How to analyze a product group. Economic analysis and its role in the management of the organization. Vertical balance analysis

“Greetings, a visitor to the blog“ Marketing Diary ”. Today we will focus on one of the main tasks of a marketer of any company with a large and diverse range of products. This task is to analyze the product group. "

In my work, I often have to analyze a particular group of goods in order to identify its shortcomings and possible ways to increase profits. Undoubtedly, all groups are different and it is necessary to analyze them from different angles, depending on the task. For myself, I have developed a general algorithm for analyzing the product group, which I actually try to adhere to. In this article I will cover the main points with a detailed description.

Algorithm for analyzing a commodity group

Sales dynamics is an integral part of the analysis of any product group. The dynamics is analyzed according to several main indicators: revenue, quantity of goods sold, profit. The data for the dynamics are taken taking into account the data of past years (from 1 to 3, depending on the globality of the task). Those. if it is necessary to analyze sales for the last quarter, then in aggregate data for the same quarter of the last year are taken. Firstly, it will allow you to see the current dynamics, and secondly, to reveal an increase or decrease in comparison with the last year.

Analysis of checks, also one of the necessary components of the analysis of a group of goods. I have already mentioned this analysis, but here I will just add that comparison with last year is also highly desirable.

ABC - analysis. The article on ABC analysis has already been published, you can read it by clicking on the link. I will only note that when analyzing a commodity group, ABC analysis is more logical to carry out according to two parameters, but this depends on the task. I usually use a combination of revenue and the number of units sold, but in very rare cases I combine the amount and profit. And often I move away from the generally accepted 80/15/5 standards to my own 50/35/15 crushing.

XYZ analysis assortment. An article about this type of analysis has also been published. Here I just note that xyz analysis ideally distributes the assortment into categories of predictability of demand.

Share of missing items - in the analysis of the commodity group, it is also a necessary item, since the goods, for various reasons, simply could not be in the warehouse (a buyer's mistake, a large supply lag, interruptions at the supplier) and, as a result, there was a lack of sales. In this case, it is worth considering not only how many and which positions were missing, but also which of them belong to category “A” of the previous analysis. I deal with such positions separately - why, who is to blame, how to avoid failures.

Assortment change. It takes into account new items added to the assortment, or items excluded from sale. For excluded items, it is highly advisable to review the sales statistics in the previous period and understand the reason for the withdrawal from the assortment. This point can be easily clarified by talking to the category manager responsible for these positions.

Representation of positions in different price segments and, accordingly, the share of sales in these segments. Here, as a rule, I analyze the breakdown of the assortment by brand (if the brand in this group of goods has some meaning, for example, a power tool). Usually I intersect these two parameters in one table (header - price segment; column - brand) - this is both clear and understandable in which steppe the failures.

Price and assortment analysis competitors. I choose 3-5 main competitors and analyze the corresponding product group, in terms of price and representation in the competitor's range. It is so established that we want to sell better than competitors, and who does not want more money, and as a result, the prices should preferably be lower and the assortment is appropriate, although here it already depends on the positioning of the company. We also take into account the deviation from the average and minimum prices of competitors.

The last point in the analysis of the product group is the identification of customer preferences. Since third-party sales data is a hard-to-find toolkit, you have to dig the Internet in search of customer preferences and opinion polls on forums. You can also conduct a survey of buyers, but this is when there is a strong need. Yes, not easy, but how else. But this is one of the most interesting moments in the responsibilities of a marketer.

Features of the analysis of a commodity group

Speaking about the analysis of a product group, it is worth mentioning a number of features that, in one way or another, affect the state of the group and the general understanding of its development:

Layout of the product group in the retail outlet;
The work of sales consultants in the sale of this product group;
Awareness of customers about the presence of this product group in the company's range;

Despite the fact that this may be secondary points for the analysis of the product group as a whole, but you need to know and understand this, perhaps these are the parameters that are fundamental for this group of products. For example, the sales of the group fell, and why, but because they were shifted to the bottom shelf a month ago or the consultants forgot about them, but these are of course extremes.

Report on the analysis of the product group

In the end, when the product group has undergone a thorough analysis from all points of view, a single document of 7-10 pages is formed. Graphs, diagrams, tablets, conclusions and proposals are added - and that's all, to the judgment of the authorities. If a product group is characterized by a downtrend and its significance for the company is substantiated, an action plan is proposed to “reanimate” the group, which is subsequently implemented. If the product group is of no value to the company, the option and the possibility of withdrawing the group's items from the assortment are calculated.

Colleague, in this article I tried to display as fully as possible how to analyze a product group. If you have any questions, I will be happy to answer them in the comments, so write. That's all.

Analysis of the activities and results of the enterprise. In accordance with the stated purpose the abstract sets the following tasks: - to reveal the general idea of \u200b\u200bthe essence of the goals and objectives of financial analysis - to determine the main methods and methods of financial analysis - to consider the structure of information support for the economic analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. It is known that the assessment of the financial condition is of interest to a wide range of market entities: - the enterprise itself that wants to know the real ...

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Introduction …………………………………………………………………… ..... 4

Chapter 1. The essence of financial analysis

1.1 Essence, goals and objectives of financial analysis ………………. ……… ..… .8

1.2. Methods and methods of financial analysis ………………………………… .11

1.3 Information support of financial analysis ……………… ...… ..13

Chapter 2. Analysis of the activities and results of the enterprise

2.1 Analysis of operating activities ……………………………………… .14

2.2 Analysis of financial activities ………………………………………… .16

2.3 Analysis of investment activities …………………………………… ..19

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… .22

List of used literature ………………………………………… ... 24

INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the topic. The activities of enterprises in the modern economic environment, their strong relationship with the external environment, as well as the complication of the economic mechanism necessitate a reassessment of the attitude of managers to the analysis of accounting (financial) statements. The main task of the economist in the course of analyzing the balance sheet, profit and loss statement, explanations to them should be the formation of a comprehensive opinion on all aspects of the organization's economic activity, ensuring systems approach to the study of its financial condition and the results of financial and economic activities. This implies the development of reporting analysis methodologies based on less formalized assessments and focused more on the firm's development strategy. This approach requires financial analysts to pay special attention to content, quality, suitability for analysis and acceptance. management decisions information provided in the accounting (financial) statements.

One of the most important problems of information support of external financial analysis at the present stage of reform accounting in Russia there are issues of temporary and methodological incomparability of accounting (financial) reporting data. Their presence is due to the specifics of accounting work based on a number of principles and requirements. First of all, this concerns the issues of assessing the property and obligations of the company. In the reporting, the assets and liabilities of the company are shown at the book (accounting) value, which, firstly, does not correspond to the real market price, and secondly, it significantly depends on the chosen option for their assessment in accounting. Until now, these issues have not been adequately reflected both in the system of regulatory regulation of accounting and in the methods of external financial analysis. The problems of information support for the analysis of accounting (financial) statements in modern Russia determined the choice of this topic and its relevance.

The purpose of this work is to substantiate the need for information support for financial analysis, identify problems for improving accounting reporting as an information base for external financial analysis, and determine a mechanism for bringing it to a state suitable for analysis.

In accordance with this goal, the abstract sets the following tasks:

To reveal the general ideas about the essence, goals and objectives of financial analysis

Determine the main methods and methods of financial analysis

Consider the structure of information support for the economic analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

The object of the research is information support of financial analysis.

The subject of the research is the problems of information support of financial analysis.

The degree of knowledge. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the works of leading domestic and foreign scientists-economists on the organization of accounting, economic analysis and audit; legislative, instructive, methodological and reference materials.

