Moving the soil on Kosoyrats. Reference encyclopedia of the road construction (Volume i) Construction and reconstruction of roads. Ed. Vasilyeva A.P - file n1.doc. Sealing soils in bulk

The choice of a method for the production of earthworks depends on the properties of the soil, the volume of work, the type of earthwork structures, hydrogeological conditions and other factors. Technological process Execution of earthworks consists of the development of soil, transportation, styling in the blade or mound, seals and planning. For the mechanization of earthworks, single-line building excavators with flexible and rigid suspension of work equipment are used in the form of direct and reverse shovels, draglin, graft, earth-planning, planning and loading devices; Excavators of continuous action, which include chains of multi-phone, chain scraper, rotary multi-lifted and rotary blackless (milling); Bulldozers, scrapers, graders (trailed and self-propelled), graders-elevators, rippers, drilling machines. The machine for the mechanized engineering of the soil In addition to the drive of the excavating machine, auxiliary machines for the transportation of the soil, the clearing the bottom of the bottom, the soil seals, the finishing of slopes, pre-jamming of the soil, etc., depending on the type of work are also included.

Single-signed soil development

In industrial and civil engineering, excavators with a bucket with a capacity from 0.15 to 4 m3 are used. When performing large volumes of earthworks on hydrotechnical construction, more powerful excavators with a bucket capacity of up to 16 m3 and more are applied.

Wheel excavators are recommended to apply when working on soils with a high bearing capacity with dispersed work volumes, when working in urban conditions with frequent remakers; Excavators on a tracked run are used in concentrated work volumes with rare reminders, when working on weak soils and rock rock development; Hinged excavators on pneumocole tractors - with dispersed volumes of work and when working in off-road conditions.

The development of soil single-dockovy excavators is conducted by peaks. The number of penetrations, assignments and their parameters are provided for in projects and technological maps of earthworks for each specific object in accordance with the parameters of earth structures (for working drawings) with optimal work sizes of excavators equipment.

Single-sized excavators belong to cyclic machines. The time of the working cycle is determined by the amount of individual operations: the duration of the bucket filling, turn on unloading, unloading and turning into the bottom. The smallest time spent on the performance of the working cycle are provided under the following conditions:

the width of the penetration (treatment) is taken with such a calculation to ensure the operation of the excavator with an average turn of no more than 70 degrees;
the depth (height) of the treatment should not be less than the length of the soil shavings required to fill the bucket with a hat for one digging;
the length of the penetments is taken with the possibility of a smaller number of inputs and conclusions of the excavator in a hammer and from the bottom.

We care about work zone Excavator. This zone includes a platform where the excavator is placed, part of the surface of the developed array and installation site vehicle or the site for laying the soil developed. Geometric dimensions and shape of the disease depend on the equipment of the excavator and its parameters, the size of the excavation, modes of transport and the adopted soil design scheme. IN specifications Excavators of any brand are given, as a rule, their maximum indicators: cutting radii, unloading, discharge height, etc. In the manufacture of earthworks, they take optimal operating parameters that make up 0.9 maximum passport data. The optimal height (depth) of the face should be sufficient to fill the bucket of the excavator for one draw, it should be equal to the vertical distance from the excavator parking horizon to the level of the pressure shaft multiplied by the coefficient of 1.2. If the height of the slaughter is relatively small (for example, when developing a planning recess), it is advisable to use the excavator along with the bulldozer: the bulldozer develops the soil and moves it to the workplace of the excavator, then it enhances the soil, while ensuring a sufficient head height. The excavator and vehicles should be located so that the average angle of rotation of the excavator from the bucket fill point to the place of its unloading was minimal, since up to 70% of the operating time of the excavator cycle is consumed.

As the soil is developed into a slaughter, the excavator moves, the spent areas are called peaks. In the direction of the movement of the excavator relative to the longitudinal axis, the excavation is distinguished by a longitudinal (with a windshield or ends) and transverse (lateral) methods of development. The longitudinal method consists in the development of the seizure of the peaks, the direction of which is selected along the greatest side of the excavation. The frontal slaughter is used in the development of the congress in the pit and when the start of the start of the excavation on the steep kosovos. With a frontal process, the ground is developed on the entire width of the penetration. The end slaughter is used in the development of recesses below the level of the excavator parking, while the excavator, moving backwards along the surface of the Earth or at the level located above the bottom bottom, develops the ends of the excavation. The side forces are used to develop a straight shovel, while the paths of vehicles are arranged parallel to the axis of moving the excavator or above the sole of the face. In the lateral method, the complete width of the penetration can be obtained by consistently develop a series of penetrations. The transverse (side) method is developed by the removal with the sweeping of the soil in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the excavation. The transverse method is used in the development of extended non-sewn recesses with cavalier, or in the device of embankments from side reserves.

Some types of recesses (for example, planning) can be developed by the side caothery with the movement of transport at one level with the excavator. Sometimes it is necessary to initially tear the so-called pioneer trench for the transition to the development with a side cavering, which the excavator begins to develop, go down to the bottom of the bottom of the ramp. If the height of the excavator unloading is greater or equal to the sum of the depth of the excavation, the height of the board of the dump truck and the "caps" over the board (0.5 m), the pioneer trench is developed by the side caution when transporting vehicles along the day surface at a distance of at least 1 m from the edge of the excavation. With significant output sizes, it is developed by transverse peaks along a smaller side, while the minimum length of the pioneer trench is ensured, which allows to organize the most productive ring movement of transport. Recesses, the depth of which exceeds the maximum depth of the face for this type of excavator, is developed in several tiers. At the same time, the lower tier is developed similarly to the top, and the cars are served to the excavator so that the bucket is on the body behind. The track movement of the car in this case should be parallel to the axis of the excavator penetrations, but is directed in the opposite direction.

The excavator equipped with a reverse shovel is used in the development of the soil below the level of the parking lot and is most often used when digging tranches for styling underground communications and small catlings for foundations and other structures. When working with the reverse shovel, the end or side slaughter also applies. Most appropriately apply an excavator with a reverse shovel for the development of pitchers depth of no more than 5.5 m and trenches up to 7 m. The rigid fastening of the bucket of the reverse shovel gives it the opportunity to dig narrow trenches with vertical walls. The depth of the narrow trench developed is greater than the depth of the kittlers, since the excavator can lower the arrow with the handle to the lowest position, while maintaining stability.

Excavator with Draglain's work equipment is used in the development of large and deep calels, while erecting an embankment from reserves, etc. The benefits of Draglain are a large radius of action and the depth of digging to 16-20 m, the ability to develop a malfunction with a large influx of groundwater. Draglain is developing the recesses by end or side peaks. For the end and lateral penetration, the organization of the work of the dragline is similar to the work of the reverse shovel. At the same time, the same ratio of maximum cutting depth is preserved. Draglain is usually moving between parking on 1/5 arrows. The development of the soil dragline is most often produced in the dump (one-sided or bilateral), less often for transport.

Excavators tear down ham and trenches to a depth, a slightly smaller project, leaving the so-called non-owner. The undeveloped is left to avoid damage to the base and prevent soil hindrances, it is usually 5-10 cm. To increase the efficiency of the excavator, a scraper knife is applied to the bucket. This device allows you to mechanize the operations on stripping the bottom of the bottom of the bottom and trench and lead them with an error of no more plus-minus 2 cm, which eliminates the need for manual refinement.

The development of the soil with continuous excavators is carried out in the absence of stones in the ground, roots, etc. Before the start of the work along the track of the trenches, the bulldozer is planned to be a strip of the width of no less than the width of the caterpillar turn, then the axis of the trench is broken and the axis of the trench is fixed, after which it begins marks (for water drain). Multifungal excavators are developing trenches of limited sizes and, as a rule, with vertical walls.

Development of soil by earthmoving machinery

The main types of excavation and transport vehicles are bulldozers, scrapers and graders, which in one cycle are developing soil, move it, unload into the mound and return to the bottom of the yard.

Earthwork work by bulldozers

Bulldozers are used in construction for the development of soil in shallow and extended grooves and reserves for moving it into the mound to a distance of up to 100 m (when using more powerful machines, the distance of the soil movement can be increased), as well as at clearing the territory and planning work, at stripping grounds Under the mound and foundations of buildings and structures, with the device of access roads, the development of the soil on the kosovochi, etc.

Fig. 7.:
a - normal cutting; B - Great cutting

In the practice of earthworks there are several ways to cut the soil with a bulldozer (Fig. 7):

normal cutting - the knife is at first plugged to the utmost depth for this soil and as it loads gradually rises, since the resistance of the prism of the drawing is growing, to which the tractor's tract is consumed;
great cutting - doped filled with several alternating plugs and raising.

The comb scheme reduces cutting length by increasing the average depth of chips. In addition, with each showering, the knife is the soil under the prism of the drawing and the cutting down soil is compacted on the dump. Thanks to this, cutting time is reduced and the amount of soil is increasing on the dump.

In the production of earthworks, bulldozers successfully applies a method for cutting under a bias based on the rational use of tractor's trafficking. Its essence is that when the tractor moves under the slope, a part of the traction effort is released to move the machine itself, due to which the soil can be destroyed with a thicker layer. When the bulldozer is working under the slope, the grinding of the soil is facilitated, the resistance of the prism of drawing is reduced, which moves partially under the action of its own weight. In the absence of a natural slope, it can be created by the first bells of the bulldozer. When working under the slope of 10-15 degrees, productivity increases by about 1.5-1.7 times.

Fig. eight. :
a - single-layer cutting; b - trench cutting. The figures indicate the severity of cutting

The bulldozer works according to the schemes shown in Fig. 8. Single-layer cutting with overlapping of the bands by 0.3-0.5 m is removed by a vegetable layer. Then the bulldozer moves the soil into the dump or intermediate shaft and returns to the place of the new cutting without reversal, reverse (shuttle circuit), or with two turns. Trench development is carried out with leaving the jumpers with a width of 0.4 m in connected soils and 0.6 m in unnecessary. Tranche depth is received 0.4-0.6 m. The jumpers are developed after the passage of each trench.

Earthwork production by staples

The operational capabilities of scratchpers allow them to use them when passing up the pitchers and layout of surfaces, with a device of various recesses and embankments. Screpets are classified:

on the geometric volume of the bucket - small (up to 3 m3), medium (from 3 to 10 m3) and large (over 10 m3);
by the nature of aggregation with tractors - trailed and self-propelled (including semi-trailers and saddle);
by the method of loading the bucket - loaded due to the force of the traction and with a mechanical (elevator) loading;
according to the method of unloading the bucket - with free, semi-enforcement and forced unloading;
according to the method of driving the working bodies - hydraulic and cable cars.

