Presentation on the topic "tolkien, john ronald ruel". Presentation for the lesson of literary reading The Lord of the Rings presentation about the work in English
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John R. R. Tolkien "The Hobbit, or There and Back Again"
John Ronald Ruel Tolkien (1892-1973) English writer, linguist, poet, philologist, professor at Oxford University. He is best known as the author of the classic works of "high fantasy": "The Hobbit, or There and Back", "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Silmarillion". Tolkien served as Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Pembroke College. University of Oxford (1925-1945), Merton's English and Literature at Merton College (English) Russian. Oxford University (1945-1959). Together with his close friend C.S. Lewis, he was a member of the informal literary society "Inklings".
Literary Theory Fantasy is a type of fiction literature based on the use of mythological elements (gods, demons, wizards, mythological creatures). Science fiction is a world of bizarre images born of the imagination based on real life facts.
Fantasy Science Fiction Based on the use of mythological elements (wizards, sorcerers, gnomes, elves, goblins, etc.) Based on the facts of reality (aliens, spirits, ghosts, etc.)
The Hobbits The Hobbits are a short people, half a man's height. No beard. Hobbits are renowned for their ability to instantly disappear and move silently. Hobbits generally tend to be overweight; they dress in bright, (mostly green and yellow), do not wear shoes, because they have naturally thick, hard skin and thick brown fur on their feet. There are many hairs on the head, and they curl. The faces are very cheerful, and they laugh very naturally (especially after lunch, which they usually have twice a day, when they can afford it).
He lived in a large and rich hole with round windows. The door to Bilbo's hole was unusually round, like a manhole cover, and it was painted bright green, with a shiny copper handle right in the middle.
The door opened into a tunnel-like hallway: a very cozy, smoke-free tunnel with wall cladding, carpets on the tiled floor, polished chairs, and lots of pegs for cloaks and hats, as he often received guests.
Wizard Ganfald is a wise wizard. Leader of a squad of gnomes. Old man with a long white beard
Dwarves: Dori, Keely, Thorin, Nori, Ori, Oin, Gloin, Fili, Bombur, Bifur, Dwalin, Balin, Oakenshild One of the Free Peoples. Born miners. Very hardworking. They live in the bowels of the earth and mountains, guard underground treasures
Wood elves are magical beautiful, light creatures, spirits of the forest, friendly to humans.
Eagles are large and noble birds. Help gnomes, elves and humans.
Goblins are supernatural human-like creatures who, according to myths, live in underground caves and cannot stand sunlight. Trolls are a supernatural creature from myths - a dwarf, a giant, a witch.
Gollum (My Precious) is a small creature, extremely skinny and with large glowing eyes, looking like a spider and a hungry frog at the same time.
Known for destroying the city of Dale and taking possession of the treasures of the Dwarfs of the Lonely Mountain. The dragon, enraged by the appearance in his domain of the dwarfs under the leadership of the hobbit Bilbo Baggins, Smaug decided to destroy - the city of people. Dragon Smaug Golden (Smog) is a fire-breathing winged dragon. Was bred, along with other dragons, to intimidate the population and prepare for war.
Practical task - work in groups Illustration "Heroes of Tolkien" / "Fantastic creature" Poem / story based on the "Hobbit"
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John Ronald Ruel Tolkien (January 3, 1892 - September 2, 1973) - English writer, linguist, philologist, best known as the author of the novel "The Hobbit, or There and Back", the trilogy "The Lord of the Rings" and their background - the novel "The Silmarillion" ... Tolkien was an Oxford professor of Anglo-Saxon Language (1925-1945), English Language and Literature (1945-1959). A Catholic by faith, he was a member of the Inklings literary society with his close friend C.S. Lewis. On March 28, 1972, Tolkien was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire from Queen Elizabeth II. About the author…
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"The Lord of the Rings" is a novel by the English writer JRR Tolkien, the most famous work of the fantasy genre, a sequel to the book "The Hobbit". The Lord of the Rings was written as a single book, but due to its volume, when first printed, it was divided into three parts: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King. In the form of a trilogy, it is published to this day, although often in a single paper book.
