International technology exchange as a form of international economic relations. International Scientific and Technological Exchange 6 International Technological Exchange Form Form Feature
1. Unconventional service as a NTP product.
2. Technological exchange:
a) Licensed trade. Types of licenses;
b) technological exchange forms
3. Independent services in international trade.
4. Leasing in foreign trade relations.
1. What services arise with NTP?
2. What is a patent, license, copywriting, trademark?
3. What types of licenses exist?
4. What channels is technological exchange?
5. What is a licensing agreement?
6. Name the stage of license agreements as prices fall.
7. What are the features of pricing in the market of license agreements?
8. What types of license price reimbursement (license payments) do you know?
9. What is engineering? What groups are engineering services share?
10. What is leasing? Give the leasing scheme.
11. Give the concept of operlizing, financial, direct, indirect, export and import lease, rating, Hyringa.
12. What are the proportion of a group of countries in the leasing market?
13. Why is the technology of a decisive factor in the competitive advantages of countries in international trade?
14. Describe the technological cycle of the life of goods in international trade.
The topic of practical classes number 12.
Pricing in international trade
1) The concept of the world price. Price levels.
2) Types of world prices.
3) varieties of discounts on world prices.
4) Basic prices. Basic delivery conditions.
5) Contract prices and their types.
Tasks and questions for discussion.
1. What is understood by the plurality of prices?
2. What are the levels of world prices?
3. What are the conditions under which trading transaction prices meet the world?
4. What is the published price, the price of the seller, the price of the buyer?
5. What are the prices refer to published?
6. What does the size of the discount from the published price depend?
7. List the types of discounts from published prices?
8. In what cases is the estimated prices apply?
9. What is the basic price, the basic delivery conditions?
10. What are the valid basis for delivery? In what cases are certain basis conditions apply?
11. What are the varieties of contract prices in terms of their fixation?
12. What parts is the sliding price, the power price?
Laboratory classes are not provided
Topic 1. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to learn the concept of an open economy and economic security, structure and modern trends in international trade.
Topic 2. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to assimilate the classic, new and the latest theories of international trade, to understand the mechanism of education of the world market based on the equilibrium model.
Topic 3. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to know the differences in the concepts of the global market, world economy, international trade, be able to identify the commodity and geographical structure of international trade, know the classification of countries.
Topic 4. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to assign the goals, objectives and principles of foreign trade policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to be able to identify the commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to know the competitive and non-competitive advantages of foreign trade of Kazakhstan.
Topic 5. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to explore the problems (pros and cons) of the entry of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the WTO.
For each abstract, a speaker is appointed and two opponents, which should make additions or to enter into a discussion with the main speaker. This participation has a mandatory assessment.
Theme 6. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to learn the varieties of customs duties, be able to build graphs of imported and export tariffs. When solving the tasks, use knowledge of microeconomics on the topic "Fundamentals for the analysis of supply and demand".
Topic 7. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to know the classification of non-tariff methods, be able to use these methods for specific cases, assimilate the tools for measuring non-tariff methods. When building charts, use the knowledge of microeconomics on the topic "Fundamentals for the analysis of supply and demand".
Theme 8. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to learn how to use a variety of customs regimes for specific cases when exporting and importing goods, consider invading customs duties, be able to portray the flow charts of goods at various customs regimes.
Theme 9. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to distinguish between the forms and methods of international trade, the reasons for the dissemination of the oncoming trade, study the diverse types of trading intermediaries.
For each abstract, a speaker is appointed and two opponents, which should make additions or to enter into a discussion with the main speaker. This participation has a mandatory assessment.
Topic 10. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to distinguish between traditional and non-traditional services, explore the composition of the global service market, the places of the Republic of Kazakhstan in this market, as well as what instruments of trading policies should be used to limit the access of foreign manufacturers of services to the domestic market.
Theme 11. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is the study of non-traditional services as a NTP product, the places of RK in the market of non-traditional services, features of pricing in the market of the license agreement.
