain "formation", written in the form of hundreds and thousands of rules-instructions like "if this and that takes place, then it follows ...".

For example, in the memory of a computer that helps repair televisions, there may be such an instruction: “If the image is pale, and transistors No. 1, 17, 46 are in good condition, then check the contact at point 119. that contact 119 sometimes fails.In an expert system diagnosing diseases, there may be a rule: "If it hurts to move the eyes and the toes get cold, perform analysis 17. "There is no such recommendation in any medical reference book, but the practitioner who proposed it noted, that in this locality this symptom sometimes accompanies disease X, and in order to be conclusively convinced of this, the indicated additional analysis should be carried out.

The data bank of an expert system can also contain formulas, tables, images - in general, all the information that helps to solve the problems for which it is oriented. Of course, all knowledge is encoded, translated into the language of unified symbols and relationships.

The simplest expert system finds the answer to the question posed to it by iterating over its bank. For example, symptoms of a disease are introduced into her, and she, perhaps after requesting some additional information, by comparing the information received by her with the data stored in her memory, will highlight one or more of the most likely diseases. In essence, this is just a high-speed electronic directory, where the search for an answer is similar to the sequential movement from the trunk of a "tree" to branching "branches" and further to thin "twigs". More advanced systems use additional techniques that limit the search and direct it to the most promising branches. Sometimes these are the same rules like "if ... then ...", other times - a preliminary analysis of the situation by considering some simple limiting cases: as a thinking person often does, or some other auxiliary techniques suggested by experts.

Each individual rule embedded in an expert system can be very simple, but together they allow you to unravel the most complex situations. At the same time, the answer of the computer often turns out to be better than the answers given by the interviewed specialists, whose experience is encoded in its memory. As they say, one mind is good, but several are better!

Since the computer remembers which way the answer was received, it can print on paper or display on the display screen an explanation of its decision. In responsible cases, it helps specialists to come to a final conclusion. There are already hundreds of such systems operating in the world today.

The next step is self-learning expert systems. They are able to amend their data banks and the lists of techniques and rules used to process them. Possessing relatively little initial information, they, like a person, are able to adapt to various areas of knowledge. Each such system is similar to a student who, bruising and bumping himself and learning along the way the advice of an experienced mentor, quickly becomes an expert in his field.

The answers of a self-learning system cannot be predicted in advance, even if the questions asked to it are exactly the same as those that were asked to it last time. They depend on her experience and today may be somewhat different from yesterday. Self-learning expert systems develop new knowledge that cannot be purely logically derived from the original data bank. Until recently, such systems belonged to the realm of science fiction.

And yet, they are still far from real thinking, as we defined it above, the ability to independently set tasks. Creation works artificial intelligence reminiscent of a journey to the horizon: each milestone reached opens up new horizons, and what yesterday was considered a sign of "indisputable intellectuality" today belongs to the category of "purely machine-made". And this path of modeling the abilities of our brain, apparently, will be quite long.

Until recently, the hypothesis of thinking machines was taken seriously by few people, and philosophical books and thick scientific journals proved the fundamental impossibility of such "monsters". Today, the majority of physicists and mathematicians - those who more often than others have to deal with computers - do not doubt the fundamental possibility of simulating any aspects of our mental activity using cybernetic devices. However, on the whole, there is still no consensus among scientists on this issue even today, and if we were to vote "for" and "against" the idea of thinking machines, then the camp of doubters would probably also be very numerous. Fortunately, scientific disputes are not decided by voting. The opinion of a single talented scientist can be worth hundreds of other votes. And the most convincing "voice" is the rapid progress in the laboratories involved in the practical creation of artificial intelligence.

In the Middle Ages, following the example of knightly tournaments, scientists liked to arrange public disputes. One of the problems around which the spears of logical eloquence broke was the question of how many stones a pile begins with - from three, from five, or maybe from nine or from a hundred? Will the scientists of the future not find our disputes about the limits from which the intellectual process can be considered "real thinking" something similar to these disputes? ..

7. Using the language tools (Table 1) and the abstract template (see Help 1), compose an annotation:

a) books (monographs) in your specialty;

b) a journal article in your specialty.

