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Plan:

Natural resources. Agriculture. Economy of Japan. Industry of Japan. Automotive industry in Japan.

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Natural resources

Japan is a country rich in forests and taking care of its ecological state, therefore, their forests will look well-groomed and cut down extremely carefully and in volumes controlled by science. Over 2/3 of the territory of Japan is occupied by forests, bushes; a significant part of forests, over 1/3 - artificial plantation. Conifers account for 50% of the total timber reserves and 37% of the total forest area. In total, the flora of Japan has over 700 species of trees and shrubs and about 300 species of herbs. Numerous representatives of the ancient pre-Quaternary flora have survived - ferns, horsetails, etc. On the island of Hokkaido, coniferous forests of spruce and fir prevail. In the southern regions of Japan, coniferous forests are gradually being replaced by deciduous broad-leaved forests of oak, maple, ash, linden, chestnut, etc.

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Cultivated land 13% of the total territory of the country, mainly given over to rice and some crops - from potatoes in the north to sugarcane in the south. Natural conditions in Japan are generally favorable for agriculture. The soil cover of Japan is very diverse: red and yellow soils prevail in the south, on the island of Honshu, the slopes of local low mountains are covered with developed podzolic and brown forest soils, with sufficient fertilization, coastal plains with their fertile alluvial soils have long been mastered by farmers with sufficient fertilization. There are swampy soils in the lowlands.

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Japan's soil resources are very limited: more than one third of the soils are classified as poor. Nevertheless, the total area of \u200b\u200bcultivated land is 16% of the entire territory. Japan is one of the few countries in the world that has fully mastered its land resources. Virgin lands are preserved only on the island of Hokkaido; on the other islands, the Japanese are expanding the territories of cities and suburban farms, draining swampy shores and river deltas, filling lagoons and shallow areas of the seas, for example, the Tokyo airport was built. Over 3/4 of the territory is occupied by hills and mountains; The Kanto and Tokyo lowlands are located in separate areas along the coast. On the island of Hokkaido, the main ridges are a continuation of the Sakhalin mountain ranges and the Kuril Islands, stretching from north to south and northeast to southwest.

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The country has a dense network of short, full-flowing mainly mountain rivers (large: Shinano, Tone, Isikori). On the rivers of the basin of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan, winter-spring floods are distinguished, on the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin - summer floods; there are floods especially as a result of the passage of typhoons. The waters of many rivers are used for irrigation - there are thousands of small and large reservoirs in the country. The flat areas of large rivers are accessible to shallow-draft vessels, the largest is Lake Biwa with an area of \u200b\u200b716 sq. km. Japan has a typical coastal landscape with bays and islets, beautiful shores covered with vegetation.

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The fauna of Japan is characterized by some interesting features caused primarily by island isolation. Southern Ryukyu Islands - tropical fauna is relatively poor in mammals, arboreal animals dominate. There are a lot of monkeys: macaques, gibbons, thinnest. An unusually large number of bats. Martens are common, a lot of squirrels and flying squirrels are found six-winged, Japanese deer, black hare, blue bird. The central islands of the Japanese archipelago are much richer in fauna. Mainland animals are found here: wolf, fox, raccoon dog, badger, squirrel, deer, giant salamander, Japanese macaques, Japanese black bear ... But I note that the central islands are poor in rodents, there are few songbirds and there are no representatives of the cat family. The northern island of Hokkaido - northern forms prevail here: brown bear, ermine, weasel, Siberian sable, various insects. The country has 270 species of mammals, about 800 species of birds, 110 species of reptiles; in the seas washing Japan there are more than 600 species of fish, over 1000 species of mollusks, among birds in Japan there are storks, woodpeckers, owls, blackbirds, titmice, swallows, Japanese crane, starling hawk ... There are many seabirds near the seashore: cormorant, guillemot , skua

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As one of the main importers of raw materials, Japan has its own minerals, they are quite diverse, but the deposits are mostly small and difficult to develop. Despite the fact that the deposits of coal, sulfur and natural gas are relatively large, the high capital intensity of the development makes imports quite cheap, much more profitable, as evidenced by the gradual closure of mines in the country.

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Achievements of Japanese engineers a robot chef.

The Japanese have long been known for their desire to robotise literally everything and everyone. In the country, it is no longer possible to surprise anyone with a robot nurse, a robot teacher or even a robot driver. Now there is a replenishment - the robot chef Fua-Men

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Agriculture.

In terms of agricultural specialization, Japan differs markedly from other developed countries: the share of crop production is twice that of livestock. But despite this, the country does not have enough grain, Japan is forced to import grain crops from its closest neighbors: China, Korea. The Japanese organization of agriculture is known all over the world as quite backward, this is due to a number of reasons: the predominance of dwarf peasant farms of the small-scale type, limited capital investments allocated to improving the land, the weakness of the agro-technical base, and enslaving peasants' indebtedness. Recently, the productivity of the land has decreased slightly.