Buildings are developing, transportation (the transportation range of the soil ranges from 50 m to 3 km) and laying sandy, samp, lesible, drunken, clay and other soils that do not have boulders, and the impurity of pebbles and rubble should not exceed 10%. Depending on the category of soils, cut them most effectively in a straight line of the path when moving under the slope of 3-7 degrees. The thickness of the developed layer, depending on the power of the scraper ranges from 0.15 to 0.3 m. Unload the scraper on the straight line, while the surface of the soil is smoothed by the bottom of the lock.

Fig. nine. :
a - with a filling of the ladle with a chip of constant thickness; b - with the filling of the bucket of the chip of alternating section; B is a combed method of filling the bucket with chips; M - Filling a bucket by the way of Clekov

There are several ways to cut chips when operating a scraper (Fig. 9):

chips of constant thickness. The method is used for planning work;
chips of alternating section. At the same time, the soil is cut with a gradual decrease in chip thickness as the bucket filling, i.e., with a gradual swift of the lock knife to the end of the kit;
great method. At the same time, the soil is cut with an alternated blowout and gradual lifting of the bucket of the scraper: at different stages, the thickness of the chips varies from 0.2-0.3 m to 0.08-0.12 m;
click. Filling the bucket is carried out by repeatedly plugging the scraper knives on possible greater depth. The method is used when working in loose bulk soils.

Depending on the size of the earth facilities, the mutual arrangement of the recess and embankments use various scraper operation schemes. The most common is the scheme of work on the ellipse. In this case, the scraper turns into one direction each time.

Fig. 10. :
a - tranche-comb; b - ribbed chess

When working in wide and long slaughterings, the filling of the bucket of the fastener is carried out by trench-comb and ribbed checkered methods. With a trench-comb method (Fig. 10), the development of a slaughter is carried out from the edge of the reserve or the excavation by parallel strips of a constant depth of 0.1-0.2 m, the same in length. Between the strips of the first row leaves the strips of the uncaped soil - the ridges, equal to half the width of the bucket. In the second row of the passages, the ground is taken to the full width of the bucket, cutting off the ridge and forming a trench under it. The thickness of the chips in this case in the middle of the bucket is 0.2-0.4 m, and at the edges of 0.1-0.2 m.

In the ribbed checker method (Fig. 10), the development of a slaughter is made from the edge of the excavation or reserve with parallel stripes so that the strips of non-cut soil remain with the width of the bucket between the staps of the scraole.

The second row of penetrations are developing, retreating from the beginning of the first row half the length of the penetration of the first row. The work of the fastener should be combined with the work of the bulldozer, using them to develop elevated sections and move the soil for small distances in low places.

Earthworks Greiders

The graders use when planning the territory, slopes of earth structures, stripping the bottom of the kittlers and passage of the channels with a depth of 0.7 m, during the construction of extended embankments up to 1 m and lower layer of higher bulk from the reserve. The high-drivers are profiled by the road fabric, passages and roads. Most efficiently use automotive drives at the length of the penetration of 400-500 m. Drying soils before developing a grader are pre-breaking. When erecting an embankment from the developed reserve, the inclined knife shifts the cut ground to the side of the mound. With the next step of the grader, this soil moves even further in the same direction, so it is advisable to organize work with two graders, one of which cuts off, and the other moves the cut ground.

When erecting embankments and profiled roadbed, the stagnation of the soil starts from the inner browch of the reserve and lead in layers: first cut the chips of the triangular shape, then to the end of the chips layer, it turns out rectangular. When developing wide reserves in soils that do not require pre-rupture, the cutting starts from the external straightening of the reserve and lead in layers, with all the passages of the triangular shaping; Another method is possible: the chips are obtained triangular and quadrangular shape.

When performing various operations, the corners of the grader slopes are changed within the following limits: angle of capture - 30-70 degrees, angle of cutting - 35-60 degrees, angle of inclination - 2-18 degrees. In the practice of construction, several ways of laying soil are applied:

the soil is placed by layers, sleeping him from the browch to the axis of the road (profiled operations in zero marks at an embankment height not exceeding 0.1-0.15 m);
the rollers place one near the other with their contact only the bases (the plump of the mounds with a height of 0.15-0.25 m);
each subsequent roller is partially pressed to the previously laid, overlapping it with a base by 20-25%; The crests of these two rollers are located at a distance of 0.3-0.4 m one from the other (the plump of the hollows height up to 0.3-0.4 m);
each subsequent roller presses to a previously laid without a gap; The new roller move the blade close to a previously laid with a 5-10 cm capture; One wide dense shaft is formed above the first roller by 10-15 cm (the plump of the bulk of the height is up to 0.5-0.6 m).

Development of frozen soils

Furrous soils have the following basic properties: increased mechanical strength, plastic deformations, bunchiness and elevated electrical resistance. The manifestation of these properties depends on the type of soil, its humidity and temperature. Sand, coarse-gravel and gravel soils that occur with a powerful layer, as a rule, contain little water and are almost not fatal at negative temperatures, so their winter development is almost no different from summer. When developing in winter boilers and trenches in dry bulk soils, they do not form vertical slopes, they are not bred and do not give sidets in the spring. Dusty, clay and wet soils during freezing significantly change their properties. The depth and speed of freezing depends on the degree of humidity of the soil. Earthworks in winter are carried out by the following methods:

method of preliminary preparation of soils, followed by their development in conventional methods;
using the preliminary cutting of frozen soils to blocks;
method for the development of soils without prior preparation.

Pre-preparation of soil for the development of winter is to protect it from freezing, thawing the frozen soil and preliminary loosening of frozen soil. The easiest way to protect the surface of the soil from the freezing is to insulate it with thermal insulation materials; To do this, peat trifle, chips and sawdust, slag, straw mats, etc., which are stacked by a layer of 20-40 cm directly on the soil. Surface insulation is used mainly for small surroundings.

For insulation, mechanical loosening is used in the area of \u200b\u200bthe plots, in which the soil is plowing with tractor plows or rippers to a depth of 20-35 cm with a subsequent harrowing to a depth of 15-20 cm.

Mechanical loosening of frozen soil with a drainage depth to 0.25 m is produced by heavy rippers. When freezing to 0.6-0.7 m, with an excerpt of small butt and trenches, the so-called swarming loosening is used. Impact mills work well at low soil temperatures when fragile deformations are characterized by fragile deformations that contribute to splitting under the action of impact. For grounding of the soil with a great depth of freezing (up to 1.3 m), diesel-hammer is used with a wedge. The development of a frozen soil cutting consists in cutting mutually perpendicular grooves of a depth of 0.8 of the depth of freezing. The block size must be 10-15% less than the size of the excavator bucket.

Disposal of frozen soil is carried out with hot water, steam, electric current or firing method. The thawing is the most complex, timeary and expensive way, therefore, it is resorted to it in exceptional cases, for example, during emergency work.

Building earthwood in severe and mountainous

Experienced work on the complex mechanization of the construction of the earth cannas were expensive not only in flat and weakly crossed localities, but also in conditions of mountain and strongly crossed relief.

The relief of the locality where work was carried out is typically mountain in nature, since the roads in it are mainly designed for steep obliqueness and ravines with serpentines, partly with retaining walls and use in separate places of drilling works.

The ground conditions in the area are characterized by the predominance of strongly crushed ground soils III and IV categories, intermitted by individual areas of rock rocks (limestone). The conditions for the mechanization of earthworks in the area are sharply different from the usual conditions of flat and little cross-country locations; The use of grader-elevators under these conditions is excluded at all, and the use of graders and automotive drivers is possible only in the most limited size for finishing works. Main machines suitable for work in mountain conditionsare: an excavator running direct shovel without transport, bulldozer and scraper. The main type of earthlings in the mountainous area is a semi-suction floor in the recess on Kosoyrats, often converted by ravines, in which artificial structures (pipes) are located with approaches in the form of relatively high and small in the extent of the embankment. Thus, the entire complex of work on the construction of the earth cannut in these conditions is made of:
a) the development of relatively gentle resorts in the Gulunasyper-half-hem,
b) developing steep drives,
c) devices of embankments in ravines for approaches to artificial structures.

In the construction area, the specified complex of work was complicated by the fact that all the stors were covered with dense deciduous forest.

Fig. 25. Forest roll diagram with a tape with a tension cable: 1-tractor, 2 - forest roll cable from below

The use of excavators and bulldozers and bulldozers uses in many cases from a number of the most severe preparatory work - pigs and combing the root system from the upper layers of the road strip. Mandatory in all cases construction of the canvas in the mountain relief in the presence of the forest is the work on the shaft of the forest and clean the strip from the shrub. Forest roll can be produced simultaneously with the knocker, which in the mountain conditions is quite profitable. Relief conditions for kosovochi 35 ° kosovois and above often do not allow to deliver means of mechanization directly to the road under the road under construction and force them lower than or higher road track on existing temporary roads.

We will analyze these cases.

At the location of the time road below the main road route (Fig. 25), it is advantageous to produce a roll of forest together with a knocker, capturing the cortic cable at the same time 10-15 trees, as shown in Fig. 26. In this case, after the rollers of the forest from the root, no more preparatory works will need, since the chuck-sta of the collected trees for one reception with a roll and a knuckle is removed from the road strip. When the driveway is located above the route (Fig. 26), the forest roll is inappropriate and very difficult to produce a straight line. In such cases, the use of a block and anchor stump is required below the route, as indicated in Fig. 26. As in the first case, the Korchevka with the simultaneous roll of the forest is more profitable here, because only the tractor and cable requires. A separate roll of forests by electric copies, obviously, in these cases, the organization will be unprofitable in these cases, since it will require, on the one hand, delivery to the place of work of the power plant and drank, and on the other, will cause the need for an excess cleaning operation from the road strip of the female trees, which in conditions Mountain areas will create additional organizational difficulties. With gentle scoops, you can also apply the above method of simultaneous rolls and scaffolding of the forest. Separate shaft of the forest with saws can be profitable only when the growing forest consists of so large and thick trees that the Korchevka their tractor will represent considerable difficulties.

Fig. 26. Forest roll diagram with a tape with a tension cable:
1 - tractor; 2-cose, 3 - block, 4 - Forest roll anchor from above

After cleaning the flooded wood trunks, the main earthworks can be proceeded from the work of the work. The development of germinated strokes with a steep meter to 20 ° should be carried out mainly by bulldozers, since the use of excavators for it is unprofitable, because the CRs will have to work mainly in the slaughterhouses, which will reduce their production. The development of germs of rowing spaces in the presence of rotary type bulldozers can be carried out on two fundamentally different main work schemes.

The first scheme can be used with rotary bulldozers D-161 or D-149. It lies in the preliminary development of Kosoyra layers with the gradual movement of the soil from the excavation into the mound.

The subsequent passages are cut by the right edge of the knife by 30-50 cm from the line of each previous slaughter. After 3-4, the cuts are formed by the ground, sufficient for a complete passage to move the soil into the embankment without cutting. When developing each slack layer, the first pass is usually not quite complete.

The length of the processed area should be greater in order to reduce the amount of knife permutation during the reverse course. For each permutation on average, about 1 minute is spent.

