How much is a laboratory in computer science 1 course. Laboratory work in computer science. Converting numbers from one ss to another
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan GAPOU Ufa Fuel and Energy College APPROVED Deputy Director for educational work: Ponomareva L.F. ______________ 2016 Guidelines for organizing and conducting laboratory work for students in the academic discipline Informatics and ICT 15.02.07 Automation technological processes and production 21.02.02 Drilling of oil and gas wells 21.02.03 Construction and operation of gas and oil pipelines and gas and oil storage facilities Ufa 2016 2 APPROVED by the Methodical Cycle Commission (name of the Commission) Minutes No. ________ dated "_________________" 2016. Developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary General Education for the academic discipline Informatics and ICT of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary Vocational Education by Profession / Specialty Chairman of the ICC ________________ / _____________ Deputy Director for SD _________________ / L.F. Ponomareva F.I.O. Compiled by L.M. Shaibakova lecturer at GAPOU Ufa Fuel and Energy College. 3 Explanatory note 1. Main goals and objectives 1. Students performing laboratory work and practical assignments is carried out with the aim of: systematization, formation of skills, practical experience in accordance with the requirements for the results of mastering the discipline, professional module and on the basis of the list of competencies formed, established by the work program of the discipline, professional module; generalizations, theoretical knowledge; improving the skills to apply the knowledge gained in practice, realizing the unity of intellectual and practical activities; development of intellectual skills among future specialists: oilmen, power engineers, etc .; development of such professionally significant qualities as independence, responsibility, accuracy, creative initiative in solving the assigned tasks. consolidation of the received deepenings, 2. When carrying out laboratory work (practical exercises), the study group can be divided into subgroups if its number is at least 16 people. 3. The division into subgroups during laboratory work is carried out: by disciplines of general education, general professional, MDK, modules 4. The list of disciplines by which the division into subgroups is carried out is reflected in the annual curriculum, annually approved by the director of the college. 2. Rules for laboratory work and reporting requirements 1. The presence of students in the computer science room is not allowed: in outdoor outerwear (if there is a working wardrobe); with food, drinks, etc. 2. During laboratory studies cell Phones must be set to mute or off. 3. Students who are more than 5 minutes late are not allowed to attend classes. 4. Only students who have been instructed in the Safety Rules and strictly follow them are allowed to perform laboratory work. 5. ATTENTION! In case of violation of the Safety Rules, the student is suspended from performing laboratory work and re-submits the Safety Rules. 6. Laboratory works performed individually, in exceptional cases in groups of two. 7. Time for laboratory work - 2 hours. Homework after laboratory classes - report preparation. eight. A necessary condition admission to the current lesson is: readiness to defend the previous completed laboratory work (the presence of a fully completed report on it) and the presence of preparation 4 for the upcoming laboratory work (knowledge of theoretical foundations, methods of work, order of execution, etc.). 9. ATTENTION! The volume of laboratory work by the number of tasks performed and individual exercises can be changed by the teacher. 10. Laboratory work can only be started with the permission of the teacher after receiving general instructions at the workplace. 11. When carrying out laboratory work, it is prohibited to: lean on computer tables, as well as place foreign objects on them; violate the rules and procedures for laboratory work; 12. ATTENTION! Failure by students to comply with the requirements set out in this clause entails their suspension from laboratory work. 13. Turning on and off the computer is made only with the permission of the teacher. 14. The report on laboratory work should be individual, ie. provided for protection by each student. 15. The report on laboratory work in general should contain: title page (see p. Appendix # 2); presentation of the topic and purpose of the work; the content of the work done; answers to test questions; conclusion about the work done; an example of a report is in Appendix # 1. 16. Design: in writing (with black paste) on A4 paper, on one side of the sheet. 17. A student who, for some reason, did not complete laboratory work on time, must know that: he has the right to practice laboratory work; development of laboratory work is carried out at a time specially allotted for these purposes. 3. Evaluation criteria: The student receives the maximum number of points "excellent" if: gives the correct formulations, precise definitions, concepts of terms; can substantiate his answer, give the necessary examples; correctly answers the additional questions of the teacher, aimed at finding out the degree of understanding of the student of this material; the report is drawn up according to the requirements, all necessary calculations, tables, figures are present. A student receives a mark "good" if: the task is incomplete, but correctly stated; during the presentation, 12 insignificant mistakes were made, which he corrects after the teacher's remarks; gives the correct formulations, precise definitions, concepts of terms; can substantiate his answer, give the necessary examples; correctly answers additional questions of the teacher, aimed at finding out the degree of understanding of the student of this material. 5 The student receives the mark "satisfactory" if: the task is incomplete, but correctly stated; 1 significant error was made in the presentation; knows and understands the main provisions of this topic, but admits inaccuracies in the formulation of concepts; sets out the performance of the assignment not logically and consistently enough; finds it difficult to answer the teacher's questions. The student receives the mark "unsatisfactory" if: the task is incompletely stated; significant errors were made in the presentation; if it does not meet the requirements established by the teacher for this type of work. 6 Laboratory work No. 1 Topic: Information resources of society. Educational information resources. Working with software Objective: to learn how to use educational information resources, search for the necessary information with their help; master the methods of working with software. THEORETICAL INFORMATION The concept of the "information resource of society" (IRO) is one of the key concepts of social informatics. The widespread use of this concept began after the publication in 1984 of the book by G.R. Gromov. "National information resources: problems of industrial exploitation". “An information resource is knowledge presented in a project form” - such a short and insufficiently strict definition was proposed by Professor Yu.M. Kanygin. Thus, information resources are knowledge prepared for appropriate social use. The concept of IRO accumulated in the knowledge society can be considered in the narrow and broad sense of the word. IRO in the narrow sense of the word is knowledge that is already ready for rational social use, that is, alienated from carriers and materialized knowledge. IRO in the broad sense of the word includes all knowledge that is alienated from carriers and included in the information exchange, existing both in oral and in materialized form. The concept of a resource is defined in the Dictionary of the Russian language by S.I. Ozhegova as a reserve, a source of something. As for information resources, this concept is relatively new. It is only just beginning to enter the life of modern society, although in recent years it has become more and more used not only in scientific literature, but also in social and political activity. The reason for this, of course, is the global informatization of society, in which the especially important role of information and scientific knowledge is becoming increasingly recognized. The following most important parameters can be used to classify information resources: subject of information stored in them; form of ownership - state (federal, subject of the federation, municipal), public organizations, joint-stock, private; availability of information - open, closed, confidential; archival, scientific and technical; Belonging to a certain information system - library, source of information - official information, publications in the media, statistical reporting, results of sociological research; 7 the purpose and nature of the use of information - massive regional, departmental; form of information presentation - text, digital, graphic, multimedia; type of information carrier - paper, electronic. By educational information resources we mean textual, graphic and multimedia information, as well as executable programs (distributions), that is, electronic resources created specifically for use in the learning process at a certain level of education and for a certain subject area. When working with educational resources, such concepts as the subject and object of these resources appear. We will classify the subjects of information activity as follows: the subject that creates the objects (all users of the educational system, teacher, student); subject using objects (all users of the educational system); an entity administering objects, that is, providing an environment for working with objects of other entities (network administrators); a subject that controls the use of objects by subjects (engineers). Educational electronic resources include: educational materials (electronic textbooks, tutorials, abstracts, diplomas), educational and methodological materials (electronic methods, curricula), scientific and methodological (dissertations, candidate works), additional text and illustrative materials (laboratory works, lectures), testing systems (tests - electronic knowledge test), electronic full-text libraries; electronic periodicals in the field of education; electronic tables of contents and abstracts of articles periodicals spheres of education, electronic archives of issues. WORK PROCESS Task number 1. 1. Download the Internet. 2. In the search bar, enter the phrase "catalog of educational resources". 3. List which sections include educational resources on the Internet. 4. Describe any three. Task number 2. Use the Universal Reference Encyclopedia to find answers to the following questions: 8 1. Specify the time when the Gregorian calendar was approved. 