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The fishing fleet of Japan numbers tens of thousands of vessels, and the number of fishing ports is hundreds and even thousands. Of the exotic crafts, I would like to note the extraction of pearls on the southern coast of Honshu, more than 500 million pearl shells are mined here annually. Previously, shells extracted from the bottom were used to search for natural pearls, which, of course, were very rare. Now they are used for artificial cultivation of pearls on special plantations. Over time, there have been tendencies towards the depletion of national fish resources; therefore, artificial breeding of sea animals has become widespread (in 1980, 32 fish species, 15 crustacean species, 21 species of mollusks, etc., etc.) the world on aquaculture technology that originated in the VIII century. The most diverse types of aquaculture are developed here, artificial spawning grounds and fish pastures have been created.

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Inhabitants of coastal villages are engaged in coastal fishing; distant - large monopolies with a technically advanced fishing fleet. The northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean is the main area of \u200b\u200bthe world fishing, fish and seafood are caught here by Japan, China, Russia, the Republic of Korea, and some other countries.

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Industry of Japan.

Recently, a course has been taken towards the preferential development of science-intensive industries with some restraint of energy-intensive and material-intensive industries. The new industries include electronic, precision and complex instrument making, optics, the production of cameras, medicines, scientific and laboratory equipment. For quite a long time, the basis of the country's energy was coal, water, timber. Fuel imports played an additional role. Thermal power plants are the backbone of the Japanese power industry.

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Japan's fuel and energy base is very limited. Its own coal resources provide no more than 1/2 of its needs, there are very few good coking coals. Oil is produced in a year as much as in the United States in half a day; few iron and manganese ores, no bauxite and many other types of mineral raw materials. Despite the fact that 4/5 of energy is produced from imported raw materials, the country has a highly developed energy economy. The oil refining and petrochemical industries have grown in the production of oil, the enterprises of which are located in many cities of the urbanized strip of the islands of Honshu and Kyushu. After the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, during the years of occupation, the development of the automotive industry was artificially hindered by the introduction of various kinds of bans and restrictions, in particular on output from the headquarters of the occupation forces. And although in 1949 they were removed, and the enterprises of the automotive industry were removed from the list to be dismantled and exported under reparations, nevertheless, the end of the 40s. regarded as a period of struggle for the survival of the Japanese automotive industry. In addition, the import of foreign cars caused considerable damage to the industry at that time. It was officially banned until 1949, but cars were imported by the Americans.

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In the first six months of 2009, 273 companies related to the automotive industry, such as those involved in the supply of parts or the sale of cars, went bankrupt in Japan. This is 50% more compared to the same period in 2009. The volume of debts of ruined Japanese companies doubled to $ 1.1 billion. In almost half of the cases, it was about firms that worked in the retail and wholesale car market. They were unable to obtain loans to finance further activities. Most bankruptcies - 52 - were registered in those prefectures where Toyota Motor, Suzuki and major manufacturers of auto parts are located. At the same time, the Japanese car market began to gradually recover from the crisis, but has not yet fully recovered.

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12.10.2019

Agriculture of Japan - presentation. Japanese economy

Territory - 377.8 thousand km 2

Population - 125.2 million people (1995).

Capital - Tokyo.

Geographical location, general information

Japan - an archipelago country, located on four large and almost four thousand small islands stretching for 3.5 thousand kilometers from northeast to southwest along the eastern coast of Asia. The largest islands are Honshu, Hokaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The shores of the archipelago are heavily indented and form many bays and coves. The seas and ocean washing Japan are of exceptional importance for the country as a source of biological, mineral and energy resources.

The economic and geographical position of Japan is determined primarily by the fact that it is located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, which contributes to the country's active participation in the international geographical division of labor.

For a long period, Japan was isolated from other countries. After the unfinished bourgeois revolution of 1867-1868. she embarked on the path of rapid capitalist development. At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. became one of the imperialist states.

Japan is a country with a constitutional monarchy. Supreme body state power and the only legislative body is parliament.

Natural conditions and resources of Japan

The geological basis of the archipelago is underwater mountain ranges. About 80% of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills with a highly dissected relief of an average height of 1600 - 1700 m. There are about 200 volcanoes, 90 are active, including the highest peak - Mount Fuji (3776 m). Frequent earthquakes and tsunami.

The country is poor in minerals, but coal, lead and zinc ores, oil, sulfur, limestone are mined. The resources of its own deposits are small, so Japan is the largest importer of raw materials.

Despite the small area, the length of the country determined the existence of a unique complex of natural conditions on its territory: the island of Hokkaido and northern Honshu are located in a zone of temperate maritime climate, the rest of Honshu, the islands of Shikoku and Yushu are in a humid subtropical, and Ryukyu Island is in a tropical climate. Japan is in the active monsoon zone. The average annual rainfall ranges from 2-4 thousand mm.

About 2/3 of the territory is mainly mountainous areas covered with forests (more than half of the forests are artificial plantations). Coniferous forests prevail in northern Hokaido, mixed forests in central Honshu and southern Hokkaido, and subtropical forests in the south.

There are many rivers in Japan, full-flowing, fast, of little use for navigation, but providing a source for hydropower and irrigation.

The abundance of rivers, lakes and groundwater has a beneficial effect on the development of industry and agriculture.

