Research work Description of clay outcrops. Start in science. Ceramics in Russia
Municipal General Education
secondary school with. B-Roy.
Urzhum district of the Kirov region
Nomination "Natural Local Science"
Work completed
student grade 11
Polykina Irina
Leader:
Semenova Olga Yuryevna,
geography teacher
Introduction (relevance of the topic, goals and objectives)
Main part:
2.1. Anthropogenic relief of the Kirov region
2.2. Anthropogenic relief of the Uzhum district
2.3. Quarry - as an example of anthropogenic impact on nature in our area:
a) the geographical position of the career;
b) the nature of the area where the quarry is located;
c) career sizes;
d) the nature of the exposure (cluster, quarry, scree);
e) Description of the layers (bottom up).
3. Conclusion
4. List of references
5. Appendices
Introduction
From the first steps of their reasonable activity, a person began to change the relief, first in connection with the construction of housing, economic structures and fortifications, then in connection with the creation of fields, dam, roads. But the most tangible impact is associated with mining mining. In the places of their production there are whole mountains from the dumps of empty breed, quadres of quarries from produced breeds. These human shapes created by the hands created by the hands today are so much that according to their number, and in magnitude, you can compare with some natural form of relief.
It is hardly possible in our country a person who would not hear about their careers would not see them and did not know how they change the landscape. People know about their careers since school bench - they talked about this teacher at the lessons of geography and localism.
Careers are not written articles and volumes of scientific papers. But this topic is relevant today, because we all are directly related to the surface of the Earth and our daily life is associated with the life of the environment of us.
And hardly who wondered what would happen to the surface of the Earth, if we create all new and new careers? Will the surface of our planet turn into the lunar landscape?
When working on the topic of study, it was a contradiction between the existing information about the expedition organized by the teacher of the Kirov State Pedagogical Institute Lavrov DD, in the mid-60s of the 20th century. For the study and description of erosion relief forms on the territory of our administrative district (in particular apple log), and the lack of published results of this study in the press.
Therefore, target this work - examine a quarry - as an example of anthropogenic impact on the surface and nature of rocking rocks on the coulier slopes.
Research tasks:
Examine literature on the topic.
Capture a career location in the surrounding area with. Big swarm.
Conduct a survey and describe a quarry - as an example of anthropogenic impact on nature in our area.
Take samples of rocks and make the sketch of geological exposure and make a geological column.
Hypothesis: is it possible to study a quarry, look into the distant past of the earth?
Object of study: career.
Subject of study: Mountain breeds, the founding quarries and their main parameters (the power of each formation, the nature of the boundaries, the color of the rock, the structure and the mineralogical composition of each sample).
Research methods: Observation, cartographic, mathematical, modeling, analysis, synthesis.
Main part
Anthropogenic relief of the Kirov region
Less than the surrounding nature
more environmental environment.
A. Vorostensky
Anthropogenic relief is created by a person in the process of economic activity. This purposefully created forms - road mounds, careers and hills-dumps of empty breed during mining, resulting from the activation of economic activities. By origin, anthropogenic relief is conditionally divided into two groups:technogenic created by industrial activities andagrogenic agricultural activity resulting in the result.
Technogenic the relief occurs when the development of minerals, the creation of hydraulic structures, urban planning. The nature and intensity of the flow change in this is dependent on the type of mineral resources and the method of their development. The building materials deposits are developing in an open way to a depth of 25 m. As a result, careers are created.
The quarry is the industrial development of rocks by opening significant sections of the earth's surface.
In the territory of the Kirov region, man-made relief is presented in the North-East and south-west of the territory. In the northeast there is a Vyatko-Kamskoye Phosphorites deposit, which produce in an open way from a depth of up to 20 m. Therefore, the depth of the depths reach careers formed after their work. The total area in need of reclamation ze-stranded exceeds 1000 hectares. In the open method of operation of deposits, drilling and explosive work are often used. From the explosions there is a system of open cracks with a depth of up to 10 m, which increases the water permeability of the soils and leads to the development of chill scales, collaps.
The development of the peat surface is disturbed to a depth of 1.5-4 m, but on large areas. So, over half of the muffin land falls on peat products.
In the southwest of the region there are Soviet stone-workers. In the area there are five mining quarries in this area: Savodsky, Chimbulatsky, Popovtsevsky, Kremenovsky and Beressynatsky. During the construction of the roads artificial form-we are formed -road mounds and recesses, which in the long-seam breaks the surface drain and activate the erosion and drawdown processes. The relief changes are mainly occurring and the limits of a narrow band - 200-300 m and spread to depths of 10 m throughout many hundreds of kilometers of roads.
Dredging, rus stools and short-term work are widely conducted to improve the shipping properties of r. Vyatka and her major tributaries. In the rivers and floodplains of rivers, sand and sandy-gravel mixtures are mining, the total amount of which over the past 20 years has grown more than 3 times. Contrary to the environmental legislation, the Vyatka River in Ok-River Kirov turned into a sandy-gravel quarry. Withdrawal from the row of significant volumes of solid applications at the change in the change in the flow of the flow and movement of the nanos on the signature sites and caused a number of undesirable phenomena in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Korchekin water intake, the conditions of shipping worsened.
The relief changes and with engineering and constructionbots when createdanthropogenic equalization surfaces , orthodoxes are falling asleep - hollow, beams, stocks, high marks are cut.Agrochen the relief is created to improve the conditions of agricultural production (alignment of fields for machine processing). In general, economic activity strengthens modern erosion processes.
On flat watersheds, atmospheric precipitation and melting waters are deposited deep into the soils, while from the slopes they flow into lowering, where excessive moisturizing is created. The stock of moisture in the soil is less on the slopes of southern expositions, where the snow is faster, and the moisture evaporates more intense. Already on the sofa of the cooler 2 ° noticeable plane washed and blurred. With increasing steepness, the intensity of erosion processes increases and the disintegration of the slopes with a cooler 8-10 ° becomes inexpedient due to the strong soil scum. The ravines destroy the agricultural land, roads, territory of settlements.
Anthropogenic relief of the Uzhum district
Both types of anthropogenic landscape are presented on the territory of the Uzhumsky district. Most widely representedgrogenic the relief, which is created to improve the conditions of agricultural production: fields for machine processing fields, bipping promotion, ravine cradle by trees to cease their growth.
Technogenic the relief is represented by small careers for the extraction of sand and limestone, intended for the repair of roads, dams, embankments and bridges created in the area. Careers for mining limestone are located on the right bank of the river. Vyatka in the area with. R-Timkin. The largest mining quarry for the needs of the population is located at the entrance to the city of Urzhum on the part of in-pollas on the tile Mountain. And there are small grooves for mining clay and sand there are near every settlement of the district.
Quarry - as an example of anthropogenic impact on nature in our area
On the territory of the More-Royal Rural Administrative District, in almost every location, there are small careers for the extraction of sand and clay for laying and repairing furnaces, and the limestone for the construction of the foundation of the houses is mined along the banks of the rivers or in ravines. The magnitude of quarries is small. The depth and width of the career, most often does not exceed two meters.
Career's geographical position
For the study of the career - as an example of an anthropogenic impact on the nature of our locality, a quarry was chosen outside of our village. It is located on the left bank of the river. Ryoki south of ul. Central, 2 km from the village. To get to this career, we had to go through the street central to the south, along the old highway, to the most bridge across the River Root. The quarry appeared in the late 80s, when the road program began to operate in the region. This program was developed due to the fact that for a long time our region was a "white spot" on the road map between the center and the Urals. Most of the road Kirov-Vyatsky Poles did not have a solid coating and overlapped during the spring off-road. Therefore, in the mid 80s of the 20th century. A special resolution of the Russian government was adopted about the construction of highways in the Kirov region. The construction of a section of the road in the Urzhaumsky district to the side of the city began in 1986 and ended in 1991. During this period, the sand was needed for the construction of mound to the bridge through the river. Royku, who began to take next, creating a quarry.