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Book covers: The Lord of the Rings (European version), The Silmarillion, The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings (Russian version).
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History of creation Initially, Tolkien did not intend to write a sequel to "The Hobbit" (the novel "The Lord of the Rings" is actually such a sequel). However, on November 15, 1937, during lunch with Stanley Unwin, the owner of the publishing house that published The Hobbit, Tolkien received an invitation to submit other works for review. The publisher's reviewer rejected the submitted "Silmarillion", although he spoke positively about it. Encouraged by this, Tolkien began to write a sequel to The Hobbit, and on December 16, 1937, in a letter to the publisher, he announced the first chapter of the new book. Tolkien's goal was to create an English epic. Tolkien was an Oxford philologist who was well acquainted with medieval myths of Northern Europe, such as the Völsunga Saga, Beowulf, and other Old Norse, Old English, and medieval English texts. "The Lord of the Rings" was also inspired by other literary sources, for example, the legends of the Artur cycle and the Karelian-Finnish epic "Kalevala".
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The creation of the English epic was often discussed at Tolkien's meetings with the Inklings (a literary discussion group at Oxford University, at weekly meetings of this group Icelandic myths and their own unpublished writings were discussed). Tolkien agreed with one of the members of this group, Clive Lewis, that in the absence of an English epic, it was necessary to create it ourselves. In parallel with these discussions, in December 1937, Tolkien launched the "New Hobbit." After several unsuccessful attempts, the story began to gain momentum, from a simple sequel to The Hobbit, but rather a sequel to the unpublished Silmarillion. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe first chapter appeared immediately in finished form, although the reasons for Bilbo's disappearance, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe importance of the Ring of Power and the title of the novel became clear only by the spring of 1938. At first, Tolkien wanted to write another story in which Bilbo, having spent all his treasures, embarked on new adventures, but, remembering the ring and its power, decided instead to write about it. In the beginning, the main character was Bilbo, but then the author decided that the story was too serious for such a comical and funny character. Tolkien considered the possibility of sending his son Bilbo on the journey, but questions arose: where was his wife? How did Bilbo let his son go on such a dangerous journey? As a result, Tolkien decided to continue the tradition of ancient Greek legends, in which an artifact with magical power is received by the protagonist's nephew. So the hobbit Frodo Baggins was born.
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As a perfectionist, Tolkien wrote slowly. His literary work was often interrupted by academic duties, in particular, Tolkien had to examine students (even the first phrase of "The Hobbit" - English. "In a hole in the ground there lived a Hobbit" - was written on a blank page of the examination paper of one of the students) ... For most of 1943, Tolkien did not work on the text, but continued work in April 1944. Tolkien sent chapters from the novel to his son Christopher, who served in the British Air Force in Africa, and to Clive Lewis. The story was completed in 1948, but editing of the early parts of The Lord of the Rings continued until 1949.
