IKEA history: how Ingvar Kamprad built one of the largest retail chains in the world. Brief history of the organization. To dot the "i" in this "Apple" prefix, I will say that Apple is even more than a manufacturer of i-gadgets

history of the companyApple (Apple) started in a garage, like many other American startups. Its founders are two friends: and Steve Wozniak.

Friends began collecting computers and selling them. After several dozen of them were sold, they formalized their business officially, creating a company Apple Computer, Inc... It is happened April 1, 1976.

Until 2007, the company bore its original name. Since 2007 "Computer "was removed, as the company began to work not only in the field of computers and softwarebut also household appliances.

"First personal"

The advantage of a computer from Apple was that he was actually the "first personal" for real. Older brother « Altair " only knew how to deal with the most simple functions... Jobs and Wozniak succeeded in creating a more advanced car.

Apple II

After the initial success, Apple quickly gained popularity. Released in 1977 AppleII became truly massive. At first it was released with an 8-bit operating system, and a little later with a 16-bit one.

Late 70s - early 80sXX century Apple II and their modifications were the most widespread personal computers (PCs) in the world. More than 5 million Apple II computers have been sold worldwide.

Listing on the NASDAQ stock exchange

In 1980, one of the largest in the history of the stock market (at that time) took place the company's initial IPO - Apple Computer Inc. started selling its shares. The company's shares are traded on one of the world's largest stock exchanges - NASDAQ.

Apple's hard stage

In the spring of 1981, Steve Wozniak got into a plane crash and was forced to retire for a while. In addition, there were problems with sales. Apple III. All this led to the fact that Jobs was simply forced to lay off about 40 Apple employees.

Journalists and all media have already sentenced businessApple "to death". The story of the company was about to end ...

New president of the company

In early 1983, Steve Jobs invited Apple to the presidency. John Scully, who at the time held a similar position in "PepsiCo"... Jobs found it difficult to manage the company's affairs on his own.

As a founder, Jobs deeply regretted the company's failure. He perceived them as his own, so misunderstandings and various frictions began to arise between him and Scully.

The first Macintosh

In 1984, Apple introduced a new 32-bit computer for the first time Macintosh... It was a real breakthrough in the history of the company's development. It was thanks to the Macintosh that the company mainly made a profit in the future.

For two decades, the company has been producing Macintosh computers based on Motoro processorslla, equipped with a proprietary operating system. This platform is marketed exclusively under the Apple brand without any third party licenses.

Crucial moment

In 1985 2 important events happened in the history of Apple's development:

1. US President Ronald Reagan presented the founders of the company with medals for a powerful technological breakthrough.
2. Steve Jobs, at odds with the company's board of directors, resigned.

Lingering fall

After the departure of the founder and spiritual leader the company continued its decline... Although various measures have been taken to release products other than PC, further development they didn't get it.

By 1997, Apple was on the verge of bankruptcy - her debts amounted to nearly $ 2 billion.

The return of Steve Jobs

Perhaps the history of Apple would have ended at the turn of the millennium, if not for the return to the post of the head of the founder of the company - Steve Jobs.

In 1997 he returned, and already at the end of 1998 the company began to show the first small profit, having removed the stigma of “bankruptcy”. It was real success Apple and Jobs.

Into the new millennium with new technologies

On the threshold of the third millennium, a revolution in the world of new technologies was in full swing. Steve Jobs "caught the wave" and began to bring Apple to new product markets:

• In 2001, the company introduced an audio player iPodwhich quickly gained popularity.
• In 2003 the company opened iTunes Store is a popular online supermarket for digital audio, video and game content.
• And in 2007 it entered the market mobile phones with touch iPhone smartphone.

New peaks

Having noticeably crowded out competitors and taking a solid place in the market, Apple continued and continues its development, which, however, declined in 2016.

In 2010, the market was launched iPad tablet.

The release and sale of products such as the iPod, iPhone and iPad, which were in high demand around the world, improved Apple's financial position, bringing in more profits for the company.

Important milestones in Apple's development history in recent years

• In August 2011, Apple first became the most expensive company by market capitalization, beating oil company ExxonMobil, until the end of the year they changed places more than once, but since January 2012 Apple has managed to gain a foothold in the first line for a long time.
• September 21, 2012 Apple shares during trading reached their maximum - $705,07 per share, capitalization amounted to $ 662.09 billion.
• In 2013, Apple Corporation was the first to start mass production of 64-bit ARM-architecture chips, releasing 64-bit 2-core Apple A7 microprocessor.
• In 2014, the corporation introduced its first personal, wearable device - Apple Watch... On November 13, 2014, Apple again broke its record in the stock market - its capitalization was $ 663.43 billion.