In the postwar period, environmental problems worsened on the Japanese islands. The adoption and implementation of a number of environmental laws reduces the country's pollution level.

Population of Japan

Japan is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of population. Japan became the first Asian country to move from the second to the first type of population reproduction. Now the birth rate is 12%, the death rate is 8%. Life expectancy in the country is the highest in the world (76 years for men and 82 years for women).

The population is nationally homogeneous, about 99% are Japanese. Other ethnic groups include Koreans and Chinese. The most common religions are Shinto and Buddhism. The population is unevenly distributed over the area. The average density is 330 people per m2, but the coastal regions of the Pacific Ocean are among the most densely populated in the world.

About 80% of residents live in cities. 11 cities are millionaires.

Economy of Japan

The growth rate of the Japanese economy was one of the highest in the second half of the 20th century. The country has largely undergone a qualitative restructuring of the economy. Japan is at a post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by a highly developed industry, but the leading sphere is the non-manufacturing sector (services, finance).

Although Japan is poor in natural resources and imports raw materials for most industries, it ranks 1-2 in the world in terms of the output of many industries. Industry is mainly concentrated within the Pacific industrial belt.

Power engineering mainly uses imported raw materials. In the structure of the raw material base, oil is in the lead, the share of natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy is growing, and the share of coal is decreasing.

In the electric power industry, 60% of the capacity comes from thermal power plants and 28% from nuclear power plants.

Hydroelectric power plants are located in cascades on mountain rivers. In terms of hydropower generation, Japan ranks 5th in the world. In resource-poor Japan, alternative energy sources are being actively developed.

Ferrous metallurgy. In terms of steel production, the country ranks first in the world. The share of Japan in the world market of ferrous metallurgy is 23%.

The largest centers, now operating almost entirely on imported raw materials and fuel, are located near Osaka, Tokyo, and Fujiyama.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. Due to the harmful effect on environment primary smelting of non-ferrous metals is declining, but factories are located in all large industrial centers.

Mechanical engineering. Provides 40% of industrial production. The main sub-sectors among the many developed in Japan are electronics and electrical engineering, radio industry and transport engineering.

Japan firmly occupies the 1st place in the world in shipbuilding, specializing in the construction of large-capacity tankers and bulk carriers. The main centers of shipbuilding and ship repair are located in the largest ports (Yokohana, Nagosaki, Kobe).

In terms of car production (13 million units per year), Japan also ranks first in the world. The main centers are Toyota, Yokohama, Hiroshima.

The main enterprises of general mechanical engineering are located within the Pacific industrial belt - complex machine tool construction and industrial robots in the Tokyo region, metal-intensive equipment in Osaka, machine tool construction in the Nagai region.

The country's share in the world output of the radio-electronic and electrical engineering industry is exceptionally large.

By development level chemical industry in Japan is one of the first places in the world.

Pulp and paper, light and food industries are also developed in Japan.

Agriculture Japan remains an important industry, contributing about 2% of GNP; the industry employs 6.5% of the population. Agricultural production is focused on food production (the country provides 70% of its own needs in it).

13% of the territory is cultivated, in the structure of crop production (it gives 70% of agricultural production) the cultivation of rice and vegetables plays a leading role, and gardening is developed. Livestock breeding (cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming) is developing intensively.

Due to the exceptional location, there is an abundance of fish and seafood in the diet of the Japanese, the country fishes in all regions of the World Ocean, has more than three thousand fishing ports and has the largest fishing fleet (over 400 thousand vessels).

Japan transport

All types of transport are developed in Japan, with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of the volume of cargo transportation, the first place belongs to road transport (60%), the second place is to sea transport. The role of rail transport is declining, while the role of air transportation is growing. In connection with very active foreign economic relations, Japan has the largest merchant fleet in the world.

The territorial structure of the economy is characterized by a combination of two different parts: the Pacific belt, which is the socio-economic core of the country; here are the main industrial areas, ports, transport routes and developed agriculture, and the peripheral zone, which includes areas where the most developed timber harvesting, livestock, mining, hydropower and tourism. Despite the implementation of the regional policy, the smoothing of territorial disparities is proceeding rather slowly.

External economic relations of Japan

Japan actively participates in the MGRT, foreign trade takes a leading place, capital export, production, scientific and technical and other ties are also developed.

The share of Japan in world imports is about 1/10. Mainly raw materials and fuel are imported.

The country's share in world exports is also more than 1/10. Manufactured goods account for 98% of exports.

Japan's economy is by far the most developed economy in the world. In terms of industrial production and GDP, this state ranks third among the countries of the world, yielding positions only to the United States and China. Japan has highly developed high technologies (robotics and electronics), automobiles and shipbuilding.

A bit of history: stages of development of the Japanese economy

After the Second World War, the government of the state carried out structural changes in organizations in various spheres of the economy. Experts note that cooperation between the government and industrialists, the use of high technologies, work ethic, low defense costs have significantly helped Japan to become an industrialized country.

The main stages of the development of the Japanese economy:

The first period is 1940-1960. - characterized by a revision of the state policy in relation to science and technology, as well as in the organization of training for highly qualified workers.