8. Using the language tools from tables 2-4, make an abstract of the article in your specialty.

9. Based on a typical plan for writing reviews (see Help 5) and Table. 2 (VIII p.) and 5, write a review of an article in your specialty.

FORMING QUOTATIONS

10. Using references 8 and 9, name the basic rules for quoting.

eleven*. In these fragments, include quotations as independent sentences.

1. The problem of what is culture and what is civilization should be solved only from the point of view of the interaction of spirit and matter, because culture is a phenomenon of the spirit, acting according to the laws of its energy.

“Many people consider it quite possible to replace the word “culture” with civilization. At the same time, it is completely overlooked that the Latin root “cult” itself has a very deep spiritual meaning, while “civilization” at its root has a civil, social structure of life” (N.K. Roerich).

"... The most important thing for us will be the spirit of creativity, then comes health and only in third place is wealth" (N.K. Roerich).

12*. Use a quote after a colon. What letter (lowercase or uppercase) should the quote begin with? Why?

1. One of the largest and deepest Russian philosophers N.A. Berdyaev defined culture as follows...

"Culture is associated with the cult of ancestors, with legends and traditions. It is full of sacred symbols, it contains knowledge and similarities of other spiritual reality. Any culture (even material culture) there is a culture of the spirit, every culture has a spiritual basis - it is a product creative work spirit over the natural elements" (N.A. Berdyaev).

2. Machine-made, technogenic civilization replaces culture with an entertainment industry, on the basis of which "mass culture" arises, designed to serve the matter of society, and by no means nourish its spirit. Berdyaev bitterly writes...

"... old Europe betrayed its past, renounced it. The non-religious petty-bourgeois civilization defeated the old sacred culture in it" (N.A. Berdyaev).

3. Bourgeois revolutions, which were of a pragmatic and materialistic nature, strengthened and developed the gap that had formed in the integral body of the "culture-civilization" phenomenon. The era of alienation of culture from civilization began. Matter, as never before, seized the dominant positions, aggressively and unceremoniously pressed the spirit and deprived the society of people of the collective energy it needed ...

"... spiritual energy dries up in civilization, the spirit - the source of culture - is extinguished. Then domination over human souls begins not of natural forces, but of the magical realm of mechanicalness and mechanicalness, which replaces true being" (N.A. Berdyaev).

1. It would seem that only socially significant facts should be included in a scientific biography, but not everyday “trifles”. However, won't such an approach result in a dead schema of the image? And the very concept of a "small" fact is indefinite. Plutarch said...

"Often some insignificant act ... better reveals the character of a person than battles in which tens of thousands die, the leadership of huge armies and the siege of cities" (Plutarch).

2. There are also known pessimistic ("finalist") concepts of the future fate of our civilization. For example, the Russian scientist JI. Leskov writes...

"Having experienced a rapid rise, space civilizations inevitably perish: either losing their taste for life in the bushes of a "consumer paradise", or suffocating in technological waste, or, finally, burning out in the fire of nuclear missile disasters" (L.V. Leskov).

14*. Read the fragments in which the quotations are formatted incorrectly. Find and fix bugs.

1. The secrecy of the individual would be violated, and with it the freedom of self-determination of the individual would be violated. Meanwhile, “Everything spiritual and great arises in life - in a mysterious way from itself and through itself ... This is how love ignites; this is how a person prays; this is how art is created; how science is built; this is how spiritual crises are overcome; this is how a person’s spiritual character strengthens This is how heroic deeds are done. (In the source: "Everything spiritual ...".)

2. The emphasis on love is considered in this regard as a factor in the establishment of totalitarianism and authoritarianism. This is exactly how the author argues, who, in particular, writes: “To love a person means to want to make him happy. However, of all political ideals, those that inspire the desire to make a person happy are perhaps the most dangerous.” (In the source: "To love a person...".)

3. Vl. Solovyov, defining the dignity of the individual, writes that: "No person under any conditions and for any reason can be considered as only a means ... - he cannot be only a means or tool either for the good of another person, or for the good of the whole class, nor, finally, for the so-called common good. (In the source: "No man...".)

REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC APPARATUS OF A SCIENTIFIC WORK

15. Using references 10-13, say how a bibliographic description and a bibliographic reference are drawn up. 16*. Using references 12-13, make a bibliographic description of these works.