For each abstract, a speaker is appointed and two opponents, which should make additions or to enter into a discussion with the main speaker. This participation has a mandatory assessment.
Topic 12. Methodical instructions: The main goal of the topic is to study the views of world prices, deal with the varieties of discounts of world prices, to know, in what cases the calculation prices are used, certain base conditions of delivery, which are varieties of contract prices.
11 Plans for classes within the framework of independent work of students under the guidance of the teacher
Topic of the SRSP number 1. Introduction to the course
"International Trade and World Prices"
Tasks:
1) Calculation of export, import, foreign trade quota of individual countries, groups of countries. Registration of calculations in the form of a table. Justify the degree of openness of individual countries. Determination of the place of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the openness of the economy.
2) to analyze the commodity structure of international trade for the period from 1940 to 2008 to draw conclusions.
3) to analyze the geographical structure of international trade for the period from 1940 to 2008 to draw conclusions.
Form of: Work with statistical collections.
The study and understanding of the educational material must be accompanied by the understanding of the content of categories (law, subject, object) and the mandatory consolidation of the material form of specific examples.
Theme of the SRSP number 2.
"Theory of International Trade and its Development in the Modern Epoch"
Theme of abstracts:
1. "Dutch disease": causes, consequences, possible outputs.
2. The Theory of Competition M. Porter and the possibility of its use in Kazakhstan.
3. The theory of the effect of scale.
4. The theory of technological rupture.
5. Theory of the "catching cycle of the product" or "flying flock of geese".
6. Theory of intra-industry trade.
7. Theory and reconciliation of production factors.
8. The theory of similarity preferences.
Form of: Writing an abstract on the topic, performances in a practical lesson. Oponing.
For each abstract, a speaker is appointed and two opponents, which should make additions or to enter into a discussion with the main speaker. This participation has a mandatory assessment.
Theme of the SRSP number 3.
"Structure and Dynamics of International Trade"
The task:
1) consideration of the dynamics of global industrial production and world trade in 1980-2000 (annual changes), as a percentage, in billion dollars.
2) calculation of the specific gravity of individual groups of states in world exports and imports in 1980-2000 in percent.
3) consideration of the growth rate of exports and imports by groups of countries 1980-2000. (annual changes in physical volume), as a percentage.
4) Defining the commodity structure of world exports on individual groups of goods for 1950-2004, as a percentage.
Theme of abstracts:
1. Commercial and geographical structure of foreign trade in one of the IRS.
2. Commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade in one of the developing countries.
3. Commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade in one of the countries with economies in transition.
4. The role and EU place in international trade.
5. Nafta and its importance in international trade.
6. NIS and their role in international trade and regional commodity exchange.
7. EU and US International Trade.
Form of: Work with its statistical collections and writing abstracts.
Know the differences in the concepts of the global market, world economy, international trade, be able to identify the commodity and geographical structure of international trade, know the classification of countries.
The study and understanding of the educational material must be accompanied by the understanding of the content of categories and the mandatory consolidation of the material form of specific examples.
Theme of the SRSP number 4.
"Foreign trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
1) the topic of abstracts:
1. Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian Federation: bilateral trade.
2. Mutual trade of RK and China.
3. Republic of Kazakhstan and the Eurasian Union: Mutual Trade.
4. RC participation in regional unions.
2) Presentation of the topic: Problems and prospects for the integration of the Republic of Kazakhstan into the International Trade System.
3) to analyze the commodity structure of the exhibition and import of RK for 1991 - 2004.
4) analyze the geographical structure of exports and imports of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 1991-2004.
Form of: Writing abstracts, presentation themes, work with statistical materials.
Methodical recommendations for implementation:Assimate the goals, objectives and principles of foreign trade policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, be able to identify the commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to know the competitive and non-competitive advantages of foreign trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Theme of the SRSP number 5..
Product Life Cycle Model International Trade.
Theory of influence technology on international trade.
International technology exchange
Topic 7.
In most cases, the technology performs one of the developed factors of production that have a greater ability to international mobility compared to the main. The development of technology is based on technical progress.