The nature of the area where the quarry is located;
The quarry is located on the cool left bank of the River River at an altitude of 8 m from the riva of water.
Career size
The quarry has an oval shape with steep sheer slopes with South, Western and North Parties. From the east side, the chair is absent, from this side, traveling to the quarry is laid from the road. The quarry has a width of 39 m, its length is 40 m, and the height of the sheer wall is 7, 2 m.
Intelligence Character (cluster, quarry, scree)
To describe the exposure, a western dripping slope was chosen having a scree. The total height of the exposure is 6.2 m, including a drone slope with a height of 5 m, and the scree of rocks - 1.7 m. Length of exposure 12.5 m
Description of layers (bottom up)
As a result, the study establishes that rock rocks in our area are horizontally. In the depth of the occurrence, they can be determined by the absolute age: the rocks that lie below were formed earlier than those that occur above.
The lower part of the exposure occupies the scree of rocks with a total height of 1.7 m. It is composed of Suglink.
Plast No. 1. Plastic power 1.2 m. Clear borders. Breed - Sand. Brown color. The structure crumbly.
Plast No. 2. Plastic Power 0.46 m. \u200b\u200bClear borders. Breed - Sand. Color - dark brown. The structure crumbly.
Plast No. 3. Plastic power 0.7 m. Clear borders. Breed - Sandstone. Gray color. The structure is dense.
Plast No. 4. Power 0.25 m. The boundaries are clear. Breed - Sand. Gray color. The structure crumbly.
Plast No. 5. Power 0.37 m. Current borders. Breed - Sandstone. Gray color. The structure is dense.
Plast No. 6. Power 0.49 m. Current borders. Breed - Argillitis - petrified clay, occurring very rarely. Color red-brown. The structure is dense.
Plast No. 7. Power 0.27 m. Clear borders. Breed - sandstone with red clay splashes. Color - motley. The structure is dense.
Plast number 8. Power of 0.7 m. Clear borders. Breed - loam. Brown color. The structure is dense.
Plast No. 9. Power 0.7 m. The boundaries are clear. Breed - sand dusty. The color is light gray. The structure crumbly.
Plast No. 10. Power is 0.3 m. Clear borders. Breed - sand dusty (subzole). The color is light gray. The structure crumbly.
Plast No. 11. Power 0.05 m. The boundaries are clear. Meadow felt. The color is dark brown. The structure crumbly.
As a result of the study of rocks of the geological column, it can be concluded: alternating rocks says that the ancient deserts existed in our area for a long time, as evidenced by the presence of sand and sandstone. The presence of clay and argillita slate suggests that in certain periods there were extensive water pools.
Conclusion
Thus, the tasks set before the start of work are completed. As a result of work on the topic, I studied the literature about the careers, made a career location map in the vicinity with. B. Roy.
Describes the quarry - as an example of the anthropogenic impact of a person on the nature of our area.
As a result, research I came to the following conclusion:
1. The quarry is still widely used by the population for household needs, since not all residents of the village were removed when the furnace was moved to gas supply, and therefore, the sand and clay should be needed for repairing furnaces.
2. The quarry last year found use due to the fact that during the construction of the gaseous gas networks, the road was severely destroyed and after the construction of the gas pipeline on the territory of the village under the contract with the administration began repairing the road, the sand for which they took career.
3. As a result of work carried out in a career, the quarry began to increase in size.
4. It is necessary to continue the work of schoolchildren to study the anthropogenic form of relief, started this year, and the local administration and residents of the village make sure that the quarry does not become a landfill.
Work on this topic will be continued, because The impact of quarries on the nature of vegetation and the development of plants located on the clothy slopes of the career is not sufficiently studied.
Literature
- Alekseev, A.I. Russian geography: nature and population. - Moscow: Drop, 2001. - 320 p.: Il., Maps.
- Izupova, E.M. Anthropogenic relief [Text] / E.M.Isupova. // Earth Encyclopedia Vyatka: Nature. Kirov, t. 7. 1997, / Sost. A.N.Soloviev. - Kirov, 1998. - P. 135 - 137.
- Skinner, M., Redfern, D., Farmer, D. Geography: A-I. - Moscow: Fair-Press, 1999. - 528 p.: Il.
Applications
Appendix No. 1.
Career accommodation cards in the surrounding area. Big swarm.
Scale: 1 cm - 250 m.
1: 25 000
Appendix No. 2.
Career card duct
Scale: 1: 300
1 cm - 3 m.
Appendix No. 3.
Geological column running rocks in a quarry.
And about 1 - meadow felt
A 2. - leaching horizon, subzole
άQ4 - Dusty sand
άQ3 - Suglinka
άQ2 - Sandstone with gloves with red clay
D3 - Argillit
άQ2 - Sandstone
άQ4 - sand
άQ2 - Sandstone
άQ4 - sand
άQ4 - sand
άQ3 - Suglinka
Appendix No. 4.
View of a quarry from the road
View of the road with a career
Appendix No. 5.
Career exposure. General form
Appendix No. 6.
Measurement of the height of scratch
Appendix No. 7.
Measuring the height of exposure by roulette
Appendix No. 8.
Taking samples of rocks
Appendix No. 9.
On the protrusion of sandstone
Appendix No. 10.
View of a quarry with a steep cliff
Browse material
"Nature is an eternal anything indispensable source of beauty,
the source of the finest on earth "K. D. Ushinsky
Relevance. Examine the properties of red clay in the fifth river valleyand to determine the experienced way whether the clay is a building material.This topic is relevant today, realizable, interesting.
Subject of study - Plasticity of clay
Object of study - clay deposits in the valley of the fifth river P. Mezzer
Hypothesis -if clay is suitable for modeling, then it is really a building material for the manufacture of bricks.
Research method:
goal Works:
Tasks:
To figure out : Sources and literature on this topic of work.
Visit On the geological facility in the valley of the fifth river P. Mezhdrachye in the area of \u200b\u200bclay deposits on the collection of clay samples for processing and analysis.
Determine: Type of clay, its composition, properties, structure, origin and application.
Describe: The wealth of clay and whether this clay is suitable for modeling.
Create: Multimedia presentation.
Formulate: The conclusion about the results of the study and make a generalization of its observations.
Stages of research work
Stage 1 - Preparatory.
Familiarization with literature on geology and independent choice of research on research.
Drawing up a plan of work and discussion by him with the head of the Honored Employee of the Education of the Omsk Region Teacher Geography by Mikheeva Lydia Alexandrovna.
Selection of an illustration
Selection of research methods and formation of the hypothesis of the study.
2 stage - Pilotage - Empirical Study
3 stages - Main
Writing the theoretical part.
Conduct empirical research
Writing the practical part of the work on the results of an empirical study.
4 stages - Total - registration of results.
Preliminary discussion of work with the head of the work, a well-deserved employee of the formation of the Omsk region, a teacher of geography Mikheeva Lydia Alexandrovna
Check the correctness of the study hypothesis.
Final work.
Protection of work: the testing of work is a performance with this work on the geological circle "Young Geologist";
school conference NOU "Search" Bow "Mezhdurechenskaya School".
