Physics presentation on nuclear power. Presentation - nuclear energy. Geography of the planned location of pates in Russia
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People have long thought about how to make rivers work. Already in ancient times - in Egypt, China, India - water mills for grinding grain appeared long before windmills - in the state of Urartu (on the territory of present-day Armenia), but were known back in the XIII century. BC One of the first power plants was “Hydroelectric Power Plants”. These power plants were built on mountain rivers where the current is quite strong. The construction of the hydroelectric power station made it possible to make many rivers navigable, since the structure of the dams raised the water level and flooded river rapids, which impeded the free passage of river vessels.
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Conclusions: A dam is needed to create a water pressure. However, hydroelectric dams worsen the habitat of aquatic fauna. The blocked rivers, slowing down the flow, bloom, and vast tracts of arable land go under the water. The settlements (in the case of the construction of the dam) will be flooded, the damage that will be caused is incomparable with the benefits of building a hydroelectric power station. In addition, a system of locks for the passage of ships and fish passages or water intake structures for irrigation of fields and water supply are needed. And although hydroelectric power plants have considerable advantages over thermal and nuclear power plants, since they do not need fuel and therefore generate cheaper electricity
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Thermal power plants Thermal power plants use fuel as a source of energy: coal, gas, oil, fuel oil, oil shale. The efficiency of the TPP reaches 40%. Most of the energy is lost with the release of hot steam. From an environmental point of view, the TPP is the most polluting. The activity of thermal power plants is inherently associated with the combustion of huge amounts of oxygen and the formation of carbon dioxide and oxides of other chemical elements. In combination with water molecules, they form acids, which fall on our heads in the form of acid rain. Let's not forget about the "greenhouse effect" - its impact on climate change is already being observed!
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Nuclear power plant Energy sources are limited. According to various estimates, coal deposits in Russia at the current level of production remain for 400-500 years, and even less gas - for 30-60 years. And here nuclear power comes out on top. Nuclear power plants are beginning to play an increasing role in the energy sector. At present, nuclear power plants in our country provide about 15.7% of electricity. Nuclear power plant - the basis of energy using nuclear energy for the purposes of electrification and heating.
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Conclusions: Nuclear energy is based on the fission of heavy nuclei by neutrons with the formation of two nuclei from each - fragments and several neutrons. In this case, colossal energy is released, which is subsequently spent on heating the steam. The work of any plant or machine, in general, any human activity is associated with the possibility of a risk to human health and the environment. As a rule, people are more wary of new technologies, especially if they have heard about possible accidents. And nuclear power plants are no exception.
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Wind power plants For a very long time, seeing what kind of destruction storms and hurricanes can bring, a person wondered if it was possible to use wind energy. The wind energy is very high. This energy can be obtained without polluting the environment. But the wind has two significant drawbacks: the energy is highly dispersed in space and the wind is not predictable - it often changes direction, suddenly dies down even in the windiest regions of the globe, and sometimes reaches such a force that it breaks wind turbines. To obtain wind energy, a variety of designs are used: from multi-blade "chamomile" and propellers like aircraft propellers with three, two, and even one blade to vertical rotors. Vertical structures are good because they catch the wind from any direction; the rest have to turn in the wind.
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Conclusions: Construction, maintenance and repair of wind turbines operating around the clock in the open air in any weather are not cheap. Wind power plants of the same capacity as hydroelectric power plants, thermal power plants or nuclear power plants, in comparison with them, must occupy a very large area in order to somehow compensate for the variability of the wind. Windmills are placed so that they do not block each other. Therefore, they build huge "wind farms" in which wind turbines stand in rows over a vast area and work on a single network. In calm weather, such a power plant can use water collected at night. The placement of wind turbines and reservoirs requires large areas that are used for plowing. In addition, wind farms are not harmless: they interfere with the flights of birds and insects, make noise, reflect radio waves, rotating blades, interfering with the reception of television broadcasts in nearby settlements.
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Solar power plants Solar radiation plays a decisive role in the thermal balance of the Earth. The power of the radiation falling on the Earth determines the maximum power that can be generated on the Earth without significantly disturbing the thermal balance. The intensity of solar radiation and the duration of sunshine in the southern regions of the country make it possible with the help of solar panels to obtain a sufficiently high temperature of the working fluid for its use in thermal installations.