2. what is the diameter of Saturn. 3. Specify the lethal sound level. 4. what is the boiling point of iron. 5. what is the melting point of iodine. 6. Indicate the speed of rotation of the Earth around the Sun. 7. what is the mass of Jupiter. 8. which mountain is the highest in Africa. 9.What is HTTP? 10. Indicate the years of the reign of Ivan III. 11. indicate the years of the reign of Catherine II. 12.When was Blaise Pascal born? 13. Indicate the years of Khrushchev N.S. 14. what year was the first wooden bicycle invented. Task number 3. Answer the questions: 1. What do you mean by information resources? 2. List the parameters for classifying information resources. 3. What is meant by educational information resources? 4. What can be attributed to educational electronic resources? Evaluation criteria: tasks are completed correctly and in full; answers to control questions are clear, meaningful; the report was delivered on time. 9 Laboratory work No. 2 Topic: Discrete (digital) presentation of text, graphic, sound information and video information. Purpose: to study the ways of presenting text, graphic, sound information and video information, to learn how to write numbers in various number systems. Discrete representation of information: coding a color image in a computer (raster approach). Sound and video presentation and processing. THEORETICAL INFORMATION All information that the computer processes must be represented in binary code using two digits 0 and 1. These two characters are usually called binary digits or bits. Any message can be encoded with two digits 0 and 1. This was the reason that two important processes must be organized in a computer: encoding and decoding. Encoding - converting input information into a computer-readable form, that is, binary code. Decoding - converting data from binary code into a human-readable form. From the point of view of technical implementation, the use of a binary number system for encoding information turned out to be much simpler than the use of other methods. Indeed, it is convenient to encode information in the form of a sequence of zeros and ones, if these values \u200b\u200bare presented as two possible stable states of an electronic element: 0 - no electrical signal; 1 - presence of an electrical signal. These states are easy to distinguish. The disadvantage of binary encoding is long codes. But in technology it is easier to deal with a large number of simple elements than with a small number of complex ones. Methods of encoding and decoding information in a computer, first of all, depends on the type of information, namely, what should be encoded: numbers, text, graphics or sound. Analog and discrete coding A person is able to perceive and store information in the form of images (visual, sound, tactile, gustatory and olfactory). Visual images can be saved as images (drawings, photographs, and so on), and sound images can be recorded on records, magnetic tapes, laser disks, and so on. Information, including graphic and sound, can be presented in analog or discrete form. With analog representation, a physical quantity takes on an infinite set of values, and its values \u200b\u200bchange continuously. In a discrete representation, a physical quantity takes on a finite set of values, and its value changes abruptly. 10 Conversion of graphic and sound information from analog to discrete form is carried out by sampling, that is, dividing a continuous graphic image and a continuous (analog) audio signal into separate elements. In the process of sampling, coding is performed, that is, the assignment of a specific value to each element in the form of a code. Sampling is the transformation of continuous images and sound into a set of discrete values \u200b\u200bin the form of codes. Image coding There are two ways to create and store graphic objects in your computer - as a raster image or as a vector image. Each type of image uses its own encoding method. Bitmap coding A bitmap is a collection of dots (pixels) of different colors. Pixel is the smallest area of \u200b\u200bthe image, the color of which can be set independently. In the process of image encoding, its spatial sampling is performed. Spatial sampling of an image can be compared to building an image from a mosaic (a large number of small multi-colored glasses). The image is divided into separate small fragments (dots), and each fragment is assigned a value for its color, that is, a color code (red, green, blue, and so on). For a black and white image, the information volume of one point is equal to one bit (either black or white - either 1 or 0). For four colors - 2 bits. For 8 colors, 3 bits are required. For 16 colors, 4 bits. For 256 colors - 8 bits (1 byte). The image quality depends on the number of points (the smaller the point size and, accordingly, the greater their number, the better quality ) and the number of colors used (the more colors, the better the image is encoded). In order to form an image on the monitor screen, information about each point (point color code) must be stored in the computer's video memory. Let's calculate the required amount of video memory for one of the graphics modes. In modern computers, the screen resolution is usually 1280x1024 pixels. Those. total 1280 * 1024 \u003d 1310720 points. With a color depth of 32 bits per point, the required amount of video memory is 32 * 1310720 \u003d 41943040 bits \u003d 5242880 bytes \u003d 5120 KB \u003d 5 MB. Bitmaps are very sensitive to scaling (zoom in or 11 out). When reducing a raster image, several neighboring points are converted into one, therefore, the distinguishability of small image details is lost. As the image is zoomed in, the size of each dot increases and a stepped effect appears that can be seen with the naked eye. Vector images coding A vector image is a collection of graphic primitives (point, line, ellipse ...). Each primitive is described by mathematical formulas. The encoding depends on the application environment. The advantage of vector graphics is that the files that store vector graphics are relatively small. It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality. Binary Coding of Sound The use of computers for sound processing began later than numbers, texts, and graphics. Sound is a wave with continuously changing amplitude and frequency. The larger the amplitude, the louder it is for a person, the higher the frequency, the higher the tone. Sound signals in the world around us are unusually diverse. Complex continuous signals can be represented with sufficient accuracy as the sum of a certain number of the simplest sinusoidal oscillations. Moreover, each term, that is, each sinusoid, can be precisely specified by a certain set of numerical parameters - amplitude, phase and frequency, which can be considered as a sound code at a certain moment in time. In the process of encoding an audio signal, its time sampling is performed - a continuous wave is divided into separate small time sections and a certain amplitude value is set for each such section. Thus, the continuous dependence of the signal amplitude on time is replaced by a discrete sequence of loudness levels. Each volume level is assigned a code. The more volume levels will be allocated during the encoding process, the more information will carry the value of each level and the better the sound will be. The quality of binary audio coding is determined by the coding depth and sampling rate. Sampling rate - the number of measurements of the signal level per unit of time. The number of volume levels determines the coding depth. Modern sound cards provide 16-bit audio coding depth. The number of loudness levels is equal to N \u003d 216 \u003d 65536. 12 Presentation of video information Recently, the computer is increasingly used to work with video information. The simplest such job is watching movies and video clips. It should be clearly understood that the processing of video information requires a very high speed of the computer system. What is a film from a computer science point of view? First of all, it is a combination of sound and graphic information. In addition, to create a motion effect on the screen, an inherently discrete technology of fast change of static images is used. Studies have shown that if more than 1012 frames are replaced in one second, then the human eye perceives the changes in them as continuous. WORKING PROCESS. Task number 1. Using the symbol table, write down a sequence of decimal numeric codes in Windows encoding for your full name. The symbol table is displayed in the MS Word editor using the command: Insert tab Symbol Other symbols → → In the Font field select Times New Roman, in the from field select Cyrillic. For example, for the letter "A" (Russian capital) the sign code is 192. Example: I IN A N O V A R T E M 200 194 192 205 206 194 192 208 210 197 204 13 P E T R O V I Ch 207 197 210 208 206 194 200 215 Task number 2. Using the standard NOTEBOOK program, determine which Windows-encoded phrase is given by the sequence of numeric codes and continue the code. Launch NOTEBOOK. Using the additional numeric keypad, while holding down the ALT key, enter the code, release the ALT key. The corresponding symbol appears in the document. 0255 0243 0247 0243 0241 0252 0226 0211 0210 0221 0202 0239 0238 0241 0239 0229 0246 0232 0224 0235 0252 0237 0238 0241 0242 0232 fill in the top line with the name of the specialty 14 Task No. 3. Fill in the gaps with numbers: KB KB KB KB \u003d \u003d \u003d byte byte byte \u003d \u003d \u003d bit bit bit Task №4. Convert the decimal number to the binary number system and check: 1. 2. Task number 5. Answer questions: 1. What is information? 2. List the properties of the information. 3. What types of information do you know? 4. Give examples of analog presentation of graphical information. 5. What is a pixel? 6. What is a number system? 7. Write a translation rule decimal numbers into binary. 8. List the units of information. fifteen
LABORATORY WORKS ON INFORMATICS
FOR THE ECONOMIC AND MATHEMATICAL FACULTY
(stream Mbd, MKbd - 1 course)
Lab 1: Writing and Editing in the Writer Word Processor (OpenOffice.org) 3
Processor setting ................................................ .................................................. ........... 3
Typing................................................ .................................................. ............................ 3
Formatting ................................................. .................................................. .................... five
Search and replace operations .............................................. .................................................. ..... 6
Lists ................................................. .................................................. .................................... 6