In 2016 at the annual conference WWDC-2016 Apple has announced that the brand's devices will operate on the principle of end-to-end encryption: information will be encoded on the device that transmits it and decoded by the receiving gadget.
It is planned to use this when making voice calls, as well as on the new messenger.

Introduction

market sale desktop notebook

Computers with the image of a seven-colored apple have long ceased to be a wonder. They can now be found almost everywhere - in publishing houses, advertising agencies, design studios. The high popularity of Apple computers among layout designers and designers can be explained by many reasons, but high quality, the user-friendly interface and the reliability of the equipment of this brand were noted by everyone. Apple has experienced ups and downs throughout its history. Technical developments IBM PowerPC-based computers have been replaced by Intel x86-based computers, and Apple is preparing to release even more powerful computers equipped with a reliable and convenient MacOS operating system. Distinctive features these computers - high computing power, ease of installation and configuration. However, in last years the company became better known not as one of the largest computer manufacturers, but as a manufacturer mobile devices and gadgets.

Short story Apple

Thirty years ago, on April 1, 1976, Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak founded small company for the production of computers. The third co-founder, Ronald Wayne, fearing the venture had no future, sold his 10 percent stake in the company for $ 800. The headquarters of a firm destined to become a global leader in the digital player and largest manufacturer computers, located in a small garage.

In the days when computers were expensive and were the prerogative of large scientific centers and scientists. Huge machines, sometimes occupying two rooms of free space, and consuming energy as a small factory could hardly claim to be widespread among people. But still, even then a young engineer Steve Wozniak, dreamed of having his own personal computer, conceived to make computer technology available to everyone. This principle became the main concept of Apple.

Influenced by his friend, Wozniak continued to create the first personal computer, which they assembled together in Jobs's father's garage. They managed to make their dream come true thanks to the fact that by this time the first inexpensive microprocessor appeared on sale, which became the basis of the new personal computer Apple I. The first batch of 50 computers was purchased by Paul Terrell, the owner of the computer store Byte Shop. The sale went surprisingly well, which allowed the friends to pay off their debts and put the young Apple on its feet.

In the subsequent time, several more modifications of the Apple computer were created, it was not easy to find money for their production and leave the garage. The financiers at the time did not want to invest in this venture. But one rich man was found and believed the guys. He gave them money and opened a line of credit at the bank. With this money, it was possible to expand the company, hire personnel and establish the production of computers.

Even then sales computer technology from Apple broke all records, not only in the United States, but abroad. The company quickly grew rich, the value of its shares grew steadily. But in 1981, after a terrible plane crash, Steve Wozniak left the company. Left alone, Steve Jobs decided to hire an experienced manager, John Scully. After that, Apple gained real fame with the first Macintosh computer equipped with a mouse and a graphical operating system with the usual icons on the desktop.

The Macintosh was then relatively cheaper than all its previous prototypes, so it quickly gained acceptance among people. Successful advertising and strong sales quickly made Sitwa Jobs famous, for many he became the embodiment of the American Dream.

A determining factor in the rapid spread of Macs among the population was the ability to develop software for it by third parties. The emergence of a large number of various programs contributed to the fact that the computer has become indispensable in solving many problems. Aldus, which was later renamed Adobe, then came up with the first page-layout program, Pagemaker, which revolutionized typography. All publishers began to buy computers for themselves, so since then it has been considered that the Macintosh is a computer for designers. In addition, computers have become integral part educational process, they were purchased in large quantities by institutes, universities and schools.

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak became the fathers of the idea of \u200b\u200ba personal computer in every home, which Bill Gates subsequently brilliantly brought to life. Since the beginning of its activity, Apple has adhered to a strict policy so that the operating system developed by it is installed only on computers of its production. In turn, they supplied computers only in finished form and carefully protected them from counterfeits and copies. This was the main reason that over time they ceased to occupy a leading position in the computer sales market, but at the same time they were able to maintain their individuality.

During Apple's heyday, there were many clones of existing Macs that could run their software. But the company's activities have always been aimed at protecting their rights and tried to make it not profitable to produce clones. They succeeded, but attempts to develop a computer somehow resembling the Macintosh continue now, although they are certainly very far from their quality.

The widespread availability of cheaper and more affordable computer equipment from other manufacturers and the dominance of the software market from Microsoft have made Macintosh computers not for everyone, but for the elite. But, one way or another, those who have become users of technology from Apple love their Macintosh computers and recommend them to their friends. The company's slogan that technology should be convenient first of all for people is respected to this day, and many of its ideas are taken as the basis for everything that is sold on the computer market today.