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The Fellowship of the Ring The Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, the protagonist of The Hobbit, retires and leaves his nephew Frodo a magic ring that makes every bearer invisible. From the magician Gandalf, Frodo learns that he got not a simple ring, but the Ring of Omnipotence itself, the creation of the dark lord Sauron from the country of Mordor, created to subjugate all other magic rings. The Ring has a will of its own and is capable of prolonging the life of the owner, simultaneously enslaving him, distorting his thoughts and making him want to possess the Ring. With the help of the Ring, Sauron, defeated many years ago, can be reborn and begin to threaten the peaceful peoples of Middle-earth again. With his hobbit friends Sam, Merry and Pippin, Frodo goes to the elves' abode - Rivendell to get rid of a dangerous gift. Thanks to the help of the forest wizard Tom Bombadil, the heroes get to the Highlands, where their guide is waiting for them - the pathfinder Aragorn, better known by the nickname the Wanderer. The hobbits are pursued by black Nazgul horsemen, Sauron's ghostly servants who sense the Ring in the distance, and Frodo is severely wounded by their leader. With great difficulty and with the help of the elf Glorfindel, whom they met on the way, the heroes manage to reach Rivendell, where the elf lord Elrond heals the hobbit
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Representatives of different nations and kingdoms come to Rivendell to discuss what to do with the Ring. Gandalf tells about the betrayal of his brother in the Istari Order, the white magician Saruman, who desired the Ring for himself and entered into a secret alliance with Mordor. Aragorn turns out to be a descendant of the kings of Arnor and Gondor, whose dynasty, according to the prophecy, should return to the throne. Boromir, son of the current ruler of Gondor, Denethor, proposes to use the power of the Ring against the enemy. Gandalf convinces him that the Ring can only do evil and enslave the mind of the wearer. The Council decides to destroy the Ring by dropping it into the mouth of the Fire Mountain Orodruin in Mordor, where it was forged. Frodo volunteers to carry out this mission. Gandalf, Aragorn, Boromir, the dwarf Gimli and the elf Legolas, as well as the three other hobbits, are taken to accompany Frodo. This is how the Fellowship of the Ring is formed. After an unsuccessful attempt to cross the pass through the Misty Mountains, the heroes decide to go through the dungeons of Moria, the ancient kingdom of the dwarves. The dungeons have been invaded by the evil orcs, as well as by the ancient demon Morgoth, awakened centuries ago by the dwarves, the Balrog. Having entered into battle with the Balrog on the bridge, Gandalf, along with the enemy, falls into the abyss, leaving the squad without a leader. The brotherhood finds refuge in Lothlorien, the forest kingdom of the elves. Frodo offers the Ring to the Elven Queen Galadriel, but she manages to overcome the temptation of the Ring's spell. The squad heads down the Anduin River. Boromir tries to convince Frodo and his companions to go to Gondor and try to use the Ring against the Enemy. The ring drives him insane for a moment and he attacks Frodo. At this moment, they are attacked by the orcs of Isengard, in the struggle with which Boromir dies. The Orcs take Merry and Pippin prisoner. Meanwhile, Frodo decides to continue on the path alone so as not to endanger his friends anymore, but Sam manages to follow him. The brotherhood is disintegrating, but their goal remains.
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Two Fortresses The remaining members of the Brotherhood are attacked by orcs, Boromir heroically dies in battle, and Merry and Pippin are captured by the enemies. The detachment of orcs who kidnapped the hobbits is mixed - some of the orcs came from the north (apparently from Moria) in order to take revenge on the Brotherhood, some serve Sauron, and some serve Saruman. They quarrel, deciding which of the overlords to carry the captives to. In a skirmish with the Riders of Rohan, the orc squad is exterminated, and Merry and Pippin manage to escape. In the forest, they meet Treant Treebeard, guardian of the Fangorn Forest. The hobbits manage to persuade him and other Ents to oppose Saruman, who destroys the forest around his Isengard fortress and prepares an attack on Rohan. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas follow in the footsteps of the orcs. Having received unexpected help from Marshal Marka Eomer, they reach the edge of Fangorn and there they unexpectedly meet Gandalf. He says that he defeated the Balrog and, on the verge of death, received new powers and a mission from above - to replace Saruman in the salvation of Middle-earth. Now his name is Gandalf the White. The heroes go to the King of Rohan Theoden. The king fell into apathy under the influence of Grima's advisor, Saruman's spy. Gandalf manages to convince Theoden to expel the traitor, gather troops and give Saruman a battle. The armies of Rohan and Isengard converge in the great battle of Helm's Deep, where Saruman's supporters are at first close to victory, but the reinforcements brought in by Gandalf decide the battle in favor of the Rohirrim. Meanwhile, the Ents, directed by Merry and Pippin, flood Isengard, destroying its entire garrison. Gandalf deprives the defeated Saruman of his sorcerous powers.