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Conclusions: Large dispersion of energy and the instability of its supply are the disadvantages of solar energy. These disadvantages are partially compensated by the use of storage devices, but still the Earth's atmosphere interferes with the receipt and use of "clean" solar energy. To increase the power of the solar power plant, it is necessary to install a large number of mirrors and solar panels - heliostats, which must be equipped with an automatic tracking system for the position of the sun. The transformation of one type of energy into another is inevitably accompanied by the release of heat, which leads to overheating of the earth's atmosphere.
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Geothermal Energy About 4% of all water reserves on our planet are concentrated underground - in the strata of rocks. Waters with temperatures exceeding 20 degrees Celsius are called thermal waters. Groundwater is heated as a result of radioactive processes occurring in the bowels of the earth. People have learned to use the deep heat of the Earth for economic purposes. In countries where thermal waters come close to the surface of the earth, geothermal power plants (geothermal power plants) are being built. Geothermal power plants are relatively simple: there is no boiler room, equipment for fuel supply, ash collectors and many other devices required for thermal power plants. Since the fuel for such power plants is free, the cost of the generated electricity is also low.
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Nuclear Power Industry that uses nuclear energy for electrification and district heating; A field of science and technology that develops methods and means of converting nuclear energy into electrical and thermal energy. The basis of nuclear energy is nuclear power plants. The first nuclear power plant (5 MW), which laid the foundation for the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, was launched in the USSR in 1954. By the beginning of the 90s. more than 430 nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of about 340 GW were in operation in 27 countries of the world. According to experts' forecasts, the share of nuclear power in the overall structure of electricity generation in the world will continuously increase, provided that the basic principles of the safety concept of nuclear power plants are implemented.
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Development of nuclear energy 1942 in the USA under the leadership of Enrico Fermi the first nuclear reactor was built FERMI Enrico (1901-54), Italian physicist, one of the founders of nuclear and neutron physics, founder of scientific schools in Italy and the USA, foreign corresponding member USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). In 1938 he emigrated to the United States. Developed quantum statistics (Fermi - Dirac statistics; 1925), beta decay theory (1934). Discovered (with colleagues) artificial radioactivity caused by neutrons, slowing down of neutrons in matter (1934). He built the first nuclear reactor and was the first to carry out a nuclear chain reaction in it (December 2, 1942). Nobel Prize (1938).
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Development of nuclear energy 1946 in the Soviet Union under the leadership of Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov, the first European reactor was created. KURCHATOV Igor Vasilievich (1902 / 03-1960), Russian physicist, organizer and leader of work on atomic science and technology in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). He studied ferroelectrics. Together with colleagues, he discovered nuclear isomerism. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, the first domestic cyclotron was built (1939), the spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei was discovered (1940), the mine protection of ships was developed, the first nuclear reactor in Europe (1946), the first atomic bomb in the USSR (1949), the world's first thermonuclear bomb ( 1953) and NPP (1954). Founder and first director of the Institute of Atomic Energy (since 1943, since 1960 - named after Kurchatov).
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Osadchaya E.V.
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Presentation for the lesson "Nuclear Energy" for 9th grade students
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Why did it become necessary to use nuclear fuel?
Growing growth in energy consumption in the world. Natural reserves of fossil fuels are limited. The world chemical industry increases the consumption of coal and oil for technological purposes, therefore, despite the discovery of new deposits of organic fuel and the improvement of methods for its production, there is a tendency to an increase in its cost in the world.
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Why is it necessary to develop nuclear energy?
The world energy resources of nuclear fuel exceed the energy resources of natural fossil fuel reserves. This opens up great prospects for meeting rapidly growing fuel needs. The problem of "energy hunger" is not solved by the use of renewable energy sources. The need to develop nuclear energy is obvious, which occupies a prominent place in the energy balance of a number of industrial countries of the world.
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Nuclear power
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NUCLEAR POWER
PRINCIPLE
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Ernst Rutherford
In 1937, Lord Ernst Rutherford argued that it would never be possible to obtain nuclear energy in more or less significant quantities sufficient for practical use.
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Enrico Fermi
In 1942, under the leadership of Enrico Fermi, the first nuclear reactor was built in the United States.