Among the numerous theories of the influence of technology on international trade are allocated:
· Technical progress model;
· Technological rupture model;
Model of technical progress (John Hicks, 1904-1989): Technical progress is divided into neutral, labor-saving and capitalization. With neutral technical progress, the amount of labor and capital in the calculation on the production of a unit of goods is reduced. With labor-saving technical progress, the capital replaces labor. Capitalizer progress increases productivity.
Almost all theories that view technology as a factor of production are explained by differences in the provision of international trade in goods produced on its basis. Many theories explain how the change in technology affects international trade. One of them - technological rupture model (Michael Pozner, 1961). In accordance with this model, the development of new technology gives countries a temporary monopoly in production and exporting goods based on it.
The model of the life cycle of goods in international trade proceeds from the fact that some countries specialize in the production and export of technologically new products, while others are on the production of already well-known goods. In accordance with the theory, the product passes five stages of life in international trade:
stage 1 - Stage of the New Product;
stage 2 - Product Growth Stage;
stage 3 - Stage of Maturity of the Goods;
stage 4 - stage of falling production of goods;
stage 5 - stage of termination of the internal production of goods.
The development of international technological exchange is due to significant differences in the technical level of individual countries. On the other hand, knowledge and technique in backward countries should develop in the direction in which they are developing in advanced countries, since world economy as a technical and economic category is based on machinery, regardless of the level of development of a national economy. Thus, even if a car model of a country or another, technical thought is still developing in the same direction as in more developed countries.
However, more often, technically backward countries develop as a result of obtaining new knowledge and technologies from the outside. High rates of scientific and technological progress in the second half of the twentieth century. led to the fact that over the past decades for international trade, the involvement in the trade turnover of a special product - scientific and technical achievements, i.e. An active technological exchange occurs. The concept of international technological exchange, as a rule, is interpreted by two: in a broad sense, under it, it means that any scientific and technical knowledge and the exchange of production experience between countries, and in the narrow - the transfer of scientific and technical knowledge and experience relating to the reproduction of specific technological processes.
Technology- Complex of scientific and technical knowledge, including three groups of technologies: product technology, process technology and management technology.
International technology transfer is an interstate movement of scientific and technical knowledge on a commercial and non-commercial basis.
The technology is one of the developed factors of production that have great international mobility.
Stages of technology transfer:
1. Selection and purchase of technology.
2. Mastering and adaptation.
3. Use and improvement.
Technology transmission channels:
1. Foreign expense.
2. intramed.
3. Interfirm.
In international technological exchange, all four spheres of human activity are widely involved: science, technology, production and management.
In most countries, new technology is protected by legal instruments: patents, licenses, copywrites, trademark.
Patent - Certificate issued by the competent government authority to the inventor and certifying its monopoly right to use this invention.
License - Permission issued by the owner of technology (licensor), protected or not protected by a patent, stakeholder (license) to use this technology for a certain time and for a specific fee.
Copywrites (reproduction right) - the exclusive right of the author of the literary, audio or video performance to show and reproduce its work.
Trademark - A symbol of a certain organization that is used to individualize the product manufacturer and which cannot be used by other organizations without official permission.
Technologies are transferred both commercial and non-commercially. Technological exchange in a broad sense is carried out, as a rule, in non-commercial forms:
Scientific and technical publications;
Exhibitions, fairs, symposia;
Exchange of delegations and meetings of scientists and engineers;
Migration of specialists;
Training of students and graduate students;
Activities of international organizations on cooperation in the field of science and technology, etc.
Technological exchange in a narrow value is carried out, as a rule, in commercial forms:
Transmission on the terms of license agreements of the rights of use of inventions (patents, know-how, registered trademarks, industrial samples), technical documentation;
Supply of machines and various industrial equipment;
Technical assistance;
Engineering services;
Export of complete equipment;
Preparation and internship of specialists;
Management contracts;
Scientific and technical and industrial cooperation, etc.
