Under the water supply system is understood the whole complex of structures and devices on the territory of the economy, providing all points of consumption with good-quality water in the required quantities.

On livestock farms water is used for watering animals, as well as for technological, hygienic, household and fire-fighting needs. Water consumption on the farm depends on the type of animals, on the work performed during the day and on the season.

According to the existing norms for water consumption by various groups of animals and for meeting the technological needs of various farm facilities, the average daily water consumption on the farm (complex) is calculated using the formula:

day cf. = m 1 * q 1 + m 2 * q 2 +…+ q n * m n , (1)

where Q days. cf. - average daily water consumption on the farm, m 3 / day; 1, q 2, … , q n - average daily rate of water consumption by one consumer, m 3 /day; 1, m 2, ... , m n - the number of consumers with the same consumption rate (heads, units, etc.);

2,…,n - number of consumer groups.

According to the water consumption rate (Appendix A, Table A.1 and Table A.2), we accept:

for cattle q = 120 l/day.

for a car q 2 = 20 l / day;

for a tractor q 3 = 150 l / day;

for a shower pavilion q 4 = 80 l / day;

for the dining room q 5 \u003d 20 l / day;

Then, given the number of consumers:

cowshed No. 1 m 1 = 200 heads;

cowshed No. 2 m 2 = 200 heads;

cowshed No. 3 m 3 = 200 heads;

cowshed No. 4 m 4 = 200 heads;

cowshed No. 5 m 5 = 100 heads;

for a car m 2 = 240 units;

for a tractor m 3 = 90 units;

for the shower pavilion m 4 = 350 visitors;

for the dining room m 5 = 400 visitors.

We determine by formula (1) the average daily water consumption:

day Wed. \u003d 200 * 120 + 200 * 120 + 200 * 120 + 200 * 120 + 100 * 120 + 240 * 20 + 90 * 150 + 350 * 80 + 400 * 20 \u003d 166 300 l / day \u003d 166.3 m 3 / day

The average daily water consumption in summer is higher than in winter. The unevenness of daily water consumption is expressed by the coefficient of daily unevenness. Then the maximum daily water consumption on the farm or complex is determined by the formula:

day max= Q days cf. x k 1, (2)

where Q days. max - maximum daily consumption, m 3 /day; 1 - coefficient of daily unevenness, k 1 = 1.3 ... 1.5, we accept k 1 = 1.5

day max \u003d 166.3 x 1.5 \u003d 249.35 m 3 / day.

To determine the hourly need for water, it must be taken into account that during the day the water flow fluctuates: in the daytime it reaches a maximum, and at night it reaches a minimum. When calculating the maximum hourly water consumption, the coefficient k 2 \u003d 2.5 is taken and the formula:

h max= Q days max x k 2/ 24 (3)

Then we get

h max\u003d 249.35 x 2.5 / 24 \u003d 55.4 m 3 / h.

(The number 24 is the number of hours in a day)

The maximum flow rate per second is calculated by the formula

with max= Q h max / 3600, (4)

where Q c max is the maximum second water flow, m 3 / s.

(The number 3600 is the number of seconds in one hour).

with max\u003d 55.4 / 3600 \u003d 0.0153 m 3 / s \u003d 15.3 l / s.

Water consumption for extinguishing a fire on a farm depends on the degree of fire resistance of buildings and their volume. In calculations, it can be taken on farms equal to 2.5 liters. The supply of water must ensure fire extinguishing within 2.3 hours.

P 1), (P 2), (P 3), (P 4):

day Wed\u003d 200 * 120 \u003d 24000l / day \u003d 24 m 3 / day.

36 m 3 /day

=m 3 / h.

0.0010 m 3 / s \u003d 1 l / s.

Calculation of water demand for the first consumer ( P 5):

day Wed\u003d 100 * 120 \u003d 12000l / day \u003d 12m 3 / day.

18 m 3 / day

=m 3 / h.

0.0005 m 3 / s \u003d 0.5 l / s.

Calculation of water demand for the first consumer ( P 6):

day Wed\u003d 240 * 20 + 90 * 150 + 350 * 80 + 400 * 20 \u003d 4800 + 13500 +28000 + 8000 \u003d 54300 l / day \u003d 54.3 m 3 / day.

81.45 m 3 / day

=m 3 / h.

0.0023 m 3 / s \u003d 2.3 l / s.

Table 1 - Estimated water demand data for the initial water consumption scheme

Name of identical consumers Number of consumers, m i Daily rate of water consumption q i , m 3 Daily water consumption Q day. cf., m 3 Maximum daily water consumption, m 3 Max

small hourly water consumption

For the found Q h max and Q c max, the diameters of the pipelines of the distribution network are calculated using the formula:

where is the area of ​​the circle, m 2;

3.14; - pipe diameter, m.

Then d = 1.13 x, (5)

where U is the speed of water movement in the pipe; m / s; = 0.5 ... 1.25 m / s (Appendix B).

We accept U = 0.95 m/s.

The calculation of the pipe diameter for various sections is determined by the formula (5) and rounded up to standard values.

a) for section (pipe l5) the diameter d 5 is determined;

d 5 \u003d 1.13 x \u003d 0.096 m. We accept d 5 \u003d 100 mm.

b) for section (pipe l6,l7,l8,l9) diameter d 6,7,8,9 is determined;

d 6.7.8.9 = 1.13 x = 0.036 m. We accept d 6.7.8.9 = 50 mm.

c) for section (pipe l 10) the diameter d 10 is determined;

d 10 \u003d 1.13 x \u003d 0.026 m. We accept d 10 \u003d 50 mm.

d) for section (pipe l 11) determine the diameter d 11 ;

d 11 \u003d 1.13 x \u003d 0.056 m. We accept d 11 \u003d 75 mm.

The choice of a water lift

When choosing a water lift, you should know:

1. Water source with a certain flow rate D, m 3 / h.

2. Pressure-regulating device.

Maximum hourly water consumption Q h max, m 3 / h.

The value of the free pressure at the end point of the draw-off H svn, m

The length of the route of all sections of the water supply network l j, m.

Conditions for choosing a pump (water lift)

The daily output of the pump must be equal to or greater than

maximum daily consumption

day pump Q days max.

The hourly output of the pump must be selected depending on the duration of the water lift and is determined by the formula

h pump = ,

where T is the duration of the pumping station, h

(according to the initial data T = 12 hours).

Q h pump= = 20.7 m 3 / h.

Second pump performance is determined by the formula

With. pump= Q h pump / 3600.

from the pump= = 0.0057 m 3 / s = 5.7 l / s

Suction pipe diameter ( l 1 And l 2) and injection ( l 3 And l 4) lines (conditionally, due to the small distance, we take them equal in diameter) is defined as

pump= 1.13 x.

pump\u003d 1.13 x \u003d 0.087 m.

We accept the diameter of the suction pipeline ( l 1 And l 2) and injection ( l 3 And l 4) pump lines d = 87 mm.

After determining the hourly output of the pump, the condition must be met

D Q h pump

The pressure generated by the pump is determined by the formula

H pump N sun + N n + N b +∑h, (6)

where N of the pump is the pressure created by the pump, m;

H sun - suction height, m;

H n - injection height, m;

Hb - tank height, m;

∑h - the sum of pressure losses in the suction and discharge lines, m;

∑h = ∑h′+∑h″,

where ∑h′ is the sum of pressure losses along the length of the suction and discharge pipelines, m,

∑h″ - local pressure losses in the suction and discharge pipelines, m

5. The discharge height of the water pressure tank (reservoir) is selected based on

H n H svn + Sh 1 ± H g, (7)

where N svn - the value of the free head, m:

H g - geometric difference of leveling marks, m;

∑h 1 - the sum of pressure losses in the distributing pipeline, m;

∑h 1 =∑h′ 1 +∑h″ 1, where ∑h′ 1 is the sum of pressure losses along the length of the distributing pipeline, m;

∑h″ 1 - the sum of local pressure losses in the distributing pipeline, m

Local pressure losses in the network are 5 ... 10% of the value of friction losses along the length (these data are used in practical calculations), and head losses along the length are determined by the formula

j = i ∙ l j, ( 8)

l j- length of a particular section, m; - hydraulic slope in meters (pressure loss per 1 m of pipeline length).

We select data for i from the table (Appendix D, Table D.1)

The selected data, together with the calculated (accepted) diameter of the pipelines and the second flow rate, are entered in Table 2.

Table 2 - Values ​​of diameters, flow rates, 100 j and j for pipelines

Then the magnitude of the head loss along the length is determined by formula (8), and the local head loss in this calculation is assumed to be 10% of the loss along the length.

5 = 0.0155 x 400 = 6.2 m and 10% is equal to 0.62 m. 6 = 0.0127 x 100 = 1.27 m and 10% is equal to 0.127 m. 7 = 0.0127 x 70 = 0.889 m and 10% is equal to 0.0889 m. 8 = 0.0127 x 110 = 1.397 m and 10% is equal to 0.1397 m. 9 = 0.0127 x 125 = 1.58 m and 10% is equal to 0.158 m. 10 = 0.032 x 180 = 5.76 m and 10% is equal to 0.576 m. 11 \u003d 0.092 x 135 \u003d 12.42 m and 10% is equal to 1.242 m.

Then the sum of pressure losses in pipelines for:

5 will be equal to h 5 \u003d 6.2 + 0.62 \u003d 6.82 m;

l 6 will be equal to h 6 \u003d 1.27 + 0.127 \u003d 0.0352 m;

l 7 will be equal to h 7 \u003d 0.889 + 0.0889 \u003d 0.02464 m;

l 8 will be equal to h 8 \u003d 1.397 + 0.1397 \u003d 0.03872 m;

l 9 will be equal to h 9 \u003d 1.58 + 0.158 \u003d 1.738 m;

l 10 will be equal to h 10 \u003d 5.76 + 0.576 \u003d 6.336 m;

l 11 will be equal to h 11 = 12.42+ 1.242 = 13.66 m;

In this example, losses in an extensive network in the sixth section ( l 11), where the first consumer (P 6).

Then the sum of pressure losses in the distributing pipeline is determined from the expression:

∑h 1 \u003d h 5 + h 11 \u003d 6.82 + 13.66 \u003d 20.48 m.

H n \u003d 10+ 20.5 + 0 \u003d 30.5 m.

This means that the bottom of the tank must be at a height of 30.5 m.

total \u003d l 1 + l 2 + l 3 + l 4.

total \u003d 7 + 3 + 30 + 30.5 \u003d 70.5 m.

Then the magnitude of the pressure loss in the suction and discharge pipelines along the length and local losses are determined as:

l total \u003d 0.00957 x 70.5 \u003d 0.67 m and 10% is equal to 0.067 m.

H pump \u003d 7 + 30.5 + 4 + 0.737 \u003d 42.2 m.

With calculated data:

H pump = 42.2 m; Q h pump = 20.7 m 3 / h;

from the pump = 5.7 l / s we make an energy calculation.

The calculated power of the drive motor to the pump is determined by the formula

R calc. = ,

where R calc. - estimated power of the drive motor, kW;

Density of water, kg/m 3 ;- free fall acceleration, m/s 2 ; from the pump - pump flow, m 3 / s; H of the pump - the total head of the pump, m;

Pump - efficiency of the pump;

Gears - transmission efficiency.

1000 kg / m 3; pump = 0.4…0.64; transmission = 1 (Appendix D)

Using the calculated values ​​of Q from the pump, H of the pump and taking the pump = 0.4, we determine the calculated power

R calc. = = 5.8 kW.

(The number 1000 in the denominator is a conversion factor to get the result in kW). Taking into account the safety factor, the engine power is determined by the formula:

R dv. = P calc. *α,

where α is the power factor; α = 1.1…2.0 (Appendix E).

We accept α = 1.3

Р dv - engine power, taking into account all kinds of overloads, kW.

R dv. \u003d 5.8 * 1.3 \u003d 7.54 kW.

. Water consumption charts

Water towers are used to create pressure in the distribution network and to store the water supply necessary to equalize the difference between the water supply by the pumping station and its consumption by consumers. (Sometimes a fire supply of water is stored in the tank).

The required minimum capacity of the pressure tank depends on the amount of daily water consumption by the household, the nature of its consumption by the hours of the day and the operating time of the pumping station.

Water consumption by hours of the day can be set quite accurately, taking into account the coefficients of unevenness and taking into account the daily routine on the farm, and expressed in the form of a graph shown in Figure 2. (the graph was built according to the initial data)

According to known data Q days. max schedule of water consumption during the day and the mode of operation of the pumping station, the required tank capacity is determined by:

The method of compiling a calculation table

The method of constructing an integral graph.

Method. The method of compiling the calculation table.

Known source data:

Q days max = 249.35 m 3 / day. (maximum daily consumption is considered as 100%)

2. The schedule of expenses by hours of the day is shown in Figure 2. (Consumption by hours of the day is available in the source data).

Time of the pumping station T=12 hours in the period from 7 am to 7 pm. (Available in the original data).

Q hours of the pump = 20.7 m 3 / h.

The data of the hourly flow and water supply by the pump as a percentage of the maximum daily flow (Q day max) are entered in Table 2 and the algebraic sum of the supply and flow for each hour is determined as a percentage of Q day. max.

Table 3 - Data for determining the capacity of the tank (reservoir)

* - the maximum value of the remaining water in the tank.

The maximum value of the remaining water in the tank determines the required capacity

W b = = = 89m 3.

Method. Method for constructing an integral graph.

W b = ,

where W b - tank volume, m 3;

The sum of two segments - the largest (determining the vertical distance between the common curves), taken on opposite sides of the water flow curve, %.

b = =

5. Calculation of water conductivity. Energy calculation

Initial data:

Table 1 - Technical specifications equipment installed in the technological line of water supply to pigsties

Table 2 - Operating time of the main equipment

Building a schedule for equipment operation

The order of plotting is as follows:

Build coordinate axes

On the abscissa axis we denote the time of day T of the day in hours or minutes (from 0 to 24).