This scheme has a number of significant inconveniences that are as follows.
1. The scheme can only be carried out in the presence of rotary bulldozers. It is impossible to work in conventional bulldozers.
2. The scheme requires multiple movement of the soil before laying in place by several passages. As a result of the implementation of this scheme, each particle of the soil makes moving not only in the transverse, but also in the longitudinal direction. therefore constructive features Bulldozers are not used, it is not suitable and the performance is reduced.
3. At the beginning of the work, the rotary bulldozer should work with a relatively large distortion in relation to its longitudinal axis.

When astoroughness, over 12-15%, such a skew can cause the tractor gathering of the tractor. When spanking in 18%, working with the breakdown becomes absolutely impossible due to the frequent supply of the tractor from the caterpillars.

Fig. 27. Development scheme of Kosoyra with a bias of 20 ° in the semi-roll-floor

4. The scheme requires frequent permutations of the gripping angle (with each rotation of the machine), which also affects negatively on rational use, machines.

All these negative sides of such a scheme of work make it impossible to consider it inappropriate for widespread use in production, despite the fact that it is recommended by some authors.

The second scheme is applicable to the development of stort-resistant to 20 and even 25 ° (with an experimental operator) and is that the development of Kosoyra is conducted from the first passage by transversely moving the soil with a bulldozer. The order of development of Kosoyra according to this scheme is shown on a specific example.

By putting a bulldozer perpendicular to the axis of the road, so that its knife is located 5 m from the semi-mixture point in the semi-roll, we will produce first cutting. After moving away the bulldozer for another 5 m, we will make a second cutting, which, together with the first in this case, will block the entire surface of the Kosoyra, to be developed in the half-hectle.

The following (3.4 and 5) cutting will be carried out in the same manner. Obviously, cutting marked in fig. 27 No. 6, it is impossible to produce a bulldozer, since a steep stage was formed between the surface of the koyar, outside the half-hectle and the surface of the soil in the half-grieving after the production of the first cuts. Therefore, the cutting of the soil in sections 6, 8, 10, etc. will have to be produced with an angle of capture of 67 ° with the left end of a knife or high-drive. Thus, the final development of Kosoyra for the lateral cuvette can be made during the joint work of the bulldozer and only a partially swivel bulldozer and the automatic drive; The cuvette device is carried out by a number of additional passes of the automotive drive in the process of finishing the finished building of the earthly canvase. This scheme is devoid of most of the shortcomings of the first diagram and can be recommended for widespread use.

If the balance of earth masses makes it possible to develop a kosoyra with a more severe slope half-grade (up to 25 °), a scheme can be significantly simplified and made all the main work to make a bulldozer without the participation of more complex machines of type D-149 or D-161.

In many cases, the development of reserves for the device approaches to artificial structures on the storage areas of the road in the crossbar places is difficult, and the need to prepare reserves in the process of developing spacers arises. As a particular solution to this task, a method of developing a koyra with an ardent cuvette, used as a reserve for backfilling pipes in ravines, can be proposed.

When scoops, overgrown with the forest, the first passages of the bulldozer are grown to the forests of the forests specifically for the purpose of the korts of the remaining stumps and cleaning the upper vegetation cover. Thus, when developing germs, the complex of machines should be used in the composition of tractors for the knocker, bulldozers, a fastener, the Ripper D-162 (for loosening the dense soils in front of scratch operations) and the automatic drive for finishing works.

The development of steep drives cannot be made by one bulldozers, since the bulldozers cannot work on large slopes in the direction of the slope, nor even more so, in the direction along the koyar, due to the inevitable tractors from the tractors from the caterpillars.

From among the available cars, the most suitable for the development of steep spacers are excavators running direct shovel with a bucket capacity from 0.5 to 1.0 m3. At the experienced work of 1948, the development of steep space was produced mainly by the excavators with a tank of the bucket of 0.5 m3. Excavators with a bucket capacity of 1 m3 can work not only in the soils of III, IV and V category, but also in pre-dusty soils of the highest category. The performance of these excavators is almost twice the performance of excavators with a 10.5 m3 bucket, but the smaller mobility of them as on construction siteand when transferring from an object to the object, it very much reduces the effectiveness of their use on linear roads.

The development of steep drives cannot be communicated to the excavators to the end. At best, only 50-60% of the volume of earthworks on the area is placed in place by the excavator, the rest of the work should be performed by bulldozers or their varieties (D-149 and D-161), and partly by other machines. Thus, in the development of steep areas, more than in other terms of the relief requires the complex operation of a number of machines that make up the mechanized link. The development of Kosoyra begins with the preparation of the platform from which the pioneer trench begins, necessary for the excavator at the mark of the future of the earth canvas (Fig. 28).

Fig. 28. Beginning of the development of a pioneer trench with an excavator with a bucket capacity of 0.5 m3

Pioneer trench is usually with a rise to 10-12%; It is designed by a straight shovel to the width necessary for the passage of the excavator, i.e., by 2.5-3.5 m. After the excavator comes to the mark of the earth canvase, it should begin the development of the main trench, laying the ground from the grassland side of the Kozoyra. The width of the developed trench should not exceed 4.5-5 m in order to increase the extraction of the excavator throughout the road. At the experienced works of 1948 in some cases, Stakhanov-excavators (TT. Efimenko and Gavryushin) achieved to work up to 100 pounds. m for working day with performance up to 500 m3 in shift, which was about 200% of the norm. After the excavator, the development of the shaft was delivered to them produced bulldozers, and the development of the latter to recall the shaft and the extension made by the trench excavator several times in the run. M production excavator. Thus, in order to more evenly load the machines involved in the detachment on the development of Kosoyra, one should strive to reduce the width of the trench developed by the excavator to increase its production along the length of the road and at the same time for greater loading of bulldozers. Experience has shown that one bulldozer can easily serve work 2-3 excavators even with some time stock on independent work to develop less steep areas of Kosoyra.

With a bias of less than 30 °, the development of the koyra is possible with the device of the earth canvas in the semi-suction unit without a retaining wall, but with a mandatory device for at least one ledder to stop the soil of semi-roll. At the experienced works of 1948, the ledges were arranged manually, which, of course, in the complex mechanization of work should not be allowed to continue. It is necessary to have a sideline that ledges can be made and mechanized with small excavators with a bucket capacity of 0.25 m3. In fig. 29 shows the location of the ledges: the main one - for the canvas of the road and the auxiliary, produced by a small excavator - to stop the slop.

When Kosovochi cooler 33 °, the semi-suction unit is not possible without retaining walls, if you need to withstand the one-and-a-half locking of the semi-sucking.

If the device's retaining wall is not economical, and if we consider that when determining the techno-economic indicators of the retaining wall device, it is necessary to reveal with a decrease in the degree of mechanization and the development of one worker in the natural indicators, the development of the Kosoyra should be carried out without half a satin The canvas of the road was on the mainland in the excavation (Fig. 30). In this case, the entire soil generated by the excavator and after it is a bulldozer, will go under the slopes of the Kojar on the release without registration in the cavalier.

Fig. 29. Scheme of the location of the ledges for the ground of the soil under the engineering works

It is necessary to make a reservation that when building roads in the mountains folded from massive stone rocks, in many cases the device of retaining walls may be much more profitable to expand the recess, as the work in dense rocking soils requires a significant amount of relatively expensive and time-consuming drilling works. In recent years, mass explosions have often become used in the practice of the Ministry of Runs of Communications and other departments. Since these works are specific and in road conditions require special equipment, specialists, explosive materials, etc.- In this paper, this issue does not understand, especially since quite extensive literature is devoted to the construction of ways to build ways.

Fig. 30. Transverse road profile on the Kozor in the excavation

Fig. 31. Trench development for excavator descent in the ravine

We now turn to the issue of the program of transitions through ravines with a mountain road traced on the slopes of steep drives. It has already been mentioned that in many cases, the bookmark of special reserves for the device of these embankments is hampered by local conditions. In particular, the impossibility of laying separate reserves took place almost at all intersections of the ravines of the mountain road, built in 1948

Development of spacers when approaching the road route to the ravine can be organized in such a way as to create a reserve of soil on the road itself so that in further strokes with the longitudinal age to submit it to the mound. This can be achieved by developing a Kosoyra at an approach to ravine at the marks higher than for the designed canvas.

Having determined in advance, by appropriate calculation, the volume of soil, required for the formation of embossed, the development of the Kosoyra, when approaching the ravine, should be carried out with a certain calculation of the place to lead the above design mark to the descent in the ravine. Going to the descent, you should develop a pioneer trench for descending the excavator in the ravine and transition through it to lower (Fig. 31). On the other hand, the ravine began the development of Kosoyra also begins with a higher mark. In the diameter, the ratio of the project diagnostic of the road and actually developed by the excavator when approaching the ravine is shown in Fig. 32.

Fig. 32. Scheme of the ratio of the project transverse of the road and the diameter actually developed by the excavator when approaching the ravine: 1 - the shaft of the soil, developed by the bulldozer under Sunshine, 2 - Folder, 3 - reserve for the staple, H is the height of the trench lifting, I - the slope of the excavator trench

All soil, unfinished excavator in height, with such a method of developing a koyra, is easily supplied to the mound with a bulldozer and a scraper (Fig. 33). The bulldozer serves the soil shaft developed by the excavator, down, svrag and softens the descent to the limits in which the scraper can be turned on.

The work of bulldozers in the development of steep spaces is made according to the schemes, somewhat different from those that are used in flat and weakly crossed areas. It consists in moving the relatively high shafts of the soil, designed earlier by the excavator, in the preparation of the front of the work of scrapers and, where possible, sites for the installation of excavators in the bottom.

The most common operation carried out by bulldozers in the development of steep space, is moving under the sloppy and spacing of the shafts of the soil is filled with the soil excavator to expand the pursuing the shelves to the desired project of the roadway width.

Fig. 33. Development of the grinding shafts of the soil swell by the excavator

From this table, it can be seen that when weakness up to 12 °, the excavator places only about 10% of the soil produced by him. Thus, when scoops with a small bias, up to 90% of the excavator generation require recycling, which indicates the explicit disadvantage of the use of excavators when developing germs.

Under the slopes of Kosoyra, 24 ° and above the excavator lays about 30-35% of the soil developed by him. The cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe trench developed by them, depending on the knocker, ranges from 8.5 to 20 with excess M2, and the size of the shaft to be further treated with a bulldozer, reach 17 m3 on the m3. m road. To end the excavator made for 1 hour of work, it is necessary to spend from 0.17 to 0.27 Ma-hour-hours of operation of the bulldozer.

Consequently, on average one bulldozer can serve 4 excavators. It is obvious that with an increase in the capacity of the excavator bucket to 1 m3, the number of excavators serviced by one bulldozer decreases on average to 2. In addition, these data indicate that the decrease in the cross section of the trench produced by the excavator will increase the speed of the construction of the earth cannon in the pog. M and fully load bulldozers.