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Meanwhile, Frodo and Sam advance to Mordor. Their unwitting guide is Gollum, a slippery creature who was the former owner of the Ring and went insane under its influence. He calls the Ring "my darling" and dreams of owning it again. Frodo, who felt the evil power of the Ring, pity Gollum and defends him from Sam's attacks. Gollum begins to suffer from a split personality: one part of him believes in good Frodo, the other wants to kill the hobbits and take possession of the Ring. After Frodo unwittingly betrayed Gollum to a detachment of Gondorian trackers, the second wins: the guide leads the hobbits into a trap - the cave of the giant spider Shelob, the last brainchild of Ungoliant. Frodo falls victim to Shelob's poison, but Sam manages to defeat the creature. Deciding that his friend is dead, Sam continues his journey with the Ring alone, but suddenly the orcs from the guard of Mordor appear to the place of the battle with Shelob and take possession of Frodo's body. From the overheard conversation of the orcs, Sam learns that Frodo is actually alive.
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Return of the King Main article: Return of the King Gandalf gallops to Gondor to warn the inhabitants of Minas Tirith of the impending advance of Mordor's forces. He finds the weak-willed Denethor, governor of Gondor, in mourning for Boromir. After his youngest son, Faramir, was seriously wounded, Denethor, in a frenzy, decided to commit self-immolation with his son's body. Gandalf, whom Pippin barely had time to warn, managed to pull only Faramir out of the fire. Gandalf takes over the city's defense; at the same time, the long-awaited Rohan reinforcements are approaching the walls of Minas Tirith. Theoden's troops come to the rescue, the king himself dies in battle, but his niece Eowyn, together with Merry, kill the leader of the Nazguls. Aragorn, lifting the pirate blockade of southern Gondor and leading his militia on captured pirate ships, completes the defeat of the orcs. Sam frees Frodo, taking advantage of yet another Orc feud. With their last strength, the hobbits reach the volcano Orodruin. The exhausted Frodo finally falls under the rule of the Ring and declares that he will not destroy it, but wants to be its Lord himself. Sam is powerless to interfere with his friend. Gollum attacks Frodo, bites off his finger and takes possession of the Ring, but inadvertently falls into the mouth of the volcano along with the "charm", thereby unwittingly destroying it. Sauron, who ruled the orcs and Mordor, is this time forever disembodied, his strongholds are destroyed, the troops flee in fear. Giant eagles rescue Frodo and Sam from the slopes of the erupting Orodruin.
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Aragorn is proclaimed the king of Gondor, Faramir healed by him transfers power to him and marries Eowyn. The four hobbits are celebrated as heroes. Upon returning home, they discover that their country has been captured by robbers led by Saruman. The heroes raise the people of hobbits to revolt and drive out the invaders, Saruman is killed by his own henchman Grima. Frodo returns to a peaceful life and describes his adventures in the Scarlet Book. Over the years, old wounds and longing take possession of him more and more. Gandalf decides to take Frodo and Bilbo, the Ringbearers, to Valinor, the overseas land of the elves. Elves leave Middle-earth, miracles and magic go with them. The era of mortal people begins.
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Sources of Inspiration The Author's Views In The Lord of the Rings, John Tolkien embodied his views on literature, expressed in his essay, On Fairy Tales. So, in his essay, Tolkien defends the need for unexpected happy endings in fairy tales and fantasy, he considers them part of the "Escape" that this literature gives. Tolkien deliberately resorts to deus ex machina (intervention from above, which saves the heroes from death) when the eagles save Frodo and Sam, and when Gandalf is miraculously resurrected. (He compared such miracles in fairy tales with miracles of the Gospel that cannot be explained.) Tolkien gives the reader feelings of "consolation", "escape" and light sadness, which he considers to be the key elements of the "fairy tale." Tolkien was deeply impressed by the First World War, as well as the industrialization of England, in his opinion, which destroyed the England he knew and loved. Therefore, “The Lord of the Rings” is characterized by passéism (longing for the past).