On the left of the y-axis in four columns we denote:

a) Technological operations in approximate sequence one after another.

b) The brand of the machine that performs one or another technological operation.

c) Operating time t of the machine during the day in hours or minutes.

d) Installed power P of electric motors on machines and lighting in kW.

Figure 1 - Equipment operation schedule

Now, strictly on a scale parallel to the abscissa axis, we apply lines against the technological operations, the length of which (on the scale) corresponds to the operating time of the machine, and their position (lines) relative to the abscissa axis shows: at what time of day this technological operation is performed.

According to the schedule, you can immediately see the production technology, the operating time of the machines, at what time and the sequence of turning them on and off, how many machines are working at the same time, which machines and more.

Building a schedule of installed capacities

Guided by the equipment operation schedule (Fig. 1) and the initial data, a schedule of installed equipment capacities is constructed (Fig. 2). The order of plotting is as follows:

Build coordinate axes.

On the abscissa axis we denote the time of day T of the day in hours or minutes (from 0 to 24).

Z. On the y-axis we denote in the power P in kW.

We look at the equipment graph (Fig. 11) and at the initial data.

Lights are turned on at 5:30. Installed lighting power R sv = 8 kW.

Then R sums (5h30min) = R osv. x 5 barns = 8 x 5 = 40 kW

At 7 o'clock turn on the pump 3K-6A. Power 3K-6A - P = 10 kW.

Then R sums (7h) \u003d R osv. + P = 40 kW + 10 kW = 50 kW.

Lights are turned off at 9 o'clock.

Then P sums (9h) = P = 10 kW.

From 15:00 to 19:00, lighting and a 3K-6A pump are working.

Then R sums (15h) = R osv. + P = 40 kW + 10 kW = 50 kW.

At 19, the pump stops working.

Then R sums (19h) = R osv. = 40 kW

The lights are turned off at 21:00.

Energy calculation

The energy calculation is carried out on the condition that all machines operate at optimal load at the specified estimated time.

R total \u003d R osv + R 3K-6A, where

P total - installed power of lighting and water supply, kW;

Р osv - installed lighting power, kW;

R 3K-6A - installed power of the pump 3K-6A, kW.

We get P total \u003d 5 x 8 kW + 10 kW \u003d 50 kW.

Energy consumption is determined by the formula

i = P i x t i , where

i - power consumption by the i-th machine, kWh; i - engine power of the i-th machine, kW; i is the operating time of the i-th machine, h.

We get: W osv \u003d P osv x t osv; W 3K-6A = P 3K-6A x t 3K-6A, where

osv., W 3K-6A - electricity consumption for lighting and water supply, kWh; osv., t 3K-6A - the total operating time of the lighting and pump 3K-6A, h.

We get: W rev. \u003d 40 kW 9.5 h \u003d 380 kW ∙ h 3K-6A \u003d 10 12 h \u003d 120 kW ∙ h.

Then W gen. = W ref. + W 3K-6A

We get W total. = 380 kWh + 120 kWh = 500 kWh

6. Economic calculation

The basis of all calculations for determining economic efficiency are technical maps, which are the main document for determining the needs of the economy in machines that provide comprehensive mechanization of all production processes.

According to the technical map, feasibility studies of the selected machine system are determined. The map should contain technical indicators and economic indicators.

Technology usage indicators:

Quantitative - characterized by the level of equipment of production processes of equipment:) the volume of mechanical feed

b) level of mechanization of production processes) level of mechanization of the farm.

The level of mechanization is found by the formula

Where Y is the level of mechanization,%; 1 - livestock, serviced by machines, heads; 2- total animals, head.

Then:

Y \u003d * 100 \u003d 100%

Qualitative indicators of the use of technology characterize the economic efficiency of its use, according to which options are chosen.

Economic efficiency indicators:

a) labor costs for maintenance of livestock (heads),

b) labor costs per unit of output (tonnes),) direct operating costs,) payback capital investments in the mechanization of production processes.

Labor costs are found by the formula

Where T - labor costs, man h / t;

L - the number of people working on this process, people; - the time these people work on this process, h; total - the total amount of products produced by this process, i.e.

E t \u003d In prod - In prod (new technologies);

where E - economic effect;

In prod - the cost of the old car;

In prod (new technologies) - the costs of new technology.

7. Veterinary requirements and safety precautions

Veterinary and sanitary requirements for the maintenance of premises, territory of farms and care of animals

To ensure and maintain the proper sanitary condition of livestock buildings and the territory of dairy farms, it is necessary to constantly monitor their cleanliness and landscaping.

At least once a month, spend a sanitary day on the farm. On this day, walls, feeders, drinking bowls and other equipment are thoroughly cleaned, as well as windows in industrial, domestic and auxiliary premises, and a sanitary inspection room. After mechanical cleaning, disinfection is carried out; feeders, contaminated places of walls, partitions and pillars are whitened with a suspension of freshly slaked lime. On this day, the veterinary staff examines all dairy animals, paying special attention to the condition of the udder, teats, and checks the quality of sanitary cleaning of the premises and territory. The results of the inspection and verification are recorded in a journal, a farm passport, which are kept by the farm manager.

Entrance to the internal territory of the farm is allowed only through sanitary checkpoints for service personnel with the presentation of permanent passes, and for other persons with one-time passes issued in agreement with the veterinary service. Visits to the farm by unauthorized persons are recorded in a log kept together with passes at the control point of the sanitary checkpoint.

Entrance to the farm is allowed only after changing your own clothes and shoes in the sanitary inspection room for work clothes.

Entry of vehicles to the farm is allowed only through disinfection barriers.

Throughout the territory, in the production and utility rooms of dairy farms, preventive disinfection and measures to combat flies and rodents are carried out in accordance with the current instructions for disinfection, disinfestation, deratization and desacarization.

In the dairy and milking parlor, the walls are systematically (as far as they become dirty) cleaned and whitewashed with a suspension of freshly slaked lime. The floors are washed daily. The premises are disinfected 2 times a month with a solution of calcium (sodium) hypochlorite containing 3% active chlorine. The consumption of the solution is 0.5 l per 1 m 2 of area. Exposure 1 hour

In summer, pasture, stall-camp and stall-walking systems for keeping animals are used, and in winter-stall - tethered and loose. Specialists choose the most appropriate of them taking into account the specific conditions of the economy (security of feed, quality of the herd, veterinary well-being, qualifications of personnel, etc.).

Dairy cows in loose housing should be provided daily with clean straw or other bedding at the rate of 5 kg per cow. When cows are kept in stalls, bedding (straw, sawdust, etc.) is replaced daily. It is forbidden to use peat fluff as bedding for dairy cows.

Cleaning the skin and washing the hind limbs of cows is carried out by milkmaids as they get dirty.

It is forbidden to introduce animals into the farm from other farms or farms without the permission of a veterinarian and compliance with these Rules.

Safety engineering.

water supply farm veterinary mechanized

The livestock farm must have water for watering livestock, processing and preparation of liquid and semi-liquid feed mixtures, and washing dishes. To supply water, pumping stations, water towers, wells and wells, plumbing and drinkers are needed.

Particular care must be taken when installing and installing all-metal water towers. Install the towers on the foundation with anchor bolts; the water supply part from the pumping station must be assembled in advance.

Internal water supply should not be welded, but mounted using couplings. This makes it easier to repair the plumbing in the future.

Before installing individual bowl drinkers, it is necessary to check the operation of the shut-off valve mechanism, only after that they are attached to the rack or feeder.

Particular attention should be paid to laying water pipes at their intersections with electrical wires: they should not touch or intersect. If this cannot be avoided, then the intersections must be additionally isolated, and a wooden gasket should be installed between the wires and the pipe, since even a small electrical voltage on the water pipe can lead to the death of animals.

In winter, during severe frosts, water in an insufficiently insulated water supply system freezes. It is impossible to warm the water pipe with an open flame (blowtorch). To do this, use hot water: the frozen places are covered with rags and poured with hot water until the plumbing starts to function normally.

Fire safety

Farm fires occur for a variety of reasons. As a result, livestock buildings, equipment are burned, livestock is dying. Often fires lead to human casualties.

A fire is easier to prevent than to extinguish. Therefore, fire prevention measures are important.

On livestock farms and other facilities, the responsibility for fire safety rests with the heads of sections, teams and farms.

Members of the voluntary fire department of the state farm and collective farm, as well as mechanics and electricians, should take part in the development of fire safety measures and control over their implementation.

To prevent and successfully fight fires, livestock workers must know the causes of their occurrence, follow fire safety rules, etc. be trained in the use of fire fighting equipment. On livestock farms, it is necessary to develop the duties of each worker in the event of a fire.

With mechanized water supply, it is necessary to install water taps and hydrants.

On the territory of a farm that does not have fire hydrants, it is necessary to equip a fenced fire pond. Barrels with water should be placed near the place where feed is stored.

In each room, in a conspicuous place, the "Fire Safety Rules" are posted, which are mandatory for all workers of the farm, as well as signs with the name of the employee responsible for the fire safety of this facility.

Must be removed for smoking special places or premises, they hang out special signs with the inscriptions: "Smoking area", "Smoking is allowed here." Places and rooms for smoking should preferably be equipped with fire-fighting equipment (barrels of water, metal bins).

The area between livestock buildings (fire breaks) must not be used for storage of materials, straw and hay.

In all livestock buildings, passages, exits, corridors, vestibules, stairs, attic spaces should be constantly maintained in good condition and not cluttered up with anything.

Gates and doors of livestock buildings should open outward, they can only be closed with hooks and latches, locks cannot be used. IN winter period areas in front of the gates and doors must be cleared of snow so that the gates and doors open freely.

Do not use an open flame (torch, blowtorch) when warming frozen pipes of plumbing and heating systems. To do this, use hot water, steam or heated sand.

On farms and in livestock buildings, it is forbidden to use machines and mechanisms that are dangerous in terms of fire, have leaks in the fuel tank and fuel lines that emit sparks.

The fire is usually extinguished with water, snow, sand and earth. However, in some cases, the use of water is impractical, and sometimes unacceptable. It is impossible to extinguish, with water, burning gasoline, kerosene, oils, as well as ignited internal combustion engines. In these cases, the flame should be extinguished with a fire extinguisher, thrown with sand, earth, covered with a wet tarpaulin.

When extinguishing a fire with fire extinguishers, a foam jet must be directed to the base of the flame, that is, directly to a burning object or substance.

At night, livestock farms are assigned duty officers who, in the event of a fire, must raise the alarm.

In the event of a fire, urgent measures must be taken to eliminate the source of fire and, if it is not possible to extinguish it, immediately call the fire brigade, take measures to save animals, equipment and stop the further spread of fire.

Bibliography

1. Bakshaev P.D., Bogdanovsky A.V., Ivakhno V.K. Handbook of labor protection and safety in animal husbandry. - Kyiv: Harvest, 1979. - 183p.

Belyanchikov N.N., Smirnov A.I. Mechanization of animal husbandry. - M.: Kolos, 1983. - 360 p.

Kalyuga A.A. Mechanization of technological processes at pig-breeding enterprises. - M.: Rosselkhozizdat, 1987. - 208 p.

Kostin G.N. The main technological schemes of water supply for livestock and other facilities, the main equipment and an example of calculation on the topic "Mechanization of water supply". - Kirov, 2005. - 216s.

Mzhelsky N.I., Smirnov A.I. Reference book on the mechanization of livestock farms and complexes. - M.: Kolos, 1984. - 336 p.

Nosov M.S. Mechanization of work on livestock farms. - M.: VO Agropromizdat, 1987. - 415 p.

"Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"

Khakass branch

Department of Technology of production and processing

agricultural products

Lecture course

by discipline OPD. F.07.01

"Mechanization in animal husbandry"

for the specialty

110401.65 - Zootechnics

Abakan 2007

LectureII. MECHANIZATION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The mechanization of production processes in animal husbandry depends on many factors and, above all, on the methods of keeping animals.

On cattle farms used mainly stall-pasture And stall system animals. With this method of keeping animals, it can be tethered, unattached And combined. Also known containment conveyor system cows.

At tethered content the animals are tethered in stalls located along the feeders in two or four rows between the feeders arrange a feed passage, and between the stalls - manure passages. Each stall is equipped with a tether, feeder, automatic drinker, milking and manure removal. The floor area norm for one cow is 8...10 m2. In the summer, cows are transferred to pasture, where a summer camp is arranged for them with sheds, pens, a watering place and milking installations for cows.

At loose content in winter, cows and young animals are in the farm premises in groups of 50 ... 100 heads, and in the summer - in the pasture, where camps with noses, pens, and a watering place are equipped. There is also milking of cows. A type of loose housing is box housing, where cows rest in stalls with side railings. Boxes allow you to save bedding material. Conveyor-flow content mainly used when servicing dairy cows with their fixation to the conveyor. There are three types of conveyors: circular; multicart; self-propelled. The advantages of this content: animals, in accordance with the daily routine in a certain sequence, are forcibly admitted to the place of service, which contributes to the development of a conditioned reflex. At the same time, labor costs for driving and driving away animals are reduced, it becomes possible to use automation tools for recording productivity, programmed dosing of feed, weighing animals and managing all technological processes, conveyor maintenance can significantly reduce labor costs.

In pig breeding There are three main systems for keeping pigs: free-range- for fattening pigs, replacement-young animals, weaned piglets and queens of the first three months of growth; easel-walking(group and individual) - and boars of producers, queens of the third or fourth months of growth, suckling queens with piglets; bezgulnaya - for feed stock.

The free-range system of keeping pigs differs from the easel-walking system in that during the day the animals can freely go out to the walking yards for walking and feeding through holes in the wall of the pigsty. With easel-walking keeping, pigs are periodically released in groups for a walk or in a special room for feeding (dining room). When the animals are kept without walking, they do not leave the premises of the pigsty.

in sheep breeding There are pasture, stall-pasture and stall systems for keeping sheep.

pasture maintenance used in areas characterized by large pastures on which animals can be kept all year round. On winter pastures, to shelter them from the weather, semi-open buildings with three walls or paddocks are always built, and for winter or early spring births (lambing), capital shepherds (kosharas) are built in such a way that they fit 30 ... 35% ewes. For feeding sheep in bad weather and during lambing on winter pastures, feed is prepared in the required quantity.