Second period 1970-1980 - a time of extremely high economic growth. During this period, significant changes are noted in the structure of national income. The mining and manufacturing industries, as well as construction, account for a significant percentage of the national income. At the same time, the share of national income from agriculture and fisheries has significantly decreased from 23% to 2%.

Third period 1990 - 2000 - the time of Japan's transformation into the leading country in the world in terms of economic indicators.

Features of the development of Japanese industry

Special attention is paid to the development of science and education. The state R&D program (development of a national system of research and development work) contributes to the development of its own technical achievements and a complete rejection of imports. On the territory of the country, special scientific centers were created, which began to engage in developments in the field of solid state physics, space robots, nuclear energy, the latest structural materials, plasma physics and other issues.

There are three particularly large industrial areas in Japan:

• Tyuke or Nagoya industrial area;
• Kei-Hin or Tokyo-Yokagama Industrial Area;
• Khan-Sin or Osako-Kob industrial area.

In addition, in Japan, industry is developing well in areas such as:

• North Kyushu;
• Kanto;
• Tokay or East Marine Industrial Region;
• Kasima;
• Tokyo-Tibsky industrial area.

Main industries in Japan

Automotive

Automotive products are one of the country's main exports. There are three large areas in Japan that are engaged in car manufacturing. They are located in Aichi, Shizuoka and Kanagawa prefectures. The leading automobile companies in the world are considered the following Mazda (plant in Hiroshima), Toyota and Nissan (plant in Yokohama), Honda (plant in the capital of Tokyo), Mitsubishi and Suzuki (plant in Hamamatsu).

This industry began to develop rapidly since the 1970s. Japan exported large volumes of automotive products to the United States. But after the conflict in 1974 between the two countries, Japan imposed restrictions on the export of cars from the country. Therefore, the entrepreneurs of this state began to transfer their production to the United States. In 1989, experts mark the greatest peak in the production of automotive products. About 13 million vehicles were produced this year. Of this amount, 6 million. Japan exported abroad.

Shipbuilding

There are three major shipbuilding areas in Japan:

• Pacific coast;
• Northern shores of Kyushu island;
• The coast of the Inland Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan.

The world's leading shipbuilding companies are Universal (Kawasaki), Kawasaki (Kobe), Mitsubissi (Nagasaki), Sasebo (Sasebo).

Thanks to the improvement of technology, the above-mentioned state after the Second World War was the absolute leader in this industry. At the beginning of 1970, the country produced ships with a carrying capacity of more than 16 thousand tons.

But in the following years. Japan began to compete with the PRC. This struggle in the shipbuilding market is being waged between these countries to this day.

Electrical engineering

The world's leading companies that manufacture any kind of electrical equipment are the following:

• Kenwood Corporation;
• Kenon;
• Konica;
• Sony;
• Toshiba;
• Supra;
• Nikon;
• Panasonic;
• Olympus;
• Roland;
• Pioneer;
• Sharpe;
• Sega.

Agricultural development in Japan

13% of the territory of the above-mentioned state is occupied by lands. Rice fields account for more than half of them. Since the lands are predominantly small, very often they are cultivated without the use of specialized great technology... Sometimes the land is located near the terraces and on the slopes of the mountains, since there is not enough flat land in Japan.

Since the end of the 20th century, there has been a tendency for the reduction of flooded fields in the state. There are two reasons for this:

• rapid urbanization of the country;
• the transition of the Japanese to the Western way of life (an increase in the consumption of wheat, milk and meat, and a decrease in rice).

The entire population of the state that is engaged in agriculture, according to the law, is called farmers. The latter are divided into those who grow products for their own needs, and those who grow products for sale. Accordingly, there are simple farmers and merchant farmers. The latter should have arable land of 30 acres or more.

Merchant farmers are also divided into three main groups:

• professionals (that is, those who are engaged in agricultural work from 60 days a year, their age must be at least 65 years old) 4
• semi-professionals (same requirements);
• amateurs (persons over 65).

Main branches of agriculture in Japan

Rice growing

About half of all arable land in the state is devoted to the above culture. Japanese rice cultivation reached its apogee after 1960. The Japanese economic miracle contributed to the fact that the income of the population increased significantly. This has led to an increase in demand for rice.

Since 1970, farmers have begun phasing out cultivated areas due to excessive rice surpluses. A crop rotation system was introduced in flooded fields. But already in 1997 in Japan there was an unexpected shortage of rice due to the reduction of land.

Experts note that already at the beginning of the 19th century, about 23% of the gross agricultural output of the state was income from rice cultivation.

Fishing

This branch of agriculture is traditional for Japan. Experts estimate that on average one Japanese eats about 168 kg of fish per year.

The North and South Western Pacific is the main fishing area. The catch is based on the following fish: tuna (8%), mackerel (14%), saury (5%), salmon (5%), horse mackerel (4%).

It should be noted that Japan is the largest importer of fish and seafood in the world (occupies about 20% of all world imports). The fact is that Japanese fishermen have the right to fish exclusively in the territorial waters of the country (within a radius of 370 km in the Pacific Ocean).

Japan Resources and Energy

The main energy resource of the above state is oil. The share of "black gold" in the country's energy balance is about 50%.