Applying Styles ................................................ .................................................. ................ 7
Exercises for independent work............................................................................ 8
Control questions on the topic: ............................................. ................................................. eight
Laboratory work 2. Embedding objects in a document .......................................... ................ nine
Working with tables ............................................... .................................................. ................. nine
Creation of drawings and diagrams .............................................. .................................................. ...... nine
Methods for embedding objects prepared in other applications ...................... 10
Adjusting the picture ................................................ .................................................. ....... eleven
Editing formulas ................................................ .................................................. ...... eleven
Auto numbering of objects ................................................ .................................................. .... 12
Exercises for independent work .............................................. ............................ 12
Control questions on the topic: ............................................. ............................................... 12
Laboratory work 3. Preparation of a document for printing .......................................... ............ 13
Check spelling ................................................ .................................................. ..... 13
Installing headers and footers ................................................ .................................................. .... 13
Creating footnotes and endnotes ............................................. ...................................... 13
Pagination................................................ .................................................. ............. 13
Printing ................................................. .................................................. ................................... fourteen
Control questions on the topic: ............................................. ............................................... fourteen
Lab 4. Calculation in Calc ........................................... ....................................... fifteen
Using formulas ................................................ .................................................. ........ 17
Inserting functions ................................................ .................................................. .................. 18
Table design ................................................ .................................................. .......... nineteen
Control questions on the topic: ............................................. ............................................... nineteen
Laboratory work 5. Business graphics ............................................ .......................................... 20
Building a diagram ................................................ .................................................. ....... 20
Editing a diagram ................................................ .................................................. 20
Exercises for independent work .............................................. ............................ 21
Control questions on the topic: ............................................. ............................................... 21
Lab 6: Some Features of OpenOffice.org Calc ........................................ .... 22
Date and time............................................... .................................................. ........................... 22
Logic functions ................................................ .................................................. ........... 23
Mathematical functions ................................................ .................................................. ... 24
Control questions on the topic: ............................................. ............................................... 24
Laboratory work 7. Statistical data processing ........................................... ............ 25
Numerical characteristics of the sample ............................................... ...................................... 25
Lab 8. Functions Using Criteria .......................................... ............ 26
Mathematical functions. SUMIF function ........................................... 28
Laboratory work 9. Processing lists in CALC .......................................... ..................... 34
Creating a list ................................................ .................................................. ................... 34
Sorting the list ................................................ .................................................. ............... 35
Searching with a Standard Filter ............................................. ............................... 35
Automatic data filtering ................................................ .................................................. ..... 36
Advanced filtering ................................................ .................................................. .... 36
Laboratory work 10. Basics of work in DBMS BASE ......................................... ................... 37
Database creation............................................... .................................................. .......... 37
Changing the database ............................................... .................................................. ....... 39
Query Processing................................................ .................................................. .............. 40
Control questions on the topic: ............................................. ............................................... 40
Lab 1: Writing and Editing in the Writer Word Processor (OpenOffice.org)
Processor setup
Download the Writer word processor (OpenOffice.org) using Start / Programs / Writer (OpenOffice.org).
Download help system ... Check out help system: Its structure is the same as the help for Windows operating system.
Consider the elements of the Writer window. Using the View menu, set display mode - Page layout, make sure rulers (if necessary, connect them using the menu View). Try other display modes like using the menu View, and using the buttons in the lower left part of the window: the purpose of each button can be determined by the tooltip. Check for two panels - Standard and Formatting. If other panels are installed, disable them (View / Toolbars). Install scale image 100% (View / Scale / 100% / OK or the Scale field with a drop-down list in the standard toolbar).
For installation parameters of work word processor, select Tools / Options. / OpenOffice.Writer Tab View check the check boxes for the commands Show graphic objects and Tooltips, and all teams Window (status bar, vertical ruler, scroll bars); in the tab Are common set the units of measurement - centimeters, on the tab Spelling disable commands Check spelling automatically and Check grammar automatically - these checks slow down the work, they can be carried out when the document is finalized. In the tab Preservation select Autosave every 10 minutes... Review the settings on other tabs. To implement the settings made, click on the OK button.
Page settings configured using the menu Format / Pagesa, where the sheet size and orientation, margins and other parameters can be set. Using the appropriate dialog box tabs Page settings, set the paper size to A4, orientation - portrait, margins - 20 mm on all sides, then click OK.
Typing
Check the settings in the format bar: style - Usual, font (typeface) - Times New Roman, the size font - 10. In the work area, enter the text below, using the appropriate buttons alignment center (for reference), width (for the main body of the text), right (last name). Printing a point in the Russian layout - by pressing the extreme right key in the bottom row (sign?), Comma - the same key when pressed Shift... To skip a line use the enter key Enter.
For deleting mistakenly entered text, use the delete keys Backspaceor Delete... Typically, a word processor works in insert mode when a newly entered character expands the characters already entered. IN replacement mode, newly entered characters replace previously entered ones. To enable or disable the replacement mode, double-click on the indicator ZAM on the status bar.
Writer allows you to automate some of your typing operations. Repeated words can be saved as autotext , and they will then be entered according to the first characters or special designation. Add, for example, the word "Informatics" to the autotext. To do this, follow these steps: type the word Informatics in the text and copy it to the clipboard, then select the Edit \\ Autotext menu, enter the copied word Informatics from the clipboard into the Autotext panel, make sure the category is marked standard, click the button autotext, select from the pop-up menu - create text, then click on the button add... Now start entering this word in the typed text - the computer will offer to automatically insert the corresponding word; just press the key to insert Enter.
Similarly, Writer fixes some typical mistakes: produces autocorrect ... For example, an incorrectly entered word bulletin will be automatically replaced with the correct one - bulletin. You can set up autocorrect using the menu Service / AutoCorrect / Replace. Configure the replacement of the III characters with the text "Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich". On the menu autocorrect review the list of such corrections, add new words to it.
Enter the text (regardless of the paragraph borders, they will be changed further):
Dear Ivan Petrovich!
I inform you that on March 10 at 10.00 in the conference hall of the open joint stock company Integral will hold the next meeting of creditors with the agenda:
Approval of amendments to the external management plan of OJSC "Integral".
You must have with you:
passport or identity card
power of attorney
statement of reconciliation of your company's accounts with Integral OJSC
External manager of OJSC "Integral"
A.A. Alexandrov
When editing a document, sometimes you need to clearly see where the key is pressed Enterhow many times the space bar has been pressed, etc. - that is, see special non-printable characters. To do this, use the button Non-printable characters in the standard toolbar (¶). Click this button and view the legend and placement of these symbols. Disable button Non-printable characters.