Stall and pasture maintenance sheep are used in areas where there are natural pastures, and the climate is characterized by harsh winters. In winter, sheep are kept in stationary buildings, giving all kinds of feed, and in summer - on pastures.

stall content sheep is used in areas with high plowing of land and with limited pastures. Sheep are kept all year round in stationary (closed or semi-open) insulated or non-insulated premises, giving them feed that they receive from field crop rotations.

For raising animals and rabbits apply cellular system. The main herd of minks, sables, foxes and arctic foxes are kept in individual cages installed in sheds (sheds), nutria - in individual cages with or without pools, rabbits - in individual cages, and young animals in groups.

In poultry farming apply intense, outgoing And combined content system. Ways of keeping poultry: floor and cage. When kept on the floor, the birds are grown in poultry houses 12 or 18 m wide on deep litter, slatted or mesh floors. In large factories, birds are kept in cage batteries.

The system and method of keeping animals and poultry significantly affect the choice of mechanization of production processes.

BUILDINGS FOR KEEPING ANIMALS AND BIRDS

The design of any building or structure depends on its purpose.

On cattle farms there are cowsheds, calves, buildings for young animals and fattening, maternity and veterinary facilities. For keeping livestock in the summer, summer camp buildings are used in the form of light rooms and sheds. Auxiliary buildings specific to these farms are milking or milking blocks, dairy (collection, processing and storage of milk), milk processing plants.

Buildings and structures of pig farms are pigsties, pigsties, fatteners, premises for weaned piglets and boars. A specific building of a pig farm can be a dining room with the appropriate technology for keeping animals.

Sheep buildings include sheepfolds with sheds and shed bases. Sheepfolds contain animals of the same sex and age, so it is possible to distinguish sheepfolds for queens, valukhs, rams, young and fattening sheep. Specific facilities of sheep farms include shearing stations, baths for bathing and disinfection, sheep slaughter departments, etc.

Buildings for poultry (poultry houses) are divided into chicken coops, turkey houses, goslings and ducklings. By purpose, poultry houses are distinguished for adult bird, young and chickens raised for meat (broilers). Specific buildings of poultry farms include hatcheries, brooderhouses, and acclimatizers.

On the territory of all livestock farms, auxiliary buildings and structures should be built in the form of storage facilities, warehouses for feed and products, manure storage facilities, feed shops, boiler houses, etc.

FARM SANITARY FACILITIES

To create normal zoohygienic conditions in livestock buildings, various sanitary equipment is used: internal water supply, ventilation devices, sewerage, lighting, heating devices.

Sewerage designed for gravity removal of liquid excrement and dirty water from livestock and industrial premises. The sewerage system consists of zhizhestochny grooves, pipes, zhizhesbornik. The design and placement of sewage elements depend on the type of building, the way animals are kept and the technology adopted. Liquid collectors are necessary for temporary storage of liquid. Their volume is determined depending on the number of animals, the daily rate of liquid secretions and the accepted shelf life.

Ventilation designed to remove polluted air from the premises and replace it with clean air. Air pollution occurs mainly with water vapor, carbon dioxide(CO2) and ammonia (NH3).

Heating livestock premises are carried out by heat generators, in one unit of which a fan and a heat source are combined.

Lighting is natural and artificial. Artificial lighting is achieved by using electric lamps.

MECHANIZATION OF WATER SUPPLY FOR ANIMAL FARMS AND PASTURES

WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR ANIMAL FARMS AND PASTURES

Timely watering of animals, as well as rational and complete feeding is an important condition for maintaining their health and increasing productivity. Untimely and insufficient watering of animals, interruptions in watering and the use of poor quality water lead to a significant decrease in productivity, contribute to the emergence of diseases and increase feed consumption.

It has been established that insufficient watering of animals when kept on dry feed causes inhibition of digestive activity, resulting in a decrease in feed intake.

Due to a more intensive metabolism, young farm animals consume water per 1 kg of live weight, on average, 2 times more than adult animals. The lack of water negatively affects the growth and development of young animals, even with a sufficient level of feeding.

Drinking water of poor quality (cloudy, unusual smell and taste) does not have the ability to excite the activity of the secretory glands of the gastrointestinal tract and causes a negative physiological reaction with strong thirst.

Water temperature is important. Cold water has an adverse effect on animal health and productivity.

It has been established that animals can live without food for about 30 days, and without water - 6 ... 8 days (no more).

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK FARMS AND PASTURES

2) underground sources - ground and interstratal waters. Figure 2.1 shows a diagram of water supply from a surface source. Water from a surface water source through a water intake 1 and pipe 2 flows by gravity into the receiving well 3 , from where it is supplied by the pumps of the pumping station of the first lift 4 to treatment facilities 5. After cleaning and disinfection, water is collected in a clean water tank 6. Then, the pumps of the pumping station of the second lift 7 supply water through the pipeline to the water tower 9. Further through the water supply network 10 water is supplied to consumers. Depending on the type of source, Various types water intake facilities. Mine wells are usually arranged for water intake from thin aquifers, occurring at a depth of no more than 40 m.

Rice. 2.1. Scheme of the water supply system from a surface source:

1 - water intake; 2 - gravity pipe; 3- receiving well; 4, 7- pumping stations; 5 - treatment facility; 6 - storage tank; 8 - water pipes; 9 - water tower; 10- water supply network

A shaft well is a vertical excavation in the ground that cuts into an aquifer. The well consists of three main parts: a shaft, a water intake and a cap.

DETERMINING FARM WATER REQUIREMENTS

The amount of water that should be supplied to the farm through the water supply network is determined according to the calculated norms for each consumer, taking into account their number according to the formula

Where - daily rate of water consumption by one consumer, m3; - the number of consumers with the same consumption rate.

The following water consumption rates (dm3, l) are accepted per head for animals, birds and animals:

dairy cows ...............................

sows with piglets ..........6

beef cows .............................. 70

pregnant sows and

idle..................................................60

bulls and heifers .................................. 25

young cattle .............................30

weaned piglets.......................................5

calves ................................................ ..20

fattening and young pigs........ 15

pedigree horses .............................. 80

chickens................................................. ......1

stud stallions...................70

turkeys............................................1.5

foals up to 1.5 years .......................45

ducks and geese.......................................2

sheep adults .................................. 10

minks, sables, rabbits......................3

young sheep ....................................... 5

foxes, arctic foxes .................................. 7

boars-produce

In hot and dry areas, the norm can be increased by 25%. The water consumption rates include the costs of washing the premises, cages, milk dishes, preparing feed, and cooling milk. For manure removal, additional water consumption is provided in the amount of 4 to 10 dm3 per animal. For young birds, these norms are halved. For livestock and poultry farms, a special household plumbing is not designed.

Drinking water is supplied to the farm from the public water supply network. The rate of water consumption per worker is 25 dm3 per shift. For bathing sheep, 10 dm3 is spent per head per year, at the point of artificial insemination of sheep - 0.5 dm3 per inseminated sheep (the number of inseminated queens per day is 6 % total livestock in the complex).

The maximum daily and hourly water consumption, m3, is determined by the formulas:

;

,

where is the coefficient of daily uneven water consumption. Usually take = 1.3.

Hourly fluctuations in water consumption are taken into account using the coefficient of hourly unevenness = 2.5.

PUMPS AND WATER LIFTS

According to the principle of operation, pumps and water lifts are divided into the following groups.

Vane pumps (centrifugal, axial, vortex). In these pumps, the liquid moves (is pumped) under the action of a rotating impeller equipped with blades. In figure 2.2, a, b depicted general form and scheme of operation of a centrifugal pump.

The working body of the pump is a wheel 6 with curved blades, during rotation of which in the discharge pipeline 2 pressure is generated.

Rice. 2.2. Centrifugal pump:

A- general form; b- scheme of the pump; 1 - manometer; 2 - discharge pipeline; 3 - pump; 4 - electric motor: 5 - suction pipe; 6 - impeller; 7 - shaft

The operation of the pump is characterized by total head, flow, power, rotor speed and efficiency.

DRINKERS AND WATER DISPENSERS

Animals drink water directly from drinkers, which are divided into individual and group, stationary and mobile. According to the principle of operation, drinkers are of two types: valve and vacuum. The first, in turn, are divided into pedal and float.

On cattle farms, automatic one-cup drinkers AP-1A (plastic), PA-1A and KPG-12.31.10 (cast iron) are used for watering animals. They are installed at the rate of one per two cows for tethered content and one per cage for young animals. The group automatic drinker AGK-4B with electric water heating up to 4°C is designed for drinking up to 100 heads.

Group automatic drinker AGK-12 Designed for 200 heads with loose content in open areas. In winter, to eliminate the freezing of water, its flow is provided.

Mobile drinker PAP-10A designed for use in summer camps and pastures. It is a tank with a volume of 3 m3 from which water enters 12 one-cup automatic drinking bowls, and is designed to serve 10 heads.

For drinking adult pigs, self-cleaning one-cup automatic drinking bowls PPS-1 and teat PBS-1 are used, and for suckling pigs and weaned piglets - PB-2. Each of these drinkers is designed for 25 .... 30 adult animals and 10 young animals, respectively. Drinkers are used for individual and group keeping of pigs.

For sheep, a group automatic drinker APO-F-4 with electric heating is used, designed to serve 200 heads in open areas. Drinkers GAO-4A, AOU-2/4, PBO-1, PKO-4, VUO-3A are installed inside the sheepfold.

When keeping birds on the floor, trough drinkers K-4A and automatic drinking bowls AP-2, AKP-1.5 are used, and nipple automatic drinking bowls are used for cage keeping.

FARM WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Water used for drinking animals is most often evaluated by its physical properties: temperature, transparency, color, smell, taste and taste.

For adult animals, the most favorable temperature is 10...12 °C in summer and 15...18 °C in winter.

The transparency of water is determined by its ability to transmit visible light. The color of water depends on the presence of impurities of mineral and organic origin in it.

The smell of water depends on the organisms living and dying in it, the condition of the banks and the bottom of the water source, and on the drains that feed the water source. Drinking water should not have any foreign smell. The taste of water should be pleasant, refreshing, which determines the optimal amount of mineral salts and gases dissolved in it. Distinguish bitter, salty, sour, sweet taste of water and various flavors. The smell and taste of water, as a rule, is determined organoleptically.

MECHANIZATION OF PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FEED

REQUIREMENTS FOR MECHANIZATION OF PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FEED

Procurement, preparation and distribution of feed is the most important task in animal husbandry. At all stages of solving this problem, it is necessary to strive to reduce feed losses and improve its physical and mechanical composition. This is achieved both through technological, mechanical and thermochemical methods of preparing feed for feeding, and through zootechnical methods - breeding animal breeds with high feed digestibility, using scientifically based balanced diets, biologically active substances, growth stimulants.

The requirements for the preparation of feed mainly relate to the degree of their grinding, contamination, and the presence of harmful impurities. Zootechnical conditions define the following sizes of feed particles: the length of cutting straw and hay for cows is 3 ... 4 cm, horses 1.5 ... . 1 cm), pigs 0.5 ... 1 cm, birds 0.3 ... 0.4 cm. Cake for cows is crushed into particles 10 ... 15 mm in size. Crushed concentrated feed for cows should consist of particles with a size of 1.8 ... 1.4 mm, for pigs and poultry - up to 1 mm (fine grinding) and up to 1.8 mm (medium grinding). The particle size of hay (grass) flour should not exceed 1 mm for birds and 2 mm for other animals. When laying silage with the addition of raw root crops, the thickness of their cutting should not exceed 5 ... 7 mm. Silage corn stalks are crushed to 1.5...8 cm.

Contamination of fodder root crops should not exceed 0.3%, and grain feed - 1% (sand), 0.004% (bitter, elm, ergot) or 0.25% (pupa, smut, chaff).

The following zootechnical requirements are imposed on feed-distributing devices: uniformity and accuracy of feed distribution; its dosage individually for each animal (for example, the distribution of concentrates according to daily milk yield) or a group of animals (silage, haylage and other roughage or green top dressing); prevention of feed contamination and its separation into fractions; animal injury prevention; electrical safety. Deviation from the prescribed rate per head of animal for stalk feed is allowed in the range of ± 15%, and for concentrated feed - ± 5%. Recoverable feed losses should not exceed ± 1%, and irreversible losses are not allowed. The duration of the operation of distributing feed in one room should be no more than 30 minutes (when using mobile devices) and 20 minutes (when distributing feed by stationary means).

Feeders must be universal (ensure the possibility of issuing all types of feed); have high productivity and provide for the regulation of the rate of issue per head from minimum to maximum; do not create excessive noise in the room, can be easily cleaned from food residues and other contaminants, be reliable in operation.

METHODS FOR PREPARING FEED FOR FEEDING

Feeds are prepared to improve palatability, digestibility and nutrient utilization.

The main methods of preparing feed for feeding are mechanical, physical, chemical and biological.

Mechanical methods(grinding, crushing, flattening, mixing) are used mainly to increase the palatability of feed, improve their technological properties.

Physical methods(hydrobarothermic) increase palatability and partially nutritional value of feed.

Chemical methods(alkaline or acid treatment of feed) allows you to increase the availability of indigestible nutrients to the body, breaking them down to simpler compounds.

Biological methods- yeasting, ensiling, fermentation, enzymatic treatment, etc.

All of these methods of feed preparation are used to improve their palatability, increase the complete protein in them (due to microbial synthesis), and enzymatically break down indigestible carbohydrates into simpler compounds accessible to the body.

