Calculation of the technical standards of time. General information about the organization of thread and technological processing processing Determination of time for maintenance in mechanical engineering
The development of the technological process is usually completed by setting technical standards for each operation. The technological operation of machine-building production is the main calculated element of the technological process. The processing time of the workpiece and the cost of performing the operation serve as a criterion characterizing the feasibility of its construction, taking into account the specified production program and certain organizational and technical conditions. The technical rate of time that determines the cost of time to perform the operation, serves as the basis for payment of the machine to the machine, calculation of the cost of the part and products. Based on technical norms of time, the duration of the production cycle, the required number of machines, tools, workers, is determined by the production area of \u200b\u200bsites and workshops. The norm of pieces is one of the main factors to assess the perfection of the technological process and the choice of the most progressive processing of the workpiece.
The technical rate is determined on the basis of calculating cutting regimens, taking into account the full use of the cutting properties of the tool and the production capacity of the equipment.
The norm of the main time (then) is the rate of time to achieve the immediate objective of this technological operation or transition to the quantitative and qualitative change in the object of labor.
The auxiliary time rate (TV) is the rate of time on the implementation of actions that create the ability to fulfill the main work, which is the goal of a technological operation or transition, and repeated with each product or through their number defined.
TV \u003d Town. + Topper. + Tism. + TDP.
The rate of operational time (top) is the rate of time of the technological operation, consisting of the sum of the norms of the main and auxiliary time.
Top \u003d TO + TV
The workplace service time (TBS) is a part of piece-time spent by the Contractor to maintain technological equipment in working condition and care for it and a workplace. The time of organizational service is determined as a percentage of operational time.
TBS \u003d% top
The norm of pieces is the number of time to perform the amount of work equal to the rationing unit.
TCT \u003d Top + TBS
The norms of the calculation time (TST.K.) consists of the norm of the preparatory - final time on the batch of products being processed and the norms of piece-time.
TST.K. \u003d TCT +.
The norm of preparatory - final time (T P-s) is the rate of time to prepare workers and means of production to perform the technological operation and bringing them to the initial state after its end.
Preparatory - Fully time when processing on CNC machines, it consists of the time of time for familiarization with the documents and the examination of the workpiece - 4 min;
On the master's instruction - 2 min; to install the working bodies of the machine or clamping device - 4 min.; to install the program - 2 min; Total for the reception complex - 12 min. Adopted a single rate for all CNC machines - 12 min.
Calculation on 005 Tokarno - Channel Operation
1. Determine the main time on the operation p. 66:
That \u003d ΣTM \u003d 0.15 + 0.27 + 0.04 + 0.035 + 0.025 + 0.01 + 0.025 + 0.14 + 0.08 + 0.75 + 0.07 + 0.098 + 0.15 + 0.134 + 0.04 + 0.025 + 0.01 \u003d 2,178
2. Determine the auxiliary time p. 66:
TV \u003d T + T + T + T × k \u003d 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.04 + 0.02 × 8 \u003d 0.4
3. Determine the operational time p. 66:
Top \u003d TO + TV \u003d 2,178 + 0.4 \u003d 2.578
4. Determine the time to maintain the workplace page 66:
TBS \u003d 10% top \u003d \u003d 0.25
5. We define the time of rest and personal need page 66:
Totd \u003d 4% top \u003d \u003d 0.103
6. Determine the piece time p. 66:
TCT \u003d TOP + TOTD + TBS \u003d 2.578 + 0.103 + 0.25 \u003d 2.931
7. Determine Preparatory - Final Time:
8. Determine piece - Calculation time p. 66:
TST.K. \u003d TCT + \u003d 2.931 + \u003d 2.943
The technical rate of time on the processing of the workpiece is one of the main parameters for calculating the cost of manufacturing the part, the number of production equipment, wages of workers and planning
production.
Rationing is the establishment of technically reasonable time standards.
Technical standard of time - the time required to perform the technological operation in certain organizational conditions of production.
The norm of pieces is the norm of performing one thing.
The main technological time is the time directly spent for each technological transition.