Transmission of technology in commercial forms implies that technology is a specific product. The buyer of the new technology receives at its disposal scientific and technical developments and / or created production and technological processes. The use of such developments and processes as elements of productive capital allows you to produce commodity products with increased competitiveness and receive additional profits for a more or less long period due to its uniqueness or smaller production costs per unit of finished products.
Increased competitiveness of products produced using the new technology is in reverse dependence on the scope of the distribution (availability) of this technology. Additional income disappears, as soon as technical improvements become the property of most enterprises in this industry or even more advanced technology appears. The higher the degree of monopolization of scientific and technical knowledge and production and management experience, the stronger the position of the owner of the technology in the commodity market. Thus, it is quite clear to the desire of countries and individual firms that have achieved a high technical level, to preserve their monopoly on new technologies.
At the same time, the technology as a product is usually a very high cost, determined by high R & D costs and their implementation. The transfer of this cost to the final products is gradually, after the huge costs are already produced. The owners of the new technology are interested in compensation for incurred costs, which can be achieved either when expanding its own release of goods on its basis, or when selling this technology, until it is not obsolete. All this pushes the owner of the new technology to its possible use, both in its production and by selling other producers of similar goods.
Technologies are transferred to two main groups of buyers:
Foreign branches or subsidiaries of TNK;
Independent firms.
New technologies are mainly provided by TNK to their branches or subsidiaries. So, for example, in the 90s. This group of buyers accounted for about 4/5 from the amount of sales of American TNC technology. This is due to the fact that as a result of the transfer of technology to branches:
To a large extent, the contradiction between the need to extend the new technology in order to obtain maximum profits and arising in connection with this threat of loss of monopoly ownership of scientific and technical achievements:
Specific costs for R & D are reduced and at the same time excluded leaks of secret information beyond the TNC;
The profit of parent companies increases, since in many countries, payments for the new technology obtained are exempt from taxation.
Country host countries are often limited in various forms of imports of goods, and sometimes foreign direct investment. The sale of the technology is given the opportunity to penetrate another country to penetrate the closed market, since, following the technology in the host country, goods and services are coming
Sale of technology to independent companies means the loss of monopoly right to use it. In addition, the buyer of technology with significant scientific and technical potential may subsequently become a serious competitor. Selling technologies to independent companies, sellers seek to get a share in share capital, combine the transfer of technology with the supply of their equipment, as well as compensate for the loss of technological monopoly by obtaining maximum income from the sale. Most often, independent firms are sold by technologies of those industries in which the low share of expenses for R & D (metallurgy, metalworking, textile and clothing industry, etc.) in these sectors of the monopoly on technical improvement can not be held for a long time, since innovations are easily reproducible. The owner of the new technology, without waiting for improvements to be copied by foreign competitors, forces its sale not only under control of companies, but also independent firms.
All forms of technological exchange exist in themselves, but are due to the content of technology and reflect the dialectical process of its origin, flourishing, aging and replacing it new. The stages of the life cycle of technology correspond to its following types:
The 1st stage is unique;
The 2nd stage is progressive;
3 and stage - traditional;
The 4th stage is obsolete morally.
TO unique Technologies include inventions and other scientific and technical developments protected by patents, which makes it impossible to use their use by competing organizations. These technologies have the novelty, the highest technical level can be used in production on exceptional monopoly. Such technologies are created as a result of R & D and the inventive activities of specialists. When determining the price of unique technology on the market, its ability to create maximum additional profit to its buyer is taken into account.
TO progressive technologies belong to the development with the novelty and feasibility of economic advantages compared with the analogue technologies used by potential buyers of new technology and their competitors. Unlike unique technology with absolute superiority over any technology in the relevant industry, the advantages of progressive technology are relative. The progressiveness of this or that technology can manifest itself within the boundaries of individual countries, various firms, in different conditions of its use. These technologies are not protected by patents and do not have pronounced know-how, but rather high production advantages provided by such technologies guarantee their buyers receiving additional profits. Progressive technologies can be created as a result of not only scientific and technical and inventive activities of scientists and engineers, but also the "evolution" of unique innovations, gradually losing their novelty.