Preparation of roughage. Hay and straw are among the main roughage for farm animals. In the diet of animals in winter, the feed of these species is 25...30% nutritionally. Hay preparation consists mainly of chopping to increase palatability and improve processing properties. Physical and mechanical methods that increase the palatability and partially digestibility of straw are also widely used - grinding, steaming, brewing, flavoring, granulating.

Chopping is the easiest way to prepare straw for feeding. It helps to increase its palatability and facilitates the work of the digestive organs of animals. The most acceptable cutting length of straw of medium degree of crushing for use as part of loose feed mixtures is 2 ... 5 cm, for the preparation of briquettes 0.8 ... 3 cm, granules 0.5 cm. FN-1.4, PSK-5, PZ-0.3) into vehicles. In addition, crushers IGK-30B, KDU-2M, ISK-3, IRT-165 are used for crushing straw with a moisture content of 17%, and straw with high humidity - screenless choppers DKV-3A, IRMA-15, DIS-1 M.

Flavoring, enrichment and steaming of straw is carried out in feed shops. For the chemical treatment of straw, various types of alkalis are recommended (caustic soda, ammonia water, liquid ammonia, soda ash, lime), which are used both in pure form and in combination with other reagents and physical methods (with steam, under pressure). The nutritional value of straw after such treatment increases by 1.5 ... 2 times.

Preparation of concentrated feed. To increase the nutritional value and more rational use of feed grains, various methods of its processing are used - grinding, roasting, boiling and steaming, malting, extrusion, micronization, flattening, flaking, recovery, yeast.

Grinding- a simple, public and mandatory way to prepare grain for feeding. Grind dry grain good quality with normal color and smell on hammer mills and grain mills. The degree of grinding depends on the palatability of the feed, the speed of its passage through the gastrointestinal tract, the volume of digestive juices and their enzymatic activity.

The degree of grinding is determined by weighing the residues on the sieve after sieving the sample. Fine grinding is a residue on a sieve with holes with a diameter of 2 mm, the amount of not more than 5% in the absence of a residue on a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm; medium grinding - residue on a sieve with 3 mm holes, no more than 12% in the absence of residues on a sieve with 5 mm holes; coarse grinding - the residue on a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm in the amount of not more than 35%, while the residue on a sieve with holes of 5 mm in the amount of not more than 5%, while the presence of whole grains is not allowed.

Of the cereals, wheat and oats are the most difficult to process.

toasting grains are carried out mainly for suckling piglets in order to accustom them to eating food at an early age, stimulate the secretory activity of digestion, and better develop masticatory muscles. Usually they roast grains widely used in feeding pigs: barley, wheat, corn, peas.

Cooking And steaming are used when feeding pigs with legumes: peas, soybeans, lupins, lentils. These feeds are pre-crushed, and then boiled or steamed for 30–40 minutes in a feed steamer for 1 hour.

Malting necessary to improve the palatability of grain feed (barley, corn, wheat, etc.) and increase their palatability. Malting is carried out as follows: grain turd is poured into special containers, poured with hot (90 ° C) water and kept in it.

Extrusion - it is one of the most efficient ways to process grain. The raw material to be extruded is brought to a moisture content of 12%, crushed and fed into the extruder, where, under the action of high pressure (280...390 kPa) and friction, the grain mass is heated to a temperature of 120...150 °C. Then, due to its rapid movement from the high pressure zone to the atmospheric zone, the so-called explosion occurs, as a result of which the homogeneous mass swells and forms a product of a microporous structure.

micronization consists in the processing of grain with infrared rays. In the process of grain micronization, starch gelatinization occurs, while its amount in this form increases.

CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FEED

The following machines and equipment are used to prepare feed for feeding: choppers, cleaners, sinks, mixers, dispensers, accumulators, steamers, tractor and pumping equipment, etc.

Technological equipment for the preparation of feed is classified according to technological characteristics and processing method. So, the grinding of feed is carried out by crushing, cutting, impact, grinding due to the mechanical interaction of the working bodies of the machine and the material. Each type of grinding corresponds to its own type of machine: impact - hammer crushers; cutting - straw-silo-cutters; rubbing - stone mills. In turn, crushers are classified according to the principle of operation, design and aerodynamic features, the place of loading, the method of removal of the finished material. This approach is applied to almost all machines involved in the preparation of feed.

The choice of technical means for loading and distributing feed and their rational use are determined mainly by such factors as the physical and mechanical properties of feed, the method of feeding, the type of livestock buildings, the method of keeping animals and poultry, and the size of farms. The variety of feed distributing devices is due to the different combination of working bodies, assembly units and different ways their aggregation with energy resources.

All feeders can be divided into two types: stationary and mobile (mobile).

Stationary feeders are various types of conveyors (chain, chain-scraper, rod-scraper, auger, belt, platform, spiral-screw, cable-washer, chain-washer, oscillatory, bucket).

Mobile feeders are automobile, tractor, self-propelled. The advantages of mobile feeders over stationary ones are higher labor productivity.

A common drawback of feeders is low versatility when distributing various feeds.

EQUIPMENT FOR FEEDER

Technological equipment for feed preparation is placed in special premises - feed shops, in which tens of tons of various feeds are processed daily. Complex mechanization of feed preparation allows improving their quality, obtaining complete mixtures in the form of mono-feeds while reducing the cost of their processing.

There are specialized and combined feed shops. Specialized feed shops are designed for one type of farm (cattle, pig, poultry), and combined - for several branches of animal husbandry.

In the feed shops of livestock farms, three main technological lines are distinguished, according to which feed preparation machines are grouped and classified (Fig. 2.3). These are technological lines of concentrated, juicy and coarse (green fodder). All three come together in the final stages of the feed preparation process: dosing, steaming and mixing.

Bunker" href="/text/category/bunker/" rel="bookmark">bunker ; 8 - washer-chopper; 9 - unloading auger; 10- loading auger; 11 - steamers-mixers

The technology of feeding animals with full-ration feed briquettes and granules in the form of mono-fodder is widely introduced. For farms and complexes of cattle, as well as for sheep farms, standard designs of feed shops KORK-15, KCK-5, KTsO-5 and KPO-5, etc. are used.

Feeding shop equipment set KORK-15 is intended for quick preparation of wet feed mixtures, which include straw (in bulk, in rolls, bales), haylage or silage, root crops, concentrates, molasses and urea solution. This kit can be used on dairy farms and complexes with a size of 800...2000 heads and fattening farms with a size of up to 5000 heads of cattle in all agricultural zones of the country.

Figure 2.4 shows the layout of the equipment of the feed shop KORK-15.

The technological process in the feed shop proceeds as follows: straw is unloaded from a dump truck into a receiving hopper 17, from where it enters the conveyor 16, which previously

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With proper feeding of the cow, milk is continuously produced in the udder during the day. As the udder capacity is filled, the intraudder pressure increases and milk production slows down. Most of the milk is in the alveoli and small milk ducts of the udder (Fig. 2.5). This milk cannot be removed without the use of techniques that cause a full milk ejection reflex.

The allocation of milk from the udder of a cow depends on the person, the animal and the perfection of milking technology. These three components determine the whole process of milking a cow.

The following requirements are imposed on milking equipment:

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Rice. 2.6. Schemes of work and arrangement of two-chamber milking cups:

A - two-stroke milking; b- three-stroke milking; 1 - rubber cuff; 2 - glass body; 3 - teat rubber; 4- connecting ring; 5-transparent viewing pipe (cone); 6 - milk rubber tube; 7-sealing ring; M - interwall spaces of teat cups; P- suction chambers of milking cups

This pressure difference (vacuum) squeezes milk out of the teat tank through the sphincter outside of it, which is why milking stalls are sometimes called vacuum.

At any time in the chambers of the teat cup is set certain state: atmospheric pressure and rarefaction, in a certain sequence they change (alternate).

The operation of a single-chamber teat cup (Fig. 2.7) is as follows. Air is pumped out of the glass, and a vacuum (vacuum) is formed under the nipple. In this case, the nipple is pulled out and rests against the end of the glass. There is a pressure difference under the teat and inside the udder, the sphincter of the teat opens and the milk begins to flow out. going on sucking beat(Fig. 2.7, A). The duration of the sucking stroke is determined by the time of action of the vacuum under the nipple and the presence of milk in the milk tank of the nipple. Further, air is admitted into the nipple chamber and the pressure difference decreases to a minimum (to natural values), the flow of milk through the nipple sphincter stops and begins tact rest(Fig. 2.7, b). In this case, the nipple is shortened and blood circulation is restored in it. After the rest cycle, the sucking cycle begins again. The full cycle of a single-chamber glass consists of two cycles: sucking and rest.

Rice. 2.7. Scheme of a single-chamber milking cup with a corrugated suction cup:A- sucking stroke; b- tact of rest

The work of a two-stroke glass can occur in two-three-stroke cycles (sucking-compression) and (sucking-compression-rest). During the sucking stroke, there should be a vacuum in the under-nipple and inter-wall chambers. There is an outflow of milk from the nipple of the udder through the sphincter into the nipple chamber. At the compression stroke, there is a vacuum in the suction chamber, and atmospheric pressure in the interwall chamber. Due to the pressure difference in the nipple and interwall chambers, the nipple rubber compresses and compresses the nipple and sphincter, thereby preventing milk from flowing out. During the cycle of rest in the nipple and interwall chambers, atmospheric pressure, i.e., in a given period of time, the nipple is as close as possible to its natural state - blood circulation is restored in it.

The two-stroke operation of the teat cup is the most stressful, as the teat is constantly exposed to vacuum. However, this ensures a high milking speed.

The three-stroke mode of operation is as close as possible to its natural way of allocation of milk.

MACHINES AND APPARATUS FOR PRIMARY PROCESSING AND PROCESSING OF MILK

REQUIREMENTS FOR PRIMARY PROCESSING AND PROCESSING OF MILK

Milk is a biological fluid produced by the secretion of the mammary glands of mammals. It contains milk sugar (4.7%) and mineral salts (0.7%), the colloidal phase contains part of the salts and proteins (3.3%) and in the finely dispersed phase - milk fat (3.8%) in the form close to spherical, surrounded by a protein-lipid membrane. Milk has immune and bactericidal properties, as it contains vitamins, hormones, enzymes and other active substances.

The quality of milk is characterized by fat content, acidity, bacterial contamination, mechanical contamination, color, smell and taste.

Lactic acid accumulates in milk due to the fermentation of milk sugar by bacteria. Acidity is expressed in conventional units - Turner degrees (°T) and is determined by the number of millimeters of a decinormal alkali solution used to neutralize 100 ml of milk. Fresh milk has an acidity of 16°T.

The freezing point of milk is lower than water, and is in the range of -0.53 ... -0.57 ° C.

The boiling point of milk is about 100.1 °C. At 70 ° C, changes in protein and lactose begin in milk. Milk fat solidifies at temperatures from 23...21.5°C, begins to melt at 18.5°C and stops melting at 41...43°C. In warm milk fat is in a state of emulsion, and at low temperatures (16...18°C) it turns into a suspension in milk plasma. The average size of fatty particles is 2...3 microns.

Sources of bacterial contamination of milk during machine milking of cows can be contaminated skin of the udder, poorly washed teat cups, milk hoses, milk taps and parts of the milk pipeline. Therefore, during the primary processing and processing of milk, sanitary and veterinary rules should be strictly observed. Cleaning, washing and disinfection of equipment and milk utensils should be carried out immediately after completion of work. Washing and storage compartments for clean dishes should preferably be located in the southern part of the room, and storage and refrigeration compartments in the northern part. All dairy workers must strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene and systematically undergo a medical examination.

Under unfavorable conditions, microorganisms develop rapidly in milk, so it must be processed and processed in a timely manner. All technological processing of milk, the conditions of its storage and transportation must ensure the production of first-class milk in accordance with the standard.

METHODS OF PRIMARY PROCESSING AND PROCESSING OF MILK

Milk is cooled, heated, pasteurized and sterilized; processed into cream, sour cream, cheese, cottage cheese, dairy products; thicken, normalize, homogenize, dry, etc.

In farms that supply whole milk to milk processing enterprises, the simplest milking - cleaning - cooling scheme is used, carried out in milking machines. When supplying milk to trading network the scheme of milking - cleaning - pasteurization - cooling - packaging in small containers is possible. For deep-seated farms that supply their products for sale, lines are possible for processing milk into lactic acid products, kefir, cheeses, or, for example, for the production of butter according to the milking - cleaning - pasteurization - separation - butter production scheme. The preparation of condensed milk is one of the promising technologies for many households.

CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR PRIMARY PROCESSING AND PROCESSING OF MILK

Keeping milk fresh for a long time is an important task, since milk with high acidity and a high content of microorganisms cannot be used to obtain high-quality products.

For cleaning milk from mechanical impurities and modified components are used filters And centrifugal cleaners. Plate discs, gauze, flannel, paper, metal mesh, and synthetic materials are used as working elements in filters.

For cooling milk apply flask, irrigation, reservoir, tubular, spiral and lamellar coolers. By design, they are horizontal, vertical, hermetic and open, and by type of cooling system - irrigation, coil, with intermediate coolant and direct cooling, with a refrigerator evaporator built-in and immersed in a milk bath.

The refrigeration machine can be built into the tank or stand-alone.

For heating milk apply pasteurizers reservoir, displacing drum, tubular and lamellar. Electropasteurizers are widely used.

used to separate milk into constituent products. separators. There are separators-cream separators (for obtaining cream and milk purification), separators-milk cleaners (for milk purification), separators-normalizers (for purification and normalization of milk, i.e. obtaining purified milk of a certain fat content), universal separators (for separating cream, cleaning and normalization of milk) and separators for special purposes.

By design, separators are open, semi-closed, hermetic.

EQUIPMENT FOR CLEANING, COOLING, PASTEURIZATION, SEPARATION AND NORMALIZATION OF MILK

Milk is purified from mechanical impurities using filters or centrifugal cleaners. Milk fat in the state of suspension tends to aggregate, so filtration and centrifugal cleaning are preferably carried out for warm milk.