Auxiliary Time - Time to Install Details, Installation
Tools, measurements.
There are three rationing methods:
Metol of technical calculation according to standards;
Comparison metals and calculation of integrated standard standards;
Method of establishing rules based on the study of working time costs.
At the first method, the duration of the operation is set by calculated by analyzing the sequence and maintenance of the working and the machine.
In the second method, the time rate is determined approximately, according to integrated standard standards. It is used in single and small-sector industries.
With the third method, the time rate is set based on
timekeeping.
The most reasonable is the first method according to which the time rate, regardless of the type of machine and the processing method is determined
according to the formula:
T pieces \u003d t o + t in + t te + t org + t n,
where tc pieces for the execution of one operation, min;
T o - the main (technological) time, min, is determined;
T - auxiliary time, min;
T te \u003d 6% × t o - time of maintenance of the workplace, min;
T OGR \u003d 8% × T about - the time of organizational service of the worker
places, min;
T n \u003d 2.5% × T o - time breaks of work, min.
Under mass production, it is additionally calculated piecewise - the calculation time (T SK):
where - preparatory - final time, min;
- number of parts in the party, pcs.
Time norms are determined in such a sequence:
Ø for each transition calculate the main time t
Ø Determine the auxiliary time:
T VSA \u003d T counter + T set. + T Skr.Zag. .
where t counter - time to control the size of the part;
T caller. - time to install the tool;
T closer. - Time to secure the workpiece.
Ø Calculate the operational time:
T OP \u003d T O + T VSP;
Ø according to the standards, depending on the type of operations and equipment, the time is set to maintain the workplace, rest and personal need - T OGRN and T P (% of the main time);
Ø determine the norm of piece-time T pc;
Ø For mass production, the composition is preparing - the final time. After which it is calculated piece - the calculation time T SK. .
The required data for calculating is indicated in.
After finding the rules of time, the data obtained are entered.
in a table.
Table 7 - Time norms for mechanical processing, min.
| T O. | T B. | T Shp | T P.Z. | Tk | T tech | T Org | T P. |
Registration of an explanatory note
An explanatory note (PZ) to the term project is issued in accordance with the general requirements for text documents on
GOST 2.105 - 95 and GOST 7.32 - 2001. Text part must be issued on the format of A4 format with frames and the main inscription.
In an explanatory note, the material must be set forth in the logical sequence, sufficiently convincingly and is argued, with the necessary illustrations (schemes, tables, graphs) and calculations.
Thus, the explanatory note must contain all the above
The specified stages of the course work.
The PZ text is divided into partitions, subsections and items with appropriate numbering.
The numbering of pages should be solid: the title page is located on the first page, to the second - task for the term paper, on the third - the content, etc. The numbering of pages begins with a third page.
The PZ is required "References", which should include all used sources in order of references in the text; It is issued in compliance with the requirements of GOST 7.1 - 2003.
Registration of technological documentation
Technical documentation (TD) is a detailed description of the production process, including the main characteristics, method of manufacture, control points, and control methods. Technical documentation helps organizations clearly demonstrate and trace the correctness of the process, to identify deviations or failures and warn in a timely manner
Release of poor-quality products.
Technological documentation must comply with the requirements of the NSD in the form of the corresponding forms in the form of an album, including:
Title leaf GOST 3.1105 - 84 (form 2);
The route map of GOST 3.1118 - 82 (form 1, 1 b);
Operating cards of mechanical processing GOST 3.1404 - 86
(forms 2, 2a);
Sketch cards GOST 3.1105 - 84 (forms 7, 7a);
Forms forms are given in Appendix E.
Route Map -a document containing a description of the technological process of manufacturing the product, including control and movement on all operations in the technological sequence, indicating the data on equipment, equipment, material and labor standards.
Operating card -description of the technological operation with the transitions, processing modes and data on technological equipment. Operating cards are filled with all machining operations.
Operating sketches are performed on the map of the sketches. At the operating sketch, the workpiece is shown in the state that it acquires as a result of the execution of a given operation.