Unique and progressive technologies can bring their customers to additional profits, so they are sold at prices exceeding the average price level on the analogues in the relevant industry.
Traditional (Normal) Technology is a development reflecting the average production level made by most manufacturers of products in this industry. Such technology does not provide it to the buyer of significant technical and economic advantages and product quality compared to similar products of leading manufacturers, and rely on additional (over average) profits in this case are not necessary. Its advantages for the buyer are relatively low cost and the possibility of acquiring technology proven in production conditions. Traditional technology is created, as a rule, as a result of obsolescence and large-scale proliferation of progressive technology. Sale of such technology is usually carried out at prices that compensate for the seller of costs for its preparation and receiving average profits.
Moral outdated The technology refers to the development that does not ensure the production of average quality products and with feasibility of economic indicators that most producers of similar products reach. The use of such developments enshrines the technological backwardness of its owners.
One of the most common ways to transfer technology is licensed trade.
Basic questions for studying
6.1. The essence of international scientific and technological exchange and its form.
6.2. Main forms and channels of technology transfer.
6.3. Types and features of trade in engineering services.
The essence of international scientific and technological exchange and its form
The new stage of the HTR, which began in the 50s. XX century, provided a coup in the structure of international division of labor and led to the emergence of a new form of international economic relations - international scientific and technological exchange.
International Scientific and Technological Exchange - This is a combination of economic relations between foreign counterparties about the use of the results of scientific and technical activities that have scientific and practical value.
The process of international technology transfer includes:
a) selection and acquisition of technology;
b) adaptation and development of the acquired technology;
c) development of local abilities to improve technology, taking into account the needs of the national economy.
International Legal Interpretation of the concept of "Technology": - a set of design solutions, methods and processes of production of goods and services;
Materialized or extractable technology, for example, in the form of equipment, machines, etc.
Stages of development International Technological Exchange:
1) the use of new technologies only in own enterprises and sale of new products on the market (to the industrial coup XVIII century);
2) the use of new technologies not only in its own enterprises, but also selling them to other manufacturers in the context of the complications of a financial, manufacturing and market situation (XVIII-XIX centuries);
3) International technology exchange increases to volumes that allowed it to allocate it in a separate form of international economic relations, the emergence of the global technology market (middle of the XX century).
The reasons, Improving the rapid development of international technology exchange:
1) At the country level, this is the uneven development of various countries of the world in the scientific and technical sphere, which is primarily connected with the insufficient amount of R & D spending in most countries and with the difference in the objectives of their application:
For developed countries, the acquisition of technology contributes to the modernization of the production apparatus in various industries;
For developing countries, it is a means of overcoming technological retardation and the creation of its own industry-oriented in the satisfaction of domestic needs;
2) at the level of the organization (firm) the acquisition of technology contributes to:
Solving specific economic and scientific and technical problems;
Overcoming the limitations of the scientific and technical base of a separate enterprise, lack of production capacity and other resources;
Obtaining new strategic development opportunities. Economic feasibility of technology exports Determined by the fact that:
1) Sale of technology is a source of income;
2) transmission of technologies abroad - a form of struggle for the commodity market;
3) this is a way to circumvent the problems of export of the relevant product;
4) this is a way to establish control over a foreign firm through such terms of the license agreement, as the volume of production, participation in the profit and the like;
5) the provision of technology is a way to ensure access to another innovation for "cross-licensing";
6) This is the possibility of more efficient improvement of a license facility with the buyer's participation.
Economic feasibility of imports of technology Determined by the fact that imports of technology is:
1) access to the innovations of a high technical level;
2) means of saving costs for R & D;
3) means of reducing currency expenses for commodity imports and ensuring the use of national capital and labor;
4) the condition for expanding the export of products produced using import technologies;
5) A guarantee of the development of the product or process using a seller, which provides, as a rule, technical adaptation of innovation.
Subjects of the global technology market are:
States;
Universities;
Individuals (scientists and specialists). The objects of the global technology market are:
Results of intellectual activity in an extractive form (aggregates, equipment, tools, technological lines, etc.);
The results of intellectual activity in unuditutional form (technical documentation, knowledge, experience, etc.).