Formatting
The selection of a fragment of text, as already noted, is done by dragging with the mouse. For highlighting a single line silks are made to the left of the line, a single word - double click on the first letter of this word ... Select a paragraph entirely by clicking to the left of the beginning of the paragraph. Try all of these slice selection techniques.
postponed or copied via the clipboard to any place in the active document, or to another document. Any of the previously discussed methods are used: buttons To cut, Copy, Paste ; the corresponding shortcut menu or menu commands Edit; keyboard shortcuts: Ctrl + X - to cut, Ctrl + C - copy to clipboard, Ctrl + V - paste from clipboard. When moving a fragment to a small distance, another method is more convenient: place the mouse pointer in the selected area (pointer view - an arrow) and drag the fragment with the left mouse button to the desired location (the pointer will change its appearance - now it is an arrow with a rectangle at the bottom). Similarly, a fragment can be copied: the same actions are performed with the pressed key Ctrl.
The selection can be deleted by pressing the delete key Delete... Copy by dragging and dropping the fragment of the second sentence " at 10.00 " anywhere else on the same line. Delete the copied section.
Select all prepared text. Change the font size to 12.
For left and right installation text boundaries use the markers on the ruler. For installation paragraph indentation (first line indent in a paragraph) you can press the tab key Tab... The amount of indents can be adjusted with the corresponding marker on the horizontal ruler.
Set the line spacing using the Format / Paragraph menu tab - Indents and spacing, to the value one and a half... See what other types of line spacing are available to you. You can also set the line spacing using the corresponding buttons on the toolbar formatting... Find these buttons, select a paragraph of text, and try out different line spacing values.
View different ways to align text in a paragraph: left, right, center, width, using the corresponding buttons on the format bar or the paragraph settings menu.
To fine-tune the parameters of the paragraph, you can use the Format / Paragraph menu tab - Indents and Spacing Find on the tab the text alignment setting, its style (main text); indentation set for the specified paragraph:
ü Left... This is the indentation of the entire paragraph to the left of the text border;
ü On right... This is the indentation of the entire paragraph to the right of the text border;
ü Front... This is the indentation of the entire paragraph down from the previous paragraph;
ü After... This is the indentation of the entire paragraph upward from the subsequent paragraph.
Select the paragraph starting with the words "I notify you" and set the indent on the left - 1cm, indent on the right - 1cm, the interval before the paragraph - 1cm, the interval after the paragraph - 1cm. See how the text has changed.
Select the first line as a fragment and style it with a different font and font size using the toolbars and the context menu. Set a sparse font for this line, for this use the menu Format / Symbol... Review all the possible settings reflected in the tabs of this menu and find the setting for the character spacing. Set the font sparse to 3 points (pt.). See how the spelling of the string has changed. Try setting the condensed font type.
For canceling of wrongly performed actions use the button Cancel in the standard toolbar: it undoes the last performed action. If several actions need to be canceled, they can be selected in the list opened using the arrow to the right of the button Cancel and canceled by pressing this button once. An incorrectly canceled operation can be restored using the button Return... Drag the first sentence of the document anywhere you want. Cancel this action with the button Cancel.
Find and replace operations
Suppose that a mistake is made in the name of the organization: the JSC is called not "Integral", but, for example, "Interval". How to make changes without retyping a misspelled word every time? Use the Edit / Replace menu. In the dialog box, enter the word Integral in the Find field, and the word Interval in the Replace field (to activate desired field click on it with the mouse). Click Find Next, then Replace. If you are sure that everything needs to be replaced, click the appropriate button.
Lists
The simplest way to style the list is to use the buttons on the formatting toolbar. Highlight two agenda items in the prepared document in the form of a block: arrange them in the form numbered list ... To do this, click on the button Numbered list in the format bar.
The list of documents that you need to have with you, fill out in the form bulleted list : select the corresponding three lines, and click on the button Markers... If you are not satisfied with the look of markers, you can change them using the Format / Bullets and Numbering menu (or a similar context menu) and select one of the available options. Using a tab Images other markers can be selected. The indentation of the list can be adjusted using the buttons Decrease / Increase Indent.
Using the same menu, you can organize and tiered list ... To do this, in the Format / List menu, you can configure the type of levels of the created list, the type of their numbering, indents and other parameters. Next, create a regular numbered list, where all the numbering will turn out to be one level. Next, use the TAB key on your keyboard or the buttons Decrease / Increase Indent go to the required level at each point.
You can use the Bullets and Numbering panel to make changes to lists.
Suppose that in a sequence of automatically numbered paragraphs, you need one unnumbered paragraph, as in the example:
1) first paragraph
2) second paragraph
third paragraph without numbering
3) fourth paragraph
This can be done in the following ways:
Method 1: we number all paragraphs without exception; then place the cursor in front of the third paragraph and press the key
Method 2: we number all paragraphs without exception; then place the cursor in front of the third paragraph and click on the Numbering icon in the toolbar. The paragraph loses its number and text indentation.
Method 3: number paragraphs 1 and 2 using the Numbering icon in the toolbar. Next, go to paragraph 4, select Format - Markers and numbering - Settings tab and set the number 3 in the initial value counter.
Create three lists and in each try each of the ways to exclude an item from the general list.
Save the created document.
Applying Styles
You can style each paragraph separately, but for a large document it takes a long time. Therefore, all modern office suites simplify this procedure through the use of styles. A paragraph style determines the formatting of both the paragraph itself (indents, spacing, alignment, etc.) and the formatting of characters in the paragraph (font, size, etc.).
To set a paragraph style, place the cursor on it and click the Styles and Formatting button in the toolbar or select Format / Styles from the menu. Next, the desired style is selected from the list.
To change an existing style, select it in the Styles and Formatting button in the window, right-click and select the menu Edit.
To create your own paragraph style, select the text formed according to your requirements in the text. Open the Styles and Formatting menu and click the button Create style from selection.
Create your own paragraph style and demonstrate its use.
Review the settings of the INDEX and SYMBOL menu by calling them using the context menu or from the FORMAT window menu. Try all the possible settings in them and learn how to style the text with them.
Create new document (Create button) with page parameters - A4 format, orientation - portrait, left and right margins 3 cm each, top and bottom - 2 cm each; type in the text of the Lists section. Place the heading in the center. Make two copies of the text in the same document. In the first copy, change the font type (typeface) and size. Set sparse spacing between characters. Increase the left and right margins. In the second copy, change the single line spacing to double. Set the spacing before the second paragraph 1 cm, after it - 2 cm.
Create a file of four paragraphs of text, for each paragraph set a different font, type, line spacing and text alignment. Highlight individual words in the text by setting their style - bold, italic, underline. Add three lists to the text: bulleted, numbered, and tiered. Save the document as Lists in the My Documents folder.
To view a Notification document, click on its name in the Window menu: this menu command activates any of the documents loaded in Writer and arranges them all at the same time on the screen using the Arrange All item. If necessary, you can change the location of the windows by resizing the windows by dragging their borders and moving them to the desired position by the title bar. Arrange the document windows Notification and List in different ways.
Control questions on the topic:
1. Setting page parameters;
2. Setting up autotext and autocorrect;
3. Setting the font of the text;
4. Setting the parameters of the paragraph;
5. Document style, creating your own style.
Creation of drawings and diagrams
The drawing can be created using a graphics editor and embedded in the document. Simple drawings and diagrams are often more convenient to prepare using the built-in word processor tools. Connect the toolbar for drawing View / Toolbars / Draw (or the Draw button in the standard toolbar).
Draw a block diagram of the Faculty of Economics and Mathematics. Select AutoShapes / Basic Shapes / Rounded Rectangle, drag the mouse pointer from the upper left to the lower right corner of the drawn rectangle, release the mouse button (while the drawn shape remains selected: at its corners and midpoints - squares-markers), select Action / Align / Distribute / Align Center: The rounded rectangle will appear exactly in the center of the document. To edit the contour line of a rectangle, select it and click the Line type button: select the required type. Without removing the selection, click on the Inscription button, and then inside the shape type the text: Faculty of Economics and Mathematics. Select the text of the label and format it: center it, choose the appropriate font type and size.