The sketch indicates the necessary data for performing operations and for technical control:
Dimensions
Limit deviations
Designation of surface roughness
Technological requirements
Technological bases.
Technological requirements indicate a free sketch field to the right of the image or above it. Required number of images
(species, cuts, sections) must be minimally sufficient for visual and clear representations of the treated surfaces, setting
Sizes, technological bases and clamping efforts.
All dimensions of the treated surfaces are numbered by Arabic numbers in the direction of the clockwise direction.
On the operating sketch must be shown all the cutting
Tools.
Under the technically reasonable norm of time it is understood as the time required to perform a given amount of work (operation) under certain organizational and technical conditions.
The norm of pieces is the rate of time to perform the amount of work equal to the unit of rationing, to perform the technological operation.
Technical standards of time under conditions of mass and mass production are established by the estimated and analytical method.
The mass production is determined by the norm of the board-calculation time T Ш-K:
in mass production determines the norm of piece-time tc:
T PC \u003d T O + T B + T OB + T from, (3.54)
where t P-s - preparatory-final time on the part of the details, min.;
n - the number of parts in the tuning party, pcs.;
t O is the main time, min.;
t V - auxiliary time, min.
The auxiliary time consists of time spent on separate techniques:
t B \u003d T U.S + T Z.O + T UE + T from, (3.55)
t U.S. - time to install and remove the part, min.;
t zh - time for fixing and disintegration of the part, min.;
t UE - time on control, min.;
t from - time to measure the part, min.;
t about - time to maintain the workplace, min.
The time for servicing the workplace T on mass and serial production is made from time to organizational service t Org and time for maintenance T of those workplace:
t OB \u003d T TEH + T Org; (3.56)
t from - Time breaks for rest and personal need, min.
The rationing of the operation is carried out in accordance with the selected processing methods.
In the course project, lead an analytical calculation of the main time T o only for one operation. For all other operations, the main time can be installed on regulatory directories or by the basic technological process.
The main (technological) Time T O is determined by the calculation of all transitions of processing, taking into account the combination of transitions (for machine work) by the formula
where l. - the estimated length of the surface treated (the calculated length of the tool or billet in the feed direction), mm;
i. - the number of work moves;
S M - minute tool feed, mm / min.
In general, the calculated length of the treated surface
l \u003d L O + L BP + L P + L CX,(3.58)
where l. o is the length of the treated surface in the feed direction, mm;
l. BP - cutting the tool, mm;
l. P - the length of the tool tool to the workpiece, mm;
l. CX - the length of the passage (gathering) of the instrument, mm.
Length l. o take from the drawing of the processed surface of the workpiece; l. BP, l. P, l. CX is determined by standards ( l. n \u003d l. CX "1 ... 2 mm). Value l. BP can be determined by the calculation by the processing scheme.
The auxiliary time is set to standards for each transition.
The amount of the main and auxiliary time is called operational time
t OP \u003d T O + T in (3.59)
The auxiliary time can be overlapped by the main time, partially overlapped and untouched.
The overlapping time is the execution time of the working techniques that are carried out during the automatic operation of the equipment. This time is not included in the norm. Attracted time - the rate of time to perform work techniques with stopped equipment and time spent on machine-manual techniques.
With consistent transitions to determine the operational time, all major and auxiliary times should be summed up on all transitions of this operation and only then determine the remaining components of the norms of piece-time. With parallel transition execution, the main and auxiliary time for the operation takes the long transition to the processing.
Maintenance time ts are installed as a percentage (up to 4-6%) on the main or operational time.
The time of organizational service T Org is established (up to 4-8%) from the operational time.
Time of breaks in work on holiday T from is set as a percentage ("2.5%) from the operational time.
Preparatory-blank T P-Z - time interval spent on the preparation of performers and technological equipment to perform technological operation and putting them in order after the end of the shift or performing this operation. This time is determined by the time standards in which the adjustment of technological equipment; familiarization with the work (drawing, the map of the technical process, instructions); obtaining materials, tools, etc.; After the end of the processing of the billets is the delivery of the manufactured parts, removal from the machine tooling, bringing equipment to the working condition, etc. Preparatory and final time is determined by regulations depending on the equipment and nature of the work.