For theoretical generalization and development of specific recommendations, general scientific methods research - analysis, synthesis, modeling and the method of expert assessments.

Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature.

CHAPTER 1 ESSENCE OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

1.1 Essence, purpose and objectives of financial analysis

The emergence of a market economy in Russia, the emergence of financial markets, the need to search and optimize sources of financial resources objectively contributed to the development of such important direction analytical work like financial analysis. It is known that the assessment of financial condition is of interest to a wide range of market entities:

The enterprise itself, which wants to know the real state of affairs in its activities and develop measures to improve them;

Investors interested in the efficiency of investing their funds;

Lenders and suppliers wishing to be convinced of the company's solvency;

Business partners who seek to establish stable and reliable business relationships with the enterprise;

Financial analysis is the basis for the management of enterprise finances and, in this regard, it covers three main areas:1

1) Assessment of the financial needs of the enterprise

2) Stream distribution money depending on the specific plans enterprises, determination of additional volumes of attracted financial resources and channels for their receipt, loans, search for internal reserves, additional issue of shares, bonds, etc.

3) Providing a financial reporting system that would objectively reflect the processes and ensure control over the financial condition of the enterprise.

Analysis (without referring it to economic activity and singling it out into an independent science) has existed for a long time, is a very voluminous concept that underlies all practical and scientific human activity.2

Financial analysis is a method of assessing and forecasting the financial condition of an enterprise. As a research method, analysis consists in breaking the whole into its component parts. Financial analysis of the enterprise should combine the methods of induction and deduction. In the process of financial analysis, all business processes are studied in their interconnection, interdependence and interdependence.

An enterprise that is seriously engaged in analytical work is able to recognize a future crisis in advance, respond quickly and avoid it, or reduce the degree of risk. Financial analysis allows you to effectively manage financial resources, identify trends in their use, make forecasts for the development of an enterprise in the near and long term.

The main purpose of financial analysis is a comprehensive assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise, its business activity, obtaining the key (most informative) parameters that give the most objective and accurate picture of the financial condition of the company, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, in settlements with debtors and creditors. Only with the help of financial analysis it is possible to make a correct diagnosis of the economic "illness" of the enterprise and to find the most vulnerable spots of the enterprise.

The main functions of financial analysis are:

An objective assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise,

Manifestation of factors and causes of the achieved state,

Timely taking measures to increase the company's solvency,

Identification and mobilization of reserves for improving the financial condition and increasing the efficiency of economic activity.

Using the methods of financial analysis, it is possible to identify the main factors affecting the financial and economic condition of the enterprise. For this, the appropriate methods and techniques of economic and mathematical calculations are used.

Financial condition is one of the most important characteristics of the activities of each enterprise. This is a complex concept, which is the result of the interaction of all elements of the system of financial relations of an enterprise, is determined by a set of production and economic factors and is characterized by a system of indicators reflecting the availability, placement and use of financial resources. Analysis of the financial condition shows in which specific areas it is necessary to carry out analytical work, makes it possible to identify the most important aspects and weak positions in the financial condition of a given enterprise. Consequently, the financial condition is the most important indicator of the economic activity of an enterprise, which characterizes its business activity and reliability, determines the competitiveness of the enterprise, its potential in business partnership, etc.3

The object of financial analysis is a specific company or financial transaction of this company.

The subjects of financial analysis are analysts who analyze the activities of the enterprise.

The subject of financial analysis is understood as the business processes of enterprises, socio-economic efficiency and the final financial results of their activities, which are formed under the influence of objective and subjective factors.

Objective factors include factors of external influence. They constantly affect economic activity and reflect, as a rule, the operation of economic laws.

Subjective factors are associated with a specific human activity, completely and completely dependent on it. Even skillful forecasting in the practice of management of the influence of objective conditions and factors can be interpreted as a subjective phenomenon. Successful management and full implementation of financial plans is determined by skillful leadership, correct organization of production, economics, finance, economic and organizational preparedness. Business processes and their results, formed under the influence of subjective and objective factors, are appropriately reflected in the system of economic information. An economic information system is a collection of data that comprehensively characterizes activities at different levels (input, intermediate, output).

The meaning, purpose, content and subject of financial analysis determine its tasks. The most important of them are:

1) increasing the scientific and economic feasibility of financial plans and standards,

2) an objective and comprehensive study of the implementation of business plans and compliance with standards (specified by accounting and reporting),

3) determination of the effectiveness of the use of material and financial resources (separately and in aggregate),

4) ensuring effective control over commercial activities,

5) identification and measurement of internal reserves (at all stages of the enterprise's activity),

6) determination of the optimality of management decisions

The main content of external financial analysis is providing information to numerous users about the profitability of the enterprise, its solvency, financial independence, business activity, market stability, etc. Analytical indicators are calculated according to the company's public reporting data and according to the data of the securities market. Since external analysis is based on a limited amount of information about the activities of the enterprise, it does not allow to reveal all the reasons for the success or failure of the enterprise.

Internal financial analysis is carried out for the use of its results by the management of the enterprise. The main content of such analysis is factor analysis of profit (loss), profitability, search for a break-even point, analysis of investment projects.

1.2 Methods and methods of financial analysis.

The method of financial analysis is determined by the content and characteristics of the subject, goals, requirements and tasks that face the analysis. The method of financial analysis is understood as a dialectical method of approach to the study of financial processes in their formation and development. That is, the method of financial analysis is a systematic, comprehensive study interconnected with the determination of financial information for the purpose of its objective assessment, the identification of reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of financial resources and providing the necessary information for making optimal decisions on their management. Salient features method of financial analysis is the use of a system of indicators that comprehensively characterize the activities of the enterprise, the study of the reasons for the change in these indicators, the identification and measurement of the relationship between them in order to improve efficiency. The analysis method is implemented through a set of research techniques. The correctly chosen method of analysis determines its result, the effectiveness of the study of the financial development of the enterprise.

In the process of financial analysis, analytical processing of economic information, a number of special methods and techniques are used. They further reveal the specificity of financial analysis methods, reflect its systemic, complex nature. Consistency in financial analysis is due to the fact that business processes are considered as different, complex aggregates consisting of interrelated parties and elements. In the course of such an analysis, the links between the parties and elements are identified and studied, it is established how these links lead to the unity of the process that is being studied, in its entirety.

The practice of financial analysis has developed the basic rules for the analysis of financial statements. Among them are the following:

1) horizontal (temporary) analysis - comparison of each reporting item with the previous period,

2) vertical (structural) analysis - determining the structure of the final financial indicators with the identification of the influence of each reporting item on the result as a whole,

3) trend analysis - comparing each reporting item with a number of previous periods and determining the trend, i.e. the main trend of the indicator dynamics, free from random influences of the individual characteristics of individual periods. With the help of the trend, possible values \u200b\u200bof indicators in the future are formed. Thus, a forward-looking (predictive) analysis is carried out,

4) factor analysis is an analysis of the influence of individual factors (causes) on the effective indicator using deterministic or stochastic research methods. This analysis can be either direct or reverse, i.e. synthesis - the combination of individual elements into a common effective indicator.4

All the listed methods of analysis are formalized. However, there are also informal methods based on the description of analytical procedures at the logical level, rather than on rigid analytical relationships and dependencies. Non-formalized methods include: expert assessments and scenarios, psychological, morphological, comparative, building a system of indicators, building a system of analytical tables

The use of types, techniques and methods of financial analysis for specific purposes of studying the financial condition of an enterprise in the aggregate constitutes a methodology and analysis technique.