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On July 16, 1945 at 5:30 am local time, the first atomic bomb was tested in the Alamogordo Desert (New Mexico, USA).
But...
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In 1946, the first European reactor was built in the USSR under the leadership of I.V. Kurchatov. Under his leadership, the project of the world's first nuclear power plant was developed.
Kurchatov Igor Vasilievich
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In January 1954, a submarine of a new type - nuclear, which was given the name of its famous predecessor - Nautilus, left the docks of the US Navy in Groton (Connecticut).
The first Soviet nuclear submarine K-3 "Leninsky Komsomol" 1958
First submarine
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On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in Obninsk.
First nuclear power plant
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Following the first nuclear power plant in the 50s, nuclear power plants are being built: Calder Hall-1 (1956, Great Britain); Shippingport (1957, USA); Siberian (1958, USSR); G-2, Marcoule (1959, France). After the accumulation of experience in operating the first-borns of atomic energy in the USSR, the USA, and Western Europe, programs were developed for the construction of prototypes of future serial power units.
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On September 17, 1959, the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin", built at the Leningrad Admiralty Plant and assigned to the Murmansk Shipping Company, launched its maiden voyage.
The first nuclear icebreaker
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Saving fossil fuels. Low fuel masses. Getting high power from one reactor. Low cost of energy. No need for ambient air.
Environmental friendliness (if used correctly).
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
High qualification and responsibility of personnel. Accessibility to terrorism and blackmail with disastrous consequences.
limitations
Reactor safety. Safety of the territories surrounding the NPP. Features of the repair. The complexity of the liquidation of a nuclear power facility. The need for disposal of radioactive waste.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
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Facts: In the structure of the fuel and energy balance (FEB) and the electric power industry of the world, oil (40%) and coal (38%), respectively, prevail. In the world fuel and energy balance, gas (22%) ranks third after coal (25%), and in the structure of the electric power industry, gas (16%) is in the penultimate place, ahead of only oil (9%) and yielding to all other types of energy carriers, including nuclear energy ( 17%).
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A unique situation has developed in Russia: gas dominates both in fuel and energy (49%) and in the electric power industry (38%). Nuclear energy in Russia occupies a relatively modest place (15%) in electricity production compared to the world average (17%).
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The use of peaceful nuclear energy remains one of the priority areas for the development of the Russian energy sector. Despite its relatively modest place in the total electricity production in the country, the nuclear industry has a huge number of practical applications (the creation of weapons with nuclear components, the export of technology, space exploration). The number of disruptions in the operation of our nuclear power plants is constantly decreasing: in terms of the number of shutdowns of power units, Russia is now second only to Japan and Germany.
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In the context of the global energy crisis, when the oil price has already exceeded the $ 100 per barrel mark, the development of such promising and high-tech areas as the nuclear industry will allow Russia to maintain and increase its influence in the world.
07.02.2008
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Nuclear power in Russia Nuclear power, which accounts for 16% of electricity generation, is a relatively young branch of Russian industry. What is 6 decades in terms of history? But this short and eventful period of time played an important role in the development of the electric power industry.
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History The date of August 20, 1945 can be considered the official start of the "atomic project" of the Soviet Union. On this day, a decree of the USSR State Defense Committee was signed. In 1954, the very first nuclear power plant was launched in Obninsk - the first not only in our country, but throughout the world. The station had a capacity of only 5 MW, worked for 50 years in trouble-free mode and was closed only in 2002.
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Within the framework of the federal target program "Development of the nuclear energy and industrial complex of Russia for 2007-2010 and in the future until 2015", it is planned to build three power units at the Balakovskaya, Volgodonskaya and Kalininskaya nuclear power plants. In general, 40 power units are to be built by 2030. At the same time, the capacity of Russian NPPs should increase annually by 2 GW from 2012, and by 3 GW from 2014, and the total capacity of nuclear power plants in the Russian Federation by 2020 should reach 40 GW.
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Beloyarsk NPP Located in the town of Zarechny, in the Sverdlovsk region, the second industrial nuclear power plant in the country (after the Siberian one). Three power units were built at the station: two with thermal reactors and one with fast neutron reactors. Currently, the only operating power unit is the 3rd power unit with a BN-600 reactor with an electric power of 600 MW, which was put into operation in April 1980 - the world's first industrial-scale power unit with a fast neutron reactor. It is also the world's largest fast breeder reactor.