Filters trap mechanical impurities. Lavsan fabrics have good indicators of filtration quality: other polymer materials with the number of cells not less than 225 per 1 cm2. Milk passes through the tissue under pressure up to 100 kPa. When using fine filters, high pressures are required, the filters become clogged. The time of their use is limited by the properties of the filter material and the contamination of the liquid.

Separator-milk cleaner OM-1A serves to purify milk from foreign impurities, particles of coagulated protein and other inclusions, the density of which is higher than the density of milk. Productivity of a separator is 1000 l/h.

Separator-milk cleaner OMA-ZM (G9-OMA) with a capacity of 5000 l / h is included in the set of automated plate pasteurization and cooling units OPU-ZM and 0112-45.

Centrifugal cleaners give more of a high degree of milk purification. Their working principle is as follows. Milk is fed into the cleaner drum through the float control chamber through the central tube. In the drum, it moves along the annular space, being distributed in thin layers between the separating plates, and moves towards the axis of the drum. Mechanical impurities, having a higher density than milk, are released in a thin-layer process of passage between the plates and are deposited on the inner walls of the drum (in the mud space).

Cooling milk prevents its spoilage and ensures transportability. In winter, milk is cooled to 8 ° C, in summer - to 2 ... 4 ° C. In order to save energy, natural cold is used, for example, cold air in winter, but cold accumulation is more efficient. The simplest method of cooling is immersion of flasks and cans of milk in running or ice water, snow, etc. Methods using milk coolers are more perfect.

Open spray coolers (flat and cylindrical) have a milk receiver in the upper part of the heat exchange surface and a collector in the lower part. Coolant passes through the heat exchanger tubes. From the holes in the bottom of the receiver, milk enters the irrigated heat exchange surface. Flowing down it in a thin layer, the milk is cooled and freed from the gases dissolved in it.

Lamellar devices for milk cooling are part of pasteurization plants and milk purifiers in a set of milking machines. The plates of the devices are made of corrugated stainless steel used in the food industry. The consumption of cooling ice water is taken as three times in relation to the calculated productivity of the apparatus, which is 400 kg / h, depending on the number of heat exchange plates assembled in the working package. The temperature difference between cooling water and cold milk is 2...3°C.

To cool milk, cooling tanks with an intermediate coolant RPO-1.6 and RPO-2.5, a milk cooling tank MKA 200L-2A with a heat recuperator, a milk cleaner-cooler OOM-1000 "Holodok", a milk cooling tank RPO -F-0.8.

SYSTEMS DELETE AND DISPOSAL MANURE

The level of mechanization of work on cleaning and removing manure reaches 70...75%, and labor costs account for 20...30% of the total costs.

The problem of the rational use of manure as a fertilizer while meeting the requirements of protecting the environment from pollution is of great economic importance. Effective Solution This problem provides a systematic approach, including consideration of the relationship of all production operations: removal of manure from the premises, its transportation, processing, storage and use. The technology and the most effective means of mechanization for the removal and disposal of manure should be selected on the basis of a feasibility study, taking into account the type and system (method) of keeping animals, the size of farms, working conditions and soil and climatic factors.

Depending on the humidity, solid, bedding (moisture content 75...80%), semi-liquid (85...90 %) and liquid (90...94%) manure, as well as manure runoff (94...99%). Excrement output from various animals per day ranges from approximately 55 kg (for cows) to 5.1 kg (for fattening pigs) and depends primarily on feeding. The composition and properties of manure affect the process of its removal, processing, storage, use, as well as the microclimate of the premises and the natural environment.

The following requirements are imposed on technological lines for cleaning, transporting and utilizing manure of any kind:

timely and high-quality removal of manure from livestock buildings with a minimum consumption of clean water;

processing it in order to detect infections and subsequent disinfection;

transportation of manure to places of processing and storage;

deworming;

maximum preservation of nutrients in the original manure and products of its processing;

exclusion of environmental pollution, as well as the spread of infections and invasions;

ensuring an optimal microclimate, maximum cleanliness of livestock buildings.

Manure handling facilities should be located downwind and below water intake facilities, and on-farm manure storage facilities should be located outside the farm. It is necessary to provide for sanitary zones between livestock buildings and residential settlements. The site for treatment facilities should not be flooded with flood and storm water. All structures of the system for the removal, processing and disposal of manure must be made with reliable waterproofing.

The variety of technologies for keeping animals necessitates the use of various manure cleaning systems in the premises. Three manure removal systems are most widely used: mechanical, hydraulic and combined (slotted floors in combination with an underground manure storage or channels in which mechanical cleaning tools are placed).

The mechanical system predetermines the removal of manure from the premises by all kinds of mechanical means: manure conveyors, bulldozer shovels, scrapers, suspended or ground trolleys.

The hydraulic system for manure removal can be flush, recirculating, gravity and settling-chute (gate).

flush system cleaning involves daily flushing of the channels with water from flushing nozzles. With direct flushing, manure is removed with a jet of water created by the pressure of the water supply network or a booster pump. A mixture of water, manure and slurry flows into the collector and is no longer used for re-flushing.

Recirculation system provides for the use of clarified and disinfected liquid fraction of manure supplied through a pressure pipeline from a storage tank to remove manure from channels.

Continuous Gravity System ensures the removal of manure by sliding it along the natural slope formed in the channels. It is used on cattle farms when keeping animals without bedding and feeding them with silage, root crops, bard, beet pulp and green mass, and in pigsties when feeding liquid and dry compound feed without using silage and green mass.

Gravity-flow intermittent system ensures the removal of manure, which accumulates in the longitudinal channels equipped with gates due to its discharge when the gates are opened. The volume of the longitudinal channels should ensure the accumulation of manure within 7...14 days. Typically, the dimensions of the channel are as follows: length 3 ... 50m, width 0.8 m (or more), minimum depth 0.6 m. Moreover, the thicker the manure, the shorter and wider the channel should be.

All gravity methods of removing manure from premises are especially effective when animals are tethered and boxed without bedding on warm expanded clay concrete floors or on rubber mats.

The main way to dispose of manure is to use it as an organic fertilizer. Most effective way removal and use of liquid manure is its disposal in the fields of irrigation. There are also known methods for processing manure into feed additives, to produce gas and biofuels.

CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNICAL MEANS FOR REMOVAL AND UTILIZATION OF MANURE

All technical means for the removal and disposal of manure are divided into two groups: periodic and continuous action.

Transport devices, trackless and rail, ground and elevated, mobile loading, scraper installations and other means belong to equipment of periodic operation.

Continuous conveying devices come with and without a traction element (gravity, pneumatic and hydraulic transport).

According to the purpose, there are technical means for daily cleaning and periodic cleaning, for removing deep bedding, for cleaning walking areas.

Depending on the design, there are:

ground and overhead rail trolleys and railless handcarts:

scraper conveyors of circular and reciprocating motion;

rope scrapers and rope shovels;

attachments on tractors and self-propelled chassis;

devices for hydraulic removal of manure (hydrotransport);

pneumatic devices.

The technological process of removing manure from livestock buildings and transporting it to the field can be divided into the following sequentially performed operations:

collecting manure from stalls and dumping it into grooves or loading it into trolleys (trolleys);

transportation of manure from the stalls through the livestock building to the place of collection or loading;

loading onto vehicles;

transportation across the farm to the manure storage or composting and unloading site:

loading from storage onto vehicles;

transportation to the field and unloading from the vehicle.

To perform these operations, many different types of machines and mechanisms are used. The most rational should be considered the option in which one mechanism performs two or more operations, and the cost of cleaning 1 ton of manure and moving it to fertilized fields is the lowest.

TECHNICAL DEVICES FOR REMOVING MANURE FROM LIVESTOCK ROOMS

Mechanical means for removing manure are divided into mobile and stationary. Mobile means are mainly used for loose livestock keeping using bedding. Straw, peat, chaff, sawdust, shavings, fallen leaves and tree needles are usually used as bedding. Approximate daily rates of bedding for one cow are 4 ... 5 kg, sheep - 0.5 ... 1 kg.

Manure from the premises where animals are kept is removed once or twice a year using various devices mounted on a vehicle for moving and loading various goods, including manure.

In animal husbandry, manure conveyors TSN-160A, TSN-160B, TSN-ZB, TR-5, TSN-2B, longitudinal scrapers US-F-170A or US-F250A, complete with transverse US-10, US-12 and USP-12, longitudinal scrapers TS-1PR complete with transverse TS-1PP, scrapers US-12 complete with transverse USP-12, screw conveyors TSHN-10.

Scraper conveyors TSN-ZB and TSN-160A(Fig. 2.8) of circular action are designed to remove manure from livestock buildings with its simultaneous loading into vehicles.

Horizontal conveyor 6 , installed in the manure channel, consists of a collapsible hinged chain with scrapers fixed to it 4, driving station 2, tension 3 and rotary 5 devices. The chain is driven by an electric motor through a V-belt transmission and a gearbox.

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Rice. 2.9. Scraper US-F-170:

1, 2 - drive and tension stations; 3- slider; 4, 6 scrapers; 5 -chain; 7 - guide rollers; 8 - rod

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Rice. 2.11. Technological scheme of the UTN-10A unit:

1 - scraper tapovkaUS-F-170(US-250); 2- hydraulic drive station; 3 - manure storage; 4 - manure pipeline; 5 -hopper; 6 - pump; 7 - manure conveyor KNP-10

Screw and centrifugal pumps type NSh, NCI, NVTs used for unloading and pumping liquid manure through pipelines. Their productivity is in the range from 70 to 350 t/h.

The TS-1 scraper is designed for pig farms. It is installed in a manure channel, which is covered with slatted floors. The plant consists of transverse and longitudinal conveyors. The main assembly units of conveyors: scrapers, chains, drive. On the TS-1 installation, a scraper of the “Carriage” type is used. The drive, consisting of a gearbox and an electric motor, informs the scrapers of reciprocating motion and protects them from overloads.

Manure from livestock buildings to processing and storage sites is transported by mobile and stationary means.

Unit ESA-12/200A(Fig. 2.12) is designed for shearing 10 ... 12 thousand sheep per season. It is used to equip stationary, mobile or temporary shearing stations for 12 jobs.

The process of shearing and primary processing of wool on the example of the KTO-24/200A kit is organized as follows: the kit equipment is placed inside the shearing station. A flock of sheep is driven into pens adjacent to the premises of the shearing point. The feeders catch the sheep and bring them to the shearers' workstations. Each shearer has a set of tokens indicating the number of the workplace. After shearing each sheep, the shearer places the fleece on the conveyor along with the token. At the end of the conveyor, an auxiliary worker puts the fleece on the scales and, according to the number of the token, the accountant writes down the mass of the fleece separately for each shearer in the statement. Then, on the table for classifying wool, it is divided into classes. From the classifying table, the wool enters the box of the appropriate class, from where it is sent for pressing into bales, after which the bales are weighed, marked and sent to the finished product warehouse.

Shearing machine "Runo-2" designed for shearing sheep on remote pastures or farms that do not have a centralized power supply. It consists of a shearing machine driven by a high-frequency asynchronous electric motor, a converter powered by the on-board network of a car or tractor, a set of connecting wires and a carrying case. Provides simultaneous operation of two shearing machines.

Power consumption of one shearing machine 90 W, voltage 36 V, current frequency 200 Hz.

Shearing machines MSO-77B and high-frequency MSU-200V are widely used at shearing stations. MSO-77B are designed for shearing sheep of all breeds and consists of a body, a cutting device, eccentric, pressure and articulated mechanisms. The body serves to connect all the mechanisms of the machine and is sheathed with cloth to protect the shearer's hand from overheating. The cutting device is the working body of the machine and serves to cut the wool. It works on the principle of scissors, the role of which is performed by knife blades and combs. The knife cuts the wool by making a forward movement along the comb 2300 double strokes per minute. The grip width of the machine is 77 mm, weight is 1.1 kg. The drive of a knife is carried out by a flexible shaft from the external electric motor through the eccentric mechanism.

The MSU-200V high-frequency shearing machine (Fig. 2.13) consists of an electric shearing head, an electric motor and a power cord. Its fundamental difference from the MSO-77B machine is that the three-phase asynchronous electric motor with a squirrel-cage rotor is made as a single unit with the shearing head. Electric motor power W, voltage 36 V, current frequency 200 Hz, rotor speed electric motor-1. The current frequency converter IE-9401 converts the industrial current with a voltage of 220/380 V into a high-frequency current - 200 or 400 Hz with a voltage of 36 V, which is safe for the work of maintenance personnel.

For sharpening the cutting pair, a single-disk grinding apparatus TA-1 and a finishing apparatus DAS-350 are used.

Preservation "href="/text/category/konservatciya/" rel="bookmark">preservation grease. Previously removed parts and components are installed in place, making the necessary adjustments. Check the performance and interaction of mechanisms by briefly starting the machine and running it in idle mode move.

Pay attention to the reliability of grounding of body metal parts. In addition to the general requirements, when preparing for the use of specific machines, the features of their design and operation are taken into account.

In units with a flexible shaft, the shaft is first attached to the electric motor, and then to the shearing machine. Pay attention to the fact that the rotor shaft can be easily rotated by hand and does not have axial and radial runout. The direction of rotation of the shaft must correspond to the direction of rotation of the shaft, and not vice versa. The movement of all elements of the shearing machine must be smooth. The motor must be fixed.

The performance of the unit is checked by turning it on for a short time during idle operation.

When preparing for the operation of the wool conveyor, pay attention to the belt tension. The tensioned belt must not slip on the drive drum of the conveyor. When preparing for the work of grinding units, scales, tables for classifying, a wool press, attention is paid to the performance of individual components.

The quality of sheep shearing is judged by the quality of the resulting wool. First of all, this is an exception to the re-shearing of wool. Re-shearing of wool is obtained by loosely pressing the comb of the shearing machine to the body of the sheep. In this case, the machine cuts the wool not near the skin of the animal, but above and thereby shortens the length of the fiber. Repeated shearing leads to a cut that clogs the fleece.