Financial analysis is carried out using various models to structure and identify relationships between key indicators. There are three main types of models:

Descriptive models (of a descriptive nature) are basic for assessing the financial condition of an enterprise. These include - building a system of reporting balances; presentation of financial statements in various analytical aspects; vertical and horizontal analysis of reporting; trend analysis; analysis of relative indicators and ratios; comparative (spatial) analysis; factor analysis, a system of analytical coefficients. Descriptive models are based on the use of accounting information;

Predicate models are predictive models. They are used to predict the income and expenses of an enterprise, its future financial condition. The most common of them: calculating the point of critical sales volume (break-even analysis); building predictive financial reports; dynamic analysis model; situational analysis models;

Regulatory models are models that make it possible to compare the actual performance of the enterprise with the normative. These models are mainly used in internal financial analysis. -

So, during financial analysis, a wide variety of techniques, methods and models of analysis can be used. Their number and breadth of application depend on the specific goals of the analysis and are determined by its tasks in each individual case.5

1.3 Information support of financial analysis

The effectiveness of financial analysis of an enterprise directly depends on the completeness and quality of the information used. At present, a simplified approach to the implementation of financial analysis has developed in the domestic literature, orienting it towards the use of exclusively accounting (financial) statements or, in a somewhat broader sense, to accounting data. This limitation of the information base narrows the possibilities of financial analysis and planning, its effectiveness, since it leaves out of consideration the factors, which are fundamentally important for an objective assessment of the financial condition, associated with the industry affiliation of the economic entity, the state of the external environment, including the market of material and financial resources, stock market trends, and also a number of other significant factors, for example, the financial strategy of the owners and management personnel. Ignoring these factors leads to misjudgment financial sustainability business entity.

Financial analysis is carried out on a solid foundation of information support, the central link of which is the accounting and analytical support system. Financial analysis information support includes accounting data, statistical accounting, and various marketing information. At the organization level, one of the components of the information support of financial analysis for the future is accounting data. This reveals the inextricable connection between accounting and management, because in order to manage it is necessary, other things being equal, to own the necessary information.

So, in accordance with the Regulations on the maintenance of accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 34n dated July 29, 1998, the financial statements are open to interested users. It also includes an auditor's report confirming its reliability. Other information, production and financial accounting data representing trade secret, are not published, only enterprises in some cases can expand the information provided for analysis.

Accounting (financial) statements - information on the financial position of an economic entity at the reporting date, the financial result of its activities and cash flows for reporting periodsystematized in accordance with the requirements established by this Federal Law.6

The main forms of reporting of the organization are "Balance sheet" "Profit and loss statement". The balance sheet is a systematized list of the organization's funds and their sources in monetary terms at the reporting date. The balance sheet assets reflect the organization's funds, economic resources that belong to it and are considered as potential income that it can receive in the future as a result of their use. The liabilities show the sources of formation of the organization's means - capital, which is divided into attracted and own. On the basis of the balance sheet information, external users can make decisions about the expediency and conditions of doing business with this enterprise as a partner; assess the creditworthiness of the company as a borrower; assess the possible risks of their investments, the feasibility of acquiring shares of this enterprise and its assets, and other decisions.7

The profit and loss statement is the most important source for analyzing the indicators of the company's profitability, profitability products sold, the profitability of production, determining the amount of net profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise and other indicators. This form makes the result of the activities of any organization, including a non-profit one, accessible and quick to understand. It is designed in such a way that, by looking at it, even an untrained user can get an idea of \u200b\u200bhow profitable the enterprise is, as well as the presence of commercial activities and their effectiveness in non-profit enterprises.

Of fundamental importance for prospective financial analysis is information characterizing the owners of the enterprise, with the help of which, when conducting an external financial analysis of an economic entity, it is possible to form a more or less accurate idea of \u200b\u200bthe goals of its activities. The importance of such information is associated with the fact that it allows you to identify enterprises focused on sustainable long-term operation, and enterprises that pursue short-term goals of making a profit.

Information contained in constituent documents, is key in assessing the rights of individual groups of owners of an enterprise to income and assets. The most important financial decisions regarding the increase or decrease of the authorized capital, distribution of profits and the formation of funds and reserves are determined by the constituent documents of the enterprise. Of fundamental importance for the classification of the types of income and expenses of the enterprise, and, therefore, for the analysis of financial results and profitability of activities, the information registered in the constituent documents and in the charter of activities is of fundamental importance. This information is necessary in the formation of the tax policy of the company.

Financial accounting data form the basis of information support for the financial analysis system. On the basis of this information, a generalized analysis of the financial condition is carried out, and forecast estimates of the values \u200b\u200bof the main financial indicators are developed.

The advantage of financial accounting and reporting information is its comparative reliability, since it reflects events that have already taken place, while the indicators of one group are measured quantitatively. The fact that the formation of financial accounting and reporting indicators is based on general methodological principles accounting with certain assumptions, allows us to talk about a fairly high degree of reliability of such information (of course, if there is confidence that the compilers of the financial statements comply with these principles). At the same time, the key information for financial analysis of financial accounting and reporting can be used only under the condition of a full understanding of the principles and rules on the basis of which it was formed, as well as the conventions and assumptions that accompany the measurement of resources, sources of their formation, income and expenses. enterprises.

2. ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS OF THE ENTERPRISE

2.1 Analysis of operating activities

Operating activity is the main activity of the enterprise for the purpose of which it was created. The nature of the company's operating activities is determined by the specifics of the sphere or branch of the economy to which it belongs. The basis of the operating activities of most enterprises is production and sales or trading activities.

Operating income is understood to be income derived from the operating activities of an enterprise. They come in the form of gross and net operating income. The operating income of the enterprise is the financial basis for the development of its activities.

Operating costs are understood to be the current costs of the enterprise associated with its operating activities. Operating costs are divided into fixed and variable, direct and indirect. The operational activity of the enterprise since its inception is associated with the implementation of various costs of labor, material, intangible and financial resources in the process of production and sale of products.

Operating profit is understood to be the profit from the operating activities of the enterprise. It appears in the form of margin, gross or net operating profit.

The profit margin is the difference between the sum of net operating income from product sales and the sum of variable operating costs.

Gross profit is the profit earned by specific types activities (operating, investment, etc.) before deducting income tax and other mandatory amounts paid from it.

Net profit - the final amount of profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after taxes and other mandatory payments from the sum of the balance sheet (gross) profit.

Thus, the analysis of operating activities is based on a comparison of the income and expenses of the enterprise in the course of its activities. The purpose of the analysis of operating activities is to track the dependence of the financial results of a business on costs and sales volumes.

One of the simplest but most effective types of analysis of operating activities is the CVP analysis (cost-volum-profit, costs - volume - profit).

CVP analysis is often referred to as break-even analysis. Analysis of production break-even is a powerful tool for making management decisions. In his work, a manager constantly needs to make decisions about the selling price, variable and fixed costs, about the acquisition and use of resources. If he cannot make a reliable forecast of the level of profits and costs, his decisions can only harm the company.8

Thus, the purpose of the break-even analysis is to establish what will happen to the financial results if a certain level of productivity or production volume changes.

The break-even analysis is based on the relationship between changes in production and changes in total sales profit, costs and net income.

A break-even point is understood as a point of sales volume at which costs are equal to the proceeds from the sale of all products, that is, there is no profit or loss.