Segments of the global technology market:
1. Patent and license market.
2. The market of scientific and technologicalistics of products.
3. The high-tech capital market.
4. The market of scientific and technicians.
Developed countries are played in the global technology market: United Kingdom, Germany, USA, France and Japan, who control more than 60% of this market. However, the US and the European Union for the share of R & D expenses in GDP occupy only 7 and 11 lines in the planetary ranking, respectively, it is unlikely to ensure the preservation of their current positions in the global technology market in the future.
Fig. 6.1.
Features of modern international technology exchange:
1. The global technology market contributes to the intellectualization of the international economy as a whole.
2. The main subjects of the technology market at the international level are TNCs that ensure the sharing of R & D results by the mother and subsidiaries.
3. The most tnk focus on studies in their hands, which contributes to the monopolization of the international technology market.
4. The strategy of TNC behavior in the global technology market for independent subjects (countries and companies) is determined by the life cycle technology:
I Stage - preference is given to the sale of finished products, in which new ideas are being implemented;
Stage II - technological exchange is accompanied or implemented in the form of foreign direct investment (PP);
III Stage - Pure Licensing, that is, the acquisition of ownership of technology, its use.
5. A leading role is played by intramed international technology exchange (Fig. 6.2).
6. The technological gap exists between various groups of countries, causes a multi-stage structure of the global technology market:
(a) High technologies (unique and progressive) are objects of exchange between developed countries;
Fig. 6.2.
b) Low (morally obsolete) and medium (traditional) technology developed countries are new to developing countries and countries with economies.
The global economic crisis 2007-2010. The problems of monoorentation of developing countries and countries with economies have highlighted. The economic growth of previous years, in many, was due to the export of low-tech products, the demand for which is inelastic for the price. So, a slight reduction in demand for the products of mining and metallurgical, oil-producing, agricultural, chemical industries led to a significant drop in prices for it, a tangible reduction in export revenue and a deep crisis of national economies. The urgent becomes the need for the forced development of high-tech industries, the formation of its own corporations focused on the release of high-tech products of finite demand. The structural restructuring of national economies can only be ensured by implementing a complex of state support measures to create their own high technologies and their imports.
The regulatory framework for the functioning of international technologies is provided:
International Code of Technology Conduct;
WTO Agreement on Aspects of Intellectual Property;
Committee on the Transmission of the UN Conference Technology on Trade and Development;
World Intellectual Property Organization;
Coordination Committee for Export Control;
Meeting of security and technology specialists.
Plan.
1. "Technology" as an object of international trade.
2. Channels and technology transfer form.
International license agreements.
Terms and concepts.
International technology exchange, commercialization of ideas, know-how, embodied technology, patent, leasing, engineering, consulting, technical piracy.
Summary.
In the international economy, the concept "technology" It is interpreted as a set of scientific and technical knowledge that can be used in the production of goods and services.
The concept of "technology" includes:
1. Actually technology understood as a set of design solutions, methods and processes of production of goods and services.
2. Material technology, embodied in machines, equipment, etc.
According to UNCTAD experts, transactions based on "agreements between the parties regardless of their legal form, which pursue the license or one of their legal objectives, and the transfer of its rights to industrial ownership, or any other type of transmission, sales or any other type of transmission, technical services. "
Not every technology becomes a commodity. The technology becomes a product that can be sold only under certain conditions - if it approaches the product at a certain stage of the "Idea - Market" movement, namely, when the real opportunity to commercialize the idea, examination was carried out, identified Possible areas of use. But even in this case, the product-technology must have a commodity form, i.e. Satisfy the standard requirements for the product. In this form, the technology as a product may have the type of patents, production experience, know-how, experienced or industrial designs of equipment, equipment, other equipment, as well as technology in a narrow understanding - as methods of producing technological processes and secrets.
By purchasing a freight form, the technology becomes the subject of the transmission. The product-product passes a certain life cycle from the moment of appearance before disappearance.