1. Roerich N.K. The stronghold is fiery. - Paris, 1993. - S. 28.

2. Roerich N.K. Power of the world. - New York, 1931. - S. 60.

3. Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of history. - M., 1990. - S. 166.

4. Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of history. - M., 1990. - S. 130.

5. Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of history. - M., 1990. - S. 172.

6. Plutarch. Op. - M., 1983. - S. 47.

7. Leskov JI.B. Space civilizations: problems of evolution. - M., 1985. - S. 32.

17*. Based on reference 12, correctly compose a bibliographic description of the following books, articles:

1. Market economy. Textbook. In 3 vols. T. 1. The theory of market economy. Part 2. - M. SOMINTEK, 1992. S. 217-220.

2. Buisharin I. Will there be a labor market in Russia? Problemy teorii i praktiki upravleniya, 1992. No. 3, pp. 63-68.

4. Rokor M. Work with soul. - M.: International relationships, 1990. S. 36.

18. Using help 12, write a description:

a) books on your specialty;

b) articles on your specialty.

KEYS TO THE OBJECTIVES

1. The problem of what is culture and what is civilization must be solved from the point of view of the interaction of spirit and matter, because culture is a phenomenon of the spirit, acting according to the laws of its energy. "Many people believe ..." (Roerich N.K. Fiery Stronghold. - Paris, 1993. - P. 28).

2. Roerich draws our attention to the fact that in the interaction of culture and civilization, the priority should belong to Culture, which will save civilization from many distortions inherent in it. "The most important thing for us ..." (Roerich N.K. Power of Light. - New York, 1931. - P. 60).

1. One of the largest and deepest Russian philosophers

N. A. Berdyaev defined culture as follows: "Culture ..." (Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of history. - M., 1990. - P. 166).

2. Berdyaev bitterly writes: "... the old Europe has changed ..." (Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of history. - M., 1990. - P. 130) or (Ibid. - P. 130).

3. Matter... aggressively and unceremoniously squeezed the spirit and deprived the society of people of the collective energy it needed: "... civilization is drying up..." (Ibid. - p. 172).

I. Plutarch said that "often some ..." (Plutarch. Soch.-M., 1983.-S. 47).

2. For example, the Russian scientist JT. Leskov writes that, "having experienced a rapid rise, ..." (Leskov L.V. Space civilizations: problems of evolution. - M., 1985. - P. 32).

1. Meanwhile, "everything spiritual and great ...".

3. Vl. Solovyov, defining the dignity of the individual, writes that "no man ...".

1. Market economy / Textbook in 3 volumes. T. 1. The theory of market economy. Part 2. - M.: SOMINTEK, 1992. - S. 217-220.

2. Bushmarin I. Will there be a labor market in Russia? // Problems of theory and practice of management. - 1992. - No. 3. - S. 63-68.

4. Rokor M. Work with soul. - M.: International relations, 1990. - 36 p.

BUSINESS PAPER: LANGUAGE DESIGN AND EDITING

SOME FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS

PAPER AND DOCUMENTS

1. Read the sentences and determine their functional and stylistic affiliation (see reference 1). Look at the underlined words and describe them.

1. The Lessee undertakes to bear full responsibility for all losses that he may cause to the Lessor as a result of using the land for other than its intended purpose in accordance with this agreement or as a result of his incompetent actions. 2. For non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the terms of this agreement, the parties shall be liable in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. 3. If the founder decides on the reorganization or liquidation of the enterprise (except for cases when the enterprise is declared bankrupt), the labor collective of the enterprise has the right to demand that the enterprise be leased or transformed into another organizational and legal form. 4. On the basis of the foregoing, we, the founders of the joint-stock company, assume obligations for the organization and registration of the joint-stock company. 5. The company is a legal entity, has separate property, has basic and working capital, an independent balance sheet, settlement and other accounts in banking institutions, may acquire property and personal non-property rights on its own behalf, be a plaintiff and defendant in court, arbitration and arbitration court.

2*. Read these words and phrases. Indicate those of them that are characterized by the coloring of the official business style.

3*. In the given sentences, find the words that name people. Describe these words from a stylistic point of view (see reference 1, item 3). Give your own examples.