To calculate the break-even point, you can use the following methods:

· Equations;

· Margin income;

The equation method is based on using the formula to calculate:

P \u003d V - PZ - Post Z,

P - profit; B - revenue; ПЗ - variable costs; Post 3 - fixed costs.

Another formula can also be used for the calculation:

P \u003d (C x K0) - (PZ x K0) - Post3,

C - unit price; К0 - number of units.

Marginal income is revenue less variable costs. The marginal income per unit is equal to the price minus the share of variable costs.

TB \u003d PostZ / Md,

TB - break-even point; Мд - margin income;

The calculation of the break-even point is associated with the calculation of the margin of financial stability, that is, it finds out how far the planned revenue "runs" from the break-even point (profitability threshold).

The financial stability margin is the excess of the actual net revenue over the break-even point.

ZFU \u003d CHV - TB,

where TB is the break-even point.

Using this indicator, you can predict profit.

P \u003d ZFU × Kmd,

where Kmd is the coefficient of marginal income. It is calculated as the quotient of the profit margin divided by the net revenue.

Kmd \u003d Md / CHV.

By analyzing production break-even data, the manager can9 to answer the questions that arise when the direction of action changes, namely: what effect on profit will the decrease in the selling price have, how much sales are required to cover additional fixed costs in connection with the planned expansion of the enterprise, how many people need to be hired, etc.

2.2 Analysis of the financial activities of the enterprise

The financial condition of the enterprise must be analyzed from the standpoint of both short-term and long-term prospects, since the criteria for its assessment may be different, the state of the company's finances is characterized by the placement of its funds and sources of their formation, the analysis of the financial condition is carried out in order to establish how effectively the financial resources located at the disposal of the enterprise.

The stable financial position of the enterprise depends primarily on the improvement of such quality indicators, as - labor productivity, profitability of production, capital productivity, as well as the fulfillment of the plan for profit. The rational organization of the enterprise's funds is facilitated by the correct organization of the material and technical support of production, operational activities to accelerate money turnover. Therefore, the analysis of the financial condition is carried out at the final stage of the analysis of financial and economic activities. At the same time, the financial difficulties of the enterprise, the lack of funds for timely settlements can affect the stability of supplies, disrupt the rhythm of material and technical supply. In this regard, the analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise and the analysis of other aspects of its activities should complement each other.10

The tasks of the analysis are a general assessment of financial analysis, checking the spending of funds for their intended purpose, identifying the causes of financial difficulties, opportunities for improving the use of financial resources, accelerating the turnover of funds and strengthening the financial position.

Due to the different functional purpose and features of use in planning and accounting, enterprise funds are divided into basic and circulating.

Fixed assets have been functioning for a number of years without changing their form. Their cost is charged to production costs throughout their entire life cycle. The working capital includes the enterprise's funds that ensure the creation of inventories and advance payments of costs in the process of production and sales of products. Along with stocks of raw materials and supplies, they include construction in progress, finished goods before their sale, cash and receivables.

The main factor that determines the financial position of an enterprise is the state of its working capital... Working capital is the monetary resources required to create inventories, advance costs to ensure the continuity of the production process and product sales. Sources of the formation of working capital are divided into own and borrowed. Own and equivalent funds are allocated to cover reserves and prepaid expenses in minimum dimensions and are constantly at the disposal of the enterprise. Borrowed working capital is used to cover seasonal costs and inventories and temporary requirements for funds associated, for example, with overfulfillment of production targets.

The main source of data for the analysis of the financial activities of an enterprise is the balance sheet, annexes to the balance sheet. The movement of the authorized capital and other reporting forms, which detail the content of its individual articles and allow you to explore the factors that influenced the financial performance. In addition, the involved financial plan data show the timing of the formation of receivables and payables, etc.

Financial analysis goals are achieved by solving an interrelated set of analytical tasks. Financial stability analysis can be considered as one of the main tasks. In practice, this term refers to one of the parties to the accounting statements.

The main indicators of the financial stability of enterprises are:

1. the presence of the company's own funds in circulation;

2. ratio of financial stability;

3. coefficient of autonomy.

The increase in the value of the financial stability coefficient indicates an increase in the share of stable sources of financing in the structure of the enterprise's sources of funds, which, in turn, indicates the strengthening of the financial stability of the enterprise.

The financial autonomy ratio characterizes the share of the company's own funds ( equity capital) in the total amount of funds advanced in its activities. This indicator indicates the prospects for changes in the financial situation in the near future.

The higher the value of this ratio, the more financially stable, stable and more independent from external creditors the company. In practice, it has been established that the total amount of debt should not exceed the amount of its own sources of financing, that is, the sources of financing of the enterprise (the total amount of capital) must be at least half formed from its own funds. Thus, the critical value of the autonomy coefficient is 0.5.

2.3 Analysis of the investment activity of the enterprise

One of the most important areas of economic activity of the enterprise is its investment activity associated with the investment of funds in the implementation of long-term and medium-term projects.

Investment activity - investment and implementation of practical actions to obtain profit or other beneficial effect.11

The main indicators for assessing the effectiveness of an investment project are:

- net present value (NPV);

- profitability index (PI);

- internal rate of return (IRR,%);

- the payback period of the initial costs (PP);

- weighted average (accounting) rate of return (ARR)

The company can invest different types and in various organizational forms: the formation of an investment portfolio, participation in investment projects, etc. The directions of the enterprise's investment activities have a different nature, degree of responsibility and, accordingly, the nature of the consequences and the level of risk.

The main areas of investment activity are:

1. renewal and development of the material and technical base of the enterprise or the expanded production of fixed assets of the enterprise;

2. increasing the volume of production activities;

3. development of new types of activity.

Financial analysis of investment projects is the most important component of the strategy of any business entity. Its implementation allows you to make informed decisions on the feasibility of investment and the profitability of their activities.

The method of analysis of investment projects involves the definition of mandatory indicators or conditions: assessment of the size of investments or investments; assessment of income, income from investments; determination of the interest rate to take into account the time factor and risk; choice of analysis methods.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of investment projects consists of several stages.12

At the first stage, the profitability of the investment project is compared with the average percentage of the bank loan. The purpose of such a comparison is to find alternative, more profitable areas of capital investment. If the estimated profitability of an investment project is lower than the average percentage of a bank loan, then the project should be rejected, since it is more profitable to just put money in a bank at interest.

At the second stage, the profitability of the investment project is compared with the average inflation rate in the country. The purpose of this comparison is to minimize the loss of money from inflation. If the rate of inflation is higher than the profitability of the project, then the capital of the firm will depreciate over time and will not be reproduced.

At the third stage, projects are compared in terms of the amount of required investments. The purpose of this comparison is to minimize the need for loans, to choose a less capital-intensive project option.

At the fourth stage, projects are evaluated according to the selected performance criteria in order to select an option that meets the performance criterion.

At the fifth stage, the stability of the annual (quarterly) revenues from the project is assessed. The assessment criterion at this stage is ambiguous. The investor may be interested in both the process of return on the project, evenly distributed over the years, and the accelerated (slowed down) process of obtaining income from investments at the beginning or at the end of the return period.

CONCLUSION

This essay is aimed at resolving issues related to information support for financial analysis. In the course of writing this work, the following conclusions were made:

One of the areas of analytical work in conditions of competition and equality of business entities is the analysis of the accounting (financial) statements of organizations. The latter can also be defined as external financial analysis, that is, an analysis conducted outside the enterprise by interested counterparties, owners or government bodies... The objectives of external financial analysis are mainly determined by the concept of the company's investment attractiveness.