Some time after such a resounding success, Steve Jobs had a conflict with John Scully over the way of running the business. The dispute resolved in favor of Scully, who managed to get the majority of the votes in the city council and kick Jobs out of the company. This was a big blow for Steve. After leaving Apple, Steve Jobs organized new company NeXT, which was engaged in the creation of computers for the needs of scientists and educational institutions... He focused on developing a fundamentally new operating system.

At the same time, he bought an animation studio from Lucas, which later became Pixar and became the most successful animation studio in Hollywood. It was on it that the first full-length animated film in 3D computer format was created. Later it was bought by Walt Disney, and Steve Jobs himself became the owner of 7.4% of Disney shares.

At this time, IBM appeared on the computer technology market, which became the main competitor to Apple. Business at Apple did not matter, it was on the verge of bankruptcy, and the question of who would buy it first was already being decided. Then the board of directors decided to return to the company its founder, Steve Jobs, who agreed to re-head Apple and quickly put things in order. He significantly cut the lineup of Macintosh computers, cut staff and production, introduced the world to the Macintosh computer with a completely new tenth version of the Mac OS operating system, based on his own development of OpenStep.

Meanwhile, Apple has begun to gain momentum again, financial affairs have improved significantly, and its permanent leader Steve Jobs continues to delight its fans with technical innovations such as a super-thin laptop, iPod and iPhone. Apple conquers the market for selling music and video via the Internet.

More than 30 years after its founding (as of June 2010), the company was valued at about $ 65 billion (Financials).

LLC ProektStroy Group traces its history back to 1996, when on the basis of CJSC GazNIIproekt and LLC Samaratransgaz, a subdivision of LLC TransexGazproekt was created, specializing in exploration and design work on the design of gas facilities.

In 2000, it was decided to expand the scope of the enterprise in the field of design and move away from narrow specialization. LLC "TransexGazproekt" fully became the property of LLC "Samaratransgaz" and was organized by LLC "ProektStroy", which, along with projects of gas facilities, began to carry out projects of public, industrial, residential buildings, engineering networks. Its own material and technical base was formed, the latest survey equipment was purchased.

In 2003, the production capacity of one organization began to be insufficient for the volume of design work performed. For optimization purposes production process was organized by ProektStroy Group LLC as a leading organization, which was supposed to combine several developing commercial areas: research, design, engineering, commercial digital printing. The entire project process was reorganized, modern computer-aided design, planning and workflow tools were introduced, new engineering equipment was purchased.

Since 2003, the main areas of activity of the group of companies have been distributed as follows:

• LLC "ProektStroy" - engineering surveys.
• LLC "ProjectStroy Group" - design work, commercial digital printing, the formation of a new direction: customer-developer, engineering services.

In 2005, a new direction was allocated to separate structure - LLC "StroyEngineering", which performed the functions of the customer-developer. A number of projects on economic calculations, justification of investments were implemented, which in turn in 2008 were to be embodied in the construction of 4 car dealerships and a large exhibition business center in the village of Krasny Pakhar, Samara. However, the global financial crisis interfered with the implementation of the plans, investors sold their assets, construction was frozen. At the end of 2010, due to the introduction of regulatory mechanisms for the construction industry based on self-regulating organizations and a low demand for the services of the customer-developer, it was decided to liquidate StroyEngineering LLC as an independent structure. Since 2010, engineering services have been performed by ProektStroy Group LLC.

At present, ProektStroy Group LLC has managed to overcome the consequences of the crisis, has preserved the material and technical base, the backbone of the creative team. And despite the reduced volume of work and the difficulties associated with the transition period to restore the country's economy, he looks to the future with optimism and is not going to stop there. The organization plans to further modernize the design production based on modern means automation, production optimization, reduction of production costs and transition to a new quality level of design.

The site reviewer examined the history of the Swedish company, which made furniture available to the widest sections of the population.

Furniture is an important part of creating home comfort, and it may seem strange that at the beginning of the 20th century, even in developed countries many could not afford to buy it. Good furniture was quite expensive, and it could be bought mainly by wealthy people, while the rest were content with what they had, or made it with their own hands.

A young Swedish entrepreneur Ingvar Kamprad faced such circumstances, who became interested in furniture business back in 1948. Most likely, he could not even imagine that this idea would allow him to eventually create a world famous brand with a turnover of more than $ 30 billion.

Ingvar Kamprad was born in 1926 and spent his childhood on his parents' farm. Already in early childhood, the boy was famous for his entrepreneurial skills. At the age of five, Ingvar began selling matches to neighbors, having learned that in Stockholm they could be purchased much cheaper. Aunt helped the boy buy the first batch of goods. Later, Ingvar will say that the moment when he sold his first batch of matches was the best childhood memory.