1. Guardianship and guardianship are established at the place of residence of the person subject to guardianship or guardianship, or at the place of residence of the guardian (custodian). 2. A witness may be interrogated about the facts relating to the given case, as well as about the identity of the accused or the victim. 3. Representatives of the customer, general contractor, general designer, and sanitary inspection bodies shall be included in the composition of state acceptance commissions for the acceptance into operation of production facilities. 4. In response to the claim, the defendant agreed to reimburse us for the costs of labor to correct the marriage. 5. The supplier assumes the responsibility for preventive maintenance, as well as for the current repair of gas equipment owned by customers. 6. The free balance of funds on the account, on the basis of the client's application, can be transferred to a deposit at his request, with subsequent payment of the interest established by the supplementary agreement.

4*. In the above sentences, find verbal nouns that are characteristic of the official business style of speech (see reference 1, paragraph 4). Explain how the predicate is expressed in impersonal sentences.

5*. Read the sentences and determine their functional and stylistic affiliation. Describe the prepositions and conjunctions used in them (see reference 1, paragraph 5).

1. A comrades' court shall terminate the case upon reconciliation of the parties to the dispute. 2. The guys play together again because they made up. 3. Seasonal work is recognized as work that, due to natural and climatic conditions, is not performed all year round, but during a certain period. 4. We couldn't go outside because of the pouring rain. 5. In accordance with the current legislation, the authors of inventions may be awarded honorary titles. 6. He was given a big bonus because he made a new machine. 7. In order to prepare young men for military service, special sections are organized in schools. 8. He began to play sports intensively in order to prepare for the army. 9. The ability of a citizen to acquire civil rights and create civil obligations for himself by his actions arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen. 10. When she was eighteen years old, they got married.

6. Make sentences that are typical for the official business style, using the following denominative prepositions:

For the purposes of, in relation to, on the subject of, by virtue of, in part, in connection with, in accordance with, along the line, during, in order to avoid, on the basis of, on account of, in order.

7*. Form stable phrases that have the color of an official business style by adding the appropriate adjectives to the first group of nouns, and the necessary verbs to the second group of nouns. Make sentences with the word combinations you have received.

1. Sentence, term, person, children, responsibility, actions, defense, powers, circumstances, crime, punishment, complaint, allowance, authorities, order, consideration.

2. Order, control, official salaries, reprimand, censure, mistake, assistance, order, fulfillment, imperfections, discipline, meeting, restructuring, duties, examination, measures.

8*. In the given sentences, find stable verb-nominal combinations characteristic of the official business style. Where possible, replace them with verbs.

1. The plant is completing the development of a new tractor model. 2. The team of the enterprise has committed to doubling the output in a year. 3. Particular attention at the factory is paid to the need to master new equipment as soon as possible. 4. Workers of the plant express full confidence that they will be able to achieve timely fulfillment of the order. 5. To turn on the alarm, turn the lever. 6. During the reporting period, a survey of the plant's activities was carried out.

9. Find in these sentences a consistent "stringing" of cases. Explain what caused this linguistic phenomenon (see reference 1, item 8). Transform these sentences for oral expression.

1. We send an act of checking the cause of the leakage of the floors of the shower rooms of the change houses of the procurement workshop of the plant in order to take specific measures to eliminate defects and put the buildings into operation. 2. To fulfill the requirement to eliminate the backlog in the production of parts, specific measures are planned. 3. We must raise the issue of educating the population in the matter of improving attitudes towards carrying out activities to plant greenery in the city. 4. The fact that the tenant evaded paying the rent is confirmed by the decision of the arbitration court of the N-region.

10. Read sentences taken from various documents. Try to explain why the active voice is used in some cases, and the passive voice in others. Give similar examples (see reference 1, item 10).

eleven*. Answer the questions so that your answer is a fragment from some official document: announcements, instructions, references.

1. Do the ateliers make coats from their material?

2. Is it possible to do business in the subway?

3. Will a notary certify a copy of the document if I do not have my passport with me?

4. Is it possible to ride in buses and trolleybuses in overalls?

5. Can I change my ID if I don't have a new photo?

12*. Read sentences taken from colloquial speech. Find clericalisms in them and replace them with other words that correspond to the conversational style of speech (see help 3).