Analysis of the financial condition of the company is based on the data of the financial statements, which is essentially the "face" of the company. It is a system of generalized indicators that characterize the results of the financial activities of the enterprise. Financial reporting data serve as the main sources of information for analyzing the financial condition of an enterprise. Indeed, in order to make a decision, it is necessary to analyze the availability of financial resources, the expediency and efficiency of their placement and use, the solvency of the enterprise, its financial relationships with partners. Evaluation of these indicators is necessary for the effective management of the company. With their help, managers carry out planning, control, improve and improve the direction of their activities.

Another and important component of financial statements is the statement of financial results. This report is a statement of income, expenses and financial results of the enterprise. Income, costs, profits and losses in the statement of financial performance are divided by types of activities, functions (section I) and elements of operating expenses (section II). The purpose of the statement of financial results is, first of all, in determining the net profit of the reporting period. The procedure for calculating this indicator is ensured by consistent comparison of items of income and expenses.

The purpose of compiling a statement of financial results is to provide users with truthful, complete and unbiased information about income, expenses, profit and loss for the reporting period. Unlike the balance sheet, the Statement of Financial Performance provides information not for a specific date, but for a specific period. This report is considered one of the most informative reporting documents, as it contains information about the dynamics of the company's profit.

It should be noted that the analysis of the structure of income and expenses is very important, because thanks to it, it is possible to identify the level and dynamics of profitability of the organization's activities. Profit is the most important generalizing indicator characterizing the end result of the enterprise, and the analysis of sales profit allows us to identify reserves for its increase. Profitability indicators characterize the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole, the profitability of various areas of activity (production, business, investment), cost recovery, etc. They more fully than profit, reflect the final results of the management, because their value shows the ratio of the effect to the available or used resources. They are used to assess the performance of an enterprise and as a tool in investment policy and pricing.

To implement the goals of financial analysis, all available qualitative and quantitative information about the financial and economic activities of the company is required. This leads to the use in the analysis of not only the data of the balance sheet and profit and loss statement, but also attachments to them, other information, the disclosure of which is required in accordance with applicable law. In this regard, the financial analyst should pay special attention to the information base of the analysis - the composition and reliability of the data published in the financial statements of organizations.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

the federal law "On accounting" dated December 6, 2011. No. 402-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2013).
26 provisions on accounting.-M .: Prospect, 2015.- 14 p.
Bdaytseva L. Zh. Accounting: textbook / L.Zh. Bdaitseva .- M .: Yurayt Publishing House, 2011.- 64 p.
Bank V.R.
Romanovsky M.V. Finasy: textbook for bachelors / ed. M.V. Romanovsky. - 4th ed., Revised and supplemented - M .: Yurayt Publishing House 2013 - 511 p.
Bakanov, M.I.The theory of economic analysis: textbook / M.I.Bakanov, A.D.Sheremet. - 4th ed., Add. and revised - M .: Finance and statistics, 2001 .-- 416 p.
Dontsova L. V. Analysis of financial statements: textbook. allowance / L. V. Dontsova, N. A. Nikiforova. - 2nd ed. - M .: Publishing house "Delo and Service", 2004. - 336 p.
Efimova, O. V. Financial analysis: modern tools for making economic solutions: textbook / O. V. Efimova. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Publishing house "Omega-L", 2010. - 351 p ..
Berdnikova L. F. Information support of the analysis of the resource potential of the enterprise / L. F. Berdnikova // Bulletin of the Kazan Technological University. 2009.S. 191–196.
Nikiforova E.V., Berdnikova L.F., Avinova V.A.Content and information sources of strategic economic analysis of the external and internal environment of the organization / Nikiforova E., Berdnikova L.F., Avinova V.A. // Vector of Science of Togliatinsky state university. Series: Economics and Management. 2011. No. 4. P.79.

1 Bocharov V.V. Financial analysis. Short course / V.V.Bocharov. - 2nd ed. - SPb .: Peter, 2009 .-- 240 p.

2 Bocharov V.V. Financial analysis. Short course / V. V. Bocharov. - 2nd ed. - SPb .: Peter, 2009 .-- 240 p.

3 Zhulega, I.A.Methodology of analysis of the financial condition of an enterprise: monograph / I.A.Zhulega. - SPb .: GUAP, 2006 .-- 235 p.

4 Financial analysis: textbook. Manual / V.R. Bank - M .: Publishing house Prospect, 2005.-37s.

5 Financial analysis: textbook. Manual / V.R. Bank - M .: Publishing house Prospect, 2005.-37s.

7 Accounting: textbook / L.Zh. Bdaitseva .- M .: Yurayt Publishing House, 2011.- 64 p.

8 Kovalev, V.V. Financial analysis: methods and procedures / V.V. Kovalev. - M .: Finance and statistics, 2002 .-- 560 p.

9 Kovalev, V.V. Financial analysis: methods and procedures / V.V. Kovalev. - M .: Finance and statistics, 2002 .-- 560 p.

10 Lifrenko, G. N. Financial analysis of the enterprise: textbook. allowance / G.N.Liferenko. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2005. - 160 p.

11 Finasy: textbook for bachelors / ed. M.V. Romanovsky. - 4th ed., Revised and supplemented - M .: Yurayt Publishing House 2013 - 511 p.

12 Finance: textbook for bachelors / ed. M.V. Romanovsky. - 4th ed., Revised and supplemented - M .: Yurayt Publishing House 2013 - 511 p.

The starting point in the calculation of profit indicators is the proceeds from the sale of goods and services, which characterizes the completion of the production cycle of the enterprise, the return of funds advanced for production and their conversion into monetary form, as well as the beginning of a new cycle in the turnover of all funds. Classification of profit indicators So the main types of profit are as follows: gross profit is the difference between the proceeds from sales and the cost of goods sold for the same period. The gross margin is used for ...

Instructions

To draw a general conclusion about the efficiency of the enterprise, calculate the level of profitability, which is the ratio of the enterprise's profit to the value of fixed assets and working capital. This indicator combines a number of ratios (return on equity, sales, goods, etc.). Profitability is an integral indicator. It shows the measure, its attractiveness for investors.

When analyzing the activities of an enterprise, please note that for a more detailed study of its condition, it is necessary to conduct a factor analysis of the results obtained. After all, each indicator that reflects the use of production resources is influenced by other indicators.

note

The activities of the organization as a whole are influenced by many factors:
- the general economic situation in the country and on the market;
- natural and geographical location of the enterprise;
- industry affiliation;
- factors due to the functioning of the enterprise (price and sales policy, the degree of use of production resources, the identification and use of on-farm reserves, etc.).

Analysis financial reporting is an assessment of the solvency, creditworthiness, profitability, as well as the investment attractiveness of the enterprise. Analysis reporting the firm gives potential partners the opportunity to conclude on the need for further work with it.

Instructions

In order to quickly and efficiently conduct an analysis, it is not necessary to have all the enterprise reporting at hand. This requires only two forms: "Balance Sheet" and "Profit and Loss Statement". It's good if there is an opportunity to see the indicators in dynamics for 2-3 years.

When analyzing financial reporting need to pay attention to absolute indicators, which allow us to judge the sources available to the enterprise, their spending, availability and distribution of profits, financial resources. In this case, it is necessary to identify the most problematic items, as well as their indicators with previous reporting periods (for example, volumes of work in progress, overdue and accounts payable, etc.).

Further, a horizontal analysis of all indicators of financial reporting... This determines the change in percentages over several years. For example, the growth of revenue, net income, interest and loans, and other items is calculated.