Development of shafts fastened with an excavator can be made by bulldozers D-157 or D-161. The operation of the rotary bulldozer is more efficient and in production conditions More convenient, since it requires a smaller width of the trench for its operations (for the operation of the Bulldozer D-157, it is necessary to provide a trench of about 6 m, and for D-161 is enough 4.5 m). The bulldozer begins to develop with raised, knife and pushes the soil forward (Fig. 34). At this moment, the soil, which is above the bulldozer knife, refuses down. It turns out the development of a shaft with a subpople. The bulldozer knife is lowered to the ground that refers down. For one or two passages, the soil falls under the slope, and the trench developed by the excavator expands. From table. 18 It can be seen how large the performance of bulldozers at this work. For the development of a 57.4 m3 shaft in a loose body (with an average of 1,3 coe focus), only 0.23 mash is required. Works of the bulldozer, i.e. the performance of the bulldozer is about 140 m3 per hour of pure work, and to develop a 50.6 m3 m3 shaft - 0.2 Masha.-hours, i.e. performance in this case will be 115 m3 / hour. On average, the performance of the bulldozers D-157 and D-161 during the treated shafts will be about 1200 m3 in shift.

In cases where the shaft is required not to fall asleep, but to promote it along the kosoyra for backfilling any decrease, the development of the shaft should be conducted in two receptions: the first reception of the bulldozer, rising from the end side to the shaft crest, slightly smoothes and expands the upper part The shaft so that the tractor with a scraper could be subsequently climbed to it for further longitudinal transportation of the soil.

Therefore, the task of the bulldozer includes not only the publication of the ridge of the shaft with its expansion on top of at least up to 3 m, but also in order to enter and exit from the shaft to create a comfortable front of the work of the brace.

In cases where the length of the longitudinal movement of the soil is small, the bulldozer can independently NRW work on moving the soil into place. At high and relatively narrow shafts, this work is made by a subpople with a knife setting at the first pass around the middle of the shaft height - for sweeping the soil, and then the knife is plugged into the ground half or a third of its length, for the entire height of the dump and moves with the ground along the road axis .

Fig. 34. Movement of shafts fastened with excavator or bulldorating

The performance of the bulldozer, with such a development of the shafts, is also very large and at distances of movement 30-40 m ranges from 800 to 1000 m3 per shift.

Thus, the composition of the detachment for the production of work on the construction of the road in the mountainous area was determined: the main machine of this detachment is the excavator. When working on steep ores, it is better to operate with one excavator with a bucket capacity of 1 m3 on the main shelf and one small excavator with a bucket capacity of 0.25 m3g included in the detachment specifically for the ledge devices.

To maintain such a small detachment, it is necessary to assign only one bulldozer, but it will not be completely loaded.

Therefore, it is advisable to make a detachment of two excavator links (4 excavators) served by one bulldozer and one scraper.

The D-162 ripper should be included in such a detachment (to ensure the work of scraper in heavy stony soils) and the rope supply for forest rolls.

The front of the work of such a detachment should be at least 1-1.5 km, and excavator links should work with a break between themselves at least 1 km to avoid frequent transfer of these heavy machines.

TO Atientary: - Mechanization of earthworks

Part 1

Bulldozers Perform operations as follows. Layered development and movement of materials Produced with a 50 ... 150 m transportation distance. Large movements are economically beneficial for heavy bulldozers. In the superficial development of soils and minerals, the shuttle movements of the machine, alternating work move and departure backwards, are characterized. It is advisable to recruit and transport the soil to the formation of side rollers, a trench method, a paired work of bulldozers, the formation of several prisms. In the light ground conditions, additional interchangeable equipment of the bulldozer (openings, ardels, extension cords) are used.

Embossing embossing carried out in two ways: transverse passes from the reserve (Fig. 137, I.) and longitudinal one-sided movements of the machine (Fig. 137, II.).

Fig. 137. Basic Earthwood Bulldozer

With the transverse movement of the soil from the reserves, it is advisable to use a trench method for developing materials and paired operation of several machines. The first prisms are served in the center of the embankment, follow-up - closer to its edges.

Primes of drawing laid up. Rises of the slopes of the embankment, according to which the soil is served, should not exceed 30%. With big rages, the work is ineffective.

Longitudinal movements of the bulldozer in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the mound. It is advisable to apply soil under the slope. The height of the mound in this case can be up to 4 ... 5 m.

Development of recesses produce longitudinal bilateral aisles (Fig. 137, III) and transverse moves (Fig. 137, IV.). A longitudinal bilateral method provides greater performance of bulldozers. It is used with a small length of the excavation and in cases where the ground, taken out of the excavation, is completely laid into the adjacent embankment. The transverse method of recess development is used when excess soil is placed in cavaliers along the future canvas.

Excerpt channels, irrigation facilities, trenches, catlovanov produce transverse strokes of the bulldozer with a gradual displacement of the machine along the structures (Fig. 137, V.). The soil is placed in the cavaliers throughout the length of the channels, creating land shaft on both sides. Develop the soil in parallel trenches of a depth of no more overall height of the machine. The distance between the trenches is up to 0.4 ... 0.6 m. After passages, they destroy the intertherente jumper. In this case, effective group work Machines paired parallel strokes.

Planning work Conduct on a flat surface, cutting small bumps and falling asleep, pits, ravines. Large depressions fall asleep from neighboring spaces by longitudinal passages (Fig. 137, VI). The last passes are made with a displacement for 3/4 dump widths to eliminate the appearance of side rollers. After rough front layout (see Fig. 130, g.) It is advisable to finish the surface at the rear case of the bulldozer (see Fig. 130, in) and the "floating" position of the dump. For greater accuracy, it is advisable to apply mutually perpendicular passes of bulldozers.

Fig. 130. The main types of work performed by bulldozers: but - development of trenches, butt, canals with soil swelling in cavaliers, embankment, b. - Speed \u200b\u200bcutting and frustration, in - removal of the fertile layer or empty breed, g. - Planning the front run d. - Leveling in front of the front e. - planning by rear, j. - Flipping trenche z. - Pushing of scrapers when filling the bucket with soil, and - loading of soil into transport from the overpass, to - Loading materials in transport from tray, l. - Valka trees, m. - Korchevka Stumpy, n. - Cutting shrubs and mellies, about - snowy work; 1 - the starting position of the bulldozer, 2 - cutting and transportation of the soil, 3 - bulldozer on the embankment, 4 - mound or cavalier, 5 - trench, 6 - space, 7 - recess, 8 - fertile layer or empty breed, 9 - Minerals and minerals and Building Materials, 10 - Screperary, 11 - Estakada, 12 - Autotransport, 13 - Loading tray

Punching terraces and shelves on Kosoyrats Carry out bulldozers with non-reflective and turning dumps. The most effective and safe is the method of moving the soil from Kosoyra to the half screwing transverse passages of the machine for a slope (Fig. 138, I.). It is used for gentle slopes of space. At large corners of the skaters, a longitudinal method is used (Fig. 138, II.). In this case, the bulldozer mounted with a skewer punches first passage 1, then 2, 3, 4 and 5. The operation of longitudinal passages is more productive, but it is necessary to exercise special caution, since it is possible to cross or tilting the machine along the slope. Therefore, in order to carry out work, the transverse stability of the bulldozer is taken into account.

Fig. 138. Development of Kosoborov Bulldozer

Filing trench produce bulldozers with non-reflective (Fig. 139, but) or turning dump (Fig. 139, b.). This operation is performed by direct passages perpendicular to the axis of the trench, or oblique movements at some angle to it.

Fig. 139. Floating trenches by bulldozers: but - with a non-turning dump, b. - with a turning dump; 1 - soil mound, 2 - trench

The bulldozer with a non-turning dump of the edge captures a piece of soil from the mound and moves it into the trench. If the depth of the trench is 1.5 m and more, then the soil is refliting through one or two prisms to prevent the collar of the walls of the trench and sliding the bulldozer into it. After the first pass, the bulldozer shifts during the rear and the operation is repeated.

At the bulldozer with a swivel (wider), it is installed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the machine and oblique strokes at an angle of 30 ... 40 ° facile in a trench. The use of bulldozers with a swivel dump on this work is more efficient, since the soil is partially shifted to the side when the stalking.

Puster scraper (see Fig. 130, z.) Bulldozers are carried out when setting the soil and the outlet of the loaded staple from a slaughter with a large slope of the driveway.

Loading the soil into transport from the overpass (see Fig. 130, and) Produce mainly in sandy careers. The flight is satisfied with the trench, a bulldozer. Longitudinal strokes the bulldozer moves the material to the bunker of the overpass and loads dump trucks. The bulldozer works through one or two prisms so as not to cause the collapse of the overpass. Loading the soil into transport from the tray is shown in Fig. 130, to.

Tree trees (see Fig. 130, l.) Exercise emphasis as a raised dump in the barrel.

Korchvka Pney (see Fig. 130, m.) You can exercise direct dump or dump with overcast. First, the roots of the stump are cut with the greatest plunge of the dump and the roots of the stump and shake it with repeated inclusions of the clutch of the clutch. Then the simultaneous translational movement of the machine and the rise of the work equipment is irrigated by stump. Large stones and boulders are removed in the same way, partially on the surface.

Sleeping shrub and meltsya (see Fig. 130, n.) Produce directly dump, lowered to the ground to a depth of 10 ... 20 cm, with a progressive movement forward of the entire bulldozer. As a heap of shrubs, roots, small trees are moved to the rotary motion away from the cleared path.

Snowproof (see Fig. 130, about) Perform for the maintenance of highways in good condition. The most effective in this case is a bulldozer with a turning dump with an orthylonous worker.

2.1. Prior to the construction of a semi-grant-semi-suction unit (Fig. 1), it is necessary:

· · Restore and consolidate the road track;

· · Break and secure the disqual strip;

· · Clean the territory within the strip of removal and quarries from shrub, stumps and large stones;

· · Break the earthly canvas;

· · Arrange a temporary drainage.

2.2. Work on the construction of an earth canvases is carried out in the developed technological sequence (Table 2) by a stream on two invasions of 125 m long and on the third invapination with a length of 300 m with the final operations (Fig. 4).

2.3. On the first capture

cutting of the vegetable layer of soil within the Kosoyra Bulldozer DZ-171;

the device of the Nagorno ditch is a universal earthco-planning machine - EO-3533 excavator-scheduler.

The bulldozer is cut and removed the vegetable soil along the shuttle circuit, starting from the top of the Kosoyra, moving it down, beyond the bandwidth, and laid into the dump for later use. The thickness of the vegetable layer of the soil in the technological card adopted 20 cm.

Fig. 1 . Semi-hectic cross-linen-seminka

The Nagorn Canva will be developed by the EO-3533 excavator-planner with a bucket of 0.5 m 3. The excavator is installed on the "shelf" specifically arranged on the KozoPor. When developing ditches, the excavator moves along the axis of the road. The design depth of the ditch is indicated on the cavities fixing the position of its axis.