1. I bought a board game for my son. 2. The clockwork monkey is out of order. 3. A famous poet lives in the same house with me. 4. At the moment I am preparing for the exams. 5. My girlfriend got a living space. 6. My wife and I never clash. 7. I am not aware of these details. 8. This area has disgusting climatic conditions. 9. There are so many mushrooms and berries in our green area.

13. Read the comic text from the Literary Gazette. Find office supplies. Try to paraphrase this text using neutral or colloquial vocabulary (see Help 3).

Damage to good mood

After some time, she began to loudly raise the question of the inadmissibility of my non-participation in the events named by her. To this, a categorical statement was made on my part about the unwillingness to hear claims on this issue in view of the exercise by me at the moment, after the end of the working day, of my legal right to a well-deserved rest.

However, my wife did not draw the appropriate conclusions from my words and did not stop her irresponsible statements, in which, in particular, she reflected such a moment as my lack of a number of positive qualities, such as: conscience, decency, shame, etc., and how during its
performance, and after it was engaged in assigning me the names of various animals that are in the personal use of workers and collective farmers.

After giving mutual assurances on the non-recurrence of such phenomena, we began to eat dinner, which already had a lower temperature as a result of cooling and lost its taste.

This is how we sometimes still allow damage to a good mood, as well as appetite.

EDITING AND ELIMINATION OF TYPICAL ERRORS IN THE LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS PAPERS

14. Read Help 4 and answer the following questions.

1 How are office documents edited?

2. What do these correction marks mean:

15*. Read sentences taken from business papers. Find lexical errors, determine the nature and correct them (see help 5).

1. Citizen Sidorova N.F. filed for divorce. 2. Disputes often reached direct insults in a lie. 3. Write your initials in full. 4. The effectiveness of the savings regime largely depends on how limited financial costs are. 5. On the territory entrusted to you, it is also necessary to build a bathhouse for the inhabitants of the village. 6. We inform you of our details: Moscow, 123298, st. People's Militia. 7. By this letter we inform you that we are attaching the above-named document to the case.

16*. Read language turns taken from business correspondence. Suggest a shorter record of these turnovers without losing information.

Absolutely new document; collected materials, ongoing incidents; cooperate with you; each individually believes that ...; the application attached to this; exactly matching data; repeat your offer again; still remains unresolved; i pro^y

17. Replace archaic words and phrases found in business papers with modern ones. In case of difficulty, refer to Help 5, item 3.

Which; the above named; on the subject; at this; please do not refuse; department assigned to you; in this letter; this attitude; we hereby certify that; we notify you.

18*. Read sentences taken from business papers. Find words that distort the meaning of the phrase. Determine the nature of the errors and correct them.

1. We'll have to calculate all the data again. 2. It remains to confirm this at the meeting. 3. He refused me under a favorable pretext. 4. The verdict of the court was proclaimed. 5. This was achieved by the most objectionable means. 6. He gave me mutually ... rubles. 7. An unbearable situation arose at the plant.

19*. Read sentences taken from various documents. Find errors related to lexical word combinations and correct them.

1. I had to familiarize myself with the conclusions of the commission held a year ago. 2. This problem is getting worse every day. 3. This is the main place of the experienced moment. 4. He tried to put his ideas into practice. 5. The plant team has committed to accelerate the release of the new model.

20*. Read the sentences and find the mistakes in them. Explain the nature of the mistakes made and correct them (see reference 6).

1. We considered the issue according to the received application. 2. The head of the department of sociology took part in the discussion. 3. A number of project proposals are not supported by calculations. 4. In 19 ... twenty-one specialists were hired by the enterprise. 5. Young specialists of the 19th grade are assigned to work in our enterprise. 6. In connection with the preliminary agreement, we send you the necessary documents. 7. We acknowledge that the machine design is unsuccessful. 8. The Institute applies for a permanent residence permit in Moscow for employee Petlak A.I. 9. Having taken this equipment from the warehouse without permission, he got into trouble with his superiors. 10. Wages were not paid to five hundred and forty-two workers. 11. Workers who allowed the marriage were reprimanded.