Characteristic of work
"Wealth grandmother clay"
The work is performed using theoretical and practical material. It presents: information on the geological history of the Omsk region and P. Misond and the history of the formation of the Relief of the Omsk Priirtsheye and P. Miscelred, minerals - clay. Clay is a sedimentary rock. Clay - Natural Building Material. A practical research activity is described by the method of empirical research. We wanted to know why brick plants were stopped working in the territory of the transfuchery? But the inhabitants of the village continue to use clay in the farming of stoves. It is interesting for us to find out whether clay is suitable for modeling, and is it really a building material for the manufacture of bricks. We spent a few experiments that confirmed our hypothesis that the clay from the turn of a red brick clay on our facility has a good plasticity. This is the main property for the manufacture of bricks. When conducting experiments from the clay test, we are made a bagel, a ball, an applique. Products dropped around the battery for a long time and did not crack. The result obtained by us is confirmed that clay has plasticity, and it can be used as building material in the farm: for the manufacture of bricks and styling chimney. Sources were helped in the work: 1. A young geologist (a collection of materials to help the participants of the geological movement of the Omsk region) by F.I. Novikov, N.P.ANTONYUK. Ed. House "Science". Field research practice of clay descriptions and laying experiments. 2. Internet - Resources: How to cook clay for modeling? Prepared clay dough and spellers. 3.Gography of the Omsk region. I.M.Ablova. Omsk: Ministry of Education of the Omsk Region, 2008. Information on geological history.
Chapter 1.
Geological chronicle of the research object
Pages of the geological chronicle by origin of the research object
There is an old folk parable, who does not know the native land, he does not know himself. Therefore, before conducting research on this topic, I decided to explore this question theoretically, but under the guidance of the Honored Employee of the Education of the Omsk Region, the Geography Teacher, Mikheyeva Lydia Alexandrovna, which provided me with literature. Analyzing, a tectonic map of the Omsk region (Appendix 1) we conclude that our object object is clay deposits of the fifth river valley in the territory of the interfluce The morphostructure is characterized by a hollow - dummy relief. Hollow - a damp relief is characteristic of the parts of the Tobolsky continent adjacent to the Irty.
Mesozoic era. Jurassic period (55 million years) - there was a slow lowering of the earth's crust and the offensive of the sea. The territory of the studied area was a low-albertaneous plain with lakes and plains.
In the Lateura Epoch, the entire territory of the district, like the region, was busy
by the sea that existed 25 million years. Clay, which contained a large amount of organic substances were postponed to the sea.
Cenozoic era. Paleogenic period - almost 42 million years again existed the sea. It became the last extensive marine pool. But geologists believe that the area and the temperature of the sea changed. So in the Paleocene, the sea occupied the northern part of the region and had an average annual temperature + 15 ° - + 20 ° C. At the bottom of the sea were accumulated clay with sands of sands. Breed is represented by alternating packs of clay gray and brown - gray.
Thus, by analyzing the geochronological table on the geography of the Omsk region, C.20-23, edited by L.V.Azarova, G.I. Sarenko. Ed. Omsk: Ministry of Omsk Region, we learned that the territory of the village of Mezhdrachya was chosen by the sea three times.
The clays began to accumulate with the abundance of the organications in the Mesozoic era in the Jurassic period of 55 million years ago, and the powerful accumulation of clays in the chalk period 70 million years ago. And also there is a continuation of the accumulation of clay and in the Cenozoic ERU Paleogenic period - 42 million years. Placed development phase. Most of the period are long-term lowering, at the end of the period - raising. Seafood regime is replaced by continental. The accumulation of a powerful strata of various Mesozoic - Cenozoic sediments for a period of 167 million years and predetermined the plain territory of our region.
/I.m.Abov "Geography of the Omsk Region. Nature. Population. Economy. " Ed.- Omsk: Ministry of Education of the Omsk Region, 2008. C.20-23. /
Clay - sedimentary rock
Fig.1. Clay deposits. (Photo Mikheeva L.A.)
In sedimentary rocks, remnants and imprints of plants and animals are often found. And as a result of the destruction and weathered of rocks, chip and clay rocks are formed. Clay breeds contain very small particles, which in a dry form form dust. However, if the clay rocks wet water, the particles are tightly connected with each other and turn into a wet plastic mass. Of some clays, you can sculpt a variety of products that burn to give them hardness.
Clay is a sedimentary rock that belongs to non-metallic minerals to the building materials group: brick, clay, pottery. / Satellite of a young geologist. The author F.I. Novikov, N.P.ANTONYUK. Ed. House "Science", 2006 - C.216 / Clay is a secondary product of the earth's crust formed as a result of the destruction of rock rocks in the process of weathering. So, in the lake and river conditions, Mesozoic - Cenozoic deposits occurred the accumulation of clay. (Fig. 1..) The clay appeared on Earth many thousands of years ago and from ancient times it is the most important natural material of Omsk Podtyshye. (Appendix 2) for a long period of development of the edge of the clay found the most diverse use. And above all - in construction. On watersheds and high floodplain terraces most of the territory, a solid cover are located upper-hard-sized coating sediments, represented by clays and sublinks with a capacity of 2 to 8 m. They are the main raw materials for the production of bricks. / T.N.rusakov. "The land on which we live" ed. "Manifesto" Omsk - 2006 p.575 /
The clay consists of very small particles (less than 0.01 mm) of various minerals: kaolin, quartz, mica, iron oxides and others. Mineralogical composition of their non-permanent. When studying clays, the color, the content of impurities, inclusions, fossil organic residues, plasticity, reproduction, etc. In clays there are impurities that change their painting. So, organic substances give black, brown; Iron oxides - yellow, brown and red. By content silica (Sand) in clays, they belong to the group: medium or brick clays - from 12 to 30% SiO2. The presence of sand in clay is easily detected by rubbing it between the fingers. The amount of sand in clays can be determined by defending. To do this, grind a piece of clay and thoroughly stirred in a glass with water. Fat clays form a difficult weighing muddy liquid. Also clay divide into groups:
Skinny - well-defending fluid in which the sand quickly sends to the bottom;
clay with medium fatty refers to brick clays;
Fatty clays can be determined by the degree of its air shrinkage, since it absorbs a large amount of water and therefore they dry out.
/ Literature: Rusakov V.N. The land on which we live. Ed. "Manifesto", Omsk- 2006 /
There are several varieties of clay. The main source of clay is the field split, when the breakdown of which the kaolinite and other hydrates of aluministry are formed under the influence of impact phenomena. They are formed in the process of local accumulation of mentioned minerals, but most of them are aquatic deposits that fell to the bottom of the lakes and the seas. Most clay gray, but there are also clays of white, red, yellow, brown, pink, blue, green, purple, and even black colors. And the most common in nature are: Red clay normal construction claywhich is rich in the Omsk region. Sedimentary rocks, mainly consisting of clay minerals. Possess plasticity - when kneading with water form viscous clay doughwhich is drying retains the attached shape. Plasticis the most typical physical property of clays. It lies in the ability of the clay to easily take under pressure any shape and maintain it after the pressure stop. The degree of plasticity of the clay is determined in a rather simple way - the manufacture of the ball, flagella, bagel, clay applique. Used for the production of ceramics, refractories, as well as for the manufacture of masonry chimnests. /I.m.Abov "Geography of the Omsk Region. Nature. Population. Economy. " Ed.- Omsk: Ministry of Education of the Omsk Region, 2008./
Clay rock rocks are the most common among sedimentary transformations and locate with a solid cover located under her vegetable - soil layer. We are visible on (Fig. 2.) On the processes of sedimentation and the formation of the relief influenced vertical tectonic movements that continue today.
Clay - Natural Building Material
Fig. 3. The image of plasticity clay (photo Mikheeva L.A.)
Clay is the most important natural material of the Omsk priirt. Omsk region is rich in clays (Appendix 2). There are many clay varieties, but in the P. Misondrchye most common brick red clay used in construction is most common. Clay - red plastic is affriageable for the production of brick and for the manufacture of masonry chimney.
Thus, during our study, we concluded that clay is a sedimentary rock, which consists of several clay minerals and has plasticity.
In 1931 - D. Rumchapovo D. Rumchapovo was formed. Along the fifth
the rivers were a lot of clay, so in the village acted with the artel brick factory, and the brick was very good quality. The secret of making bricks knew a few.
A brick factory in 1979 construction, which failed. New brick factory in the eighties of the last century. Products produced for local importance. I existed only 2 years, the plant was closed, due to the fall in economic production. Today this brick plant is not in this area.