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Smolensk NPP Smolensk NPP is the largest enterprise in the North-West region of Russia. The nuclear power plant generates eight times more electricity than other power plants in the region combined. Commissioned in 1976
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Smolensk NPP Located near the city of Desnogorsk, Smolensk region. The station consists of three power units with RBMK-1000 reactors, which were commissioned in 1982, 1985 and 1990. Each power unit includes: one reactor with a thermal capacity of 3200 MW and two turbine generators with an electric capacity of 500 MW each.
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Novovoronezh NPP Novovoronezh NPP is located on the banks of the Don, 5 km from the city of Novovoronezh power engineers and 45 km south of Voronezh. The station provides 85% of the needs of the Voronezh region in electricity, and also provides heat for half of Novovoronezh. Commissioned in 1957.
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Leningradskaya NPP Leningradskaya NPP is located 80 km west of St. Petersburg. On the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, it supplies electricity to about half of the Leningrad Region. Commissioned in 1967.
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NPP under construction 1 Baltic NPP 2 Beloyarsk NPP-2 3 Leningradskaya NPP-2 4 Novovoronezh NPP-2 5 Rostov NPP 6 Floating NPP “Akademik Lomonosov” 7 Others
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Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant The Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant is an unfinished nuclear power plant located near the town of Agidel in Bashkortostan at the confluence of the Belaya and Kama rivers. In 1990, under public pressure after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the construction of the Bashkir nuclear power plant was stopped. She repeated the fate of the unfinished Tatar and Crimean nuclear power plants of the same type.
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History At the end of 1991, 28 power units operated in the Russian Federation with a total nominal capacity of 20,242 MW. Since 1991, 5 new power units have been connected to the grid with a total nominal capacity of 5,000 MW. At the end of 2012, 8 more power units are under construction, not counting the units of the Low-Power Floating Nuclear Power Plant. In 2007, the federal authorities initiated the creation of a single state holding "Atomenergoprom" uniting companies Rosenergoatom, TVEL, Techsnabexport and Atomstroyexport. 100% of shares in JSC Atomenergoprom were transferred to the simultaneously created State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.
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Electricity generation In 2012, Russian nuclear power plants generated 177.3 billion kWh, which accounted for 17.1% of the total generation in the Unified Energy System of Russia. The volume of supplied electricity amounted to 165.727 billion kWh. The share of nuclear power generation in the total energy balance of Russia is about 18%. Nuclear energy is of high importance in the European part of Russia and especially in the north-west, where the output at nuclear power plants reaches 42%. After the launch of the second power unit of the Volgodonsk NPP in 2010, the Prime Minister of Russia V.V. Putin announced plans to bring nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia from 16% to 20-30%. Development of the draft Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030 provides for an increase in production electricity at nuclear power plants by 4 times.
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Nuclear energy in the world In today's rapidly developing world, the issue of energy consumption is very acute. The non-renewability of such resources as oil, gas, coal makes one think about alternative sources of electricity, the most realistic of which today is nuclear energy. Its share in the world electricity generation is 16%. More than half of this 16% is accounted for by the United States (103 power units), France and Japan (59 and 54 power units, respectively). In total (as of the end of 2006) there are 439 nuclear power units operating in the world, another 29 are in various stages of construction.
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Nuclear power in the world According to TsNIIATOMINFORM estimates, by the end of 2030, about 570 GW of nuclear power plants will be commissioned in the world (in the first months of 2007 this figure was about 367 GW). At the moment, China is the leader in the construction of new units, which is building 6 power units. It is followed by India with 5 new blocks. Russia closes the top three - 3 blocks. Other countries, including those from the former USSR and the socialist bloc: Ukraine, Poland, Belarus, are also expressing their intentions to build new power units. This is understandable, because one nuclear power unit will save that amount of gas in a year, the cost of which is equivalent to USD 350 million.