In addition, vertical analysis is carried out, which involves calculating the share of each indicator reporting in total. For example, the percentage of overdue accounts payable of short-term liabilities, the share of finished goods in the volume of inventories.

In some cases, when analyzing financial reporting it is useful to compare the indicators obtained with the industry average or with the indicators of competing firms in order to identify the place of the enterprise in the market.

Method characteristic

Vertical analysis means the expression of financial data in relation to a specific element of financial statements. This means that all elements of the reporting form for a certain period are divided into this element.

A simpler definition is the division of all numbers in a column by one of those numbers.

The elements that are most commonly used as the baseline by which other elements are divided are assets and revenue. Essentially, vertical analysis creates a ratio between each financial statement item and the underlying item.

Vertical analysis allows you to determine structure of the main elements of assets and liabilities organizations, the influence of certain factors on the financial result, liquidity indicators.

Methodology for conducting vertical analysis of reporting

The calculation of the structure of assets occurs through dividing a certain element of the asset by the total amount of assets. For example, determining the share of inventories in the total structure of assets is as follows:

Share of inventory \u003d

inventory value

sum of assets

As shown in Figure 1, vertical analysis can be done in relation to the three main elements of financial statements: the balance sheet, the income statement, and the cash flow statement.

Explanation of results of vertical analysis of reporting

When substantiating the conclusions on the identified structure of assets and liabilities, it is necessary to pay attention to the scope of the enterprise, the history of its functioning, the state of the market and the influence of its participants, the capital structure. In industrial enterprises, the majority of assets under normal conditions are in non-current assets, and in a trading enterprise - stocks of goods.

The same applies to the sources of financing of the enterprise - a high share of equity capital indicates low financial risks, but also about the incomplete use by the enterprise of its potential. In conditions of stable functioning of the market, such a capital structure may be optimal, but if there is an opportunity to increase its presence on it, it is important to attract additional borrowed funds to intensify its activities.

Vertical balance analysis

The balance when applying vertical analysis is calculated by dividing each element in balance by volume total assets over the same period and expresses the result as a percentage.

For example, Table 1 is a vertical analysis of the balance sheet for a hypothetical company over two equal periods of time. In this example, accounts receivable increased from 35 percent to 57 percent of total assets. What are possible reasons such growth? An increase could mean that the company is making more sales on a credit basis, rather than receiving money for goods and services at the time of sale. Perhaps such actions are a response to the activity of competitors.

Alternatively, an increase in receivables as a percentage of assets may be due to a change in the amount of another item of assets, such as a decrease in inventory levels; the analyst will need to find out why this asset category has changed.

Another possible reason for the increase in receivables as a percentage of asset value is that the company has lowered its credit standards, weakened its debt collection procedures, or adopted a more aggressive revenue recognition policy. The analyst can refer to other comparisons and ratios (for example, comparing the growth rate of accounts receivable with the growth rate of sales to determine which explanation is most likely).

Table 1 - Vertical balance sheet analysis for a hypothetical company

Indicators	Period 1,% of total assets	Period 2,% of total assets	Absolute deviation
Fixed assets	5	8	3
Fixed assets	5	8	3
Stocks	35	29	-15
Receivables	35	57	22
	25	15	-10
Current assets	95	92	-3
Assets	100	100	0

Vertical analysis of the income statement

Vertical analysis of the statement of financial results implies the division of each element of the reporting to the rescue, and sometimes by the size of total assets (for example, in the case of studying the activities of financial institutions). If there are several sources of income, you should split the income into several elements and display the resulting number as a percentage.

For example, Table 2 presents a vertical analysis of the income statement of a hypothetical company over two different time periods. The revenue is split into four company services, each shown as a percentage of total revenue. In this example, revenues from service A grew more significantly compared to other services of the company (up 45 percent in period 2).

What are the possible causes and consequences of this change in business structure? It was strategic decision focus on selling Category A services because of their higher profitability? Apparently not, because the company's earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) fell from 49 percent of sales to 41 percent, so other possible explanations must be considered. In addition, we note that the main reason for the decline in profitability is that the cost price increased from 15 percent to 25 percent of total revenue. Providing service A is spending more company resources? If the analyst wants to predict the future performance of the company, then he needs to understand the reasons for the current trend.

In addition, Table 2 shows that corporate income tax as a percentage of sales has dropped significantly (from 15 percent to 8 percent). At the same time, the share of profit before tax (EBT) (usually a more appropriate comparison) declined from 36 percent to 23 percent. Is the company moving its activities to jurisdictions with lower tax rates? If not, how is this explained?

Table 2 - Vertical analysis of the statement of financial results of a hypothetical company

Indicators	Period 1,% of the total revenue	Period 2,% of total revenue	Absolute deviation
Source of revenue: service A	30	45	15
Source of revenue: service B	23	20	-3
Source of revenue: service B	30	30	0
Source of revenue: service G	17	5	-12
Total revenue	100	100	0
Cost price	15	25	10
Administrative expenses	22	20	-2
Distribution costs	10	10	0
Profit from sales (EBIT)	49	41	-8
Percentage to be paid	7	7	0
Profit before tax (EBT)	42	34	-8
Current income tax	15	8	-7
Net profit	27	26	-1

Vertical analysis of companies across industries

As noted earlier, the coefficients and results of vertical analysis are comparable to some reference or normative values ... Cross-sectional analysis (sometimes called comparative analysis) compares a specific metric for one company with the same metric for another company or group of companies, allowing data to be compared even though companies may be of different sizes and / or operate in different environments.

Table 3 is a vertical balance sheet analysis for two hypothetical companies at the same point in time. Entity 1 is clearly more liquid (liquidity is a reflection of how quickly assets can be converted into cash) than Entity 2, which has only 12 percent of its assets in cash, compared to Highly Liquid Company 1, where cash is 38 percent. assets.

Given that cash tends to be relatively low-yielding assets and thus not the best use of cash, the question arises, why does Company 1 have such a large percentage of total cash assets? The company may be preparing for an acquisition, or maintaining a large cash position as a defense against a particularly volatile operating environment.

The second question is, does the relatively high proportion of receivables in Company 2 indicate a large proportion of credit sales, general changes in the composition of assets, a decrease in the credit or collection standard, or is it the result of aggressive accounting policies?

Table 3 - Vertical balance sheet analysis for two hypothetical companies

Indicators	Company 1	Company 2
Fixed assets	1	2
Financial investments	1	7
Fixed assets	2	9
Stocks	27	24
Receivables	33	55
Cash and cash equivalents	38	12
Current assets	98	91
Assets	100	100

In general, vertical analysis is effective method determining the actual changes in the financial condition of the company. It should be used in conjunction with horizontal analysis to better understand the real state of affairs. Vertical analysis can be applied to all forms of enterprise financial statements.

List of used literature

Buzyrev V.V., Nuzhina I.P. Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activities of a construction company / Textbook. - M .: KnoRus, 2016 .-- 332 p.

Kogdenko V.G., Economic analysis / Textbook. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Unity-Dana, 2011 .-- 399 p.

Thomas R. Robinson, International financial statement analysis / Wiley, 2008, 188 pp.

The term " analysis”Traces its origin from the Greek language, where the word“ analysis ”means the dismemberment, fragmentation of an object or phenomenon into separate elements for the purpose of a detailed study of this object or phenomenon. The opposite is the concept “ synthesis”(It comes from the Greek word“ synthesis ”). Synthesis is the unification of individual constituent parts of an object or phenomenon into a single whole. Analysis and synthesis are two interrelated aspects of the process of studying any objects and phenomena.