Only the name of the "Brick Plant" site remained, where the inhabitants of the village still take red clay for lays out of furnaces and other economic needs.
Chapter 2.
Analysis of the empirical (practical) study
I became very interested to know. Is it possible to use the clay of our edge n. Miscelred for modeling or not? Does clay plasticity possesses? The work carried out under the leadership of the Honored Employee of the formation of the Omsk Region, Geography Teacher Mikheyeva Lydia Alexandrovna.
We learned from geological history that clay is the sedimentary rocks of Paleogen, Neogen and Quaternary periods of Cenozoic sediments. So, clay appeared on Earth many thousands of years ago, as the secondary product of the earth's crust formed as a result of the destruction of rock rocks during weathering.
The clay from ancient times is the most important natural material of the Omsk Podtyshye. For a long period of development of the edge of the clay found a variety of use. And first of all in construction.
/ Rusakov V.N. "The land on which we live" ed. "Manifest" Omsk - 2006 p.575. /
With members of the geological circle, the "Young geologist" we visited the geological facility in the valley of the fifth river P. Mezhdrachye in the area of \u200b\u200bclay deposits on the collection of clay samples for processing and its analysis, the definition of its type and properties, structure.
When studying clay deposits (Fig. 6) we saw a layered structure. A powerful sedimentary case of this facility was formed for many millions of years during the period of Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments.
The fifth river valley is accumulative. An experienced way was learned that the clay consists of small clay particles (less than 0.01mm) of various minerals: clay - hardens, it means there is a sufficient number of kaolin. There is a mica in rock, and there is an admixture of iron oxide, which gives clay a red color and brown color. There are plants residues (twigs and leaves, grass, roots, pebbles).
Research methodology:
How to cook clay for modeling?
The clay is very soft and downtown, but it is worth adding water to it, as it becomes extremely sticky again. This is the aspect of a good degree of clay drying. From such a plastic clay the perfect all form and sculpt a variety of products that can be sled to give a hardness. But we do not have conditions for firing, because No pottery production. In the Omsk region, pottery production only in the Bolshnykh district.
Clay, which is suitable for modeling - there is a healing force of nature. It is widely used in folk medicine.
And when the hands were dried, they became smooth, elastic. So, the clay has a cleansing effect on the human body as a healing agent.
Held experiments:
In this way, Based on the research conducted, I make a generalization: under pressure of plasticity, we saw the ability of clay to easily take any form and maintain it after the cessation of physical pressure. And the degree of plasticity was determined by the method - the manufacture of the ball, burning, bagel, clay applique. So, the clay of our edge is plastic for modeling, it means it is really suitable for the manufacture of masonry chimney. It dries little, and when drying, retains the attached shape. Thanks to its plasticity, the mud clay is well held on the body.
Clay has properties: 1. State;
2.Regability;
3. Change color;
4. Employment, hardness;
5. The limitability.
Chapter 3. Research Results
Briefly summarizing the results of the studies, you can state:
1. He studied the geological history of the development of the earth's crust in the territory of the native edge of the P. Mezhdrachye in the area of \u200b\u200bthe fifth river. At the same time, much attention paid an inspection of outcrops, the collection and analysis of clay.
2. Learned on the Internet - resources method " How to cook clay for modeling? "
3. Plastic is the most typical physical property of clays. And we determined the degree of plasticity of our clay in a rather simple way - the manufacture of a bagel, ball, flagery, clay appliqué. The clay did not crack when dried - it means that it is high-quality, plastic, which can be used by a person like building material.
4. Held experiments:
Checking clay on plasticity: For this, they summed up and the flashes rutched it, bent it into the "Branca". The clay is plastic enough, large cracks did not appear on the Baranka, it did not bother.
Prepared clay dough and blinded the applique of the head of the bear, whose thickness is 1.5 cm. Posted on the linen for drying in the class near the battery. It must be turned over for drying, so as not to dry. Applique will not dry for a long time, it means that the clay is fat. Then after drying they painted a gouache, squandered on egg yolk. As decoration used decoration with reliefs-circles. Experiments have shown that a truly union of clay and man gives amazing results on its use in the economy, and was convinced of its practical significance and relevance. We believe that the goals and objectives set by us are achieved and the hypothesis is confirmed.
Conclusion
And in the course of the research work of the "wealth of grandmother's clay" collected clay samples with fifth rivers. Determined the form of clay, structure, its properties, origin, application. Found out whether this clay is suitable and how to prepare clay for modeling, and made a generalization of their observations:
Pages of the geological history of the native land. They found out that the clay appeared on Earth many thousands of years ago and from ancient times is the most important natural building material of the Omsk Podtyshye.
Determined the form of clay, structure, properties and its use in the economy. Red clay belongs to a group of brick clays. Its main property plastic. For a long period of development of the edge of the clay found the most diverse use. And above all - in construction.
Determined the degree of plasticity of clay in the manufacture of flagella, bagel, appliqués. The sedimentary rock mainly consists of clay minerals. It has plasticity - when kneading with water, a viscous clay dough is formed, which, when drying, retains the attached shape.
Consequently, on the basis of the studies, it is possible to draw conclusions: that a powerful sedimentary cover was formed tens of millions of years. For the entire geological history, a sedimentary case was formed from clay, loamy and sands. The outputs of these breeds are found on the fifth river.
The most common in nature is: a red clay or a brick clay, which since ancient times is the most important building material of the Omsk priirt. From time immemorial, people consume clay for the manufacture of dishes.
Thus, during the conduct of research, we analyzed and summarized the assembled material, creating aimultimedia presentation, and concluded that the valid acquires plasticity and can be used in construction.
Etcfurious: Changing the natural complex as a result of man's economic activity, as human activity adversely affects the state of this object, namely, there are cases of garbage discharges.
We believe that the goals and objectives set by us are achieved and the hypothesis is confirmed.
Results of research
The topic of research work "Wealth Grandmother of Clay"
Hypothesis - if clay is suitable for modeling, then it is indeed a building material for the manufacture of bricks.
Research method:Our empirical descriptive research, we put real reliable facts. The data is obtained by collecting and analyzing the facts that contain our methodical part.
goal and tasks of work:
Expand and deepen knowledge about properties, structure, origin and application of red clay.
An experienced way to find out whether this clay is suitable for modeling.
The work carried out under the guidance of a well-deserved employee of the formation of the Omsk Region, the Geography Teacher of Mikheyeva Lydia Alexandrovna, who provided me with literature on this topic and helped to perform the practical part of the work.
Today, relevant geological residence permitting mineral deposits and identifying compliance with modern standards. /F.I.Novikov. "Satellite of a young geologist." Omsk: ed. House "Science", 2006 /
And in the course of the research work of the "wealth of grandmother clay" found out and made a generalization of their results and we can safely state:
1. Incidentially, the geological chronicle of the Mezhdurechensky Priirtish and met the geological events that occur here millions of years ago. The clay outcrops of the fifth river valley investigated. At the same time, much attention was paid to inspection of outcrops, the collection and analysis of clay. Clay of sedimentary origin They are formed in the process of local accumulation of minerals, but most of them are waterfront mappings that fell to the bottom of the sea. The clay in nature is a wide variety, but in P. Misondrchye most common is the red brick clay. The main property is plasticity. For a long period of development of the edge of the clay found the most diverse use. And above all - in construction.
2. Analyzing, a tectonic map of the Omsk region (Appendix 1), we conclude that our object of study - clay deposits are located in the valley of the fifth river in the territory of the transfuchery of the Tarsky district of the Omsk region.
3.Research methodology:
How to cook clay for modeling? We used the Internet - resources and prepared clay dough from clay of our edge of the fifth river
Collecting clay samples in September, and swing the main mass of small pieces, put it in the glass tank with water with water 4-5 cm. During the day, the mixture was intermediate periodically, adding water.
1-2 days defended until it condenses. Next, in the process of discontinuing the degeneration, they left the clay "Triya". So in the process of deeing clay is exposed to microbes that make it plastic.