The development of the Nagorn ditch profile (Fig. 2) is performed in the following sequence: the bucket mounted under the angle of slope is cut off the ground along the contour of one, and then - along the contour of another slope; The duct remaining along the axis is chosen by the normally installed bucket with stripping. The dumped soil swell into the banquet from the grassland side of the Nagorno ditch.

Fig. 2 . Scheme of the development of the profile of the Nagorno ditch excavator-scheduler EO-3533 :

1 - 3 - sequence of soil excavation

The planning of the soil in the banquet, if necessary, is performed by the bump of the EO-3533 excavator at a second penetration.

2.4. On the second invapinationthe following technological operations are performed:

· · Slicing of ledges by bulldozer;

· · The development of the soil in the excavation with the movement of it in the mound;

· · Warm leveling of soil bulldozer;

· · Moisturizing a sealing layer of soil with water using the polyvoy machine (if necessary);

· · Layout sealing embankment by self-propelled roller on pneumatic.

The ledges are cut with a bulldozer with a rotary blade T-4AP2 OBGN-4M in areas of 60-70 m. The lower ledge is cut wider than the ledges (width to 6 m). The next is cut by a bulldozer moving on the embankment, dumping to the height of the first ledge, etc. (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3 . Cutting the ledges with a bulldozer with a rotary dump:

1 - assumption; 2 - sweep layers of embossed

The width of the yield can be 2 - 4 m, the height is 0.5 - 2.0 m. The top of the ledges at the base of the mound give the transverse bias towards the axis of the road 0.01 - 0.02, the walls of the ledges at an altitude of up to 1 m are made vertical, And at an altitude of up to 2 m - with a slope of 1: 0.5.

The half-wishes are developed by a bulldozer with a rotary dump. The development of the soil starts from its upper part, arranging the platform with a width of at least 3 m (Fig. 5). Then the soils are cut with a thickness of 0.3 - 0.4 m with moving it along the slope at a distance of 10 m.

Fig. 4 . Technological plan for the construction of a semi-mixed earth fabric-seminka

The cut of the soil bulldozer with a non-refined DZ-171 blade is moved down to the Kosoyar for the arranged ledge. Then the soil is moved by a bulldozer on a ledge to a distance of up to 20 m, moving it with layers 0.3 - 0.4 m.

Fig. 5 . Sequence of sequence of semi-heavily on Kozor

After the first layer, the plot of 30 m proceed to its seal. Bulldozers continue to dump the first layer of embankment on the above technology in the next section of the same length.

After the layer, the bulldozers are returned to the first and perform operations on the casting of the next layer on the previously compacted.

The development of the soil on the scoring and the dump of the following layers is produced in a similar sequence.

The mound is provided to squeeze out 0.5 m wide designal outlines based on the conditions of the soil seal in the edge parts. Excess grounds are removed when planning slopes.

The seal of the dumping layer is performed by the self-propelled roller on the PNU-101 pneumoshins for ten passes on one trace of the shuttle circuit. The seal should be started at a distance of at least 1.5 - 2.0 m from the embankment brought with a gradual approach to the slope at each subsequent passage. It does not allow an approximation of the edge of the sealing rink bodice to the embankment of the embankment closer than 0.3 m. After that, the punch continues from the edge to the middle of the embankment with the overlapping trace of 1/3 width.

Table 1

Elements of the earth canvas	Depth of the location of the layer from the surface of the coating, m	The smallest coefficient of soil seal with the type of road clothing
Capital	Lightweight and transitional
in road-climatic zones
I.	III	IV, V.	I.	III	IV, V.
Working layer	Up to 1.5	0,98 - 0,96	1,0 - 0,98	0,98 - 0,95	0,95 - 0,93	0,98 - 0,95	0,95
Untreated part of the mound	St. 1.5 to 6 s. 6	0,95 - 0,93 0,95	0,95 0,98	0,95 0,95	0,93 0,93	0,95 0,95	0,90 0,90
Separed part of the mound	St. 1.5 to 6 s. 6	0,96 - 0,95 0,96	0,98 - 0,95 0,98	0,95 0,98	0,95 - 0,93 0,95	0,95 0,95	0,95 0,95
In the working layer of the recess below the seasonal freezing zone	Up to 1.2 to 0.8	- -	0,95 -	- 0,95 - 0,92	- -	0,95 - 0,92 -	- 0,90

The first and last passage along the Radine strip Pneumocalet performs at a speed of 2.0 - 2.5 km / h, intermediate passages -5 - 8 km / h.

Tire pressure rolled should be the same and draw up: for connected soils at the beginning of the seal - 0.2 - 0.3 MPa; At the final stage for the soup - 0.3 - 0.4 MPa, for loam and clay 0.6 - 0.8 MPa; For sands at all seal stages - 0.2 - 0.3 MPa.

Soil density After the header of the layer must comply with the established requirements. regulatory documents. In this case, the coefficient of soil seal depending on the design depth of the layer location from the surface of the road clothing must comply with the requirements shown in Table. one.

You should not allow the mooring of the soil, and at intensive rains, the embrying of mounds from clay soils should be suspended. Before a long break in the work it is necessary to ensure drainage from the surface of the unfinished embankment.

Dry and low-voltage soils should be moisturized by a polyvoy machine MD-433-03 adopted in the map. The layer of sealing soil should be completely soaked with water. The technological card provides for water consumption equal to 3% of the mass of the soil swelling into the mound.

2.5. On the third invapinationthe following technological operations are performed:

· · Cut of excess grounds from the slopes of embankment and layout of the surface of the slopes by an excavator-scheduler;

· · Layout of the surface of the slope semi-grader;

· · Layout of the vertex of the earthen canvase by the automotive drive;

· · Cutting cuvette in the automotive drive;

· · Final sealing of the vertex of the earth canvas with a pneumocathist.

Sleeping of the soil with slopes of embankment and layout of the surface of the embankment are performed by the EO-3533 Schedule Scheduler.

Before the cutting of the soil from the slope, the top pad must be planned, and the brocco is indicated by spicks after 20 m.

Suspension Soil is used in sprinkles.

To ensure the design position of the discovery immediately after cutting of the soil every 50 m, the slopes are established and denoted the rods.

The layout layout layout is performed by a DZ-122 automotive drive.

The layout of the pullee vertex is also carried out by a DZ-122 automotive drive for four passages along a single trace of the shuttle scheme.

Before planning, it is necessary to check and restore the position of the axis and rods of the earthen canvas in terms of direct, transitional and main curves, as well as in the longitudinal profile.

The layout starts with the lowest sections (in the longitudinal profile), planning the top of the embankment by consecutive passenger passes, ranging from the edge with a gradual displacement to the middle. The overlap of the previous track is 0.3 - 0.5 m. The high drive knife gripping angle is set to 45 - 55 ° to the axis of the road.

The cuvette is cut by the DZ-122 automotive drive when moving along the earth canvase, strictly following the observance of the project slope. The cutting angle should be within 35 - 45 °.

The final sealing of the vertex of the earth canvas is produced by self-propelled pneumocathist Du-101 for four passages along one trace, along a circular scheme with overlapping of traces by 1/3. The required pressure in the pneumatic tires is indicated in paragraph 2.4.

The technological sequence of processes with the calculation of the scope of work and the required resources is given in Table. 2, the composition of the detachment - in Table. 3.

The flowchart on the half-mixture device is shown in Fig. 4. Technology of operational quality control of work when the semi-mixture device is provided in Table. four.

table 2

Technological sequence of processes with the calculation of work and required resources

Process number	Revitalization number	Source of substantiation of rules of production (Yenira and calculations)	Description of workflows in the order of their technological sequence with the calculation of work	unit of measurement	Number of work	Performance in shift	Need for machine-shifts	Labor costs and wages for 125 m long
on the invigination l \u003d 125 m	1 km	on the invigination l \u003d 125 m	1 km	Time rate, person-h	Wage, rub.-cop.
per unit measure	For full work	per unit measure	For full work

I. Basic earthworks (capture L \u003d 125 m)
	I.	Payment	Cutting and removal of the vegetable layer of the soil with a thickness of 0.2 m Bulldozer DZ-171 within the Kosoyra in the amount: 36 · 125 \u003d 4500	m 2.				1,05	8,4	0,00187	8,41	0-04	180-00
	I.	Payment	The device of the Nagorno ditch excavator Scheduler EO-3533 with unloading of soil into a banquet: (2.85 + 0.6) · 0.75 · 125/2 \u003d 162	m 3.				0,90	7,19	0,044	7,13	0-94,4	152-93
	II.	Payment	Cutting of ledges and movement of the soil with a Bulldozer T-4AP2 OBGN-4M for a distance of 30 m: 227 · 3 \u003d 680	m 3.				0,9	7,25	0,011	7,48	0-24	163-20
	II.	Payment	Development of half grave and movement of the soil in the half screwing by a bulldozer D3-171 by 10 m: 211 + 461 + 711 \u003d 1383	m 3.				0,70	5,67	0,0041	5,67	0-08,8	121-70
	II.	Payment	The transverse movement of the previously developed soil from the excavation and the longitudinal on the ledge of the T-4AP2 Bulldozer is a distance of 20 m: 211 + 461 + 711 \u003d 1383	m 3.				1,11	8,85	0,0064	8,85	0-13,7
	II.	Payment	Layered soil leveling in mounds with a thickness of 0.35 m Bulldozer T-4AP2 OBGN-4M: 438 + 688 + 938 \u003d 2064	m 3.				0,70	5,58	0,0027	5,57	0-05,8	119-71
	II.	Payment	A layer layer of soil in mound in the development of ledges and recesses by self-propelled rolk Du-101 on pneumatic tires for 4 passages on one trace: 750 + 1562 \u003d 2312	m 3.				0,38	3,00	0,0013	3,0	0-02,8	64-74
		Payment	The layer-by-layer moisturizing the soil with water to the optimal moisture content of the MD 433-03 polyvoy machine with a range of 3 km in an amount of 3% of the soil mass with its density of 1.75 t / m 3: (438 + 688 + 938) · 1.75 · 0, 03 \u003d 110.	m 3.	BY			1,62	12,94	0,079	8,69	1-47	161-70
	II.	Payment	Layered seal of soil in mounds with a thickness of 0.3 m in a dense body with a self-propelled roller Du-101 on pneumatic tires at 10 aisles on one trace: 438 + 688 + 938 \u003d 2064	m 3.				1,73	13,82	0,0067	13,83	0-14,4	297-22
			TOTAL:								68,63		1450-67
II. Final Earthworks (capture L \u003d 300 m)
	III	Payment	The layout of the removal of the excavation by the automotive drive of DZ-122 at a working course in two directions: 5,9 · 300 \u003d 1770	m 2.				0,19	0,63	0,00085	1,50	0-01,8	31-86
	III	Payment	The layout of the vertex of the earth canvases by the DZ-122 automotive drive for four passages on one trace: 14,2 · 300 \u003d 4260	m 2.				0,47	1,56	0,00088	3,75	0-01,9	80-94
	III	Payment	The final seal of the vertex of the earth canvas with the Du-101 self-propelled roller on pneumatic tires for 4 passages on one trace: 12 · 300 \u003d 3600	m 2.				0,36	1,19	0,0079	2,84	0-01,7	61-20
	III	Payment	Cut the excess of the soil from the slope of the embankment and the discovery layout by the EO-3533 Scheduler, equipped with a planning bucket: 6,7 · 0.22 · 300 \u003d 442	m 3.				0,78	2,59	0,014	6,19	0-30	132-60
	III	Payment	The cuvette device of the automotive drive of DZ-122: (2.2 + 0.4) / 2 · 0.4 · 300 \u003d 156	m 3.				0,27	0,91	0,014	2,18	0-30	46-80
			TOTAL:								16,46		353-40

Table 3.