21. Fill out the introductory part of the application: from whom and to whom it is addressed. In case of difficulty in writing the endings of surnames, see reference 6, paragraph 2.

1. Who is the application from?

(Konstantin Zhivago; Bulat Okudzhava; Nikolai Zherekh, Sergei Zhuk, Mikhail Fomenko; Evgeny Krysa; Petr Gorlo.)

2. To whom is the application addressed?

(Natalia Sedykh, Antonina Venda; Maria Mitskevich; Svetlana Karas; Anna Shevchenko; Elena Remeslo.)

22*. Find phrases in these sentences. Note cases of non-normative or erroneous use of phraseological units. Explain the nature of the mistakes made (see reference 7).

1. Social insurance in the region is currently below any criticism. 2. The Commission notes that the situation in construction is fraught with and requires immediate intervention from higher authorities. 3. The ability to look facts straight in the eye comes with experience, with self-confidence. 4. The foreman has long given up on those annoying problems that were discussed at the meeting. 5. The master repeatedly assured the assembly that he would do everything to the best of his ability, but the orders remained the same. 6. Each violator must firmly grasp that even the slightest deviation from the charter and the law will not come down to him. 7. Such a leader will label any saboteur. 8. He had to swallow this bitter pill.

23. Write down abbreviated some of the words from these combinations. Check the correctness of your abbreviations in the Directory (see Help 8).

1. Vologda region; mailbox number 15; station "Lugovaya"; post office of Dmitrovsky district; Minsk city; Lake Baikal.

2. Candidate of pedagogical sciences; head of the laboratory; corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences; acting head of the center; chief mate.

3. Technical task; Special Order; state standard.

4. See page 710; this year's document; etc; the like; in the 1996-1997 reporting year.

5. Industrial Construction Bank; Research Institute of Steel; Russian Academy of Public Administration.

24*. Note the cases of erroneous use of abbreviated spellings.

1. Karach fur. Zd asks to allocate additional funds for the metal according to the following list. 2. Moscow region, mountains. Shchelkovo, Lesnoy pr., 7. Maslovu N.N. 3. Civil. Petrov to pay someone within two days. 4. Release T. Ivantsova from her post. 5. Protocol tech. owls. at the deputy dir-ra for-yes "Red Pr-th". 6. The team took the obligation. for 1994-5^ and did not fulfill them. 7. Instruct Ch. engineer-at in-ta Kozlov to continue the slave. shop design.

25. Explain the spelling of the names of the following organizations and institutions. Align your explanation with the reference 9.

1. Prosecutor's office Russian Federation; World Peace Council; Security Council. 2. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; Government of the Russian Federation; Association of peasant farms and cooperatives.

3. Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen; Actor's house; Lviv bus plant.

4. State Academic Bolshoi Theatre; Palace of Culture Metrostroy; Drama and Comedy Theater on Taganka.

26*. Read the sentences, find in them a violation of administrative speech etiquette. Explain the nature of the mistakes made. Edit the sentences (see help 10).

1. Do not refuse us the courtesy and send, if it does not complicate you, the draft Charter of the company. 2. The Institute asks you to submit your exhibits for the exhibition in a form acceptable for exhibiting. 3. We send you a revised version of the draft new regulation. Please review and approve. 4. I appeal to you with a convincing request to send urgently necessary documentation. 5. We would like you to tell us the results of the experiment.

SERVICE DOCUMENTS: TYPOLOGY, SAMPLES,

LANGUAGE DESIGN

27. Read Help 11 and answer the following questions:

1. What is the meaning of the word document?

2. What explains the emergence of the concept of an official document?

3. What types of service documents do you know?

4. What is the text form of service documents?

28. Write statements using the form and language clichés provided in Help 12:

a) with a request to allow you academic leave;

b) with a request to hire you;

c) with a request to send you material for a dissertation.

29. Write a power of attorney using reference material 12 and using the words of an official business style: the giver, this ^ certifies, the amount due, after the expiration, etc.

To the director of motor depot No. 2 from Nikiforov JI.H.

Statement

Comrade dir

Edit the sentences, eliminating the use of case forms that are not justified by the context and make it difficult to understand. Stringing cases The speech was greeted by noisy deputies

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