It will soon become clear that this was only a small warm-up before his further endeavors. Kamprad's biographers say that the ability to trade was passed on to him from his father's relatives. Ingvar's grandfather had his small business - however, in the end he almost burned out and committed suicide. The family business had to be restored by my grandmother, who significantly influenced the formation of Ingvar and even taught him several business lessons.

An unusually entrepreneurial boy grew up, and his goals were increasingly different from those of his peers. IN school years Kamprad spent most of his time looking for new ways to make money and did not spend the money he received on toys and sweets - instead, he saved them. When relatives asked the boy why he needed so much money, he answered: "To expand the business." As a child, Ingvar tried himself in various fields, starting with the sale of matches and ending with fishing.

By the age of 17, Kamprad had accumulated a good amount, after which he borrowed money from his father and opened his own company. IKEA is an acronym made up of the first letters of the entrepreneur's first and last name and the names of the farm and village where he grew up. The year was 1943, war was rumbled all over the world, which, fortunately, hardly touched Sweden. At first, Ingvar set up a trade in basic necessities. The first model of work was the mailing of goods. The young entrepreneur was forced to combine work and study at the Getterberg Commercial School, where, as he himself says, he learned a lot.

Writing instruments were in great demand at that time. To increase profits, the young man takes a risky step: he takes out 500 kroons on credit and orders ballpoint pens from France with them.

When the product finally arrived, the entrepreneur realized that it needed to be sold as soon as possible in order to pay off the debt. The task was not easy, but Kamprad still found a way to lure buyers into his presentation. He gave a note to the newspaper in which he promised to treat each visitor with a cup of coffee and a roll. Inspired by the proposal, people literally burst into his presentation. More than a thousand guests gathered, and it was a disaster. The young businessman understood that he definitely needed to treat everyone, otherwise his name would suffer. With great difficulty, having spent a lot, he still managed to do it.

The presentation of the pens went off with a bang, and the product was sold out very quickly. Ingvar first of all gave a loan and never took it again. He began to reflect on the importance of advertising in attracting customers - in the future, it will become one of the main factors in the transformation of his company into an empire. Another consequence of this promotions it has become a mandatory presence of a restaurant in every IKEA brand store.

In 1945, after graduating from a commercial school, the young entrepreneur was sent to work as a clerk in the Forest Owners Association. Ingvar did not waste time here either: he obtained from one of the leaders the right to sell saws. The business model has not changed, the young man was forced to deliver goods for sale on his own. Invaluable help was provided by his relatives, who supported all of Ingvar's undertakings.

A year later, Kamprad was drafted into the army. An active and very executive young man quickly gained the confidence of the unit commander and received permission to take more nightly leave. This allowed him to rent a small office and continue to do his own business.

In 1948, Kamprad thought about expanding his business. It dawned on him: furniture is what everyone uses in one way or another. The problem is that it was then quite expensive, and in order to make money, it was necessary to make this product publicly available. According to Ingvar himself, the last argument in favor of working in this direction was that his competitors also tried to do it. In the same year, IKEA expanded: the head of the company, who is also the only employee, desperate to work in so many areas on his own, finally hired the first employee. By 1950, the company already employed four people.

Kamprad spent all his time trying to find cheap furniture - in the beginning it was a variety of small industries that could not break the high price. Its competitors also tried to reduce the cost, but could not offer the same prices as IKEA. Over time, Ingvar's approach changed, and instead of reselling furniture, he began to buy individual parts and assemble them in his own small factory, which further reduced prices. Then the famous Kamprad formula appeared - it is better to sell 600 chairs inexpensively than 60 for a lot of money.

A wave of discontent soon arose, which meant the beginning of serious competition. At first, the company's products were no longer admitted to furniture fairs, where all new items were usually presented. Kamprad had to sneak into these events by cunning, hiding in the back seat of a car. The fight against IKEA reached the point of absurdity: once Ingvar was fined for selling products at an exhibition that took place in his own building.

Kamprad was not going to give up, and his competitors realized that such methods could not stop him. They took the last possible step, threatening to force the suppliers to boycott the young entrepreneur. But that didn't help either. This was due to Kamprad's original entrepreneurial approach, as well as the unusual popularity of the company's products in Sweden.

Such fame became possible thanks to the innovations that Ingvar introduced into the business. The first was the “News from IKEA” advertising brochure aimed at low-income people - a prototype of modern catalogs that was supposed to attract customers. For the first few years, the brochure did not advertise furniture at all, but familiar pens for writing.

In addition, the cheapness of the products sold and Ingvar's ability to negotiate with suppliers helped out - some of them collaborated with the young entrepreneur, despite all the prohibitions.

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