Composition of detachment

Cars	Profession and discharge of work	Need for machine-shifts	Machine need	Loading ratio	Number of workers
per 1000 meters	on the invader
1. Basic Earthworks (205 m Increasing)
Bulldozer DZ-171	Machinist VI discharge	14,07	1,75		0,88
	Machinist VI discharge	7,19	0,9		0,90
Bulldozer T-4AP2 OBGN-4M	Machinist VI discharge	21,68	2,7		0,90
	Machinist VI discharge	16,82	2,11		0,70
Polywomen MD 433-03	Machinist VI discharge	12,94	1,62		0,81
2. Final Earthwork Works (20 m)
Vologreer DZ-122	Machinist VI discharge	3,1	0,93		0,93
Excavator-planner EO-3533	Machinist VI discharge	2,59	0,78		0,79
Self-running rink on DU-101 pneumatic tires	Machinist VI discharge	1,19	0,36
Note. The sensitive rollers do-101 on pneumatic tires in the amount of 3 pieces are used in the production of basic and final earthworks.

Table 4.

Technology of operational quality control of work in the construction of an earthen canvas with a height of 3 m type half-wing-half

Basic operations subject to control	Component composition	Method and controls	Mode and Volume of Control	Control	Limit deviations from the norms of controlled parameters	Where control results are recorded

Removal of the vegetable layer of the soil	The thickness of the removable layer of soil	Instrumental		Master	± 20% of the project thickness	General Journal of Work
Nagorno ditching device		Instrumental Yardstick	Simples no less often than 100 m	Master	± 5 cm from project values	General Journal of Work
2. Depth of Nagorno ditch	Instrumental Level	Simples no less often than 100 m	Surveyor	± 5 cm from project values
Layer laying soil in mound	1. Thickness of the leveling layer	Instrumental Measuring ruler, sight	Simples no less often than 100 m	Master	± 20% of the project thickness	General Journal of Work
2. Uniformity of soil	Visual	Constantly	Master, Laberaent	-	Conduction of the excavation of the earth canvas
Layer laying compaction	1. The density of the ground of the earth canvas	Laboratory Cutting Ring Method Accelerated and Field Express Methods and Devices	No less often than 200 m with an inside of mound up to 3 m (at least 3 points: along the agricultural axis and at a distance of 1.5 - 2.0 m from the browch)	Laberaent	Reducing the density of soil is not more than 4% of the design values \u200b\u200bup to 10% of definitions
2. Humidity of the compacted soil	Laboratory Selection of soil samples in fuces	At least once in shift (at least three samples) and necessarily when precipitation is dropped Note: pp 1, 2 can be performed together	Laberaent	Table. 1. Snip 3.06.03-85	Laboratory control magazine
3. Mode and seal technology	Visual	Constantly	Master	General Journal of Work
Layout layout of embankment and recesses	Roughness of slopes	Inclinometer	PROM MERS THROUGH 50 M	Master	Reducing steepness up to 10% of the design value	General Journal of Work
Layout of the vertex of the earth canvas	1. High-rise longitudinal profile marks	Instrumental Level	Simples no less often than 100 m	Surveyor	± 50 mm from design marks	Technical Level Magazine
2. Distance between axis and earthwood heating	Instrumental Yardstick	Simples no less often than 100 m	Master	± 10 cm from project values	General Journal of Work
3. Cross biases	Instrumental Inclinometer	Simples no less often than 100 m	Master, Geodesist	± 0,010 from project values	Earthlife acceptance statement
Cuvette device	1. Cross sizes Nagorno ditch (on the bottom)	Instrumental Yardstick	Simples no less often than 100 m	Master	± 5 cm from project values	General Journal of Work
2. Depth of Nagorno ditch	Instrumental Level	Simples no less often than 100 m	Surveyor	± 5 cm from project values	Technical Level Magazine

SAFETY

Persons who have reached 18 years have a certificate for the right to manage this machine and knowing the requirements for safe management of work to managing travel machines.

When working on the construction of embankments of the earth canvas, the bulldozers are prohibited:

· · To produce earthworks before cleaning the area from the forest, stumps, boulders and breaking the boundaries of the outlet strip;

· · Mode to develop the soil with a bulldozer at a distance closer than 1 m from the location of underground communications;

· · To produce without permission (rupture warrant) from organizations operating these communications;

· · Move the soil on the rise or under the slope of more than 30 °;

· · Turn the bulldozer with loaded or swallowed dump;

· · Work in clay soils in rainy weather;

· · To be on the rime frame at the time of lowering the teeth in the ground and during their lifting.

In order to avoid the collapse of the soil (slipping of the embossed) and tipping the bulldozer when the soil is accepted under the slopes, the bulldozer dump does not push the edge of the slope, and during the device, the distance from the edge of the caterpillar or the bulldozer wheel to the embankment wheels should be at least 1 m. The production of work on the device of the earth canvas by the bulldozer is guided by the following technical literature:

1. Snip III-4-80. Safety in construction.

2. SNiP 12-03-2001. Labor safety in construction. Part 1. Common Requirements.

3. TOI R-218-05-93. Typical instruction ON LABOR PROTECTION FOR THE MARKERTER MACHINE (trailed grader).

4. TOI R-218-07-93. Typical instruction for labor protection for machine driver.

5. TOI R-218-26-94. Typical labor protection instructions for the driver of the auto-polyvoy machine.

6. TOI R-218-06-93. Typical labor protection instructions for bulldozer machine.

7. Spelman E.P. Safety in the operation of construction machines and small mechanization. - M.: Stroyzdat, 1986. - 271 p.: Il.

Routing № 7

Screpets are usually used on soft and dense soils, in areas with a short in the winter. Screpets are widely used on earthworks: removal of the vegetable layer and moving it into cavaliers; performing overwork in the careers of nonmetallic building materials; erection of embankments and recesses of various purposes; performing planning work with cutting sublime places and soil laying in low places; The device of irrigation canals, reservoirs and ponds.

The best bucket filling with soil occurs when the fastener is moving under the slope of 5 ... 12 °. When developing connected soils, it is advisable to apply in the process of set of soil tractor-tolkach. This increases the bucket filling and the duration of the set is reduced.

The length of the soil set path depends on the nature of the soil developed, the staple size and the adopted work circuit.

The ground is cut and fill the bucket only with the straight line movement of the tractor and the staple, to reduce the dialing time in the bucket of the faster and its largest filling of the soil cut on the first gear (speed of 2,5 ... 3.5 km / h), apply elongated knives Both the teeth are cutting under the slope, tightly tear off the tight soils, set the cheeks to the bucket, use tractors-pushers and adjust the position of the damper during the cutting of the soil.

When developing soft soils (vegetable, lesse, soft salt, etc.) a wedge-shake is cut - thicker first and more thin to the end of the bucket set. When developing dry sandy soils, cutting is carried out with a chip of a comb profile with variable dipling bucket and a gradual decrease in chip thickness.

With all methods of cutting, the soil is gained from the maximum possible thick chip thickness (Table 1).

Note. Before the line - without a pusher, behind the line - with a tolch.

Dense soils are pre-loosen on the thickness of a cut chip. For loosening of weak clay soils, a ripper with five racks is used, and loamy - with three racks. For better filling of the bucket, dry soils are moisturized with watering machines to optimal humidity, and the moistened soils are dried.

When developing a soil with light borders: produce layer-by-layer loosening of dense soils to the depth of cutting of the lock; prevent movement and set of soil on slopes, more specified in the passport of the machine; apply when set of soil Tractors-Tolkachi; apply scraper with forced filling; produce the unloading of the soil on the embankment when the fastener is moving parallel to the longitudinal axis of the embankment; squeeze the soil in the mound of layers from slopes to the axis of longitudinal stripes; Eggs alternately on maps, each of which produces operations for unloading, leveling, moisturizing (drying) and soil sealing.

Scraper movement schemes

Depending on the size of the earth facilities, the location of the recesses, embankments, cavaliers or dumps during the operation of scratchpers most often use the following schemes of their movement: elliptical, "eight", spiral, zigzag, shine-cross and shuttle-longitudinal.

The work "by ellipse" (Fig. 1, a) and "G8" (Fig. 1, b) is applicable when erecting embankments from single and bilateral reserves, with a device for recesses with soil styling in mound, dams and cavaliers, when planning work in industrial and civil construction. When operating the "eight" in one pass, the scraper makes two operations of loading the bucket and two operations of its unloading, which reduces the path of idling and, as a result, increases the performance of the staple.

Fig.1. Scheme of motion of the brace

a - by ellipse; b - eight; in the spiral; G - Zigzag; D - by the shuttlecock scheme; e - by the shuttle-longitudinal scheme; Rectangles show the loading sites; Shaded rectangles - unloading sites

The spiral circuit (Fig. 1, c) is used when erecting wide embankments from bilateral reserves or wide recesses with a height or depth of 2.5 m. At the same time, work is carried out without a device of departures and congresses.

The work "on Zigzag" (Fig. 1, d) is produced by erecting in bulk up to 6 m from reserves with a length of capture 200 m or more.

The shuttlecock scheme (Fig. 1, e) is used more often when erecting embankments and a drop of less than 1.5 m with operation from bilateral reserves or with channels and recesses up to 1.5 m with soil styling in the dam or cavaliers. The productivity of the work of the zigzag layer is higher by 15%, and with a shuttle-transverse - by 30% compared with the elliptic scheme.

The shuttle-longitudinal scheme of the motion of scratchpers (Fig. 1, e) is used when erecting embankments, you honeycomb 5 ... 6 m with the misses of the slopes are not cooler 1: 2 ° with soil transportation from bilateral reserves.

Movement circuit for each specific case should be selected taking into account local conditions so that the movement paths are the smallest. The greatest slopes of land-free roads should be for scrapers: in the cargo direction - with a lifting of 0.12 ... 0.15, and with a 0.2 ... 0.25 descent; In the empty direction - with a climb of 0.15 ... 0.17, and at the descent of 0.25 ... 0.3.