The main petroleum products that are produced at Japanese refineries:

• petrol;
• diesel fuel;
• kerosene;
• naphtha;
• fuel oil.

But still, the country has to import 97% of this resource from countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Iran, Qatar. However, the Japanese government is trying to use alternative energy sources such as bioethanol.

It should be noted that the state fully meets its needs for minerals and building materials... There are also minor gold deposits in Japan. It belongs to the highest quality in the world and is mined in Kagoshima Prefecture near the city of Isa (Hishikari mine).

A feature of the Japanese economy is that the country has practically no energy resources. In 1979, after the oil crises, the Japanese government set a course for the development of its own nuclear power. Some of the enterprises were transferred to natural gas.

The latter is supplied to the territory of the above state in liquefied form from countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Experts note that Japan is the sixth country in the world in terms of the total consumption of this natural resource. 96% of his country must be imported from outside.

Also, the state is poor in metals. 100% of all copper, aluminum, iron ore is imported from abroad. According to 2004 data, the largest suppliers of iron ore to Japan were India (8%), Australia (62%) and Brazil (21%), aluminum - Indonesia (37%) and Australia (45%), copper - Chile (21%) , Australia (10%), Indonesia (21%).

Features of Japanese trade

The main distinguishing characteristic of the trade relations of the above-mentioned country is that the country completely purchases raw materials and exports already manufactured goods. This trade belongs to the type of value added trade.

Before World War II, the state imported raw materials for its textile industry and exported textile products. After World War II, Japan completely reoriented its economy. From abroad, it mainly imports fuel, and exports - mechanical engineering products, high-precision equipment, cars, electronics.

Experts note that since 1980, the state has had an exceptionally positive trade balance: imports are significantly inferior to the country's exports.

Japan's main imports:

• oil;
• liquefied gas;
• simple microcircuits;
• textile goods;
• fish and seafood;
• computers.

Japan's main export commodities:

• complex microcircuits;
• cars;
• chemical industry products;
• steel;
• products of the engineering industry.

The main trading partners of the above state are the USA, China, Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Korea, Australia.

Experts note that according to 2010 data, the country's external turnover amounted to about 1.401 trillion US dollars.

Most of the import and export of goods is carried out through the ports of Japan. The largest commercial ports of this state are:

• Kansai Airport;
• Kobe Port;
• Narita Airport;
• Nagoya port;
• Yokohama Port;
• Tokyo port.

Japanese economic model: description

To understand the basics of the economic development model of the above country, you should pay attention to the following important factors:

• the role of the state in economic relations;
• organization of private entrepreneurship;
• labor Relations.

Features of the structure of private entrepreneurship

The social structure of Japan is characterized by the dualism of modern industry. Small and medium-sized enterprises occupy a major place in the manufacturing industry. At the same time, some small firms do not observe a pronounced downward trend. It was against the background of the mass of small enterprises that significant concentrations of capital in the branches of heavy industry developed rapidly. This is precisely what led to the formation of gigantic associations.

Features of the economic system of Japan:

• vertical integration of firms and their grouping (large companies merge with small and medium-sized firms);
• the presence of a three-layer structure - the market - a group of enterprises (keiretsu) - the enterprise itself (the legislation prohibited the absorption of small enterprises. Basically, the latter are subordinate to large companies. This limits the process of centralization of capital and provides for unanimous consent of directors of subordinate enterprises).

The largest keiretsu ( financial groups) In Japan, the following are considered:

• Mitsubishi;
• Mitsui;
• Sumitomo;
• Sanwa;
• Daniti Kange.

They are mainly operated by universal trading and industrial companies, large banking institutions.

Financial capital groupings have the right of mutual ownership of the securities of the participating companies (but only a small block of shares). For example, life insurance companies can own no more than 10% of securities of other firms, and financial institutions - no more than 5%. Companies cannot own their own shares. The result is the transfer of control over companies from individuals to legal entities.

Labor Relations

To achieve high rates of economic growth, it is important to create a unique personnel management system. The Japanese have done it very successfully!

The management of the state of the rising sun is based on the identification of the employee with the whole corporation. In Japan, it is completely unacceptable to change jobs frequently. Japanese workers are extremely loyal to their superiors and the organization where they work.

In the land of the rising sun, the system of the so-called "life-long hiring of an employee" is welcomed. The latter remains faithful to only one organization throughout his working life. With such a system in place, over time for the employee, the work collective becomes a second family, and work becomes a home. The employee ceases to distinguish between his own goals and the goals of the corporation itself.

It should be noted that Japan has a rather long working day - about 58 hours a week. Labor remuneration system:

• basic;
• overtime;
• premium.

The female labor force occupies a special position in labor relations. Basically, the fairer sex is used as hourly workers and day laborers. A woman's salary is several times lower than that of a man. Interestingly, female day laborers pass in government statistics like ordinary housewives. Therefore, they therefore cannot lose their jobs - that is, they are not included in the number of unemployed. Because of this, the state has such a low unemployment rate.