Again on December 25, we fill clay in glass containers with water and leave for 3 days.
We stirrate, but it is difficult to sculpt the clay sticks to the hands, add more water and get a single plastic mass, viscous clay dough, well lagging behind and having no air bubbles. There is a small percentage of sand in clay, it is felt when rubing it between your fingers. Also, with a thorough stirring, pieces of crushed clay in a glass of water determined the amount of sand by defending. The grain of grain, and the muddy liquid formed, are settled for a long time.
Clay dough lay on the table, which was stuck with a glue.
The clay is very soft and downtown, but it is worth adding water to it, as it becomes extremely sticky again. This is the aspect of a good degree of clay drying. From such a plastic clay the perfect all form and sculpt a variety of products that can be sled to give a hardness. But we do not have conditions for firing, because No pottery production.
When the hands were laundered from clay after working with her, we noticed that our hands were fat, as if soap were soap. It means that it can be concluded that the clay has fatty, and will not be very dying, clay with medium fatty belongs to the group of brick clays.
And when the hands were dried, they became smooth, elastic.
Held experiments:
Checked for fatty: dried hydrochloric acid to clay, but the clay did not "boil", but shrouded.
Checking clay on plasticity: For this, they summed up and the flashes rutched it, bent it into the "Branca". The clay is plastic enough, large cracks did not appear on the Baranka, it did not bother.
Prepared clay dough and blinded the applique of the head of the bear, whose thickness is 1.5 cm. Posted on the linen for drying in the class near the battery. It must be turned over for drying, so as not to dry. Applique will not dry for a long time, it means that the clay is fat. Then after drying they painted a gouache, squandered on egg yolk. As decoration used decoration with reliefs-circles.
Experiments have shown its practical significance and relevance that the union of clay and humans really gives amazing results on its use in the economy.
In this way, Based on the research conducted, I make a generalization: that powerful sedimentary cover was formed tens of millions of years. From time immemorial, people use clay not only for the manufacture of dishes or as a building material. Under the pressure of the plasticity, we saw the ability of clay to easily take any form and maintain it after the cessation of physical pressure. And the degree of plasticity was determined by the method - the manufacture of the ball, burning, bagel, clay applique. So, the clay of our edge is plastic for modeling, and it is really suitable for the manufacture of masonry chimney. It dries little, and when drying, retains the attached shape, it means that it is high-quality, plastic, which can be used by a person as a building material. Thanks to its plasticity, the mud clay is well held on the body. Clay has properties: 1. State; 2.Regability; 3.Proinity, 4.The party;
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1 Research work Research and application of clay properties Performed: Kochera Daria Danilovna Pupils 5 grade MBOU "SOSH 8 G. Vyborg" Head: Egorova Tatyana Yurievna Chemistry Teacher MBOU "SOSH 8 G. Vyborg"
2 Table of contents. Introduction 3 1. Theoretical part. Major Mountain Breed - clay clay clay value Value and application of clay 8 2. Practical part Practical experiments and manufacture of clay crafts 10 Conclusion 13 References 14 Annex 15 2
3 Introduction Many people consider clay ordinary. In fact, the usual material is very interesting. It is interesting to know: what is clay? The clay is a widespread rock and a secondary product of the earth's crust, a sedimentary rock forming as a result of the destruction of rock rocks in the process of weathering. The main source of clay rocks is a field spar, when the decay of which, under the influence of atmospheric phenomena, kaolinite is formed and the kaolinite and other hydrates of aluminum silicates are formed under the influence of atmospheric phenomena. Some clay of sedimentary origin are formed in the process of local accumulation of the mentioned minerals, but most of them are waterfront deposits that fell to the bottom of the lakes and the seas. Earlier, the clay was mined along the banks of the rivers and lakes. Or dug specially to her pit. Then the clay was possible not to dig independently, but to buy from Potter, for example. In the days of our childhood, the usual, red clay, digged themselves, and the noble white bought in stores for artists or, especially clean, in a pharmacy. Depending on which clay is formed from which rock and how its education is based, it acquires different colors. Most often there are yellow, red, white, blue, green, dark brown and black clay. Clay are widely used in industry (in the production of ceramic tiles, refractories, fine ceramics, porcelain-faience and sanitary houses of trade), construction (production of bricks, ceramzit, etc. Building materials), for household needs, in cosmetics and as a material for artwork ( Lrack). We decided to explore the composition and properties of clay and carry out experiments with it. 3.
4 The relevance of the work: the spread of clay in nature. Hypothesis: Various clay properties can be used for various applications. Objective: Research and application of clay properties for creating a decorative handicraft task: to explore general information about clay using literary sources. Examine and conduct observations of the physical properties of clay, analyze the results of research. Conduct practical experiences with clay. Make a decorative clay product. Research methods: Work with sources of information. Theoretical studies. Experimental methods. Observation and photographing. Analysis of the results obtained. four
5 1. Theoretical part. Major information about clay Mountain Breed Clay clay and clay rocks are about half of all sedimentary rocks of the earth's crust. Gly on fine-grained sedimentary rock, dusty in a dry state, plastic with moisture. Clay consists of one or more minerals of the kaolinite group (derived from the name of Kaolin's locality in China), the breed-forming mineral in clay is kaolinite, its composition: 47% (MA) of silicon oxide (IV) (SiO 2), 39% aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) and 14% water (H 2 O). Aluminum oxides and silicon oxides make up a significant part of the chemical composition of the yellow, brown, blue, green, purple, and even black colors. Clay is everywhere. What, in general, unsurprisingly clay, sedimentary breed, is a stone, a timeless and external influence to the state of the powder. The last stage of the evolution of stone. (Sand-clay.) Clay appeared on Earth many thousands of years ago. Its "parents" are considered kaolinitis, swops, some types of mica, limestones and marbles. With obedient conditions, even some types of sand are transformed into clay. All known rocks with geological exits on the surface of the Earth are affected by the elements of rain, swirl storms, snow and flood waters. Drops of temperatures during the day and night, the heating of the breed by sunlight contributes to the appearance of microcracks. In the resulting cracks, water falls and, freezing, breaks the surface of the stone, forming a large number of smallest dust on it. Cyclone crushes and rubs dust into even more small dust. Where the cyclone changes its direction or simply subsides, with time, huge accumulations of the species of the breed are formed. They are compressed, soaked with water, and resulting in clay clay properties 5
6 Properties of clays: plasticity, fire and air shrinkage, refractory, sintering, color ceramic shard, viscosity, dermole, porosity, swelling, dispersion. Clay is the most stable waterproofer waterproofability is one of its qualities. Due to this, clay soil is the most steady type of soil, developed on wasteland and wasteland. The waterproof of clay is useful for preserving the quality of groundwater - a significant part of high-quality artesian sources occurs between clay layers. The clay stains the stone-creator and salt of iron, aluminum and the like minerals that are nearby. In clay multiplied, different organisms live and die. So it turns out red, yellow, blue, green, pink and other colored clay. Dry clay absorbs water well, but wet, becomes waterproof. After a variation and mixing, it acquires the property to take various forms and save them after drying. This property is called plasticity. In addition, clay has a binding ability: with powdered solid bodies (sand) gives a homogeneous "dough", also possessing plasticity, but to a lesser extent. It is obvious that the larger the sand or water impurity clay, the lower the plasticity of the mixture. By the nature of clays are divided into "fatty" and "skinny." Clay with high plasticity are called "fatty", since in a wetted state, a tactile feeling of a bold matter is given. The "fatty" clay is brilliant and slippery to the touch (if such a clay take into teeth, it slides), contains little impurities. "Dough", cooked from it, gentle. The brick of such clay during drying and firing gives cracks, and in order to avoid this, the so-called "extensive" substances are added to the knead: sand, "skinny" clay, burned brick, pottery fight, wood sawdust and so on. Maloplastic clay or non-textile are called "Torshi". An important property of clay is its attitude to the burning and in general to 6
7 Increased temperature: if the closed clay in the air is hardening, dries and easily erased into the powder, while no internal changes, then at high temperatures, chemical processes occur and the composition of the substance changes. At very high temperatures, clay melts. The temperature of the plating (the start of melting) characterizes the flame refractory. Galn color is diverse: light silver, bluish, yellow, white, reddish, brown with various shades. The quality of the manufactured brick does not depend on the color of clay. The most important properties of clay are: 1) the ability in a mixture with water to form thin "suspens" (muddy puddles) and viscous dough. 2) the ability to swell in water. 3) The plasticity of the clay test, i.e. it is necessary to take it and maintain any shape in the raw form. 4) the ability to maintain this form and after "drying with a decrease in volume". 5) stickiness. 6) binding ability. 7) water removal, i.e. The ability after saturation by a certain amount of water does not pass through itself. The creek of the clay dough makes various products-jugs, kinks, pots, bowls, etc., which, after firing, become completely hard and do not let the water. Not all clay and not to the same extent possess the properties listed. 7.