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The ancient British Arthurian epic had a significant influence on "The Lord of the Rings". Gandalf's image as a wise wizard and mentor almost exactly matches the role of Merlin in the epics of Geoffroy of Monmouth and Thomas Malory. Aragorn - the heir to the royal throne, confirming his right with a magic sword received from the elves, healing with the laying on of hands - is very close to King Arthur. Some also see in him the image of Jesus Christ as the heir to a dried-up dynasty, whose place is taken by temporary workers and whose appearance is predicted in prophecy. Among other parallels, Galadriel is noted - a reference to the Lady of the Lake, and the ending with the departure of the protagonist to Valinor - an analogue of Avalon. Tolkien himself, when compared to Sir Thomas Malory, replied, "Too much honor for me." The novel also has a number of parallels with Germanic-Scandinavian mythology. In particular, the appearance of the good magician Gandalf (gray beard, wide-brimmed hat and cloak) is similar to the appearance of the Scandinavian god Odin in his hypostasis of a cultural hero and god-giver. The negative hypostasis of Odin - "sower of strife" - is represented in the novel by the image of the evil magician Saruman. And one of Odin's nicknames in his negative incarnation - Grima ("Hidden") - is worn by Saruman's secret servant.
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John Ronald Ruel Tolkien 1892-1972
- The author of "The Lord of the Rings" John Tolkien is a talented writer who became the progenitor of a new genre in the world of literature and influenced the writers of the following years. It's no wonder that modern fantasy is based on archetypes invented by John. The master of the pen was imitated Ursula Le Guin, Joanne Rowling, Christopher Paolini, Terry Brooks and other authors of works.
- Few people know that in fact John Ronald Ruel Tolkien was born on January 3, 1892, in the African town of Bloemfontein, which until 1902 was the capital of the Orange Republic. His father Arthur Tolkien, the bank manager, together with his pregnant wife Mabel Suffield moved to this sunny place due to a promotion, and on February 17, 1894, the lovers had a second son, Hilary.
- When John was 4 years old, he went with Mabel and his younger brother to visit relatives in England. But while the mother and sons were admiring the British landscapes, a misfortune happened in Bloemfontein: the main breadwinner in the family died of rheumatic fever, leaving his wife and children without a livelihood.
- It so happened that after graduating from university, John went to serve in the army: in 1914, the guy expressed a desire to become a participant in the First World War. The young man participated in bloody battles and even survived the Battle of the Somme, in which he lost two comrades, because of which hatred of military actions pursued Tolkien for the rest of his life.
- From the front, John returned disabled and began to earn money as a teaching activity, then climbed the career ladder, and at the age of 30 received the position of professor of Anglo-Saxon language and literature. Of course, John Tolkien was a talented philologist. Later, he said that he invented fairy-tale worlds only so that the invented language, corresponding to his personal aesthetics, seemed natural.
- At the same time, a man who was reputed to be the best linguist at Oxford University took up an inkwell and a quill and invented his own world, which began at school. Thus, the writer created a collection of myths and legends called "Middle-earth", but later became "The Silmarillion" (the cycle was published by the writer's son in 1977).
- Further, on September 21, 1937, Tolkien delighted fans of fantasy with the book The Hobbit, or There and Back Again. It is noteworthy that John came up with this work for his young children, in order to tell the offspring in the family circle about the brave adventures of Bilbo Baggins and the wise wizard Gandalf, the owner of one of the rings of power. But this fairy tale accidentally got into print and won wildly popularity among readers of all ages.