Role of the state

Unity is noted in solving common problems in the land of the rising sun state apparatus and large companies. The country is actively using the planning system:

• nationwide;
• target;
• regionally;
• in-house;
• industry.

National plans are mainly aimed at regulating the operation of private firms and companies. Their main tasks are mainly embodied in the content of intra-company plans, which are directive in nature.

There are five main groups of national plans:

• economic and social development plan;
• sectoral plans;
• land development and use plan;
• regional planning;
• targeted nationwide programs.

Role of higher officials is extremely high. Their instructions are mandatory for firms.

Agriculture also develops under the conditions of government regulation and fairly broad support. Lease relations and hired labor were not widespread here. Only 7% of farms have more than 2 hectares of land. About 70% of farms successfully operate outside the industry. They are in the service sector and in industry. The state allowed them to work on the farm only on weekends.

It should be noted that the country is the monopoly buyer of all agricultural products. The owners of the latter sell it at prices higher than world prices.

The Japanese economic model is called very specific. After all, it perfectly combines not only economic and political methods, but also psychological methods. Some experts call the above model a philosophy of economic management. The consistency and absolute competitiveness of this method of functioning of the economy is evidenced by the amazing economic achievements of the country of the rising sun.

Japan's economy today

At the end of the 20th century, foreign exchange reserves were rapidly growing in the state. The Japanese government introduced a special system of measures to liberalize the export of the country's capital abroad. Today it is the most powerful international lender and banking center. Its share in international loans has grown significantly (from 5% in 1980 to 25% in 1990). Capital export is the main form of foreign economic activity.

Experts note that most of the Japanese capital is successfully working in the USA, Western Europe, Asia, Latin America.

In the second half of 2008, the economy of the Land of the Rising Sun went into recession. The volume of sales, for example, of cars in November this year fell by more than 27%.

The country has the lowest unemployment rate in the world. According to data from 2011, its figure was about 4%.

There was no inflation in 2010. According to data for 2011, the inflation rate rose to 2%.

Since 2014, experts say, the Japanese economy has successfully emerged from the recession. GDP growth, according to government data, is 2.2% on an annualized basis.

To summarize a little, we can say that the Japanese economy is mainly focused on the export of goods. Recently, the Land of the Rising Sun has become the main supplier of high-precision technology, electronics and automobiles to the myrrh market. The products of the above sectors of the economy are of extremely high quality, very fast change of models and constant improvement. This makes it quite popular and in demand among consumers.

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Climate features

The geographical location of the country has a decisive influence on the way of life of the population. Japan is an island state. Nature has ordered in such a way that in a very limited area three climatic zones are combined: the sea coast, the plains and mountainous regions. The agriculture of Japan was formed and developed in these conditions. The country is located in a zone of temperate climate, which is characterized by high humidity, due to the proximity of the ocean. Due to this, intensive vegetation growth takes place here. Or - as biologists say - biomass.

The specifics of the landscape

There are no natural pastures on the territory of the country, which are typical for many continental regions. All territories suitable for these purposes are quickly overgrown with bushes, and then trees. It is very difficult to artificially maintain pastures and grazing in working order. Such activities require significant labor costs. This explains the fact that the agriculture of Japan does not have developed animal husbandry. For a long historical period, people living here have developed a special diet. Protein requirements are met by seafood.

Agriculture in Japan is based on small-scale farming. It has long been estimated that the country's total agricultural area is very modest when compared to Argentina or China. So, in 2000 it was six million hectares. A typical peasant farm cultivates (approximately) 1 ha. The main focus is on growing rice. Almost three quarters of farms are engaged in the production of this product. It is grown in irrigated fields. It should be noted that its yield is very high and reaches fifty centners per hectare.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the country finally entered the world community of developed countries. And agriculture in Japan began to intensively absorb the experience of developed countries. A wide variety of plants began to be brought here - from fruit trees to vegetables. All effective techniques and technologies were applied in strict accordance with the instructions. New professions appeared in agriculture. However, the vast majority of innovations have not taken root in local conditions. Fruit trees either began to rot or were completely destroyed by insects. At the same time, there have been significant changes in the methods of land cultivation and seed selection.

Integration into the global market

For many centuries, the selection of the most productive varieties of rice took place here. Modern information technologies in agriculture have put this process on a systemic basis. Today, every farmer has the opportunity to use the seeds most suitable for his area. The level of mechanization of soil cultivation is very high. Experts note that the widespread use of mechanisms significantly increases the cost of agricultural products. At the same time, the country provides itself with food for only 75%. The missing volumes are supplied from abroad.

Japan is a country with a very highly developed industry. Despite its small territory, Japan produces up to 12% of the world's industrial goods. The leading sectors of the Japanese economy are the production of materials and devices based on modern high technologies.