8 1.3. The value and application of clay with various diseases helps the clay of a certain color. With the help of white clay treated in bowel disease, obesity, hair loss, strengthen the nails. Red clay is used in diseases of the cardiovascular system, hypotension, varicose veins, nervous and endocrine diseases. Yellow clay is used in stroke, diseases of the stomach and intestines, migraines, headaches, osteochondrosis. Black clay is used to reduce the temperature, with various types of heartbeat, inflammation of the skin and internal organs, contributes to the rejuvenation of the body. Blue clay is well treated with obesity, thyroid hypofunction, relieves muscle weakness and ensures the mobility of the joints. In cosmetic plane, blue clay is used for oily skin. If there is no clay of the desired color, you can use any clay. The practical use of an annealing from claymzite clay with an annealing with an intake of clay gravel and sand is widely used in the production of building materials (ceramzite concrete, ceramzite-concrete blocks, wall panels, etc.) and as a heat and sound insulation material. This is a light porous building material, obtained by firing a slightweight clay. Walls made of ceramzitobetone are durable, have high sanitary and hygienic characteristics, and constructions from a ceramzite concrete, built more than 50 years ago, are used to this day. The largest manufacturer of clay is Russia. Many doctors recommend using blue clay in the form of springs, pastes, ointments with skin diseases (ulcers, burns, diallos). Inside, adult people are encouraged to take in r for one reception and not more than 100 g per day with gastrointestinal diseases (colitis, enteritis, food poisoning). In folk medicine, blue clay is treated: stomach ulcer, diarrhea, bloating 8
9 abdomen, jaundice, liver cirrhosis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, anemia, metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, paralysis, epilepsy, and even alcoholism, bile and urolithiasis. Take 20 g clay, bred in 150 ml of warm water, take up to meals. Clay belongs to mineral raw materials of mass consumption. They are used in a wide variety of sectors of the national economy, for various purposes. Brick production for building a building brick is used widespread lighter sandy ("skinny") clays of any color .. The production of cement portland - cement is a finely grilled powder of clay and limestone mixture. Art plastic green, gray-green and gray clays are widely used in sculpture. Usually all sculptors initially - create their own products from clay, followed by casting them from plaster or bronze. Industries related to them include, for example, soap, perfume, textile, abrasive, pencil, and a number of others. Life and agriculture. Clay, besides, are widely used in everyday life, especially in agriculture: for masonry furnaces, clauses of currents, blots of walls, and so on. Big perspectives have the use of bentonite-type swelling clay during the construction of dams, reservoirs and other similar structures. Clay is an important and necessary mineral resources for many sectors. nine
10 2. Practical part 2.1. Choosing and preparation of materials and equipment for work Equipment: Chemical Glass, Glass Wand, Skin Glass, Spatula, Muffle, Stacks, Glazenka, Fauro Sponge. (Appendix 2, photo 5). Practical experience 1. Familiarization with a model of clay work plan: familiarization with a model of clay. The goal is to study the appearance of clay. The result of familiarization with clay samples is set forth in the form of a table. Table 1. Clay properties Sample color Transparency Clay Common gray-green (Appendix 1, photo 2). Carefully examined the sample, I recorded my observations in the table. Table 2. Description of the physical properties of clay clay properties of observation aggregate state Solid color gray-green glitter is missing the smell of earth hardness (on the Moos scale, reference book) Plasticity, fragility, elasticity solubility in water insoluble melting point (Directory) Density (directory) Heat conductivity (directory) Electrical conductivity (directory) Conclusion: properties of substances are the signs for which some substances differ from others. Knowing the properties of substances, a person can use them with a lot of benefit for themselves. ten
11 Practical experience 2. Study of the solubility of clay Objective: to study the process of dissolving clay. Raw materials: clay; water. Work move: a small amount of water poured into a chemical glass and put a small piece of clay with a pea size. Glass wand stirred clay in water. Result: Water has become muddy, the clay of the village on the bottom. Conclusion: The clay is poorly dissolved in water, forming a two-component system of clay and water. (Appendix 2, photo 4). Practical experience 3. Studying plasticity clay goal: Explore the plasticity of clay. Raw materials: clay; water. Work move: a piece of clay moisturize with a wet foam sponge until it becomes soft and plastic. Result: Clay at moisture has become soft and easily cansuate. Conclusion: Clay when moisturizing acquires new properties of plasticity and softness. (Appendix 1, photo 3). Practical experience 4. Study of drying crude clay Objective: study the drying process of raw clay. Raw materials: clay course of work: a piece of moistened crude clay was used to make a decorative clay craft. Clay easily cansuate, it is soft and plastic, so you can cut out any product. During the practical work, the figure of the dog in size is 10x10 cm. The figure of a crude clay dog \u200b\u200bwas left indoors for drying in the air. Drying time was one day. Result: After drying, the clay product has changed its color. The raw clay is serial color, and the dry clay light gray. Conclusion: When drying crude clay, a slow evaporation of excess water occurs. The product from clay acquires properties: color change, hardness. eleven
12 Practical experience 5. Firing clay Objective: To study the process of firing clay. Raw materials: dried clay craft. Work move: dried clay cracked placed in a muffle furnace for firing. The firing process occurs at the temperature of C. The firing time is 8 hours. Result: After the firing, the clay product acquired another color and became more solid. Dry clay has a light gray color, and an exhaled clay brown-and-shaped color. Conclusion: under the firing clay loses almost all moisture and acquires new properties: strength and waterproofability. (Appendix 1, photo 1). Practical experience 6. The coating of varnishes and paints of the clay craft. Purpose: Creating a painted creative clay craft. Raw materials: burned clay craft, paint, varnish. Progress of work: the burned clay craft is paint and covered with varnish. Result: After painting, paints got a beautiful decorative craft. Conclusion: The burned products can be coated with paints and varnishes, to upload glazes to give these products new properties: waterproof, hygienicity, decorativeness. 12
13 Conclusion during the work learned a lot of new interesting information about clay, its mining, application and properties. Clay is a widespread rock rock and a secondary product of the earth's crust, a sedimentary rock forming as a result of the destruction of rock rocks during weathering. It happens different color, it depends on the creator stone. It is used for cosmetics, health and rejuvenation. Huge industrial importance is the production of building materials from clay: brick, cement, etc. The following clay properties were studied and used and used in the purpose of creating decorative crafts: plasticity, waterproofing, water moisture, drying and roasting. The hypothesis was confirmed: various clay properties can be used for various applications. Knowing certain clay properties can be used for various needs. Useful clay properties: It is used for cosmetics, health and rejuvenation. Huge industrial importance is the production of building materials from clay: brick, cement, etc. Conclusions 1. Using literary sources, general information about clay, its properties, value and application were studied. 2. In the practical part of the work, they studied and conducted observations of the physical properties of clay. 3. In the course of the work, experiments and observations with the photo scope of the results obtained were carried out. The physical properties of clay were investigated: softness, plasticity, fragility, heat capacity, hardness, strength, color, waterproofability. All of the above clay properties are studied and applied in practice in the manufacture of clay craft. 4. In the practical part of the work, a decorative clay product was made in the form of a dog in size 10x10 cm. 13
14 References Gabrielyan O.S. Chemistry. Grade 8: studies. for general education. Memory M.: Drop, p. Krzman V.A. A book for reading in inorganic chemistry. Manual for students. M.: Enlightenment, p. Natigal V. Big lots of knowledge. M.: LLC "TD" Publisher World of Books ", p. Electronic resource: Clay article 14
15 applications Appendix 1 Photo of the author. Photo 1. Photo by author. Photo 2. Photo by author. Photo 3. 15.