Economic Sciences, including economic analysis, belong to the totality of the humanities, and the object of their research is economic processes and phenomena.

Economic analysis belongs to a group of interrelated specific economic disciplines, which, in addition to it, include control, audit, micro- and, and other sciences. They study the economic activities of organizations, but each from a certain angle of view that is characteristic only of it. Therefore, each of these sciences has its own, independent subject.

Economic analysis and its role in the management of the organization

Economic analysis (otherwise -) plays an important role in increasing the economic efficiency of organizations, in strengthening their financial condition. It is an economic science that studies the economics of organizations, their activities in terms of assessing their work on the implementation of business plans, assessing their property and financial condition and in order to identify unused reserves for increasing the efficiency of organizations.

The subject of economic analysis is the property and financial condition and the current economic activity of organizations, studied from the point of view of its compliance with the tasks of business plans and in order to identify unused reserves for increasing the efficiency of the organization.

Economic analysis is subdivided on interior and external depending on the subjects of the analysis, that is, on those bodies that conduct it. The most complete and comprehensive is the internal analysis carried out by the functional departments and services of the organization. The external analysis carried out by debtors and creditors and others, as a rule, is limited to establishing the degree of stability of the financial condition of the analyzed organization, its and liquidity both at the reporting dates and in the future.

The objects of economic analysis are the property and financial position of the organization, its production, supply and marketing, financial activities, the work of individual structural divisions of the organization (workshops, production sites, teams).

Economic analysis as a science, as a branch of economic knowledge, finally, as academic discipline closely interrelated with other specific economic sciences.

Laughter number 1. The relationship of economic analysis with various economic sciences

Economic analysis is a complex science that uses, along with its own, also the apparatus inherent in a number of other economic sciences. Economic analysis, like other economic sciences, studies the economics of individual objects, but from a point of view peculiar only to it. He gives an assessment of the state of the economy this objectas well as his current business activities.

Principles of Economic Analysis:

Scientificness... The analysis must comply with the requirements of economic laws, use the achievements of science and technology.
Systems approach... Economic analysis must be carried out taking into account all the laws of the developing system, that is, to study the phenomena in their interconnection and interdependence.
Complexity... When researching, it is necessary to take into account the influence on the economic activity of the enterprise of many factors.
Research in dynamics... In the process of analysis, all phenomena should be considered in their development, which allows not only to understand them, but also to find out the reasons for the changes.
Highlighting the main goal. An important point in the analysis is the formulation of the research problem and the identification of the most important reasons holding back production or preventing the achievement of the goal.
Specificity and practical usefulness... The results of the analysis must necessarily have a numerical expression, and the reasons for the change in indicators must be specific, indicating the places of their occurrence and ways of eliminating them.

Economic analysis method

The word "method" came into our language from the Greek language. Translated, it means "the way to something." Therefore, the method is like a way to achieve the goal. For any science, a method is a way of studying the subject of that science. The methods of any sciences are based on a dialectical approach to the study of the objects and phenomena they are considering. Economic analysis is no exception.

The dialectical approach means that all processes and phenomena taking place in nature and society should be considered in their constant development, interconnection and interdependence. So economic analysis studies the indicators characterizing the activities of any organizations, comparing them for several reporting periods (in dynamics), as well as their changes. Further. Economic analysis considers the various aspects of the organization's activities in unity and mutual connection, as elements of a single process. So, for example, the volume of sales of products depends on its release, and the fulfillment of the planned target for profit - mainly on

The method of economic analysis is due to its subject and the challenges it faces.

Methods and techniquesused in are subdivided into traditional, statistical and. They are discussed in detail in the relevant sections of the site.

In order to practically implement the use of the method of economic analysis, certain techniques have been developed. They are a set of methods and techniques used to optimally solve analytical problems.

The methods used in economic analysis at certain stages of analytical work involve the use of various techniques and methods.

The key point of the method of economic analysis is the calculation of the influence of individual factors on economic indicators. The relationship of economic phenomena is a joint change of two or more of these phenomena. There are various forms of interconnection of economic phenomena. The most significant of these is the causal relationship. Its essence lies in the fact that a change in one economic phenomenon is caused by a change in another economic phenomenon. Such a relationship is called deterministic, otherwise - a cause-and-effect relationship. If two economic phenomena are connected by such a relationship, then the economic phenomenon, a change in which causes a change in the other, is called a cause, and the phenomenon that changes under the influence of the first is called a consequence.

In economic analysis, those signs that characterize the cause are called factorial, independent... The same signs that characterize the effect are usually called resultant, dependent.

See further:

So, in this paragraph we examined the concept of the method of economic analysis, as well as the most important methods (methods, techniques) used in the analysis of the organization's activities. We will consider in more detail these methods and the order of their use in special sections of the site.

Tasks, sequence of carrying out and order of registration of the results of economic analysis

The most complete and profound is the internal (on-farm) analysis, carried out, as a rule, by the functional departments and services of the organization. Therefore, internal analysis faces much more numerous tasks than external analysis.

The main tasks of the internal analysis of the organization's activities should be considered:

verification of the validity of the assignments of business plans and various standards;
determination of the degree of fulfillment of tasks of business plans and compliance with established standards;
calculation of the influence of individual on the deviation of the actual values \u200b\u200bof economic indicators from the baseline
the search for on-farm reserves to further increase the efficiency of the organization and ways to mobilize, that is, the use of these reserves;

Of the listed tasks of internal economic analysis, the main task is to identify reserves in a given organization.

The external analysis is, in essence, only one task - to assess the degree, both at a certain reporting date and in the future.

The results of the analysis are the basis for the development and implementation of optimal ones that contribute to improving the efficiency of organizations.

In the process of conducting economic analysis, methods of induction and deduction.

Induction method (from the particular to the general) assumes that the study of economic phenomena begins with individual facts, situations and proceeds to the study of the economic process as a whole. Method the same deduction (from the general to the particular) is characterized, on the contrary, by the transition from general indicators to particular ones, in particular to the analysis of the influence of the individual on the general ones.

The most important in conducting economic analysis is, of course, the deduction method, since the sequence of the analysis usually involves the transition from the whole to its constituent elements, from synthetic, generalizing indicators of the organization's activities to analytical, factor indicators.

When an economic analysis is carried out, all aspects of the organization's activities, all the processes that make up the production and commercial cycle of the organization are investigated in their interconnection, interdependence and interdependence. This study is the key point in the analysis. It bears a name.

After the end of the analysis, its results should be documented in a certain way. For these purposes, explanatory notes to the annual reports are used, as well as certificates or conclusions based on the results of the analysis.

Explanatory notes intended for external users of analytical information. Consider what should be the content of these notes.

They should reflect the level of development of the organization, the conditions in which its activities take place, should be characterized, on it, data on sales markets, etc. You should also provide information about the stage at which each type of goods is on the market. (These include the stages of implementation, growth and development, maturity, saturation and decline). In addition, it is necessary to provide information about the competitors of this organization.

Then, data on key economic indicators should be presented over several periods.

The factors that influenced the activities of the organization and its results should be indicated. you should also cite those activities that are planned to eliminate deficiencies in the organization's activities, as well as to improve the efficiency of these activities.

References, as well as conclusions based on the results of the conducted economic analysis, may have more detailed content in comparison with explanatory notes. As a rule, certificates and conclusions do not contain generalized characteristics of the organization and the conditions for its functioning. The main emphasis here is on the description of reserves and ways to use them.