Energy of Japan

The basis of Japan's electricity industry is imported oil due to the lack of its own oil fields in the country, its share reaches 80%, which makes the country's energy sector rather vulnerable. In terms of electricity production, Japan ranks third in the world, behind the United States and China. The basis of the electric power industry is formed by thermal power plants, there are more than a thousand of them and they are located mainly near large cities, of which there are many. The largest thermal power plants in Japan are located on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, near such megacities as Tokyo and Osaka. Also, nuclear power plants have been actively used in the electric power industry of Japan since the 80s of the 20th century. In total, there are formally 42 operating reactors in the country, but only 4 of them actually produce electricity. In 2017, the Japanese government plans to launch 10 more nuclear power plants and increase the share of electricity generated by them. An important role is played by the issue of NPP safety due to high seismic activity and frequent earthquakes, there are clear scenarios for actions in a critical situation, as well as constant checks of the safety and performance of equipment. The use of alternative energy sources in Japan is interesting. There are many volcanoes and geysers in the country, and attempts to use their energy were made already in the 70s. There were also attempts to use the energy of the Sun, but in our time its share is less than one percent.

Metallurgy of Japan

One of the most important branches of Japan's specialization is ferrous metallurgy, which experienced its boom in the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, against the background of the increasing size of construction. However, after the crisis of the 80s, the ferrous metallurgy in Japan is declining and is now going through hard times. Despite this, Japan remains one of the world's largest steel exporters, exporting more than 25 million tons annually.

Japan does not have its own mineral reserves, so ferrous metallurgy is focused on imported raw materials: ore is imported from India, Australia and South Africa, and coking coal from Australia, the USA and Canada, which is why most metallurgical enterprises are located in coastal areas in close proximity to large cargo ports. Even despite the lack of its own raw materials, metallurgy in Japan has reached unprecedented heights, largely due to automation, as well as a large amount of investment in scientific and technological development. Now the main prospect for the development of the industry is to reduce energy costs and more efficient use of iron ores, which will reduce the country's dependence on imported raw materials.

Japanese mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is the basis of the country's industry, it is rightfully considered one of the most developed and advanced in the world. The main industries of Japan's global specialization are automobile and shipbuilding, as well as the production of consumer electronics and robotics.

The unusually rapid development of mechanical engineering in Japan after World War II is often called the "Japanese industrial miracle." Immediately after the war, the automotive industry in Japan was restricted by many legislative prohibitions that hindered its development. The situation of the Japanese automotive industry was complicated by the low competitiveness of manufactured cars over imported ones, which were imported despite the ban issued by the Japanese government.

The impetus for the development of Japanese mechanical engineering was given by military orders made during the Korean War in the 50s. After that, the volume of car production grew steadily, which allowed Japan by the 1980s to come out on top in car production in the world and successfully hold it for 15 years. Now many Japanese carmakers such as Toyota, Nissan, Honda and Mazda remain world leaders and are not going to give up their positions, successfully coping with industry crises. In total, the automotive industry, including car service and maintenance, employs about 6 million people in Japan.

In the 1980s and 1990s, a tendency for the development of science-intensive and high-tech industries was outlined in the country's economy, which allowed Japan to produce the world's highest quality consumer electronics and radio electronics. Until now, Japanese devices are famous for their quality, manufacturability and reliability. Many manufacturers of radio electronic products, medical equipment and optical devices receive support from the state, as they make a significant contribution not only to the economy, but also to scientific progress.

Aircraft construction

The aircraft industry in Japan began to really develop only in the 1970s, thanks to agreements with Western countries. Recently, the civil aircraft industry has been developing more and more, already surpassing the military in terms of sales. Despite this, the Japanese military aircraft industry is also actively developing, although the government is concerned about the superiority of the United States in this area. The problem of the Japanese aircraft industry is the country's dependence on the United States for the production of engines and their parts, but the government is trying to solve it by investing in science and creating its own industries.

Shipbuilding

As in an island and high-tech state, shipbuilding is also developed in Japan. The most famous Japanese shipbuilding companies are Mitsubishi and Sasebo, which have many shipyards located mainly on the coasts of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan and the Pacific Ocean. These are developed and technologically advanced enterprises, but recently they have to reduce their production capacity, since the demand for ships in the world has been falling since the 80s of the last century. Currently, the successful existence of shipbuilding enterprises is provided by numerous orders of the Japanese Navy.

Robotics

Part of the national economic strategy is to develop robotics at the forefront of the world today. In addition to traditional industrial and industrial robotics, aimed at increasing production efficiency, robotics is actively developing in Japan, aimed at meeting the needs of an aging population. So, robots that provide services for household and medical care are gaining popularity. Humanoid robots are also being actively developed, some of which can even mimic facial expressions. human face... The traditional automobile manufacturers Honda and Toyota also contribute to the development of robotics, which indicates the importance of this direction in the future of the Japanese economy.

Chemical industry

Due to the high level of technology development, the chemical industry is an important industry in the Japanese economy. It received a big shift in the 60s, together with the energy sector, then the petrochemistry, based on the waste of the oil and gas industry, began to develop actively. Now the Japanese chemical industry in terms of production is in second place in the world and first in Asia. The industry leaders are Asahi Chemical, Mitsubishi Chemical, Asahi Glass, Fuji Photo Film, Sekisui Chemical and many others.
The most developed branches of the chemical industry are petrochemistry, the production of synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, and plastics. As well as in other areas, the Japanese leadership draws attention to the science intensity and manufacturability, biochemistry is considered a promising industry. It includes the development and production of pharmaceuticals and fertilizers. Due to environmental problems in the country, measures are being taken to limit the harmful effects of the chemical industry on nature, for which advanced technologies are also used. The Japanese chemical industry plays an important role in exports: Japanese medicines, household and industrial chemicals, fibers and cosmetic products are exported by all over the world.