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Research
Work - fairytale
On the topic: "Magic clay"
Performed:
student 4 "in" class
municipal Gymnasium No. 4
odintsovo
Odintsovo, 2012
"Magic clay"
(work - fairy tale)
Introduction to the material "Lastochny Technology". The main part "in some kingdom ...". Conclusion.
Introduction to the material.
"Lastochny Technology"
Have you ever had to watch how it makes her nest swallow? In addition to the epocysts used by all feathers, clay is also in the case. Moreover, clay at the swallows - the main one. No wonder they say: "The bee sculpts from wax, and the swallow of clay." Softening clay with a liquid highlighted by special glands, swallow, like a grocery potter, whipped a lump of a small bowl. Hydish, it becomes so strong that, having happened to her with a lacaround, "will not break.
It is possible that in the distant times of observation of the swallow jobs, a person was brought to the idea to construct global dwellings and gases - Mazani. Until now, on the "swallow technology" from an unconditioned clay is made by brick-raw, used to build various buildings, not only rural, but also urban. As you know, a highly rammed clay does not miss moisture, so not only the walls, but also floors with roofs, were made from the people's construction. In order to increase the strength of the grinding gender, it was water from time to salted water.
In antiquity, on thin clay signs, they wrote as usual as they write on paper.
Do you know that:
white clay necessarily part
modern paper.
So, in some extent we write on clay now.
Clay plates have become the pages of the first books written by ancient authors. Some signs after performing the inscriptions just sucked well in the sun, while others, more valuable, intended for long storage, were burned.
People from time immemorial were sculpted from clay the objects necessary in everyday life, first of all dishes. Only here is the trouble: the dishes from an unconditional clay is very fragile and also moisture is afraid. In such a dish, it was possible to store only dry foods. Uploading the ash of a fascinated fire, an ancient man noticed that clay soil in the place where the fire was burning, he became hard as a stone, and did not blurry with rains. Perhaps this observation and supervised man to burn dishes at the fire.
It is interesting:
In Russia, the word "Gonchar" itself happened from the name of the burf oven - Gornov. In the ancient masters working with clay, called the mountains, but with the time of the letter "P", impede pronunciation, was lost.
Ceramic products are the most common finds of archaeologists. In contrast to the tree, the clay does not rot and does not burn, it does not oxidize like metal. Cutting dishes Russian potters painted with special ceramic paints or Angobami (liquid color clays), covered with vitreous watering - icing. Especially a lot of black-breeded dishes. Slightly frying products were rubbed to glitter with a sprier (smooth stone or polished bone), and then burned on a digging flame without admission to the mountain oxygen. After burning, the dishes acquired a beautiful silver-black or gray surface. Clay utensils are in every modern home, although it is difficult to believe that glittering white porcelain cups and plates are relatives of smoky chimnery, gorgeece and all sorts of mahotocks, swung from dark clay. But the utensils from white and dark clay are not rivals, each good for its destination.
The most fragrant tea can only be brewed in a porcelain kettle, and the most delicious varenie from cow's milk can be prepared only in the clay gorge, and even in a Russian oven.
In general, you already guessed that it would be about modeling. If you think you can sculpt only from plasticine and clay, then mistaken. In my work, I will tell you what material to be poured, how to get these materials, what instruments need, and most importantly, how exciting and fabulously interesting. Therefore, I tried my story to turn into a fairy tale, which I dedicated my teacher in the mug of "Magic Clay" at the ICEV Orditsevoy Natalia Nikolaevna.
"In some kingdom ...."
So, my clay fairy tale begins.
In some magic kingdom, in the clay state there was a good wizard with golden hands. She was such a skill and master that could turn any piece of clay, which only wishes. And it was in her arms several little gnomes and fairies, whom the wizard trained their magic.
Magic first.
"Transformation of dust in clay"
Clay is a small-grained sedimentary breed, dusty in a dry state formed as a result of the destruction of rock rocks in the process of weathering. Clay is almost everywhere. It is convenient to take it from quarries.
To improve plasticity, clay is laid by beds and leave in air for several months. During this time, under the influence of atmospheric conditions, organic impurities decompose, and clay acquires a thinner structure.
In the water mixture, clay forms a tough plastic mass, suitable for further processing. Sometimes, plant oil is added to it to increase the plasticity and water-retaining ability of clay to 20% of the clay mass.
Magic second.
"Every wizard wishes to know"
Clay of various deposits are of different colors. More often there are coloring clay from white - yellow - to red, from white - gray - to black, from red to brown.
But the clay differs not in its natural color, but by what it becomes after the firing, - the burned clay changes its painting. For example, if the natural black clay after firing becomes white, it is also called white. It should be remembered that the dry clay is lighter raw.
Magic third.
"We produce clay for modeling"
- Now the clay can be found in any department of stationery or children's store. The usual gray clay is cheap enough. It is smooth, soft, ready for work, sold usually in small portions. In short, for those who are just starting to create, it is definitely suitable!
- If the scale of your creativity is endless, and clay you need a lot, there is an option for buying soluble blue clay. It is sold in the form of a powder in bags of 3 and10 kg. Usually dry clay is sieved before starting to mix, because it contains many unnecessary impurities, such as sand and small stones.
- Finally, the third option is to get a clay in vivo, for example, to find a suitable lump in a pile of sand, on the sheer bank of the river or in a deep ravine. However, it is important to remember that not every clay is suitable for the modeling, for this it should have enough plasticity. If you have found a piece of clay to roll out and fold into some figure, multiple cracks should appear on its surface. Natural clay should also be cleaned of impurities.
Natural clay cleaning board
Dissolve a piece of clay in water to the state of liquid monotonous mass (as kefir or sour cream); Let us settle; Gently overflow the content into another container. Thus, unnecessary stones, twigs and all sorts of heavy breeds will fall on the bottom, and you will have a clean clay. Clear clay dried in the sun and getting stuck.
Magic fourth.
"Get ready for modeling"
Clay for sculptor - his palette, in which there must be a whole range of density and plasticity.
For example, at the beginning of work, a softer clay is needed, at the end - more solid, which allows you to work out small parts of the sculpture.
Therefore, it is best to take advantage of the following recommendations:
What every wizard should know:
1. Clay must be prepared more than necessary for this work.
2. Dry clay is poured into the box and poured with water so that individual pieces performed by islands.
Three days later, you can work with this clay.
It is necessary to extract it from the box so that after that it remains the recesses filled with water: then the clay of different hardness will lie in the box - from the most soft to the most solid.
Soon the fairy tale affects, but no sooner is done. He taught a good magician of his students to the main magic, without which not to create wonderful crafts. But to make them, alone only material. Yes, and one "golden hands" of a good sorceress here can not do. After all, hands become gold only in real masters, and our dwarfs and fairies only learn to be wizard masters. What to do?
Of course, the best, indispensable tool for modeling clay are fingers. We can cut out the entire product. But the refinement of sculptures, especially with small drawings, has to be kept using tools, as the fingers of the hands are still fat. Tools for modeling clay are not road and easy.