Below the rounded rectangle, by analogy, draw two identical ovals (you can use the Oval button directly in the Drawing panel): in one, enter the inscription Directions and specialties, in the other - Departments. To align the ovals, select both shapes (to do this, hold down the Shift), do Action: Align Top (the ovals will be aligned with the top of the page), and then drag them to the desired position with the mouse; center if necessary. Draw arrows between the rounded rectangle and each of the ovals: click the Arrow button and drag the mouse from the beginning of the arrow at the rounded rectangle to its end at the oval. Use the Linetype button to format the arrow.
Under each of the ovals, draw in the form of rectangles a list of the corresponding structures, for example, for the departments: Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Economics and Management, Economic Theory, CAD, Higher Mathematics.
If an action was taken by mistake, use the Cancel button; the selected object can be deleted by pressing the key Delete.
Image adjustment
An inline picture can be moved: once selected with a mouse click, it is dragged and dropped anywhere in the document. To resize the picture, drag one of its borders by the corresponding square ( resize handle ). Try these steps in the inline illustration.
Various methods of image adjustment are possible using the Image toolbar or the context menu. Install this panel and try out the possibilities of its tools: change the contrast and brightness. The most important image adjustment tool is the button, which provides flow around a picture embedded in the document with text: above and below the picture, around the frame, along the contour, etc. Enter any text (for example, copy the text from the Notice file), overlay the previously embedded clipart on it and try out various options for wrapping. Use the context menu / Wrap if necessary.
Editing formulas
To enter simple formulas, the Style / Subscript or Superscript (degree) menu options are sufficient. In the new file enter the formula y i ¹a + b x 3 (To enter the inequality sign and Greek letters, use the insertion of symbols: check the setting of the Symbol font, click on the corresponding symbol, then click the Insert button; after entering all the necessary characters, click Close. To enter the index and degree, press the keys of the desired letters on the keyboard, select letter and set Subscript or Superscript. xand y highlight in italics.
To enter more complex formulas, use a special formula editor (menu Insert / Object / Formula). Enter the dependence for the normal distribution function
To do this, load the formula editor and enter the left side of the formula from the keyboard in the usual way. To enter a fraction before an integral, use Fraction and Radical Templates, to enter Greek letters, use the Greek lowercase button. Similarly, select the appropriate templates for integral, degrees, infinity symbol. Use the mouse to navigate between formula fields. Redefine the style and sizes of symbols if necessary. Click outside the formula to finish entering the formula. Double-click the formula if you want to edit it.
Auto numbering of objects
Objects that require numbering include: figures, formulas and tables. Let's consider the continuous numbering of figures in the text. In the context menu of the inserted picture, select the Title item. Set the numbering style and separator in accordance with the requirements for document design. After that, the drawing automatically gets the next number. For a link in the text to a figure, write a link of the type "as shown in the figure", select the main menu command Insert - Cross-reference. In the dialog box, select the field type Pictures and the picture we need. After pressing the Insert button, the figure number is written to the cursor position. When you add or delete drawings, the numbers change automatically.
It is most convenient to number the figures without text wrapping.
Number the three figures and insert links to them in the text.
Exercises for independent work
Insert a table with the results of your last session in your file: discipline, date of delivery, grade. Spend sorting(data ordering) tables in alphabetical order of disciplines, by dates of delivery, by received grades (Table / Sorting…). Add a new row Total to the table and under the column with grades calculate your total score using the sum function (toolbar Table \\ Sum). To the cell of the sum, insert the corresponding note (Insert \\ Note) Deal with the details of these operations yourself, using the help.
test questions
Theme:Number systems
Goal: Get practical skills in translating numbers from one number system to another.
The main content of the work
Write a program that translates numbers from one SS to another and vice versa.
Theoretical information
The computer works with information given by numbers, represented in the form of special codes in the number system (SS) adopted for this computer.
SS is a set of techniques for naming and denoting numbers. There are non-positional (Roman) and positional SS. In positional SS, any number is depicted as a sequence of numbers, the quantitative value of which depends on what place (position) each of them occupies in the number. The number of different digits used to represent numbers in a positional SS is called its base. That is, if k digits are used, then the CC base will be k.
The number can be represented as follows:
a n-1 a n-2. ... ... a i. ... ... a 1 a 0, a -1 a -2. ... ... a -m
whole part fractional part
n digits m digits
Positions renumbered in this way are called digits. Each of the digits can take one of the values \u200b\u200bk-1\u003e \u003d a i\u003e \u003d 0. k is used to quantify each of the digits of a number.
a n-1 * k n-1 + a n-2 * k n-2 +. ... . + a i * k i +. ... . + a 1 * k 1 + a 0 k 0 + a -1 k -1 + a -2 k -2+. ... . + a -m k -m
Positional systems are convenient in that they allow you to write large numbers using a relatively small number of characters. Another advantage is the simplicity of performing arithmetic operations on numbers written in these systems.
Depending on the basis of the SS, one can distinguish:
1) Decimal SS. It uses 10 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
2) Binary SS. It uses 2 digits: 0 and 1.
3) Octal SS. It uses 8 digits: 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
4) Hexadecimal SS. It uses 16 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A, B, C, D, E, F.
The smallest number that can be used as a base for CC is the number 2. The corresponding CC for this base is binary. The convenience of this system lies in its extraordinary simplicity. It has only two digits 0 and 1. The disadvantage is that you have to use a lot of characters to write even small numbers.
Octal and hexadecimal SS are used in computing because the translation from binary SS to octal and hexadecimal SS is easier than decimal. Octal and hexadecimal SS can write long numbers using fewer characters than binary SS.
Converting numbers from one ss to another
1. Translation of integers.
To convert an integer from one SS to another, you need:
1) Divide this number by the basis of the new SS to obtain the whole quotient. The resulting remainder (including 0) will be the least significant bit of the number in the new SS.
2) The obtained quotient must be again divided into the basis of a new SS. The remainder of this division will be the next digit of the number. Division is performed until the result of division is 0.
3) The recording of the received digits of the number in the new SS is performed from the end (that is, in the reverse order of their calculation).
1) 672 10 translate into octal SS.
1)672 8 2) 84 8 3) 10 8 4) 1 8
64 84 8 10 8 1 0 0
The result is 1240 8.
2) convert 127 10 to binary SS.
1) 127 2 2) 63 2 3) 31 2 4) 15 2
12 63 6 31 2 15 14 7
5) 7 2 6) 3 2 7) 1 1
The result is 1111111 2.
2. Translation of real numbers
When translating real numbers from one SS to another, the integer part of the number is separately translated (see the algorithm described above), and the fractional part is translated as follows:
The number is multiplied by the base of the new SS. The whole part of the result will be the first digit of the fractional part of the number in the new SS.
The fractional part of the result is again multiplied by the base of the new SS, and so on.
The process continues until the specified accuracy is achieved.
Converting x \u003d 0.2 10 to Binary SS
0.2*2=0.4=0+0.4 (0)
0.4*2=0.8=0+0.8 (0)
0.8*2=1.6=1+0.6 (1)
0.6*2=1.2=1+0.2 (1)
If the base of the old and new SS are connected by the ratio p \u003d q k (8 \u003d 2 3, 16 \u003d 2 4), then the transfer from one SS to another is simplified. In order to convert a number from CC with base p to a number in CC with base q, each digit in the first number must be represented using a number in CC with base q, and the number of digits must be equal to k.
To use this rule, you need to know the table of equivalents.