MICROCLIMATE IN LIVESTOCK ROOMS

ZOOTECHNICAL AND SANITARY-HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS

The microclimate of livestock premises is a combination of physical, chemical and biological factors inside the premises that have a certain effect on the animal organism. These include: temperature, humidity, speed and chemical composition of air (the content of harmful gases in it, the presence of dust and microorganisms), ionization, radiation, etc. The combination of these factors can be different and affect the body of animals and birds both positively and and negative.

Zootechnical and sanitary-hygienic requirements for keeping animals and poultry are reduced to maintaining microclimate indicators within the established norms. Microclimate standards for various kinds rooms are shown in Table 2.1.

The microclimate of livestock buildings tab. 2.1

Creating an optimal microclimate is a production process that consists in regulating technical means microclimate parameters until such a combination is obtained, in which environmental conditions are most favorable for the normal course of physiological processes in the animal's body. It should also be taken into account that unfavorable indoor microclimate parameters also negatively affect the health of people serving animals, causing them to reduce labor productivity and quickly become tired, for example, excessive air humidity in stall rooms with a sharp decrease in outside temperature leads to increased condensation of water vapor on structural elements of a building, causes decay of wooden structures and at the same time makes them less permeable to air and more heat-conducting.

The change in the parameters of the microclimate of the livestock premises is affected by: fluctuations in the temperature of the outside air, depending on the local climate and season; inflow or loss of heat through the building material; accumulation of heat given off by animals; the amount of water vapor, ammonia and carbon dioxide released, depending on the frequency of manure removal and the condition of the sewer; the condition and degree of lighting of the premises; technology of keeping animals and birds. An important role is played by the design of doors, gates, the presence of vestibules.

Maintaining an optimal microclimate reduces the cost of production.

METHODS FOR CREATING REGULATORY MICROCLIMATE PARAMETERS

To maintain an optimal microclimate in rooms with animals, they must be ventilated, heated or cooled. Control ventilation, heating and cooling should be automatic. The amount of air removed from the room is always equal to the amount of incoming air. If an exhaust unit is operating in the room, then the flow of fresh air occurs in an unorganized manner.

Ventilation systems are divided into natural, forced with a mechanical air stimulator and combined. Natural ventilation occurs due to the difference in air densities inside and outside the room, as well as under the influence of wind. Forced ventilation (with a mechanical stimulator) is divided into forced ventilation with and without heating of the supplied air, exhaust and forced-exhaust.

As a rule, the optimal air parameters in livestock buildings are supported by a ventilation system, which can be exhaust (vacuum), supply (pressure) or supply and exhaust (balanced). Exhaust ventilation, in turn, can be with natural air draft and with a mechanical stimulator, and natural ventilation can be tubeless and pipe. Natural ventilation usually works satisfactorily in the spring and autumn seasons, as well as at outdoor temperatures up to 15 °C. In all other cases, the air must be injected into the premises, and in the northern and central regions it must be additionally heated.

The ventilation unit usually consists of an electric motor fan and a ventilation network, which includes an air duct system and devices for air intake and exhaust. The fan is designed to move air. The activator of air movement in it is the impeller with blades, enclosed in a special casing. According to the value of the developed total pressure, the fans are divided into low (up to 980 Pa), medium (980 ... 2940 Pa) and high (294 Pa) pressure devices; according to the principle of action - on centrifugal and axial. In livestock buildings, low and medium pressure fans are used, centrifugal and axial, general purpose and roof, right and left rotation. The fan is made in various sizes.

In livestock buildings, the following types of heating are used: stove, central (water and steam low pressure) and air. Air heating systems are the most widely used. The essence of air heating is that the air heated in the heater is admitted into the room directly or through the air duct system. Air heaters are used for air heating. The air in them can be heated by water, steam, electricity or products of burning fuel. Therefore, heaters are divided into water, steam, electric and fire. Heating electric heaters of the SFO series with tubular finned heaters are designed to heat air to a temperature of 50 °C in air heating, ventilation, artificial climate systems and in drying plants. The set temperature of the leaving air is maintained automatically.

EQUIPMENT FOR VENTILATION, HEATING, LIGHTING

Automated sets of equipment "Climate" are designed for ventilation, heating and air humidification in livestock buildings.

The set of equipment "Climate-3" consists of two supply ventilation and heating units 3 (Fig. 2.14), air humidification systems, supply air ducts 6 , exhaust fan kit 7 , control stations 1 with sensor panel 8.

Ventilation and heating unit 3 heats and supplies atmospheric air, humidifies if necessary.

The air humidification system includes a pressure tank 5 and a solenoid valve that automatically adjusts the degree and humidity of the air. The supply of hot water to the heaters is regulated by a valve 2.

Sets of supply and exhaust units PVU-4M, PVU-LM are designed to maintain the air temperature and its circulation within the specified limits during the cold and transitional periods of the year.

Rice. 2.14. Equipment "Climate-3":

1 - control station; 2-control valve; 3 - ventilation and heating units; 4 - solenoid valve; 5 - pressure tank for water; 6 - air ducts; 7 -exhaust fan; 8 - sensor

Electric air heaters of the SFOC series with a capacity of 5-100 kW are used for air heating in supply ventilation systems of livestock buildings.

Fan heaters type TV-6 consist of a centrifugal fan with a two-speed electric motor, a water heater, a louvre block and an actuator.

Fire heat generators TGG-1A. TG-F-1.5A, TG-F-2.5G, TG-F-350 and furnace units TAU-0.75, TAU-1.5 are used to maintain an optimal microclimate in livestock and other premises. The air is heated by the combustion products of liquid fuel.

Ventilation unit with heat recovery UT-F-12 is designed for ventilation and heating of livestock buildings using the heat of exhaust air. Air-thermal (air curtains) allow you to maintain the parameters of the microclimate in the winter in the room when opening the gates of large cross-section for the passage of vehicles or animals.

EQUIPMENT FOR HEATING AND IRRADIATION OF ANIMALS

When growing a highly productive livestock of animals, it is necessary to consider their organisms and the environment as a whole, the most important component of which is radiant energy. The use of ultraviolet irradiation in animal husbandry to eliminate solar starvation of the body, infrared local heating of young animals, as well as light regulators that provide a photoperiodic cycle of animal development, showed that the use of radiant energy makes it possible to significantly increase the safety of young animals without large material costs - the basis for the reproduction of livestock. Ultraviolet irradiation has a positive effect on the growth, development, metabolism and reproductive functions of farm animals.

Infrared rays have a beneficial effect on animals. They penetrate 3...4 cm deep into the body and contribute to increased blood flow in the vessels, thereby improving metabolic processes, activating the body's defenses, significantly increasing the safety and weight gain of young animals.

As sources of ultraviolet radiation in installations, erythemal luminescent mercury arc lamps of the LE type are of the greatest practical importance; bactericidal, mercury arc lamps type DB; high-pressure arc mercury tubular lamps of the DRT type.

Mercury-quartz lamps of the PRK type, erythemal fluorescent lamps of the EUV type, and bactericidal lamps of the BUV type are also sources of ultraviolet radiation.

The PRK mercury-quartz lamp is a quartz glass tube filled with argon and a small amount of mercury. Quartz glass transmits visible and ultraviolet rays well. Inside the quartz tube, at its ends, tungsten electrodes are mounted, on which a spiral is wound, covered with an oxide layer. During lamp operation, an arc discharge occurs between the electrodes, which is a source of ultraviolet radiation.

The erythemal fluorescent lamps of the EUV type have a device similar to the LD and LB fluorescent lamps, but differ from them in the composition of the phosphor and the type of tube glass.

Bactericidal lamps of the BUV type are arranged similarly to fluorescent ones. They are used for air disinfection in the maternity wards of cattle, pigsties, poultry houses, as well as for disinfecting walls, floors, ceilings and veterinary instruments.

For infrared heating and ultraviolet irradiation of young animals, the IKUF-1M installation is used, consisting of a control cabinet and forty irradiators. The irradiator is a rigid box-shaped structure, at both ends of which infrared lamps IKZK are placed, and between them - an ultraviolet erythema lamp LE-15. A reflector is installed above the lamp. The ballast of the lamp is mounted on top of the irradiator and is closed with a protective cover.

In standard projects of farms and complexes, in accordance with the production task and water consumption standards, water supply systems were developed and, based on hydraulic calculations, the daily, hourly and second costs for each water supply facility were determined. Due to the concentration of production, the daily consumption at the complexes can be several thousand cubic meters. The water supply system must ensure an uninterrupted supply of water for animals to drink, since the lack of drinking water immediately causes a decrease in productivity.

For cows and calves, the indicated quantities should include hot water (315 ... 320 K) 5 and 2 liters, respectively.

Consider the main parameters of the water supply system of a dairy complex for 1200 cows. The complex has three cowsheds for 400 heads each (with a daily water requirement of 167.7 m day) and a boiler room with a flow rate of 205 m 3 / day .. The total water consumption at the complex exceeds 1440 m 3 / day. The complex includes a feed workshop interlocked with a vegetable store for 1000 tons of root crops, the preparation of which requires up to 7 m 3 / day of water In addition, water is required for irrigation of green spaces and lawns of the complex (consumption 3 liters per 1 m 2 of plantings), taking into account the fact that 25% of the area of ​​all plantings is irrigated per day.

According to the technological process, the maximum hourly consumption at dairy complexes is: with a population of 1200 cows - 50.64 m 3 / h; 800 cows - 36.78 m 3 / h; in a barn for 400 heads - 10.8 m 3 / h. When determining the amount of water required for the preparation of feed, one should take 20 l / day per head of cattle; for one suckling sow with offspring - 40 l / day and for one fattening pig - 6 l / day. For the water supply of farm staff, the rate of water consumption per person is 60 l/day for those working on the farm, and 25 l/day for those who come.

Table 2.2

Estimated water consumption rates for various

animal species per head

At feedlots industrial type the water consumption is much greater. So, at the complex for growing and fattening 10 thousand heads of cattle per year, the daily water consumption is 2.5 thousand m 3; at a pig-breeding complex of a closed cycle for 108 thousand pigs per year, this figure exceeds 4 thousand m 3 .

To ensure the normal operation of water supply systems at livestock complexes, backup facilities are being built. The projects provide for the following number of reserve boreholes: if there is one working well - one reserve, with 2-10 working wells - two reserve. Backup pumps and backup power supplies are installed at pumping stations.

Water supply systems

A water supply system is a set of machines, equipment and engineering structures combined into production lines, designed to extract, pump, improve the quality, store and supply water from water sources to places of its consumption.

There are group and local water supply systems. The first ones are intended for centralized water supply of several large objects connected by a common territory (city, district, etc.), and the second ones are for servicing one individual water supply object (a farm, a livestock complex, etc.). The local system has its own autonomous water source, pumping station and water supply network.

Depending on the location of the water source relative to water consumers, pressure or gravity water supply systems are used. With a pressure system, the water level in the source is located below the level of the water supply facility, and water has to be supplied to consumers by pumps, creating some pressure.

In a gravity system, the water source is located above the level of consumers to which it flows by gravity. Depending on the type of water pressure equipment, the systems are tower - with a water tower and towerless - with a pneumatic water-lifting (pneumohydraulic) installation. In the water supply of livestock farms and complexes, local and less often centralized (from one water intake) water supply systems with underground water sources and backup fire tanks equipped with motor pumps or autopumps have become widespread.

Depending on the specific conditions (terrain, water source capacity, power supply reliability), the used equipment of the water supply system is combined into various flow technological lines.

A diagram of a pressure tower water supply system with water intake from a surface source (river, pond) is shown in fig. 2.4. Spring water 1 through the water inlet and pipe 2 flows by gravity into the water intake 3 (well), from where the pumping station 4 the first lift is fed to the treatment plant 5 where the improvement of its quality is carried out. After cleaning and disinfection, the water is drained into the tank 6 clean water, from which it is pumped by the pumping station of the second lift through the conduit to the pressure-control structure - the water tower 8. The water then enters the plumbing network. 9, leading it to the water supply 10 (farm, complex, settlement).

Rice. 2.4. Scheme of water supply from a surface source: 1 - source;

2 - gravity pipe; 3 - water intake structure; 4 - pumping station of the first

lifting; 5 - treatment plant; 6 – clean water tank; 7 - pumping

second lift station; 8 - water tower; 9 - water supply network;

10 - water supply facility

In contrast to the system with water intake from a surface source, the water in the system shown in Fig. 2.5 water supply system from an underground source using boreholes 1 does not require cleaning, as a result of which the scheme does not contain treatment facilities, a clean water reservoir and a pumping station of the second lift. As a result, the entire system is simpler and more reliable.

Rice. 2.5. Scheme of water supply from an underground source: 1 - well;

2 - pumping station; 3 - water supply network; 4 - water supply facility;

5 - pressure tower

In the water supply system considered earlier (Fig. 2.4), the water supply network is fed from a water tower. Water is supplied from the pumping station and pressure-regulating tank of the tower in only one direction. Therefore, such a system is called a through-tank system. Similar schemes are used in cases where the terrain has a slope towards the end of the water supply network. If there is a rise in the direction towards the end of the water supply network (Fig. 2.5), the pressure-control structure (tower) is installed at its end. This system is called a counter-reservoir system. At hours highest consumption water enters the water supply network from two sides: from the pumping station and from the water tower. With a flat relief, the tower is built in the center of the territory occupied by the water consumption object.

T Current repair work and maintenance of machines and equipment of farms is carried out partly on farms and partly at stations Maintenance(STOZH). When repairing machines of this group, it is advisable to use the OPR-1058 stand with a set of tools and a special set of equipment, fixtures and tools for the maintenance of machines in animal husbandry.

Repair of feed preparation machines. The following working bodies are subject to intensive wear in this group of machines: cutting / counter-cutting plates, knives, decks, crushing hammers, sieves, etc.