And then gave a kind wizard to help her students these wonderful tools:
The knives are needed by a layer for making stacks, patterns, clay circumcision, molding, etc.
Stacks are the main tool when laying out of clay, wax or plasticine. They are made of solid rock trees growing in a fabulous forest: beech, cock, birch, oak, palm trees, lilacs, sometimes out of ate, long from 10 to 25 centimeters and thick in its most thick part from 1 to 3 centimeters. Ends of stacks are made of the most diverse shape: flat, triangular, acutely angular, rounded, round, etc.
For cutting extra clay, cutting deep places, etc. I need stacks with metal tips.
They took these tools into their hands into their hands, and where to get started work. It seems that they traveled to the magicians, and they have a miracle tools, but, how and where to start the crawls do not know.
And then decided to tell a good wizard, which there are ways to transform clay in a miracle - craft.
Ministry of Education, Science and Youth Policy of the Trans-Baikal Territory
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Outculent Secondary School"
Scientific and practical conference "I am a researcher"
Section: "Geography"
Research on topic
"The secrets of our clay"
Tsybenzapov Amar Bairovich, 1 class
MBOU "Outculent Secondary General School"
Dashimyeva Ayghima Celebration,
Russia, Transbaikalsky region, Duldurginsky district, the village of Outcule,
MBOU "Outculent Secondary School",
geography and biology teacher
2018
Table of contents
Introduction
Chapter 1. Theoretical part. What is clay? .............................................. .....................four
Types of clay ........................ .. ............................................................ ... 4
The use of clay .................................................................................. 4
Chapter 2. Practical part .................................................................. .. .... ... ..6
2.1 Properties of clay and experiments ............................................................................ 6
2.2 Where to take clay for work ...................................................................................... 8
2.3 Preparation of the clay dough ........................................................................ 9
2.4 toy do it yourself ............................................................................. 10
Conclusion ............................................................................................. ... 11
Literature ................................................................................................ .12.
Appendix ...............................................................................................13
Introduction
Topic My research work "The secrets of our clay"
The relevance of work. I am a student of 1 class of Cupinjaps Amur. I like to do the music, football with clay and other materials. The fact is that I live on the river bank, which, unfortunately, has long been dried. But in summer, with long rainy days filled and flows. Here on the right side of our Ereebug River there is a clay that we use precisely for the purpose of modeling toys instead of plasticine. Often we make souvenirs, toys for contests of crafts at school. I like working with clay. And so I decided to learn in detail about clay next to my house, its types and properties, as well as how to prepare clay for the toy modeling.
The purpose of our work To familiarize yourself with the material of clay, species and its properties, find out how to make a clay to work correctly, create a toy and make a recommendation for students.
In accordance with the goal determinedthe following tasks:
get acquainted with clay as rock formation;
find out the types of clay, sitting in our village and next to my house;
conduct experiences to familiarize yourself with the properties of clay;
explore the scope of clay;
explore the preparation of clay to work and the process of making crafts from it;
make a toy;
Methods and means :
1. Study of literary sources, Internet.
2. Practical work
3. Poll and survey
4. Conclusions.
Object My study is a natural clay next to my house.
Chapter 2. Practical Part
1.2. Makers of clay, experiments
A variety of clay is very important from a technical point of view, as it affects the basic properties of the material, making it suitable for various technical purposes. The most important properties of clay are:
the ability to connect with water, forming thin suspension and viscous dough;
the ability to swell in water;
the ability in raw form take and preserve the form after drying, i.e. the plasticity of the material;
stickiness;
binding ability;
the ability does not pass moisture after saturation with a certain amount of water.
We will conduct a number of experiments for more detailed dating with some properties of the found natural clay in our village.
Experience number 1.
Objective: to get acquainted with this property of clay, like fragility.
Equipment: dry clay, wooden board, hammer.
Move: put clay on the board. They smashed clay with a hammer on the pieces, tried to break the pieces of clay slices on even smaller pieces.
Conclusion: Dry clay easily breaks, because it is fragile.
Experience number 2.
Purpose: see the difference between raw clay from dry.
Equipment: Dry clay, water vessel.
The move: one of the pieces of clay put in the vessel with water. Compare dry clay and clay in water.
Conclusion: Dry clay fragile, bright color; The raw clay is viscous, plastic (from it you can sculpt something, because its particles are connected with each other), the color of raw clay is darker than that of dry clay.
Experience number 3.
Purpose: to get acquainted with the special property of clay - not to pass water.
Equipment: Wet clay, water vessel.
Stroke: blinded from clay bowl. Then poured water into the resulting clay dishes. Water keeps in a vessel.
Conclusion: clay particles are tightly tight with each other, so water does not pass through them.
Experience number 4.
Purpose: get acquainted with the ability of clay to withstand a high temperature - refractory.
Equipment: a piece of clay or a product, a muffle furnace.
Move: Placed a clay product in the oven. The product has become solid and slightly decreased in size. At very high temperatures, clay melts.
Conclusion: under the firing clay acquires new properties - strength, rigidity and complete inability to attach moisture
Experience number 5.
Purpose: show that on the burnt (or dried) clay you can draw.
Equipment: clay figurine, paints, tassels, glasses with water.
The move: painted a clay figurine with paints. They noticed the fact that the paint lies well on the burned clay.
Conclusion: The burned clay can be painted with paints so that the clay product looks more beautiful.
So, it can be concluded that the dry clay is well absorbing water, but Ichping, becomes waterproof. After a variation and mixing, it acquires the property to take various forms and save them after drying. This property is called plasticity. This property allows us to sculpt from clay.
Conclusion
Clay- This is one of the most affordable and distributed materials for modeling. No one no longer remembers and does not know when a person discovered clay for himself. Clay is simple and easy to process, its plastic and artistic possibilities are huge. Because from the most ancient times, the clay has become one of the main materials, of which a person created the necessary things and works of art, clay was the faithful and good friend of all people at all times.
While working on this project, I learned a lot about clay from the Internet and literature.
I found out what properties clay has a number of experiments. It should be especially noted by the natural property of clay - it is its hygroscopicity (actively absorbs water), when mixing with water, clay changes its structure, becomes more flexible and viscous. The plasticity of clay is a property allows you to get complex forms of products.
In the process of work, I expanded my knowledge of clay. He studied how to choose, extract clay and cook it to work. I created a collection of my works, which can be widely used: as a symbol of the year, like a souvenir, in the lessons of the surrounding world, on the month of the Buryat language, in various contests of crafts, pets and wild for the study of nature. All this has become the main result of my research.
If you, like me, love to create, embody and create your own hands interesting and useful things, then the modeling of clay is a lesson for you! This pleasant time is beneficial.
In the future, I plan to continue to sculpt from various materials, improve your skills and hold a master class among my classmates.
Literature
1.Arakchev Yu.S., Khailov L.M. Miracles from clay. M., 2000. - s. 72.
2. Illustrated by the Almans of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Monuments of History and Culture # 38 (2, 1997), M.-1997.
3. Destination material Cabinet geography "Minerals", "Minerals and rocks"
4. Geography of the Agin Autonomous Okrug for Schoolchildren. Minerals
5. V.G. Strelnikov. The nature of the Aginska steppe. Chita.-2000. Page 32.
4. Internet resources.
http.// wikipedia.. ru
Appendix 2.
Ready work
application
Ready work
My favorite hot dish "Buise"
my works 
Fruit Garden, Candy
My pets and friends "Patrick and Jack"
Buryad Basago.
Buryad Huboon
composition "Living Organisms"
Snail, asterisk, Kolobok, Caterpillar
Appendix 1. Clay on the banks of the Ereebag River. We take for the manufacture of work.
clay dry
We take natural clay on the banks of the Eree Bag River
Natural clay is near me.
We prepare the clay dough, check for the presence of stones and unnecessary materials.
Making toys.
Appendix 3.
Map of the crown.