To convert a number from hexadecimal SS to binary, it is enough to use the table to replace the digits of the number with the equivalent values \u200b\u200bin the binary SS. For instance:
C93 16 \u003d 1100 1001 0011 2
Inverse transformations are performed similarly.
Converting numbers from octal SS to binary and vice versa is done in the same way, only three-bit sequences are used to write numbers in binary SS. for instance
453 8 = 100 101 011 2
This rule can also be used when converting numbers from decimal SS to binary. If we use octal or hexadecimal SS for such a translation, then the number of division operations performed, and, consequently, the number of possible errors, is reduced.
For instance:
Convert 156 10 to binary SS.
1) convert the number to hexadecimal SS
Got 9C. Now we write this number using a binary SS. Result.
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan GAPOU Ufa Fuel and Energy College APPROVED Deputy Director for Academic Affairs: Ponomareva L.F. ______________ 2016 Methodical instructions for organizing and conducting laboratory work of students in the academic discipline Informatics and ICT 2 APPROVED by the Methodical Cycle Commission (name of the Commission) Minutes No. ________ dated "_________________" 2016. Developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary General Education for the academic discipline Informatics and ICT of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary Professional Education by Profession / Specialty Chairman of the MCC ________________ / _____________ Deputy Director for SD _________________ / L.F. Ponomareva F.I.O. Compiled by L.M. Shaibakova lecturer at GAPOU Ufa Fuel and Energy College. 3 Explanatory note 1. The main goals and objectives 1. The implementation of laboratory work and practical tasks by students is carried out with the aim of: systematization, formation of skills, practical experience in accordance with the requirements for the results of mastering the discipline, professional module and on the basis of the list of formed competencies established by the work program discipline, professional module; generalizations, theoretical knowledge; improving the skills to apply the acquired knowledge in practice, realizing the unity of intellectual and practical activities; development of intellectual skills among future specialists: oilmen, power engineers, etc .; development of such professionally significant qualities as independence, responsibility, accuracy, creative initiative in solving the assigned tasks. consolidation of the received deepening, 2. When carrying out laboratory work (practical exercises), the study group can be divided into subgroups, if its number is at least 16 people. 3. The division into subgroups during laboratory work is carried out: by disciplines of general education, general professional, MDK, modules 4. The list of disciplines for which the division into subgroups is carried out is reflected in the annual curriculum, annually approved by the director of the college. 2. Rules for laboratory work and reporting requirements 1. The presence of students in the computer science room is not allowed: in outdoor outerwear (if there is a working wardrobe); with food, drinks, etc. 2. Cell phones should be set to silent or switched off during labs. 3. Students who are more than 5 minutes late are not allowed to attend classes. 4. Only students who have been instructed in the Safety Rules and strictly follow them are allowed to perform laboratory work. 5. ATTENTION! In case of violation of the Safety Rules, the student is suspended from performing laboratory work and re-submits the Safety Rules. 6. Laboratory work is performed individually, in exceptional cases in groups of two. 7. Time for laboratory work - 2 hours. Homework after laboratory classes - report preparation. 8. A prerequisite for admission to the current lesson is: readiness to defend the previous completed laboratory work (the presence of a fully completed report on it) and the presence of preparation 4 for the upcoming laboratory work (knowledge of theoretical foundations, methods of work, order of execution, etc.) ... 9. ATTENTION! The volume of laboratory work by the number of tasks performed and individual exercises can be changed by the teacher. 10. Laboratory work can only be started with the permission of the teacher after receiving general instruction at the workplace. 11. When carrying out laboratory work, it is prohibited to: lean on computer tables, and also place foreign objects on them; violate the rules and procedures for laboratory work; 12. ATTENTION! Failure by students to meet the requirements set out in this paragraph entails their suspension from laboratory work. 13. Turning on and off the computer is made only with the permission of the teacher. 14. The report on laboratory work should be individual, ie. provided for protection by each student. 15. The report on laboratory work in the general case should contain: title page (see p. Appendix # 2); presentation of the topic and purpose of the work; the content of the work done; answers to security questions; conclusion about the work done; an example of a report is in Appendix # 1. 16. Design: in writing (with black paste) on A4 paper, on one side of the sheet. 17. A student who, for some reason, has not completed laboratory work on time, must know that: he has the right to practice laboratory work; development of laboratory work is carried out at a time specially allotted for these purposes. 3. Evaluation criteria: The student receives the maximum number of points "excellent" if: gives the correct formulation, precise definitions, concepts of terms; can justify his answer, give the necessary examples; correctly answers additional questions of the teacher, aimed at finding out the degree of understanding of the student of this material; the report is drawn up according to the requirements, all necessary calculations, tables, figures are present. The student receives a mark "good" if: the task is incomplete, but correctly stated; during the presentation, 12 insignificant mistakes were made, which he corrects after the teacher's remarks; gives the correct formulations, precise definitions, concepts of terms; can justify his answer, give the necessary examples; correctly answers the additional questions of the teacher, aimed at finding out the degree of understanding of the student of this material. 5 A student receives an assessment "satisfactory" if: the task is incomplete, but correctly stated; 1 significant error was made in the presentation; knows and understands the main provisions of this topic, but admits inaccuracies in the formulation of concepts; sets out the performance of the assignment not logically and consistently enough; finds it difficult to answer the teacher's questions. The student receives the mark "unsatisfactory" if: the task is incompletely stated; significant errors were made in the presentation; if it does not meet the requirements established by the teacher for this type of work. 6 Laboratory work No. 1 Topic: Information resources of society. Educational information resources. Working with software Purpose: to learn how to use educational information resources, to search for the necessary information with their help; master the methods of working with software. THEORETICAL INFORMATION The concept of "information resource of society" (IRO) is one of the key concepts of social informatics. The widespread use of this concept began after the publication in 1984 of the book by G.R. Gromov. "National information resources: problems of industrial exploitation". "An information resource is knowledge presented in a project form" - such a short and insufficiently strict definition was proposed by Professor Yu.M. Kanygin. Thus, information resources are knowledge prepared for appropriate social use. The concept of IRO accumulated in the knowledge society can be considered in the narrow and broad sense of the word. IRO in the narrow sense of the word is knowledge that is already ready for expedient social use, that is, alienated from the carriers and materialized knowledge. IRO in the broad sense of the word includes all knowledge that is alienated from carriers and included in the information exchange, existing both in oral and in materialized form. The concept of a resource is defined in the Dictionary of the Russian language by S.I. Ozhegova as a reserve, a source of something. As for information resources, this concept is relatively new. It is still just beginning to enter the life of modern society, although in recent years it has become more and more used not only in scientific literature, but also in social and political activity. The reason for this, of course, is the global informatization of society, in which the especially important role of information and scientific knowledge is becoming increasingly recognized. To classify information resources, the following most important parameters can be used: subject of information stored in them; form of ownership - state (federal, subject of the federation, municipal), public organizations, joint-stock, private; availability of information - open, closed, confidential; archival, scientific and technical; Belonging to a certain information system - library, source of information - official information, publications in the media, statistical reporting, results of sociological research; 7 purpose and nature of information use - massive regional, departmental; form of information presentation - text, digital, graphic, multimedia; type of information carrier - paper, electronic. By educational information resources, we mean textual, graphic and multimedia information, as well as executable programs (distributions), that is, electronic resources created specifically for use in the learning process at a certain level of education and for a certain subject area. When working with educational resources, such concepts as the subject and object of these resources appear. We will classify the subjects of information activity as follows: the subject that creates the objects (all users of the educational system, teacher, student); subject using objects (all users of the educational system); a subject that administers objects, that is, provides an environment for working with objects of other subjects (network administrators); a subject that controls the use of objects by subjects (engineers). Educational electronic resources include: educational materials (electronic textbooks, study guides, abstracts, diplomas), educational materials (electronic methods, curricula), scientific and methodological (dissertations, candidate works), additional text and illustrative materials (laboratory works, lectures), testing systems (tests - electronic knowledge check), electronic full-text libraries; electronic periodicals in the field of education; electronic tables of contents and abstracts of articles of periodicals in the field of education, electronic archives of issues. WORK PROCESS Task number 1. 