With multi-tool parallel, parallel-sequential or sequential processing (see Appendix 15), the main time is calculated by formula (3.57) for each caliper. The total main time T O.O. is determined depending on the processing scheme.
With consistent processing
, (3.60)
where h is the number of calipers or the number of successively working tools;
t O.S.Posl - the main time for each caliper or each tool.
With parallel processing
t O. TSSHT \u003d T O.Spar. Max, (3.61)
where T O.Spar. MAX is the most basic time of one of the calipers or one of the tools.
With parallel-sequential processing
(3.62)
Other components of piece-time norms for multi-tool processing are the same as for processing with one tool.
There are special standards for which cutting modes are installed and individual elements of the norm of pieces are determined when working on CNC machines. The use of CNC machines opens up opportunities for multi-service work, the rationing of which is considered in the special literature.
The results of the calculations of the technical standards of time are to be reduced in Table 3.28.
Table 3.28.
Summary Table of Technical Norms of Time Operations
| Number and name operation | T o, min | T B. | T OB | T OT. | T pcs | t p-s | N. | t sh-to | |||
| T must | T Read | T is | t tech | t Org | |||||||
Labor-intensity of operations
(3.63)
where M is the number of operations.
The discharge of the work performed is determined by the tariff-qualification director. With enlarged calculations, you can use the following data (Table 3.29).
Table 3.29.
Middle discharges of machinery operators
All the calculated values \u200b\u200bof the technical provisions of the time will be in the route and operating card of technological documentation.
It is the establishment of technically reasonable expenditure rate of production resources (GOST 3.1109-82). At the same time, under production resources, they understand energy, raw materials, materials, tools, working hours, and the like.
Technical rationing
When designing technological processes, a particularly important task is the technical rationing of technological processes, that is, laboring of labor.
The time rate is called the regulated time of the implementation of a certain amount of work in specific production conditions with one or more performers of relevant qualifications. Usually, a technological operation is taken for a unit volume of work.
Time norms can be determined by various methods.
Experimental statistical rationing method
The pilot-statistical method of technical rationing involves setting the time of time for the entire operation by comparing with the rules of execution in the past of similar works. The basis of this method is the qualifications and personal experience of the normalizer. Scope - single and small-scale production.
Settlement and analytical method of rationing
The essence of this method is that the elements of the technological operation are normalized: technological and auxiliary transitions, etc. Such a time rate is called technically reasonable.
Piece and piece-calculating time
Depending on the type of production, the TCT-K or PCT-CTT-KST is calculated. The structure of these norms is as follows:
TCT-K \u003d TST + (TP.Z. / N) (min), (4.10), where
TCT \u003d TO + TV + TTEKH.OBSL + T Org.Ocl + t
Consider each of the components of these times:
Then - the main time;
TV - auxiliary time;
TTEH.OBSL - Maintenance time;
Torg.OBSL - time for organizational service;
Totd - time is regulated by the break (for rest);
TP.Z. - Preparatory Time;
n - the number of products in the party;
The amount is + TV - called the operational time top.
Main time
Main time With technical normalization of machining is calculated on each technological transition. This piece of pieces is spent directly to change or determine the condition of the object of labor:
Then \u003d lp / smin * i (min), (4.11), where
Lp - the estimated length of treatment, mm (Figure 4.3);
Smin-minute feed, mm / min;
i - the number of work moves;
Lp \u003d lend + LVR + LVY (mm),
where lends - the length of the surface being processed according to the drawing, mm;
LVR - the length of the insertion of the tool, mm;
LVY - the length of the tool, mm.
LVR It is designed to ensure safe tool input to the workpiece on the working feed, and Lvy - for the guaranteed exit of its surface after the end of its processing. In cases of processing, it is not on the passage, drilling a deaf hole and the like, the course of the tool may be absent. This must be taken into account when determining the calculated processing length.