- In 1945, Tolkien presented to the public the story "Niggle's Leaf", saturated with religious allegories, and in 1949 the humorous tale "Farmer Giles of Ham" was published. Six years later, Tolkien begins to work on the epic novel "The Lord of the Rings", which is a continuation of the tales of the adventures of a brave hobbit and a powerful wizard in the wonderful world of Middle-earth.
- It is known from John's biography that he was an exemplary family man. In 1908, the fantasy author met Edith Brett, who became his wife.
- Thus, on March 22, 1916, the young people had a wedding in Warwick. In a happy marriage that lasted 56 years, four children were born: John, Michael, Christopher and daughter Priscill.
- Edith Tolkien died at the age of 82, and John survived his wife for a year and eight months. The great writer died on September 2, 1973 from a bleeding ulcer. The writer was buried in the same grave with Edith at Wolvercote Cemetery.
History of the creation of the novel Tolkien's goal was to create an English epic. The writer was deeply impressed by the First World War, as well as the industrialization of England, which, in his opinion, destroyed the England that he knew and loved. Therefore, "The Lord of the Rings" is characterized by passism (longing for the past). The novel was started in 1937. Printed in years only. The Lord of the Rings was first translated into Russian in 1976. There are about 7 different translations of the book. The most famous is the translation by V.S. Muravyov and A.A. Kistyakovsky. The book became widely known in our country in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Three parts of the novel "Keepers" ("The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Fellowship of the Ring") "The Keepers" ("The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Fellowship of the Ring") "Two Strongholds" ("Two Fortresses", "Two Towers") "Two Strongholds" ("Two Fortresses", "Two Towers") "The Return of the Sovereign" ("The Return of the King") "The Return of the Sovereign" ("The Return of the King")
The image of the Ring The RING is one of the universal images in Tolkien's poetics, carrying a huge semantic load. A RING is a traditional magical object that endows the wearer with magical abilities: 1. makes the wearer invisible, 2. preserves youth, 3. gives healing, 4. becomes a guide to the fairy world.
Rings Three rings - for the royal elves in heavenly tents, Seven - for the rulers of the gnomes, cutters in the stone bosom, Nine - for the nine, clothed in grave ashes, One will be worn by the lord on a black throne, In a country called Mordor, where darkness is spread, One the ring will conquer them, one will gather them, One will pull them in and bind them in a black chain, In a country called Mordor, where darkness is spread. Tolkien has 20 rings.
Ring of Omnipotence The RING of Omnipotence is the most mysterious and universal, uniting all other rings. It is a symbol of EVIL and at the same time the real embodiment of POWER. Tolkien's concepts of POWER and EVIL are inseparable. It is with the help of this fabulous and mythological image that Tolkien embodies the idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel.
The image of the Nazguls Nazgul is a symbol of the thirst for power, darkness, ambition. Kings and generals most often become slaves to the ring. After receiving the ring, their souls turn black. They become servants of Sauron, thereby thinking that some kind of power will fall to them. Tolkien gives the Nazgul numerous names and titles: black horsemen, winged messengers, spearmen, ulayrs (from elf - "non-light, darkness").
The Hobbits Gianni Rodari has the term "Fantasy Bean", which reveals the essence of the process of creating a fabulous image: REAL + REAL \u003d WONDERFUL Tolkien has many such images, one of them is a hobbit (from homo - a man, lat. And rabbit - a rabbit, English) ... By colliding these two concepts, Tolkien achieves a "miraculous" effect.
The problem of the novel The problem of the novel is the opposition of good and evil. Evil is embodied in the ring, which gives power over the world and thereby makes one give up love. It is no coincidence that the ring is destroyed not by a giant hero, but by a small hobbit - a fabulous version of the image of a little man, widespread in realistic literature of the 19th-20th centuries.