Light industry

Traditionally, light industry in Japan has always been on high level development and was distinguished by its authenticity. The country still has such traditional industries as silk spinning and ceramics. However, with the development of technology, the specialization of Japanese light industry has changed a lot. Now, most of the production is carried out at large enterprises, and the most developed branches of light industry are cotton and woolen, both work on imported raw materials, the purchase of which is spent annually on very large sums. Ceramics also remains a specialty of Japan due to its rich reserves of clays and centuries-old traditions of their processing, up to 75% of manufactured products are effectively exported. There are several well-known centers for the ceramic industry in Japan, usually located near deposits such as Seto and Nagoya.

Food industry in Japan

The food industry in Japan operates mainly on imported raw materials, since the country does not have the capabilities and resources to produce its own. Japan is one of the world's largest food exporters. The average volume of the consumer basket in Japan has been growing recently, and there is also a demand for organic products and healthy food.

The core of Japanese industry is large corporations, which became an integral part of financial and monopoly groups: "Fuyo", "Mitsubishi", "Sumito-mo", "Mitsui", "Daiichi", etc. The main production is concentrated in the hands of individual concerns, but a significant role in the development of industry is assigned to small and medium-sized enterprises (see atlas, p. 37).

Japanese industry is inextricably linked to the global market. 50% of its cars, 90% of watches, 95% of video equipment, 75% of copiers, 50% of televisions are exported, but also 79% of coal, 99% of oil, 98%, 70% of wood, 100% of phosphates, bauxite, cotton, wool and other goods. It accounts for 12% of world industrial production. Japan holds the first place in the world in the production of ships (52%), cars (23.9%), tractors, household electrical appliances, robots, etc.

The metropolitan area, especially the metropolitan area - Keihin (Tokyo-Yokohama), Hanshin (Osaka, Kobe,), Chunyo (Nagoya) is a concentration of high-tech industries, where intersectoral complexes - combines were formed. The country ranks third in the world in terms of electricity production after Russia. 3/4 of its production falls on the largest thermal power plants (imported oil and coal), the rest - at nuclear power plants (Japan has the world's largest nuclear power plant) and hydroelectric power plants.

Japan is the world leader (100 million tons of steel in 1996). Twenty full-cycle metallurgical plants operate here, the largest are in Kawa-kashi, Chiba, Tokai, Hirobata, Fukuyama, Kitakyushu.

Japan is represented by 16 petrochemical complexes; the largest are located in Kashima, Goi, Yokkaichi, Mizishima, Sakai. In terms of energy consumption, Japan ranks fourth in the world.

In the world production of machinery and equipment, Japan's share is over 10%. Engineering firms have mastered the entire product range of the industry. Leading machine-building concerns are the backbone of Japan's export base, exporting 25% of its products. The main branches of mechanical engineering are: electrical engineering (33.3% of the industry's production), where 50% of products are radio electronics, transport engineering, in which the automotive industry takes the main place (12 million vehicles per year), shipbuilding, general mechanical engineering (production of equipment and machine tools) ...

Japan has a powerful research and production complex. This makes it possible to consider the production of science-intensive and technically complex products as the main direction of the country's specialization in MGRT. The Tokyo-Yokagama metropolitan area owns 60% of scientific developments and 40% of high-tech products. Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe, Nagoya also play an important role.

The agro-industrial complex of Japan employs 25% of the economically active population, of which 6.6% - in agriculture and fishing, 19.2% - in the processing of agricultural products. The agro-industrial complex of the country provides 70% of its food needs.

There are very few fertile lands in Japan. Currently, 5.1 million hectares are cultivated, where 3.7 million people work. The main branches of agribusiness specialization are rice cultivation (the country gives 15 million tons of rice), horticulture, livestock (3.5 million tons of meat is produced). Fishing is an important branch of the Japanese economy (Japan ranks first in the world). The pearl industry is also developed. The country's needs for other types of food are met by imports: 5.8 million tons of wheat, 20 million tons of corn, 5 million tons of beans and soybeans, 80% of sugar, 33% of fats and 20% of meat are imported.

Japan's transport is at a high stage of development, in terms of the volume of freight and passenger traffic, Japan far exceeds any of the countries Western Europe, and in terms of passenger turnover, rail transport ranks first in the world. Domestic transportation is provided by three types of transport: road, rail and sea. External cargo transportation is carried out by sea, and passenger - by air. For the development of land transport in connection with the island position, relief and economy of land, it becomes necessary to build tunnels, bridges between islands, underwater tunnels (the largest Honshu-Hokkaido up to 53 km, the underwater tunnel "Seikan" (Honshu-Kyushu) 23 km long) Japan has one of the world's largest passenger car fleets and merchant marine tonnage. But, despite these conditions, monorail railways with a speed of 250-300 km / h and high-speed highways (5 thousand km) connect all the economic centers of the islands.