Innovate experience

In construction, trailed scrapers DZ-20 with a capacity of 7 m 3 aggregated with T-100M and T-130 tractors are widely used. Theoretical and technical and economic analysis of the operation of these machines showed that to reduce the current costs in the development of soil, the capacity of the bucket of serial scraper can be increased to 10-12 m 3.

For this purpose, the designs of cropped laughes of increased capacity with a movable bottom, which does not require an increase in the traction force of the tractor.

Long-term tests have shown that the use of laughed capacity with a moving bottom ensures an increase in scraper performance due to 2.9 ... 3.8 m 3 volumes transported per sea cycle with a slightly changing transportation rate. The performance of scraper is increasing by an average of 30 ... 35%, and the specific costs are reduced by 15 ... 20%.

Safety technique

Before starting the movement of the staple, make sure that the path is free. When working on a freshly filtered embankment of the tractor caterpillar and the wheel of the machine should be no closer to 1 m from the edge of the embankment.

After operation, the machine must be inhibited. It is prohibited to leave an uneteerous car for a slope or skate.

During the movement of the scraper, it is forbidden to eliminate the fault of the machine, adjust and lubricate it, enter the car and go from it.

Scrapers are prohibited to use: when developing clay soils in rainy weather; When moving on a climb when a longitudinal slope is over 25 ° and the descent with the soil with a bias over 30 °; When working on kosovochi with a transverse slope over 30 ° or steep slopes.

The scraper driver should not make sharp turns of the aggregate, especially when working on Kosoyrats, which often leads to a crashing of the tractor; It is also forbidden to rotate the unit with a swallowed bucket.

Before starting turning, the scraper driver must go to a lower gear (first or second) and only then start turning.

When moving the unit with its own run to another place of work at a distance of no more than 1 km, the bucket should be raised and secured its transport suspension to the frame frame, turning off the winch or hydraulic engine. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the state of the brake device, and when moving under the slope, you should additionally slow down the tractor engine unit.

Application of bulldozers

Bulldozers are designed to perform various earthworks: raise mounds up to 2 m from one-sided or bilateral reserves (Fig.2); We develop soil in removing with moving it to a distance of 50 ... 150 m; Develop the soil of calels for foundations and trenches; Cuts the ground on the oscillations (for cutting the ledges, the semi-mixture devices, etc.); cut cuvettes and shallow drainage ditch; fall asleep sinuses, pitchers, trenches, reserves, pit and ravines; Planned platforms, etc. (Fig.3).

Fig.2. Embossing bulldozer embankment

a - from one-sided reserve; b - from bilateral reserves

Fig.3. DNA layout of a bulldozer

a - Moving the soil to the development site of the draglin, B - Moving the soil to the place of subsequent development of direct shovel

The rational range of movement of soils by bulldozers depends mainly on the power of the bulldozer: on tractors DT-54 - to Z0 ... 50 m, DT-75 and T-100 - up to 50 ... 70, T-130 and T-180 to 100 , DET-250M and T-330 to 150 ... 160m.

The cycle of the bulldozer consists of a set, moving, smoothing the soil and reverse stroke.

The kit (digging) of the soil can be carried out in the following ways:

chips of constant thickness. This is how all types of soils of I ... III groups are developing with a set of them on a rise or soil with significant digging resistance;

great method - chips of a variable thickness, with a cross-shock dust. So develop dense and dry soils;

the wedge method is a chip of a variable thickness, moving from the greatest chips to a thinner. So the soils with low digging resistance are usually developed.

When developing a notch, the productive work of the bulldozer is achieved when it moves under the slope of 10 ... 15 °. The greatest slopes overcome by bulldozers of classes up to 40, from 40 to 100 and from 150 to 250 kN, are: when moving up, respectively, 20, 25 .. .30 and 25 °; When descending with the soil, respectively, 20, 25 ... 35 and 35 °; With a transverse slope 20, 30 and 30 °.

Fig.4. Ways to reduce soil losses when transporting a bulldozer

a - the creation of trenches; B - multiple penetrations on one trace; B - paired work of bulldozers; D - creating intermediate shafts

Depending on the nature of the erected structures, the mutual location of the site development and swelling of the soil and from local conditions use the personal schemes of the motion of the bulldozers. At the same time, there are three main schemes for the development and movement of the soil by bulldozers: direct, side and stepped.

The direct scheme is used when digging trenches and recesses, the width of which slightly exceeds the width of the bulldozer dust; When entering the entrances, when the ground is allowed in one place, with this scheme, the bulldozer makes a reciprocating movement without turns, so the scheme is often called shuttle or pendulum. When moving forward, the bulldozer cuts off the soil and transports it to the place of the dump (work stroke). Then he reversed returns to the site began to cut the soil.

The side scheme of the bulldozer is used when moving the previously developed soil from dumps or bulk materials (sand, gravel, etc.) from bunkers, when developing light soils, cut with thick layers, as well as when working on ores. At the same time, the developed primer is located on the side of the path, along which the bulldozer transports it to the place of sucking. The bulldozer captures the soil dump, makes a swivel movement, moves the soil to the transport pathway, then transports it to the sinking place. Only a qualified bulldozer can work according to this scheme, since with insufficient operation of the bulldozer control, a significant part of the soil may be lost during the rotation of the bulldozer.

A stepped diagram of the development and movement of the soil is used mainly in the device of embankments, performing overwork and vertical space layout, when it is allowed to pour the soil developed across the entire width of the excavation. Work is carried out by parallel peaks. Moving the ground from one penetration, the bulldozer performs idle arrogant at the angle to the axis of the working stroke and begins the development and movement of the soil at the next penetration (see Fig. 2, a).

Depending on the width of the embankment, the development of the soil is carried out in one and bilateral (see Fig. 2, b) side reserves. Before starting work, they produce a geodesic breakdown of embankments and side reserves, the purpose of which is to outline the axis and the boundaries of the base of the mound, the borders of the Berm and reserves. The reserves are laid mainly on the main side of the embankment with a transverse bilateral bias of the bottom 0.02 to the middle of the reserve. The longitudinal slope of the reserve bottom should be at least 0.002 and not more than 0.008. For ease of operation, the sinking of the mound is taking off with a length of 50 ... 100 m.

The development of the soil starts from the field browing of the reserve. The bulldozer moves at the first speed, cuts the ground with layers up to 30 cm and moves it towards the embankment. When approaching Berma, the bulldozer dumps gradually lifting so as not to cut the ground on the beer. The styling of the soil into the body of the embankment produce rollers, placing them in the width of the embankment. The idling of the bulldozer to the reserve is carried out at the maximum reverse speed.

From each penetration in reserve, the soil is put into the body of the embankment by placing it in the width of the embankment. Then the bulldozer begins to develop the soil in the next penetration. After sinking the first layer of embankments along the entire length of the capture, the bulldozer rises to the mound, moves along it, while moving the soil laid with rollers and seals its caterpillars. The swelling of the subsequent layers of embankment by bulldozer is produced in the same sequence. After the extraction of the embankment to the specified height, the bulldozer spills the top layer of the soil, plans Berm and the bottom of the reserve, bringing longitudinal and transverse slopes to the design marks.

Smelling a mound of 1.5 ... 2 m with a layer-by-layer spacing of the satched soil immediately at full height. At the same time, the lambery of the embankment should be increased compared to the design by 10 ... 15%, since the mound for a long time will give a precipitate.

The bottom planning of the bottom of the pit and the cutting of the slopes is made by bulldozers after the development of the soil with excavators. If the bottom of the pit is the basis for the foundations, the soil depending on the type and capacity of the bucket of the excavator does not take by 0.1 ... 0, z m. The bottom of the bottom is cleaned with a bulldozer, which moves the soil to the excavator (see Fig. 3, b) , And with small distances of movement and depth, the pit removes it itself.

When stripping the slopes with bulldozers, the dumps of the soil are predominantly along the bottom of the slope of the slope. This allows you to move the soil from top to bottom (the steepness of the slopes does not exceed 1: 2.5).

The reverse fusion of trenches with a bulldozer is made with a soil from the dust located along the trench. After laying the pipeline, cable or device of another structure, in order to avoid their damage at the same time, on both sides, it is poured by hand to a height of 0.25 ... 0, z m Further filling of the trench produced by a bulldozer cross-transverse moves.

Safety technique

The bulldozer driver should inspect the place of work. Oversized pieces of soil, stumps and other items need to be removed. About the places of underground facilities, the administration is obliged to put warning signs. At the same time, near underground structures, it is allowed to work only in the presence of a wizard or the manufacturer.

Development of soils by a bulldozer near electrocabilities under voltage are prohibited.

With longitudinal motion on freshly satched soil, it is not allowed to approach the breakdown of the discovery closer than 1 m in order to avoid sliding the bulldozer under the slope. The extension of the bulldozer knife for the breakdown of the slope when the soil is discharged.

In the dark workplace Must be lit.

When working on a bulldozer, it is prohibited:

produce during operation of the engine regulation, fastening and lubrication of the mechanisms;

go from the control platform and enter it while driving;

to be within the prism of the collapse of the bottom of the bobber and tranches.

During explosive work, the bulldozer must be removed to a safe distance and return to the place of work only after the "Ottop" signal.

Sealing soils

Sealing soils are performed when planning sites, erection of mounds, backfilling of trenches and sinuses, foundations for floors, etc. The soils seal the layers of the same thickness, for which the sleeved soil is spilled by bulldozers or grader. The thickness of the leveling layers depends on the production conditions, the type of soil and must comply with the capabilities of the applied sealing machines.

The required degree of soil seal is achieved with the lowest costs with optimal humidity of the soil, so dry soils need to be pre-moistened, and the moistened is to dry.

The recommended humidity for soil is,% clay - 23..28; heavy loam - 22 ... 25; medium loams - 21 ... 23; Lungs and Suglades - 15 ... 17; Chernozem - 25 ... 35; Ledsov - 19 ... 21, sands of small and dusty - 8 ... 14.

Artificial soil seal increases the deformation module and the resistance of the soil shift, thereby increasing the stability of slopes and embankments. The compacted primer becomes more waterproof and waterproof.

The layer seal of the soil in bulk structures and backdropings of boilers and trenches is carried out:

retail - with the help of self-propelled, semi-trailers and trailed rollers, vehicles (vehicles and trailers-landozov), as well as earthmoving and transport machines (bulldozers and scraper);

rubbing - special rubbing machines; hinged rambling - special traaming machines, mounted traaming plates, as well as pneumatic traamies (for cramped conditions);

vibration - suspended, trailed and self-propelled vibrators; Combined method - Vibro rental aggregates.

The main parameters characterizing the sealing process depend on the properties of soils, methods of sealing and types of used primer vehicles and equipment.