D crushing hammers. The wear of their working edge should not exceed 4 mm in height. When the faces are worn, the hammers should be rearranged to work with the unworn side.

Before assembly, it is necessary to form a set of hammers, washers and axles by weight in such a way that for diametrically located sets (six sets in total) the difference in weight does not exceed 12 grams. Worn holes in the hammers need to be reamed and oversized axles installed.

R eat. When the sharp edges of the holes are dulled to a radius of more than 2 mm, they must be rearranged (4 positions) using unworn ones. In the presence of holes on the sieves, linings from old sieves are installed, using gas welding. After the repair is completed, the sieve should have the correct shape and, when installed, enter the groove with a force of 70-80 N.

R cutting devices. Characteristic defects: blunting and damage of knives and counter-blades, loosening of flanges on the disk, shaft deflection, wear of bearings.

L blades of knives and counter-cutting plates, having bluntness to an edge thickness of more than 0.6 mm, should be sharpened to a thickness of 0.1 mm on abrasive wheels (with abundant cooling). The sharpening angles of knives of crushers of the DKU type should be 24-26 degrees (check with a template), and for the counter blades - 60-61 degrees.

H After sharpening, the coolant, together with the details of its fastening, should be installed in its original place in order to maintain balance. The gap between the knife and the shear plate should be 0.5-1.5 mm (depending on the feed being processed). Adjustment of this gap is carried out by placing gaskets under the bracket.

IN In crushers of the DKU type, the knife should be installed in relation to the plane of the disk at an angle of 2 degrees, the counter-cutting plates - at an angle of 15 degrees to the horizontal with a gap of 0.3-0.5 mm.

IN In the Volgar feed chopper, the gap between the cutting drum and the counter-cutting plate should be within 0.5-1 mm, with a difference along the length of the plate of no more than 0.2 mm.

At knives of secondary cutting devices are subject to wear on the side edges and end face. With a thickness of more than 7 mm, the end surfaces should be ground to remove signs of wear. In the event that the thickness of the side faces is less than 7 mm along their entire length, it is necessary to weld a layer of sormite No. 1 (1.5-2 mm) by gas welding and process it. For secondary cutting knives, the gap should be 0.1-0.5 mm.

D To increase the wear resistance of the knives of machines that grind feed, it is recommended to hard-surface them (grades PGS-27, PG-S1 and others). During operation, welded knives [Fig. 176] are self-sharpening, and their wear resistance is 2-2.5 times higher than serial ones. When using these knives, the quality of forage grinding is improved, and energy costs are also reduced.

Rice. 176. Sharpening angles and width of the deposited layer of knives.

a) - universal feed crusher;

b) - straw cutters;

c) - perspective feed crusher;

d) - choppers of root crops;

e) - root crop grinders;

f) - a unit for the preparation of feed;

g) - grinder "Volgar-5.0).

AND crushing devices. For roughage grinders (IGK-30, etc.), the horns, blades, impellers and teeth of the chopping apparatus are subject to wear and deformation, and its balance is disturbed.

P damaged blades should be straightened or replaced. Permissible disc runout is not more than 1.5 mm, rotor unbalance is not more than 60 MN m.

R The working edges of the teeth, rounded to a radius of more than 4 mm, should be drawn off by forging, heated to a temperature of 820-840 degrees Celsius, and hardened in water at a temperature of 40-50 degrees Celsius at a length of 15-20 mm from the top. After the repair, the impeller and drums must be statically and dynamically balanced (permissible imbalance is 10 MN m).

M granulator die. The inner surface and surfaces of the granule holes on the input side of the grass meal mass are most often subject to wear. The matrices are restored by boring to an enlarged size and sleeved. To bore the internal size, cutters with ceramic-metal plates made of hexanite R are used. The sleeve is prepared from steel 20, holes are drilled using a matrix as a conductor. Further, the sleeve is cemented to a depth of 1.2-1.5 mm and hardened to a hardness of HRC 60-62. In the matrix, the sleeve is fixed with pins.

D details of feed and transmission mechanisms. The most common defects include: malfunctions of conveyors, chipping and breakage of longitudinal reefs or teeth of rollers, wear of shafts, gears, bearings.

P broken teeth of rollers, longitudinal reefs, combs are subject to restoration by welding of manufactured and fitted reefs and teeth.

TO Form preparation machines after repair and assembly are checked by turning them by hand, then for 4-5 hours at idle at the operating speed, and then for 2-4 hours under load.

At scale removal. In water heaters and boilers-steam generators (KV type), scale is formed on the flame pipes, walls, soot and ash are deposited in chimneys and ducts, failures in the operation of the safety valve occur, valves and connections can pass steam, the grate burns out.

H Scale in the boiler is removed mechanically or by chemical cleaning using acids and alkalis. In the presence of carbonate deposits (CaCO 3, MgCO 3), it is more expedient to use hydrochloric acid (HCl), in the presence of silicate deposits (CaSiO 2), it is better to use alkali. The concentration of inhibited hydrochloric acid (inhibitor - unicol) in a water solution is taken 2-3% (scale layer thickness - up to 0.5 mm), 6-8% with a scale layer thickness of 2.5 mm. To reduce corrosion, formalin, urotropine, wood glue and other corrosion inhibitors are added to the acid (the amount of additives is 1.5-2.5 g / l). The duration of cleaning is determined by the thickness of the scale layer, but not more than 6-8 hours at a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius. After removing the solution, the boiler must be washed with clean water, then with a 1-2% solution of soda ash for 3-4 hours, heating it to a boil. Upon completion of the specified cleaning operations, the boiler must be flushed again with clean water.

P When removing scale with alkali, the concentration of caustic soda in the solution should be 1-2% with a scale layer thickness of up to 0.5 mm, and at 2.5-5 mm - 6%. Periodically monitoring the concentration, the solution in the boiler must be boiled for 24 hours. When the solution stabilizes, boiling should be stopped, the solution should be drained, and the boiler should be rinsed with clean water.

E if there is a dissolution of carbonate deposits, then a solution containing 1.5-2% OEDF and NTF should be used; 0.5-2% sodium sulfate or ammonium sulfate, 0.5% urea with the addition of corrosion inhibitors: 0.02% captax + 0.1% OP-7 (OP-10) or 0.1% captalin KI-1.

H In order to mechanically clean the boiler and pipes from scale, use heads equipped with a set of knurled rollers (solid teeth, ellipsoid and others) or knurled heads. They need to be mounted on a flexible shaft driven by an electric motor or a pneumatic turbine, inserted into the pipe, and turned on. As a result, the pipe is freed from scale.

R repair or replacement of defective parts is carried out at taps, valves, safety valves, valves are ground.

After completion of the repair work, the boilers must be subjected to a hydraulic test with water at a pressure of 0.06 MPa. Leaks and defects found in the welds are eliminated by gas welding. Upon completion of these works, it is required to repeat the hydraulic test of the boiler.

Repair of machines and mechanisms for the distribution of feed and manure removal. In mobile devices (for example, an APK-10 type unit for preparing combined silos, a PTU-10K feeder, a RS-5A mixer-distributor, a PSN-1M silo chopper-loader, and others), there are parts similar to those of the previously considered machines, defects and methods their removal is also similar. The tension of the chains during the assembly of machines and mechanisms for the distribution of feed and the removal of manure is regulated in such a way that when a force of 10N is applied in the middle of the span of the chain, its deviation would be 25-40 mm.

IN On TVK-80A conveyors, the following defects may occur: chain breaks, shaft bending and twisting, scraper breakage, chain jumping off with sprocket tension due to elongation and misalignment of the tension shaft axis, wear of link axes and holes in the bars, and others.

Repair of equipment for machine milking of cows and primary processing of milk. Equipment must be cleaned and disinfected before starting repair work. For this purpose, the OM-1360M circulating washing unit with a cleaning solution pressure of up to 0.3 MPa is included in the milk pipeline system. Then, for 8-10 minutes, the system is flushed with warm water. The duration of disinfection is 3 minutes, the duration of washing with warm water is 3 minutes.

D oil installations. Defects can occur in the vacuum line, vacuum pump, milking machines, milk lines.

WITH In order to determine the tightness of the system and the quality of operation of vacuum pumps, it is recommended to use the indicator KI-4840 or the indicator of vacuum systems KI-9045 of a portable type. The vacuum is:

In the milk pipeline - 53 kPa;

In the barn vacuum line - 48 kPa;

In the engine room - 61 kPa.

IN vacuum pump. When the parts (housing, rotor, blades) are worn out, a decrease in the quality of work is observed: due to an increase in the axial clearance between the rotor and covers, due to an increase in the radial clearance between the rotor blades and the housing and the clearance between the blades and rotor slots.

P As the axial clearance increases, the lubricant consumption also increases. The pump is subject to delivery for repair when its efficiency is reduced by 25%.

D the permissible axial clearance between the pump covers and the rotor is no more than 0.45 mm. If local wear is more than 0.2 mm, then the inner surfaces of the housing covers are subject to grinding to a roughness R a \u003d 0.32-0.63 microns. Permissible non-perpendicularity of the cover plane relative to the hole axis at a diameter of 100 mm is up to 0.02 mm. The ends of the rotor, worn out by more than 0.2 mm, are ground to one of four repair sizes every 0.5 mm. The runout of the rotor, which is more than 0.04 mm, is eliminated by editing. If the gap between the groove and the blade is more than 0.1 mm, then the grooves must be milled to one of the three repair sizes after 0.1 mm. Permissible deviation from the parallelism of the groove relative to the axis of the rotor is no more than 0.08 mm along the length of the rotor.

E If local wear is more than 0.25 mm, then the inner surface of the body (especially near the windows) is subject to boring and honing to one of six repair sizes every 0.5 mm (tolerance + 0.16 mm) to a roughness R a = 0.32- 0.63 µm.

IN In a vacuum cylinder, the pressure of 0.2 MPa should not decrease within two minutes, and under vacuum, the cylinder should not be deformed.

IN The vacuum-rotor wear is exposed to the connection between the valve seat and the valve disc. If the wear is insignificant, then its tightness should be restored by lapping, and if there is a lot of wear, the housing seat is trimmed until sharp edges are obtained, and the valve must be replaced.

ABOUT rolling and testing of vacuum pumps is carried out on special stands KI-9116 or 8719 [Fig. 177].

Rice. 177. Stand for running and testing of vacuum pumps.

1) - Bracket with screw terminals;

2) - Silencer;

3) - Bracket with screw clamps;

4) - Fork;

5) - Casing;

6) - Electric motor;

7) - Coupling;

8) - Control panel;

9) - Vacuum tank;

10) - Oil tank;

11) - Base plate;

12) - Crane;

13) - Foundation.

P After repair, the vacuum pumps are fixed on the base plate (11) with L-shaped clamps, connected to the drive (electric motor), and its nozzles - with rubber-fabric sleeves - are connected to the suction line and the silencer. The cock (12) must be installed in the position corresponding to the brand of the pump. Roll-in is carried out in three stages:

1) - 20 minutes at a shaft speed of 1500 min -1 and free air suction (both valves of the vacuum tank (9) are open);

2) - 30 minutes at a shaft speed of 1500 min -1 and a similar position of the valves;

3) - 40 minutes at a shaft speed of 1500 min -1 with air suction through a jet (nozzle diameter 8 mm), which is turned on by a valve in the vacuum tank. The maximum vacuum value is measured at a speed of 1500 min -1 and fully closed valves in the vacuum tank. The measurement of the minimum vacuum value is carried out with one valve open (jet diameter 8 mm) [table 55] and the flow rate of oil supplied to the pump is 16-20 g/h. It is allowed to heat parts no more than 35 degrees Celsius in relation to the ambient temperature.

Table 55. Vacuum when testing vacuum pumps.

D oiler. Possible defects of the teat rubber: tears, cracks, increase in rigidity or loss of elasticity. In the presence of these defects, the rubber must be replaced (with the exception of a violation of elasticity). This defect is eliminated by “resting” the rubber for one month. On devices 8727-17 or KI-9070 and others, the normal tension of the teat rubber is checked. The length of the rubber should be 155 ± 2 mm with a force of 60 N. If the length is greater than the specified value, the rubber should be cut. The stiffness of all rubber on one milking machine must be the same (permissible difference in length should not exceed 5 mm).

AND The repaired milk line is tested for tightness at a vacuum of 56.5 kPa, which should not decrease by more than 14.6 kPa within 5 minutes.

X refrigeration machines. When carrying out current repairs in these machines, the leakage of freon and lubricating oil through leaks is eliminated, parts of the compressor and fan are repaired / replaced, the filter is cleaned, the condenser and evaporator are washed, and automation devices are adjusted using the stand OR-872.

ABOUT Freon leakage detection is carried out using alcohol, propane, halogen, gasoline lamps, consisting of a cylinder and burner heads. A lit lamp burner checks for possible freon leaks. If the freon leak is small, then the burner flame will turn green, and if it is large, the color of the flame will be blue or blue. When carrying out repairs, freon is removed from the system, and after troubleshooting, it is refilled, after which the system is checked again.

M bar separators. Typical drum defects: damage to the cymbals and imbalance of the drum, wear on the thread of the base tube, key and rubber ring. Worn tubes are subject to replacement or correction of the thread and the manufacture of a new nut.

P After the repair is completed, the drum is balanced along the upper part of the central tube and the lower part of the vertical shaft [Fig. 178] or on a specially adapted separator frame.

Rice. 178. Drum balancing.

The balance of the drum is checked as follows: the drum is given a normal speed, then the drive is turned off, and marks are made with a pencil in the places of greatest beating. In order to balance, tin is soldered inside the drum cover.

H The norm is recognized if after three minutes the drum picks up the normal speed and stops without braking.

D To test a repaired separator, it is necessary to pour 4-5 liters of warm water into the milk receiver. At normal speed, water will come out of both horns. The water level must match the mark on the wall inside the float chamber. Leakage of water through the seals and holes for the clamps of the plate holder and lid is not allowed.