The results of the carried out can also be executed in a textless form. In this case, analytical documents contain only a set of analytical tables and there is no text that characterizes the economic activity of the organization. This form of registration of the results of the conducted economic analysis is now being used more and more widely.

In addition to the considered forms of registration of the analysis results, the most important of them will also be entered into certain sections. economic passport of the organization.

These are the main forms of generalization and presentation of the results of the conducted economic analysis. It should be borne in mind that the presentation of material in the explanatory notes, as well as in other analytical documents, should be clear, simple and concise, and should also be linked to analytical tables.

Types of economic analysis and their role in managing an organization

Financial and management economic analysis

Economic analysis can be subdivided into different kinds in accordance with certain characteristics.

First of all, economic analysis is usually divided into two main types - the financial analysis and management analysis - depending on the content of the analysis, the functions it performs and the tasks facing it.

The financial analysis, in turn can be subdivided into external and internal... The first is carried out by statistical authorities, parent organizations, suppliers, buyers, shareholders, audit firms, etc. The main the task of external financial analysis is, its and... It is carried out by the organization itself by its accounting department, financial department, planning department, and other functional services. Internal financial analysis solves a much wider range of tasks in comparison with the external one. Internal analysis studies the efficiency of using equity and borrowed capital, explores, identifies the reserves of the latter and strengthening the financial condition of the organization. Internal financial analysis, therefore, is aimed at the development and implementation of optimal, contributing to the improvement of the financial performance of the organization.

Management analysis, as opposed to financial, is internal... It is carried out by the services and departments of the organization. He studies issues related to the organizational and technical level and other conditions of production, using certain types production resources (,), analyzes, it.

Types of economic analysis depending on the functions and tasks of the analysis

Depending on the content, functions and tasks of the analysis, the following types of analysis are also distinguished: socio-economic, economic-statistical, economic-environmental, marketing, investment, functional-cost (FSA), etc.

Socio-economic analysis examines the relationship and interdependence between social and economic phenomena.

Economic and statistical analysis is used to study mass socio-economic phenomena. Economic and environmental analysis studies the relationship and interaction between the state of the environment and economic phenomena.

Marketing Analysis aims to study the markets of raw materials and materials, as well as markets for finished products, the ratio for these products, the products of this organization, the level of prices for products, etc.

Investment analysis aimed at choosing the most effective options for the investment activities of organizations.

Functional and cost analysis (FSA) is a method for the systematic study of the functions of any product, or any production and economic process, or a certain level of management. This method aims to minimize the cost of designing, mastering production, selling products, as well as industrial and household consumption of these products under the conditions of their high Quality, maximum utility (including durability).

Depending on the aspects of the study, there are two main types (directions) of the analysis of economic activity:

financial and economic analysis;
technical and economic analysis.

The first type of analysis studies the impact of economic factors on the implementation of business plans in terms of financial performance.

The technical and economic analysis examines the influence of the factors of technology, technology and organization of production on the economic indicators.

Depending on the completeness of the coverage of the organization's activities, two types of analysis of economic activities can be distinguished: full (complex) and thematic (partial) analysis... The first type of analysis covers all aspects of the financial and economic activities of the organization. Thematic analysis studies the effectiveness of individual aspects of the organization's activities. Economic analysis can also be subdivided according to the objects of study. Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Analysis. Microeconomic analysis studies the activities of individual economic units. It can be divided into three main types: in-house, shop and factory analysis.

Macroeconomic it can be sectoral, that is, to study the functioning of a certain branch of the economy or industry, territorial, which analyzes the economy of individual regions, and, finally, inter-sectoral, which studies the functioning of the economy as a whole.

Separate sign classification of types of economic analysis is a subdivision of the latter by subjects of analysis... They are understood as those organs and persons who conduct the analysis.

The subjects of economic analysis can be divided into two groups.

Directly interested in the activities of the organization. This group may include the owners of the organization's assets, tax authorities, banks, suppliers, buyers, the organization's management, and individual functional services of the analyzed organization.
Subjects of analysis indirectly interested in the organization's activities. This includes legal organizations, audit firms, consulting firms, trade union bodies, and others.

Economic analysis depending on the timing

Depending on the time of the analysis (in other words, on the frequency of its implementation), there are: preliminary, operational, final and prospective analysis.

Preliminary analysis allows you to assess the state of this object when developing a business plan. For example, the production capacity of the organization is assessed, whether it is able to provide the planned volume of production.

Operational (otherwise current) analysis is carried out on a daily basis, directly in the course of the current activities of the organization.

The final (subsequent, or retrospective) analysis examines the effectiveness of the economic activities of organizations over the past period.

Perspective the analysis is used to determine the expected results in the coming period.

Forward-looking analysis is critical to the organization's future success. This type of analysis examines possible options for the development of an organization and outlines ways to achieve optimal results.

Types of economic analysis depending on the research methodology

Depending on the methodology used to study objects in the economic literature, it is customary to subdivide the analysis of economic activities into the following types: quantitative, qualitative, express analysis, fundamental, marginal, economic and mathematical.

Quantitative (otherwise) analysis is based on quantitative comparisons, measurement, comparison of indicators and the study of the influence of individual factors on economic indicators.

Qualitative analysis uses qualitative comparative assessments, characteristics, as well as expert assessments of the analyzed economic phenomena.

Express analysis - This is a way to assess the economic and financial condition of an organization on the basis of certain features that express certain economic phenomena. Fundamental analysis is based on a comprehensive, detailed study of economic phenomena, as a rule, based on the use of economic-statistical and economic-mathematical research methods.

Margin analysis explores ways to optimize the amount of profit obtained as a result of sales of products, works, services. Economic and mathematical analysis is based on the use of a complex mathematical apparatus, with the help of which it is established the best option solutions to any economic and mathematical model.

Dynamic and static economic analysis

By its nature, economic analysis can be divided into the following two: dynamic and static... The first type of analysis is based on the study of economic indicators taken in their dynamics, that is, in the process of their change, development over time, over several reporting periods. In the process of dynamic analysis, indicators of absolute growth, growth rate, growth rate, absolute value of one percent of growth are determined and analyzed, and dynamic series are constructed and analyzed. Static analysis assumes that the studied economic indicators are static, that is, unchanged.

On a spatial basis, economic analysis can be divided into the following two types: internal (on-farm) and off-farm (comparative)... The first one studies the activities of this organization and its structural units. The second type compares the economic indicators of two or more organizations (the analyzed organization with others).

According to the methods of studying the object of analysis, it is divided into the following types: complex, system analysis, continuous analysis, sample analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, etc. The most important is a comprehensive final analysis of the activities of organizations, comprehensively studying their work for the reporting period; the results of this analysis are used to forecast both the short and long term.

Operational economic analysis

Operational economic analysis applied at all levels of government. The share of operational analysis in making optimal management decisions increases with the approach to individual organizations and their structural divisions.

The most important feature of the operational analysis is that it is as close as possible in time to the implementation of individual phases of the production and commercial cycle of a given organization. operational analysis in a timely manner identifies the causes of existing shortcomings and their culprits, reveals reserves and promotes their timely use.

Final economic analysis

A very important role in the development of optimal plays final, subsequent analysis... The most important source of information for this analysis is the organization's reporting.

Final analysis gives a refined assessment of the organization's activities and its results for a certain period, ensures the identification of justified quantities of reserves for increasing the efficiency of the organization, seeks ways to mobilize, that is, use these reserves. The results of the final analysis carried out by the organization itself are reflected in the explanatory note to the annual report.

The final analysis is the most complete type of analysis of the economic activities of the organization.