For the Radin, apply static and vibration rollers. Static rollers are designed to seal the soils when erecting swelling in layers of road mounds, dams and dams of irrigation facilities and reservoirs, during the backbone of recesses, etc.

The depth of the sealing effect that determines the thickness of the dumbbed layer depends on the mass of the roller, such as its working body and the number of passes on one trace.

The scope of rollers on varieties of soil is determined by the type of working body. By the type of working body, static rollers are separated by rollers with cam, ribbed, lattice, and smooth rollers. According to the method of bringing the roller movement, there are trailed and self-propelled.

Silent and commercial soils are sealing with cam rinks (Fig. 5, a), which are transmitted to the soil pressure, a significantly superior limit of its strength (Table 2). Such machines weighing up to 5 t compact the soil layer with a thickness of 10 ... 20 cm with eight - eighteen penetration rinks on one trace, and a heavy mass of 25 ... 30 T layer with a thickness of 50 ... 65 cm at four to ten penetrations by one trace.

Fig.5. Schemes of sealing soils

a - cam rinks; b - pneumocole rink; in a smooth self-propelled roller; r - trashy board suspended to E-652B excavator arrows; 1 - overlapping strips; 2 - the direction of the header from the edges of the mound to its middle; 3 - width of the rigged strip; 4 - loose layer of soil; 5 - compacted layer of soil; 6 - zone of soil seal with manual traamies; 7 - a layer of soil, sealing with a rink; 8 is the axis of the crossing of the excavator; 9 - a traam plate; 10 - a sealing strip; 11 - Excavator Parking Place

table 2

Technical characteristics of trailed rollers with cam rollers

When using cam and ribbed rollers, there is a breaking of the upper part of the soil layer to a depth of 1/3 ... 1/2 of the height of the cam or rib. These rollers are not applicable for incoherent soils due to the high depth of breaking the surface of the soil layer.

Combored connected soils are riveted with rollers, as the Valet is breaking the lumps and at the same time seals a layer of loose soil.

Pneumocole trailed rollers produce two types: with a rigid fastening of the wheel axes to the frame and a common ballast body, as well as with the balancing fastening of the axes to the traction frame and with sectional boxes.

The rinks with balancing wheels constantly ensures the contact of all wheels with the uneven surface of the Radine and all the wheels are transmitted to the soil a given load due to ballast. Rollers with hard fastening of wheels do not possess these qualities.

Rollers on the pneumocoleration move of the average mass (up to 10 t) layers with a thickness of 10 ... 25 cm at two - ten penetrations of a rink one by one trace, rollers of a large mass (up to 45 tons) - layers with a thickness of 25 ... 50 cm with the same The number of penetrations one trail.

Fist rollers and rollers on the pneumocole proof, the seal is made by consecutive closed rink bevels throughout the area of \u200b\u200bthe embankment with the overlap of each penetration of the previous on 0.15 ... 0.25 m (see Fig. 31, a). Having finished the punch of the entire area, the process repeat as many times as required to achieve the projectile density of the soil.

Rollers with smooth metal rollers seal connected soils with a layer of up to 15 cm and sandy-gravel mixtures with a thickness of the dumping layer from 5 to 15 cm. The use of such rollers is advisable when the upper layer of the embankment is the base of the foundations or access paths, as well as when the top of the sinuses In cramped conditions (see Fig. 31, c). The lower layers of the sinuses with a thickness of 15 ... 20 cm around the foundation are sealing pneumatic or electric traam.

Vibration rollers (Table 3) are designed to compact the incoherent sweeping soils and are produced in self-propelled and in the trailed version of smooth rollers.

Table 3.

Technical characteristics of rollers with smooth rollers

The working body of the vibratory rolling is a sleek Valet, inside which the shaft is mounted with debaissions - vibration pathogens. Vallets is located inside a rectangular frame equipped with a breathtaking with a coupling device. On the rear crossbar, the frame is installed engine, leading shaft of decalances using flexible (usually clinorem) transmission.

For equilibration of the engine on the front of the frame, a counterweight is mounted. The spring-loaded scrapers cleansing rollers from the soil are mounted on the bottom of the frame. To protect the frame and the engine from vibrations to the side beams, the roller bearing housings and shaft of debaissions are attached to the side beams of the frame with ripberometallic shock absorbers.

The rubbing machines and equipment serve to seal connected and clay soils, swelling with layers with a thickness of up to 1 ... 1.5 m. Unlocking sandy soils, as a rule, do not tram, as it is near the shock of the blow, the soil is extorted.

In construction, we use rubble plates on single-line excavators and cranes and rubbing continuous machines.

The rubbing plates hanging on the Draghun excavator rope (see Fig. 5, d) are usually used to seal the soils in places with a narrow front of works inaccessible to sealing machines of other types.

Weighing 2 ... 7 tons and more suspended to excavators or cranes, sandy and clay soils with a number of shocks 1 ... 5. The disadvantage of this method is an increased wear of the crane or an excavator, as well as relatively low their performance, which limits the use of this method.

Robing machines are produced in two modifications - Du-12B and Du-12B for aggregation with tracked T-100M and T-1Z0 tractors.

The working body of the machine serve two plates suspended near the lifting ropes of the tractor. The plates alternately rise with ropes and fall freely to the surface of the soil, carrying out its rubbing on the strip equal to the width of the capture of both plates.

During operation, the tractor moves with a slowed down speed, which is selected according to the required number of stove strikes at one place. With transport movements, the stove machines rise to the upper position where the hooks are held. When working, the hooks are translated into a non-working position using a mechanism controlled from the driver's cab.

Table 4.

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRACK MACHINE DU-12

Technical specifications	Brand car
Technical specifications	Du-12B.	Du-21V.
Basic tractor	T-100m.	T-130.
Number of plates	2	2
Stove mass, t	1,3	1,3
Plate size in terms, mm	1000x1000	1000x1000
Fall height, m	1,3	1,3
Width of the seizure of plates, m	2,5	2,5
Frequency of strikes, min	2x16.	2x16.
The number of shocks at one place	3…6	3…6
Energy of one blow, j	14300	14300
Protective operating speed	80…200	80…200
Depth of seal, m	Up to 1.2.	Up to 1.2.
Mass, T.
machines with tractor	18	18
hinged equipment	1,3	1,3

Sealing soils in bulk

Based on the technology of laying and sealing connected soils is a breakdown of embankment on cards - sections of small lengths, on which they consistently produce operations on the unloading of the soil, its leveling and sealing.

The number of areas simultaneously used for soil styling depends on the scope of work, the availability of equipment, the production season of the work and may vary within 4-2. In the summer, the greatest productivity is achieved when working on 4 sites, in winter - no more than two.

Card dimensions are determined by specific conditions of production and used mechanisms, but their length should be at least 200 m.

The following sizes are recommended for cam rinks 250 ... 300 m, for rollers on pneumatic tires - 200 m, for viburnum - 200 ... 250 m; For vibration absorbing and rubbing machines during the sealing of lesible, sedentary and gravel soils at least 50 m.

The width of the mound, as well as the width of the plots, is taken from the conditions of safe work of work by the sealing machine, which must be from the embankment of the embankment at a distance preventing it with slipping to the slope.

To reduce excessive moisture, before sealing, layers in layers in vivo. To speed up this process, the ground in the area must be disappeared by harrowing or puffing. With a thickness of the soil layer in a loose state of 30 ... 40 cm of drying in the conditions of summer hot weather required at least 2 ... 3 days.

When the layer of loose soil is sealing, for example, a draglin or a grader-elevator, first, the punch of a light rink without loading with its ballast should first be performed. This operation is not required when squeezing the soil layers with dump trucks, locks or tractor trolleys. In this case, the soil is compacted to the required rate of density by the sootorous machines.

With a vertical layout of large areas and on embankments, where the roller turns are possible, it is recommended to apply the pattern of driving rinks along a closed circle. On the embankments where the rotation of the roller is impossible, the shuttle circuit should be applied, when the tractor at the end of the site is uncovered from the rink and joins it from the other side.

When finished rollers, the first and second running roller are performed at a distance of 2 ... 2.5 m from the embankment of the embankment, and then the displacement of the moves per 1/3 ... 1/4 widths of the roller towards the browch seal the edges of the mound. After that, the punch continues with circular penetrations from the edge to the middle of the embankment with the overlapping of each passage by 1/3 ... 1/4 width of the roller.

For uniform sealing of the soil, the air pressure in the tires roller must be the same (check the pressure gauge). Recommended tire pressure of rollers on a pneumocole move: for sands 200 kPa, soups 300 ... 400, Suglink and clay 500 ... 600 kPa. At the same time, the number of passes of the rink on one band is usually taken: for sandy soils 2 ... 3, for the samples of 3 ... 4 and for loyal and clay 5 ... 6.

Sealing soils by a rainfall with rational high-speed operation of rollers. The speed of movement roller is different, and the first and two latter are performed at low speeds (2 ... 2.5 km / h), and all intermediate moves - on large, but not exceeding 8 ... 10 km / h. With a rational high-speed operation of the roller, its performance increases roughly by half, and the total cost of work is reduced by 50%.

When erecting an embankment from the reserve of draglock work, it should be performed on two adjacent invasses: on one of the captures, the dumbbed layer of the soil is spilled with a bulldozer, and on the other, it is compacted by the gruncting machines. When the thickness of the dumping layer is reduced from 1 to 0.3, the dragulin performance decreases by 11%.

When erecting embankments from reserves, work bulldozers should also be performed alternately on two adjacent sections.

For sealing sand bases under the foundations and increasing the carrier ability of soils under various engineering structures, a hydrovilic method is used. It is based on the use of vibration transmitted to the soil from the hydrocrator, with the simultaneous moisture of the sealing soil.

To the hydrovibrator suspended to the crane arrows, two hoses supply: for water supply to the bottom and upper nozzle. The hydrocrator is removed from the soil with stops every 30 ... 40 cm with continuous supply of water into the upper nozzle. The depth of immersion of the hydrocrator is determined by the desired depth of the soil seal. The immersion rate depends on the pressure and the amount of water supplied,. Mass of the hydrocrator, density and granulometric composition of the soil and is taken on average 1 ... 2 m / min. When the water is sealing with moisturizing, the soil is settling, and around the hydrocrator in a radius of 0.4 ... 1 m is formed a funnel to be filled with sand.

In weak water saturated soils, in many cases, it is advisable to apply a prestive sealing of such soils by temporary load using vertical drain (sand, paper, etc.).

Moving the soil on Kosoyrats. Reference encyclopedia of the road construction (Volume i) Construction and reconstruction of roads. Ed. Vasilyeva A.P - file n1.doc. Sealing soils in bulk

Single-signed soil development

Development of soil by earthmoving machinery

Development of frozen soils

Scraper movement schemes

Innovate experience

Safety technique

Application of bulldozers

Safety technique

Sealing soils

Sealing soils in bulk

Last

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