1. Download the Internet. 2. In the search bar, enter the phrase "catalog of educational resources". 3. List which sections include educational resources on the Internet. 4. Describe any three. Task number 2. Use the Universal Reference Encyclopedia to find answers to the following questions: 8 1. Specify the time when the Gregorian calendar was approved. 2. what is the diameter of Saturn. 3. Specify the lethal sound level. 4. what is the boiling point of iron. 5. what is the melting point of iodine. 6. Indicate the speed of rotation of the Earth around the Sun. 7. what is the mass of Jupiter. 8. which mountain is the highest in Africa. 9.What is HTTP? 10. Indicate the years of the reign of Ivan III. 11. indicate the years of the reign of Catherine II. 12.When was Blaise Pascal born? 13. Indicate the years of Khrushchev N.S. 14. what year was the first wooden bicycle invented. Task number 3. Answer the questions: 1. What do you mean by information resources? 2. List the parameters for classifying information resources. 3. What is meant by educational information resources? 4. What can be attributed to educational electronic resources? Evaluation criteria: tasks are completed correctly and in full; answers to control questions are clear, meaningful; the report was delivered on time. 9 Laboratory work No. 2 Topic: Discrete (digital) presentation of text, graphic, sound information and video information. Purpose: to study the ways of presenting text, graphic, sound information and video information, to learn how to write numbers in various number systems. Discrete representation of information: coding a color image in a computer (raster approach). Sound and video presentation and processing. THEORETICAL INFORMATION All information that the computer processes must be represented in binary code using two digits 0 and 1. These two characters are usually called binary digits or bits. Any message can be encoded with two digits 0 and 1. This was the reason that two important processes must be organized in a computer: encoding and decoding. Encoding - converting input information into a computer-readable form, that is, binary code. Decoding - converting data from binary code into a human-readable form. From the point of view of technical implementation, the use of a binary number system for encoding information turned out to be much simpler than the use of other methods. Indeed, it is convenient to encode information in the form of a sequence of zeros and ones, if these values \u200b\u200bare presented as two possible stable states of an electronic element: 0 - no electrical signal; 1 - presence of an electrical signal. These states are easy to distinguish. The disadvantage of binary encoding is long codes. But in technology it is easier to deal with a large number of simple elements than with a small number of complex ones. Methods of encoding and decoding information in a computer, first of all, depends on the type of information, namely, what should be encoded: numbers, text, graphics or sound. Analog and discrete coding A person is able to perceive and store information in the form of images (visual, sound, tactile, gustatory and olfactory). Visual images can be saved as images (drawings, photographs, and so on), and sound images can be recorded on records, magnetic tapes, laser disks, and so on. Information, including graphic and sound, can be presented in analog or discrete form. With analog representation, a physical quantity takes on an infinite set of values, and its values \u200b\u200bchange continuously. In a discrete representation, a physical quantity takes on a finite set of values, and its value changes abruptly. 10 Conversion of graphic and sound information from analog to discrete form is carried out by sampling, that is, dividing a continuous graphic image and a continuous (analog) audio signal into separate elements. In the process of sampling, coding is performed, that is, the assignment of a specific value to each element in the form of a code. Sampling is the transformation of continuous images and sound into a set of discrete values \u200b\u200bin the form of codes. Image coding There are two ways to create and store graphic objects in your computer - as a raster image or as a vector image. Each type of image uses its own encoding method. Bitmap coding A bitmap is a collection of dots (pixels) of different colors. Pixel is the smallest area of \u200b\u200bthe image, the color of which can be set independently. In the process of image encoding, its spatial sampling is performed. Spatial sampling of an image can be compared to building an image from a mosaic (a large number of small multi-colored glasses). The image is divided into separate small fragments (points), and each fragment is assigned a value for its color, that is, a color code (red, green, blue, and so on). For a black and white image, the information volume of one point is equal to one bit (either black or white - either 1 or 0). For four color - 2 bits. For 8 colors, you need 3 bits. For 16 colors, 4 bits. For 256 colors - 8 bits (1 byte). The image quality depends on the number of pixels (the smaller the point size and, accordingly, the larger the number, the better the quality) and the number of colors used (the more colors, the better the image is encoded). In order to form an image on the monitor screen, information about each point (point color code) must be stored in the computer's video memory. Let's calculate the required amount of video memory for one of the graphics modes. In modern computers, the screen resolution is usually 1280x1024 pixels. Those. total 1280 * 1024 \u003d 1310720 points. With a color depth of 32 bits per point, the required amount of video memory is 32 * 1310720 \u003d 41943040 bits \u003d 5242880 bytes \u003d 5120 KB \u003d 5 MB. Bitmaps are very sensitive to scaling (zoom in or 11 out). When reducing a raster image, several neighboring points are converted into one, therefore, the distinguishability of small image details is lost. As the image is zoomed in, the size of each dot increases and a stepped effect appears that can be seen with the naked eye. Vector images coding A vector image is a collection of graphic primitives (point, line, ellipse ...). Each primitive is described by mathematical formulas. The encoding depends on the application environment. The advantage of vector graphics is that the files that store vector graphics are relatively small. It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality. Binary Coding of Sound The use of computers for sound processing began later than numbers, texts, and graphics. Sound is a wave with continuously changing amplitude and frequency. The larger the amplitude, the louder it is for a person, the higher the frequency, the higher the tone. Sound signals in the world around us are unusually diverse. Complex continuous signals can be represented with sufficient accuracy as the sum of a certain number of the simplest sinusoidal oscillations. Moreover, each term, that is, each sinusoid, can be precisely specified by a certain set of numerical parameters - amplitude, phase and frequency, which can be considered as a sound code at a certain moment in time. In the process of encoding an audio signal, its time sampling is performed - a continuous wave is divided into separate small time sections and a certain amplitude value is set for each such section. Thus, the continuous dependence of the signal amplitude on time is replaced by a discrete sequence of loudness levels. Each volume level is assigned a code. The more volume levels will be allocated during the encoding process, the more information will carry the value of each level and the better the sound will be. The quality of binary audio coding is determined by the coding depth and sampling rate. Sampling rate - the number of measurements of the signal level per unit of time. The number of volume levels determines the coding depth. Modern sound cards provide 16-bit audio coding depth. The number of loudness levels is equal to N \u003d 216 \u003d 65536. 12 Presentation of video information Recently, the computer is increasingly used to work with video information. The simplest such job is watching movies and video clips. It should be clearly understood that the processing of video information requires a very high speed of the computer system. What is a film from a computer science point of view? First of all, it is a combination of sound and graphic information. In addition, to create a motion effect on the screen, an inherently discrete technology of fast change of static images is used. Studies have shown that if more than 1012 frames are replaced in one second, then the human eye perceives the changes in them as continuous. WORKING PROCESS. Task number 1. Using the symbol table, write down a sequence of decimal numeric codes in Windows encoding for your full name. The symbol table is displayed in the MS Word editor using the command: Insert tab Symbol Other symbols → → In the Font field select Times New Roman, in the from field select Cyrillic. For example, for the letter "A" (Russian capital) the sign code is 192. Example: I IN A N O V A R T E M 200 194 192 205 206 194 192 208 210 197 204 13 P E T R O V I Ch 207 197 210 208 206 194 200 215 Task number 2. Using the standard NOTEBOOK program, determine which Windows-encoded phrase is given by the sequence of numeric codes and continue the code. Launch NOTEBOOK. Using the additional numeric keypad, while holding down the ALT key, enter the code, release the ALT key. The corresponding symbol appears in the document. 0255 0243 0247 0243 0241 0252 0226 0211 0210 0221 0202 0239 0238 0241 0239 0229 0246 0232 0224 0235 0252 0237 0238 0241 0242 0232 fill in the top line with the name of the specialty 14 Task No. 3. Fill in the gaps with numbers: KB KB KB KB \u003d \u003d \u003d byte byte byte \u003d \u003d \u003d bit bit bit Task №4. Convert the decimal number to the binary number system and make a check: 1. 2. Task number 5. Answer the questions: 1. What is information? 2. List the properties of the information. 3. What types of information do you know? 4. Give examples of analog presentation of graphical information. 5. What is a pixel? 6. What is a number system? 7. Write a rule for converting decimal numbers to binary. 8. List the units of measurement of information. fifteen
Laboratory work No. 6 "Creating tables using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet processor"
Purpose of work: acquaintance with the interface of Microsoft Excel, obtaining practical skills for entering information, formulas and functions into the cells of a spreadsheet.