Figure 4.3 - components of the calculated processing length
Auxiliary time TV. - Part of a piece-time spent on the execution of techniques necessary to ensure the possibility of processing and further determining the state of the object of labor (installation and removal of the workpiece, control machine, measuring dimensions).
Rationing of auxiliary time
Performing technical rationing, the calculation of the auxiliary time is performed using the time standards with different degrees of detail.
Tob Time Tob The workplace is part of the piece-time spent by the Contractor to support the means of technological equipment in a working condition and care for it and the workplace.
Workplace service is divided into organizational and technical.
Time spent on maintenance Ttech.Obs. Provide the implementation of the change tool, which fastened, adjustment and detachment of the machine, etc.
Time for organizational service Torg.OBS It is provided for care for the workplace - the test and inspection of the equipment, obtaining the briefing during the shift from the master or brigadier, cleaning and lubricating the equipment, cleaning the workplace, etc.
Technical and organizational services are established according to time standards as a percentage of operational time (up to 4-8%).
Time for rest and personal need
Technical rationing implies Time for rest and personal need - Part of piece-time spent working on personal needs and (with tedious works) - for additional rest. This time is determined as a percentage of operational time. For mechanical workshops, it is approximately 2.5 - 4% of the operational time.
Preparational time
TP.Z. - The time interval spent on the preparation of equipment and technological equipment to perform the technological operation and streamlining the latter after the execution of the operation. He is prescribed to the entire batch of blanks to be treated on operations. This time is determined by standards that include adjusting technological equipment; familiarization with work (drawings, technological process, instructions, etc.); obtaining materials, tools, as well as on work at the end of the processing of a billet branch - the delivery of the manufactured parts, removal from the machine tooling, bringing the equipment to the operating condition.
Piece
Piece-calculating TST-K Time is determined in a single, small-sector and sometimes in the medium-terrain production for operations, the equipment setting for which the worker itself performs.
Piece It is calculated with such types of production when the equipment settles the adjuster, and the worker only performs work on it (anemia, large-scale and mass production).
Time execution of the operation
The pricing of the operation during technical rationing can be calculated by the following formula:
SOP \u003d TCT (TST-K) * Since G.,
where the SOP is the price for performing the operation; TCT (TCT-K) - the corresponding rate of time per operation (hours) SG.S. - the hour tariff rate of the working relevant discharge (rub).
In addition to the elemental rationing discussed above, it is sometimes used to establish the time of time in practice such as timing and photography of the working day.
Timber and photography of the working day
Through timekeeping we study the time spent on the execution of cyclic repeated manual and machine-manual elements of the operation. It is used in the design of the rational composition and structure of the operation, to establish the normal duration of their elements and on this basis - the conclusion of standards for the calculations of technically reasonable rules of time. The timing is also used in the study of advanced working methods in order to distribute them.
Photo of a working day - Also, the method of technical rationing, which is to study and measure all the costs of time by observing over one or more changes. At the same time, in contrast to the timing, records the costs not only associated with the implementation of the operation, as well as with the organization of production (temporary downtime for various reasons: the absence of blanks, tools, etc.).
The definition of technically reasonable standards of time on machine tools requires the establishment of a technological process that ensures the performance of technical requirements for the processed part, and the optimal costs of its processing, under which labor productivity increases and the cost of processing is reduced.
Calculation of the technical standard of time, we are on the norms of normalizer.
Calculate the technical rate of time per operation 005 turning.
T Ш \u003d T OP (1+ (and OBS + and OT.) / 100),
where T op - operational time, min.;
T OP \u003d T O + T in,
where T O. - the main time, min.;
T o \u003d,
where L. - the estimated length of treatment in the feed direction equal L \u003d L + L 1 + L 2,
where l -the length of processing according to the drawing, mm.;
l 1. - Additional length of inching and running tool, mm.;
l 2. - Additional length for taking test shakes, min.;
s M -minute feed;
where h. - Drinking for processing, mm.;
t. - thickness of the cut layer for one pass (cutting depth), mm.;
T B.- auxiliary time, min.;
T \u003d t set + t per + t counter,
where t set -installation time and removal, min.,
t per -time associated with the implementation of the technological transition, min.,
t counter -time for performing control measurements, min.,
and the OSCEand And O.L. -actually, time for maintenance of the workplace, rest and personal need,% of the operational time T OP.
t set \u003d a · d · l,
where l.- length of departure of the workpiece, mm.;
D.- bar diameter, mm.;
a, H.and w. - coefficient and degree rates to determine the auxiliary time on the installation and removal of parts.
t set \u003d 0.0126 · 140 0.433 · 25 0.25 \u003d 0.24 min.