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Lessons from Chernobyl What happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 20 years ago? Due to the actions of the employees of the nuclear power plant, the reactor of the 4th power unit went out of control. Its power has increased dramatically. The graphite masonry was white-hot and deformed. The rods of the control and protection system could not enter the reactor and stop the temperature rise. The cooling channels collapsed, water from them poured onto the red-hot graphite. The pressure in the reactor increased and led to the destruction of the reactor and the building of the power unit. Upon contact with air, hundreds of tons of red-hot graphite ignited. The rods, which contained fuel and radioactive waste, melted, and radioactive substances poured into the atmosphere.
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Lessons from Chernobyl. Putting out the reactor itself was not at all easy. This could not be done by conventional means. Due to the high radiation and terrible destruction, it was impossible even to get close to the reactor. A multi-ton graphite masonry was burning. The nuclear fuel continued to generate heat and the cooling system was completely destroyed by the explosion. The fuel temperature after the explosion reached 1500 degrees or more. The materials from which the reactor was made, at this temperature, were sintered with concrete, nuclear fuel, forming previously unknown minerals. It was necessary to stop the nuclear reaction, lower the temperature of the debris and stop the release of radioactive substances into the environment. For this purpose, the reactor shaft was thrown from helicopters with heat sink and filter materials. They started doing this on the second day after the explosion, on April 27. Only after 10 days, on May 6, it was possible to significantly reduce, but not completely stop radioactive emissions
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Lessons from Chernobyl During this time, a huge amount of radioactive substances ejected from the reactor were blown away by the winds for many hundreds and thousands of kilometers from Chernobyl. Where radioactive substances fell to the surface of the earth, zones of radioactive contamination were formed. People received large doses of radiation, got sick and died. The first to die from acute radiation sickness were the heroes of the firemen. The helicopter pilots suffered and died. Residents of neighboring villages and even remote areas, where the wind brought radiation, were forced to leave their homes and become refugees. Huge territories became unsuitable for living and for farming. The forest, the river, the field, everything became radioactive, everything concealed an invisible danger
Nuclear power is a field of technology based on the use of the fission reaction of atomic nuclei to generate heat and generate electricity. In 1990, nuclear power plants (NPPs) of the world produced 16% of electricity. Such power plants operated in 31 countries and were built in 6 more countries. The nuclear power sector is most significant in France, Belgium, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria and Switzerland, i.e. in those industrialized countries where natural energy resources are insufficient. These countries produce between a quarter and half of their electricity from nuclear power plants. The United States produces only one-eighth of its electricity at nuclear power plants, but this is about one-fifth of its global production.
With the development of human society, energy consumption has increased continuously. So. if a million years ago it was per capita about 0.1 kW per year, and 100 thousand years ago - 0.3 kW, then in the 15th century. - 1.4 kW, at the beginning of the XX century. -3.9 to W, and by the end of the XX century. - already 10 to W. Although almost half of the use of fossil fuels is now, it is clear that its reserves will soon be depleted. Other sources are needed, and one of the most realistic is nuclear fuel.
Modern nuclear power plant 0.3 g nuclear fuel ton of coal
What is a nuclear reactor? A nuclear reactor is a device in which a controlled nuclear chain reaction is carried out, accompanied by the release of energy. A nuclear reactor is a device in which a controlled nuclear chain reaction is carried out, accompanied by the release of energy.
The F-1 installation became the first nuclear reactor in Europe. It was launched on December 25, 1946 in Moscow under the leadership of IV Kurchatov. In Europe, the F-1 unit became the first nuclear reactor. It was launched on December 25, 1946 in Moscow under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov
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In the city of Obninsk. From this moment the story begins atomic energy... Pros and cons of nuclear power plants What are the pros and cons of ... a job, bringing with it a terrible slow death. Atomic icebreaker "Lenin" Peaceful atom must live Atomic energeticshaving experienced the hard lessons of Chernobyl and other accidents ...
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Hundreds of times more power. Obninsk Institute atomic energy Nuclear Reactors Industrial nuclear reactors were originally developed in ... and developed most intensively in the USA. Perspectives atomic energy... Two types of reactors are of interest here: “technologically ...
NPP, many people began to be extremely distrustful of atomic energy... Some fear the radiation pollution around power plants. The use ... of the surface of the seas and oceans is the result of an action not atomic energy... The radiation pollution of the NPP does not exceed the natural background ...