1 BASIC THEORETICAL PROVISIONS
1.1 Microsoft Excel interface
1.1.1. Books and sheets
Spreadsheets, which class belongs to microsoft program Excel are designed to perform any kind of periodic calculations.
Run this application.
Its interface is somewhat similar to the interface Microsoft Word, however, instead of a blank sheet (working field), we see a table with which the user should work. A Microsoft Excel file is organized like a workbook, consisting of such tables (sheets). A workbook in Microsoft Excel is a file used to process and store data. Each book can consist of several sheets, so you can put a variety of information in one file and establish the necessary links between them.
Sheets are used to organize and analyze data. Simultaneously on several sheets, data can be entered, edited, calculated with them. You can insert chart sheets into a workbook to graphically represent data, and modules for creating and storing macros used to perform special tasks.
Sheet names are located on tabs at the bottom of the book window. To move from one sheet to another, you must specify the appropriate tab. The name of the current sheet is always in bold. Sheets can be renamed, inserted, deleted, moved, or copied within one book or from one book to another.
1.1.2 Entering data into cells
Spreadsheet cells can contain data different types (text, number, date, etc.), as well as formulas or functions for working with them. In order to enter something into the selected cell, you need to stand on it with the cursor and simply enter from the keyboard. After completing the data entry, you need to exit the editing mode by pressing the Enter key. If you need to change the data in a cell, you can go in two ways: place the new data on top of the old data, or by double-clicking the mouse to go to the editing mode of the cell contents.
1.1.3 Entering Formulas in Cells
Formulas and functions are used to work with the data contained in cells. Entering any formula begins with the "\u003d" sign. Cells in a spreadsheet are identified by a letter (column) and number (row number). Suppose, for example, that we have two numbers in cells A1 and B1, and we need to enter the formula that adds them into cell C1. To do this, place the cursor on cell C1 and enter the "\u003d" sign. After that, in principle, one could switch to the Latin script and fill in the expression: "A1 + B1". After pressing Enter, the value of the sum would appear in the cell with the formula. However, Excel has a simpler mechanism for entering formulas. After the "\u003d" sign has been typed, to enter the name of a cell in the formula, click on the corresponding cell. It is recommended to type formulas only in this way.
1.2 Using Microsoft Excel functions.
You can use standard Microsoft Excel functions to perform calculations on workbook sheets and macro sheets. The quantities that are used to calculate the values \u200b\u200bof functions are called arguments. The values \u200b\u200bthat are the result of evaluating functions are called return values. The sequence in which the arguments to a function should appear is called the function syntax. To use a function, it must be entered as part of a formula in a worksheet cell. A formula must begin with an equal sign (\u003d) followed by a set of values, operators, and functions. If the function is at the very beginning of a formula, it must be preceded by an equal sign, as with any other formula.
Brackets are used to indicate the beginning and end of an argument list. The parentheses must be paired; spaces before or after the parentheses are not allowed. Arguments must be inside the parentheses. The argument list can be numbers, text, booleans, arrays, error values, or references. The arguments supplied must have valid values \u200b\u200bfor the given argument. Arguments can be both constants and formulas. These formulas, in turn, can contain other functions. Functions that are an argument to another function are called nested. You can use up to seven levels of function nesting in Microsoft Excel formulas.
For example, consider the syntax and order of summing the contents of a range of cells G2 through G18. To achieve the desired result, you must enter the line "\u003d SUM (G2: G18)" in any cell (usually the cell directly below the column to be folded). The order of entry is as follows: enter “\u003d”, then manually type “SUM” and open the bracket, click on cell G2, put a colon, click on cell G18, close the bracket, press “Enter”. It is the SUM function that can be obtained even faster, but we will consider the second method later.
2 PROGRESS
(Complete each task on a separate sheet of the workbook.)
Task 1. To get the basic skills of entering information and formulas in the cells of a spreadsheet, put two arbitrary numbers in cells A1 and B1. Then enter four formulas for the simplest arithmetic operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "^" - exponentiation) with these numbers. For reference: The “/” character can be typed using the key to the right of the “\u003d” key through “Shift”, the “” character can be typed using the “6” key in the Latin keyboard layout with the “Shift” key pressed. You can arrange formulas, for example, in cells C1 through C5. Write your comments for these formulas in cells D1 through D5.
Task 2. Create spreadsheet for calculating monthly wages in a company with 10 employees. The table structure is shown below:
The table is filled in for 10 people. At the bottom of the table, the SUM functions summarize the totals for all columns.
Task 3.
Perform the calculation using the formulas in Appendix B.
Task 4.
Perform the calculation using the formulas given in Appendix A. Write the function of one variable, the function of several variables and the function, with the operator to test the condition (\u003d IF ()). Options for assignments are given by the teacher.
When using the IF function, the command format is:
\u003d IF(log_expression;value_if_true ; value_if_false)
Log_Expression is any value or expression that evaluates to TRUE or FALSE. For example, A10 \u003d 100 is a boolean expression; if the value in cell A10 is 100, then the expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise, FALSE. This argument can be used in any comparison operator.
Value_if_true is the value that is returned if boolean_test is TRUE. For example, if this argument is the string "Within budget" and the logical_test is TRUE, then the IF function displays the text "Within budget". If boolean_test is TRUE and value_if_true is empty, then the value 0 is returned. To display the word TRUE, the boolean value TRUE must be used for this argument. Value_if_true can be a formula.
Value_if_false is the value that is returned if log_test is FALSE. For example, if this argument is the string "Over budget" and the logical_test is FALSE, then the IF function displays the text "Over budget". If boolean_test is FALSE and value_if_false is omitted (that is, there is no semicolon after value_if_true), then the boolean value FALSE is returned. If boolean_test is FALSE and value_if_false is empty (that is, value_if_true is followed by a semicolon followed by a closing parenthesis), then the value 0 is returned. Value_if_false can be a formula.
3 CONTROL QUESTIONS
What are workbooks and sheets in Excel?
How are table elements addressed?
What is auto-summation?
How do I enter a formula into a spreadsheet?
How to save data in a table?
4 BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST
1.K. Karlberg. Business analysis using Excel. Kiev, Moscow. “Dialectics”, 1997. –440 s.
2.Microsoft Excel 2000: reference. Ed. Kolesnikov, St. Petersburg: Peter, 1999, 352 p
3. Informatics: textbook. Ed. N. Makarova. - M .: Finance and statistics, 2000, 768 p.
4. Karpov B. MS Office 2000: reference book. - SPb .: Peter, 2000,448 p.
APPENDIX A - "Task Options"
APPENDIX B - "Examples of Excel mathematical functions"
The simplest mathematical functions
Rounding functions
Specific math functions
LABORATORY WORKS ON INFORMATICS