4. Water supply for cattle farms

A water supply system is a complex of interconnected machines, equipment and engineering structures designed to take water from sources, raise it to a height, clean it, store it and supply it to places of consumption.

The composition of machines and engineering structures depends mainly on the source of water supply and the requirements for water quality.

In the water supply of livestock farms, local and centralized economic and industrial water supply systems with underground water sources and fire extinguishing from fire tanks with motor pumps or autopumps are most widely used.

In turn, centralized systems can be part of a group agricultural water supply system that provides water to several settlements, farms and other production facilities located, as a rule, at a considerable distance from each other.

A water supply scheme is a technological line connecting, in one sequence or another, water facilities designed to extract, pump, improve the quality and transport water to points of consumption. Water can be supplied to consumers according to various schemes.

Depending on the specific conditions (the terrain, the power of the water supply source, the reliability of the power supply, etc.), water supply schemes can have one or two water lifts, provide for the storage of its regulated amount in water towers or underground tanks, the supply of fire-fighting water directly from the source, etc. .

The composition of engineering structures is not constant, it can be changed depending on the quality of the water in the source, the terrain and other conditions. For example, treatment facilities, clean water tanks and a second lift pumping station may be absent if the quality of the water in the source complies with GOST for drinking water.

The final choice of one or another water supply scheme in each specific case should be justified by technical and economic calculations. The option with the lowest capital and operating costs is accepted for construction.

Agricultural water supply systems according to their purpose can be divided into the following groups:

1) water supply systems for settlements of state farms and collective farms, as well as repair and technical stations;

2) water supply systems for livestock industrial complexes and separate farms;

3) pasture water supply systems;

4) field water supply systems.

Each of these groups has its own specific features regarding the organization of water supply.

The most common scheme of mechanized water supply for livestock farms consists of the following structures: a water intake with a pumping station, a distribution network and control structures (a water tower and a reservoir for storing fire-fighting water). In cases where the quality of the source water requires it, the water supply scheme is supplemented by water purification and disinfection facilities.

Description of the most common water supply scheme for a livestock farm (per 400 dairy cows):

From the tubular well, water is taken by a submersible electric pump (type ETsV or BCP) and fed into the water tower and the distribution network of the livestock farm.

Practice has established that the capacity of the water tower tank should be equal to 12--15% of the estimated daily water consumption on the farm. Typical water towers for livestock farms have tanks with a capacity of 25 m3.

Chambers of pumping stations on tube wells, water pressure and control structures, as well as manholes on the water supply network are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures. The water supply network is made of asbestos-cement or polyethylene pipes, and the inputs to stockyards and other premises on the farm are made of cast-iron pipes.

In industrial livestock complexes, towerless high-pressure water supply systems are used. For water supply to farms with a water flow rate of up to 40 m3/day, underground waters located close to the surface of the earth are often used, taken by shaft wells. In these cases, automatic pumping units are used to lift the water.

Example: a diagram of a pumping unit for a pneumatic water supply system with water intake from a mine well equipped with a pneumatic automatic unit VU-5-30. Plant capacity 5 m3/h, head 30 m.

The principle of operation of the VU-5-30 installation is as follows:

When parsing water on a farm, the pressure in the network drops. When the pressure in the network drops to the lower limit to which the pressure switch is adjusted, the pump turns on and runs until the air pressure in the air-water boiler reaches upper limit, to which the pressure switch is also adjusted. The air/water boiler has a small control volume of water. Thus, when the water flow on the farm is low, the unit will rarely turn on, but during the hours when the water flow is equal to the pump capacity, the unit will work continuously until the flow on the farm decreases. At the same time, the pump raises the pressure in the air-water boiler to the upper limit and the pressure switch turns off the pump motor.

The installation with a submersible pump (VU-7-65) works according to the same principle. This unit is designed to lift water from tubular wells with a diameter of 150 mm with a dynamic water level at a depth of up to 40 m. The unit capacity is 7.5 m3/h, head up to 65 m.

At present, pumps of the ETsV type with a check valve are widely used.

Sources of water supply and water intake facilities

Sources of water supply can be surface (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.) and underground (spring, ground and interstratal waters). They should provide the highest daily water consumption by consumers, regardless of the time of year and consumption conditions.

When choosing a source of centralized water supply, preference is given to groundwater over surface water. This is due to the ubiquity of groundwater and the possibility of using it without treatment. Surface waters are used less often, as they are the most susceptible to pollution and require special treatment before being supplied to the consumer.

Groundwater, depending on the conditions of their occurrence, is divided into groundwater and interstratal.

Water intake structures are used to draw water from a source. For water intake from surface (open) sources, coastal wells or simple water intakes are arranged, and for water intake from underground (closed) sources, shaft, drilling (tubular) and small-tubular wells are arranged. Groundwater coming to the surface is collected in capping wells.

Waterworks and reservoirs

In the water supply system, pressure-control structures are used to create the necessary pressure in the distributing line, regulate the water supply to the network and create a supply of water for the time the pumping station is deflected.

In practice, two types of pressure control structures are used: a water tower and a pneumatic boiler (turretless structure). In the first case, the external pressure is created by raising the water tank to the required height; in the second - due to the pressure of compressed air that fills the space above the water level in a hermetically sealed boiler.

Prefabricated block towers designed by engineer A. A. Rozhnovsky are most widely used on farms. Towers are mounted on site from individual metal blocks manufactured at factories. The lower part of the tower, insulated with earth filling, is completely filled with water. This supply of water doubles the reserve capacity of the tower.

An uninsulated tower is used where the water temperature of underground sources is not lower than 4 ° C and the exchange of water in the tower occurs at least once a day.

With intensive circulation, the water in the tower does not freeze even with a significant decrease in temperature.

To automate the control of water towers, equipment is produced that maintains a constant supply of water and increases the reliability of the equipment of pumping stations. The prefabricated block design of the tower can significantly reduce the installation time of the structure and reduce the cost of construction.

Towerless pressure and control structures are designed to automate the water supply of livestock farms and other facilities.

On farms, towerless automatic water-lifting installations of the VU type are widespread, for example, the VU5-30 installation. With a vortex pump, water is supplied to an air-water tank, from which it enters consumers through a water-folding main. Excess water accumulates in the tank, compressing the air in it. As soon as the pressure in the tank reaches the calculated pressure switch (in the normal position, the contacts of the pressure switch are constantly closed), it will open the electric circuit of the magnetic starter, the pump motor will stop and water will be supplied to consumers under the action of air compressed in the tank. When the pressure drops to a certain value, the relay contacts will close and the pump will turn on, which will again begin to supply water to the tank.

During the operation of the unit, the volume of the air cushion in the tank decreases due to the looseness of the connections for the dissolution of air in water. This leads to an increase in the frequency of switching on the installation and accelerates the wear of the electric motor and pump. To automatically fill the tank with air, a jet odor regulator is used.

The units are simple in design, hygienic and easy to use, do not require constant maintenance. Thanks to the use of VU installations, the consumption of pipes is reduced, the construction of expensive metal-intensive water towers is excluded, the cost of supplying 1 m of water is reduced by 1.5 ... 2 times.

Non-pressure tanks are sometimes used to store water supplies, from which water can be pumped into the water supply network.

The capacity of tanks of water towers and reservoirs is selected depending on the daily water consumption, the nature of its consumption by the hours of the day and the operation of the pumping station. The nature of water consumption by hours of the day can be established as a result of calculating the values ​​of the coefficients of hourly unevenness for each consumer, taking into account the daily routine adopted on the farm.

Installations for purification and disinfection of water on farms and complexes

Often, water from surface sources, and sometimes underground, such as groundwater, requires additional processing - desalination, softening, purification and disinfection.

In agricultural water supply, crystallization (artificial freezing), distillation and electrodialysis desalination are used.

Electrodialysis is used to desalinate water. In this case, salt ions are removed from the water by the action of a direct electric current field. For electrodialysis, installations with a capacity of 10 to 600 m3/day have been developed, capable of providing a decrease in water salinity from 2.8 ... 15 g / l to 0.9 ... 1 g / l.

Filters and contact clarifiers are used to purify water.

Disinfection (destruction of pathogens) is achieved by chlorination, ozonation and ultraviolet irradiation of water.

When chlorinating, bleach, liquid chlorine and table salt are used (sodium hypochloride is obtained from salt). Vacuum chlorinators LK and electrolysis chlorite installations of EN and EDR types are intended for chlorination.

Ozonation is a modern and universal treatment method, in which water is simultaneously discolored and disinfected, its taste and smell are eliminated. Ozone is an unstable gas, so it is most economical to obtain it at the water treatment site. Ozonize water at large treatment plants.

For ultraviolet irradiation of water, installations with argon-mercury lamps of the BUV type are used. These units are available in closed type with irradiation sources submerged in water and open type. Lamps immersed in water are placed in quartz cases. The units can be connected anywhere in the water supply network.

Complex installations are also used that provide complete water treatment (clarification, discoloration, removal of odors and tastes, desalination, disinfection), for example, a universal installation consisting of an electric coagulator, anthracite, ionite and carbon filters, a bactericidal apparatus.

Technological equipment and fittings of internal water supply networks

TO technological equipment and fittings of internal water supply networks of livestock premises include automatic drinking bowls, water heaters, various containers, taps, control valves, etc.

Depending on the livestock, the mode of drinking and the debit of the water source, the dimensions of the watering place and the length of the troughs are determined.

Autodrinkers are divided into group and individual.

Group drinkers are used for watering cows and young cattle with loose (box) content. They are also used in summer camps and pastures. Group drinkers can be stationary and mobile. They are equipped with troughs or several individual drinkers for watering animals. The principle of operation of these drinkers is based on the law of communicating vessels. The water level is regulated in water-distributing troughs with a float-type valve mechanism.

In individual drinkers, the amount of water entering the drinking bowl is regulated by a special pedal. Individual drinkers are used for watering cattle (with tethered content) and pigs.

Proper water supply for dairy cows is a prerequisite for productivity and efficiency, and the animal watering system must be well thought out on the farm. The freshness and purity of water is of great importance. To ensure this factor, various models of drinkers have been developed.

Group automatic drinker AGK-12 is designed for watering cattle. It is available in two versions: for summer camps, where there is no running water, and for watering livestock on the walking areas of farms with a running water network.

The drinker consists of two metal troughs mounted on skids, connected by a branch pipe, and a tank with a capacity of 3000 liters, from which water flows by gravity into the drinking troughs. One of the troughs has a valve mechanism that automatically maintains the water level in both troughs at a predetermined height. The drinker has no second modification of the tank.

The group automatic drinker with electric heating AGK-4 is used for watering up to 100 heads of cattle on walking areas. It is designed for the simultaneous watering of four animals and is connected to the water supply network.

Drinkers PE-3

Dimensions LxWxH - 2370x574x300

Weight, kg - 130

Electric motor power, kW - 500

Hopper volume, m3 - 260

The water in the drinker does not freeze at negative temperatures in the room.

Water heating occurs evenly, i.e. there are no zones in the drinker where the water will be icy or very hot.

The drinker is made of food plastic.

Drinkers are equipped with drain plugs, which allows not to overturn the drinker for washing. All water can be drained at any time.

Drinkers are equipped with float water level regulators, the water in the drinker is replenished as the animals consume it.

Water heating is carried out using heating plates NP-130 with a power of 250 W, on which a drinking bowl is mounted.

Each drinker is equipped with a temperature control panel with an automatic switch and an RCD. The use of a drinker does not require the installation of separate equipment, such as a transformer.

Drinking bowls work from the alternating current main with a voltage of 220 V, a frequency of 50 Hz.

Many of the drinkers are competitive with the best Western designs and have the following characteristics:

There is no valve mechanism with low operational reliability;

· does not contain moving quick-wearing rubber and plastic details;

· Works completely in automatic mode, without requiring intervention of personnel;

· fully satisfies the complex of veterinary and zoohygienic requirements;

Has a simple design

· The period of operation without repair is determined only by the corrosion resistance of the main pipeline and can reach 30 ... 50 years.

The device allows operation from a water supply system with any water pressure. Various options for installing drinking bowls on the main pipe are allowed. There are pneumohydraulic valves installed inside or outside the bowl.

In many technological processes hot and warm water is used for preparing feed, watering, machine milking cows, disinfecting and washing animals, disinfecting milking and dairy equipment, etc. To obtain water of the required temperature, instantaneous water heaters or thermos water heaters with batch heating of water are used.

Electric and steam water heaters are most widely used on farms and complexes.

Flow type electric heaters, for example, EVM-2, EVAN-100, are used to quickly heat water. In them, the water temperature is maintained automatically in the range from 20 to 95 ° C.

Electric automatic water heaters - thermoses of the VET type for batch heating of water and its storage are most often used in production lines for milking cows and preparing feed. Thermos capacity 200, 400 and 800 l, water temperature - up to 95 °C. If necessary, hot water from the water heater can be mixed with cold water in a mixing tap or mixing tanks.

Capacitive steam water heaters are used to produce hot water with a temperature of up to 60 ... 65 ° C.

Gas water heaters are increasingly used on farms in last years to obtain hot water used for technological needs.

Particular attention should be paid to heating water for drinking animals in winter. Practice shows that the supply of water with a temperature of 4 ... 10 ° C from the Rozhnovsky towers to the drinking system without heating leads to a sharp decrease in the productivity of animals and often to the occurrence of colds in them.

Water heaters of the UAP type are used to heat water up to 16 ... 18 ° C in winter.

A serious reserve for saving energy and increasing the productivity of cows on dairy farms is the use of water for drinking that has passed through milk coolers. Such water has a temperature of 18 ... 24 ° C. After cooling the milk, this water is pumped into a container installed in the barn at a height of 2.4 ... 3.0 m, from where the water flows by gravity to the automatic drinkers. To prevent the water temperature from dropping, the container is covered with a heat-insulating material. Singing cows with such water increases their productivity by 10 ... 15%.

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