T o \u003d 1.82 min
t per \u003d 0.64 min
t counter \u003d σk \u003d 0,0187 · 138 0,21 · 50 0.330 \u003d 0.19 min,
where k, Z.and u -coefficient and degree rates to determine the auxiliary time on control measurements,
D changemeasured Diameter Details, mm,
L I. - The length of the measured surface, mm.
T \u003d 0.24 + 0.64 + 0.19 \u003d 1.07 min
T OP \u003d 1.82 + 1.07 \u003d 2.89 min
T Ш \u003d 2.89 · (1 + 10/100) \u003d 3.179 min
Preparatory and final time:
T P-s. \u003d a + b · n and + С · p p + d · p nn \u003d 12.3 + 1.3 · 1 + 0,5 · 2 + 0,4 · 2 \u003d 15.4 min,
where a, B, C, D -coefficients to determine the preparatory concluding time
n I. - the number of cutting tools or blocks,
P P. - the number of established initial modes of the machine operation,
P nn.- The number of sizes of the switches on the machine control panel.
The magnitude of the billets:
p \u003d \u003d 10000 · 5/250 \u003d 200 pcs.,
where N. - program output program per year, pcs.;
but - number days of stock of blanks in stock,
F. - the number of working days a year.
Piece-calculating time:
T pc. \u003d T sh + t P-s / n n \u003d 3,179 + 15.4 / 200 \u003d 3,256 min
Table 2.7.
Time norms for all operations
Conclusion
In this course, in accordance with the task, the technological process of the detail "Yagby.7242111.001" Corpus "was developed.
In the technological part, the issues of obtaining the workpiece, the choice of base schemes, is calculated, and the cutting regimes and time norms were calculated. Changes were made to the structure of operations, which made it possible to increase productivity.
The design part presents a description of the machine, the force and the accuracy calculations of the machine tool are made
The research part discusses the problems of "dry" cutting.
Patent search on the topic "Drill structures".
List of used literature
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M.: "Mechanical Engineering", 1966
2. Belkin I.G. "Tolerances and landing" -m. : Mechanical Engineering, 1992
3. Babuk V.V. "The Grace Design on Mechanical Engineering Technology" - Minsk: Higher School. 1979
4. Baranovsky Yu.V. "Metal cutting regimens" - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1972
5. Voronenko V.P., Skhirtladze A.G., Morozov V.V., Shein I.P., Kiselev E.S. "Design of machine-building production", V., 2004
6. Gorbatsevich A.F. "Currency design on mechanical engineering technology" - Minsk: Higher School, 1983
7. Gusev G.V., Zharkov V.N. "Methodical guidelines for the design of technological documentation in the implementation of coursework and thesis projects" -., 1998
8. Gusev G.V., Zharkov V.N., Morozov V.V. "Engineering technology. Tutorial to fulfill the diploma project in the specialty 120100 "- V., 2005
9. Dobrydnev I.S. "Currency design on the subject of mechanical engineering technology" -M.: Mechanical engineering, 1985
10. Kosilova A.G., Meshcheryakov R.K. Handbook of the technologist of the machine builder in 2t. - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1985
11. Panov A.A., Ainikin V.V., Boym N.G. "Metal processing cutting": Technologist Directory - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1988
12. Regulatory document "Machinery Metalworking" GOST 12.2.003.-80.
13. Handbook of fixtures for metal cutting machines Ed. Goroshkin A.K. M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1979
12. Miroshnikova V.D., Kashirin V.A., Miroshnikova TD "Design of machine-building production. Tutorial and tasks for exchange work ", V., 2003