Childhood Born on January 3, 1892. in the Orange Free State (now South Africa) in the family of an English bank manager At the age of 4 he lost his father, and at the age of 14 his mother, he and his brother were raised by a priest In 1900, Tolkien entered the English school of King Edward, where he learned Old English and began learn others - Welsh, Old Norse. He showed early linguistic talent. After studying Finnish and Gothic, he began to develop "Elvish" languages. Subsequently, he attended St. Philip's School and Exeter College, Oxford.
Youth In 1911. begins his studies at Oxford University, which he graduates with honors. In 1908 he meets his future wife, Edith Mary Brett. Father Francis took his word of honor from John that he would not date Edith until he was 21 years of age. Tolkien fulfilled his promise by not writing a single line to Mary Edith until that age. On the same day, when Tolkien turned 21, he wrote a letter to Edith declaring his love and offering his hand and heart. Edith replied that she had already agreed to marry another person. In the end, she returned the wedding ring to the groom.
Family Tolkien and Edith Brett got engaged in Birmingham in 1913, and the wedding took place on March 22, 1916. Their union was long and happy. The couple lived together for 56 years and raised 3 sons: John Francis Ruel, Michael Hilary Ruel, Christopher Ruel, and daughter Priscilla Mary Ruel.
Participation in World War I Served as a lieutenant in the Lancashire Rifle Regiment. Participated in the Battle of the Somme, where two of his school friends were killed. At the end of 1916. contracted typhus and was sent to England. Served in military rear camps
Career After the war, teaching at the University of Leeds In 1922, he was promoted to professor of Anglo-Saxon language and literature at Oxford University, where he became one of the youngest professors (at age 30) and soon earned a reputation as one of the best philologists in the world.In 1945, Tolkien became Professor of English Language and Literature at Merton College, Oxford, and remained in this position until his retirement in 1959. In 1954, Tolkien received an honorary degree from the National University of Ireland
Creativity From childhood, Tolkien had a passion for learning existing languages \u200b\u200band constructing new ones. He is the creator of several artificial languages: Quenya, or the language of the High Elves; Sindarin is the language of the gray elves. Tolkien knew several dozen languages, he composed new languages, largely guided by the beauty of the sound of "The Hobbit, or There and Back" (1937) - the book with which the writer entered literature. The work for the family circle unexpectedly gained wide popularity "The Lord of the Rings" (), a trilogy ("The Fellowship of the Ring", "Two Towers," The Return of the King), which by the 1970s became one of the most read books in the world After death (1972) under the editorship of the son of Christopher Tolkien, "The Silmarillion", "The History of Middle-earth", "Tales of the Magic Land" and others were published.
Numerous film adaptations Ralph Bakshi - the creator of the cartoon "The Lord of the Rings" (1978) Peter Jackson - the director of the blockbuster "The Lord of the Rings" ()
Huge influence on world culture of the 20th century. Tolkien's works have been repeatedly adapted for cinema, animation, audio plays, theatrical stage, computer games. A large number of imitations of Tolkien's books, their sequels or antitheses have been created in literature.
Objects in honor of Tolkien and the world he created Asteroid (2675) Tolkien Mordor Pound Valley and the adjoining system of intrusive rocky ridges Mordor Igneous Complex in Australia Group of seamounts in the North Atlantic (Rohan Mountains, Gondor, Eriador, etc.) the adjacent Gollum Canyon at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico; Lake Gollum in Canada Fossil bivalve mollusc Martesia (Paramartesia) tolkieni Kennedy Genus of fossil trilobites Tolkienia Lieberman et Kloc Crustacean Leucothoe tolkien et al. (more than 150 names in various fields of science)
The grave of the writer Tolkien and his wife Edith are buried together in a suburb of Oxford. The inscription on the stone, according to Tolkien's will, reads: Edith Mary Tolkien, Lúthien, John Rayel Ronald Tolkien, Beren, year.
Sources of information and images Wikipedia sts / / _tolkien.jpg sts / / _tolkien.jpg jackson.html jackson.html