The economic feasibility of exporting technology is that it is:
1. Means for increasing income. If there are no conditions for the implementation of new technology in the form of production and sale of a particular product, should at least implement the technology as an independent product.
2. Form of the fight for the commodity market. Buyers abroad will be already familiar with the goods, which was previously produced under license.
3. Ways to get around the problems of exporting goods in material form, (transportation, sales, custom barriers).
4. Foreign export extension means.
5. A method for establishing control over a foreign company.
6. The way to ensure access to another innovation.
7. The possibility of more efficient improvement of license objects.
The economic feasibility of importing technologies is that it is:
1. Access to the innovations of a high technical level.
2. A means of saving costs for R & D, including in time.
3. A means of reducing expenditures for commodity imports.
4. The condition for expanding the export of products manufactured by foreign technologies.
This has determined the emergence and intensive development of the global technology market that has a peculiar structure and features.
The heterogeneity of the global technology market led to the formation of its segments such as:
Patent and license market;
Market of high technology technological products;
High-tech capital market;
Market of scientific and technicians;
The global technology market has a number of features. This is one of the most intensively developing world markets in recent decades. . World workers are better developed than national imamet two-level structure:
High technologies are treated mainly between industrialized countries;
Medium and low technologies can be new to the market for developing and transforming countries and the subject of technological exchange between them and within these groups of countries.
The global high-tech market is characterized by a uniquely high concentration of resources in a small number of developed states.
40% belongs to the United States, 30% - Japan, 13% - Germany. The main competitors in the global high-tech market are the United States and Japan. The degree of monopolization of the global technology market is significantly higher than the global market of goods.
The following main ways to transfer technologies are distinguished:
1. Non-commercial basis:
Information arrays of special literature, computer banks of data, reference books, business games, etc.;
Conferences, symposia, seminars, clubs;
Foreign training, internship, practice of students, scientists and specialists carried out in the parity principles of universities, enterprises, organizations;
Cross-licensing;
Activities of international organizations on cooperation in the field of science and technology;
International migration of scientists and specialists, including "brain leakage".
2. On a commercial basis:
Sale of embodied technologies;
Direct foreign investment and their accompanying construction, reconstruction and modernization of enterprises, firms, industries;
Sale of patent and know-how licenses;
Joint R & D through the creation of joint teams, the work of specialists abroad;
Coordination and cooperation of R & D;
Technical assistance;
Export of complex equipment;
Engineering;
Consulting;
Portfolio investments, including the creation of joint ventures if they are accompanied by the flow of investment goods;
Scientific and technical and production cooperation.
In addition to the two main ways to transfer technology, there is still illegal design technology In the form of industrial espionage and technical piracy - mass production and sale of imitation products with shadow structures.
The result of international licensed exchange is the provision licenses- Permissions on the use of the invention, scientific and technical achievements, technical knowledge and production experience, secrets of production, commercial or other information necessary for the organization of production.
The license is a form of technology transfer. There are such forms of technology transfer as franchising - permission to use the famous brand name.
Leasing - A financial and commercial operation on providing one party to the other party to exclusive use for the established period of property for a certain remuneration based on the rental contract.
International Engineering - as a form of sharing scientific and technical knowledge. One side provides the other party a complex of engineering and technical services.
Non-refractal forms of technology transfer: corporate forms - buying or selling a company, creating a joint venture, an open sale of shares.
Contract methods of transferring technologies: agreements, licenses, franchising, engineering.
All forms of technological metabolism exist in themselves, but are due to the content of technology and reflect the dialectical process of its origin, heyday, aging and replacing its new, technological backwardness of its owners.
Almost all of the transmission of technology in the commercial sphere is issued or accompanied by license Agreement - A contract by which the licensor (seller, the patent or trademark owner, know-how) provides a license (buyer) permission or the right to use the subject of a license for a certain remuneration within a certain period.
The license agreement contains the following standard sections:
Preamble (information about the parties).
Definitions (description of concepts and terminology).