Presentation on the theme of Alexander 1. Presentation on the theme "Alexander I". Accession to the throne

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Presentation on the topic: Reign of Alexander I

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1. Accession to the throne In March 1801, the conspirators broke into the bedroom of Paul I in the Mikhailovsky Castle and strangled him. His son, 23-year-old Alexander Pavlovich, in 1801 became Emperor Alexander I. Alexander I promised to return all Catherine's orders and continue the reforms of Catherine II.

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2. The upbringing and education of Alexander was brought up by his grandmother, Empress Catherine II. Thanks to her, he received a good education and upbringing in European traditions. Alexander read a lot, knew German, French and English. He was handsome and smart. He knew how to talk with people and to please others.

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3. Reform activities Alexander I wanted to change the life of Russian society, for which he began to carry out reforms. A group of young people rallied around the emperor (P.A.Stroganov, V.P. Kochubei, A.A.Chartoryisky, N.N. Novosiltsev) who helped him to rule the country. This group was called the "Secret Committee".

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By order of Alexander, five new universities, several lyceums and gymnasiums were opened. Among the open educational institutions was the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where A.S. Pushkin. Alexander I dreamed of abolishing serfdom. He adopted a decree "On free farmers". According to this decree, the landowner could release the serf peasant free for a ransom.

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Reforms of the Russian state system are associated with the activities of M.M. Speransky. In October 1809, a project entitled "Introduction to the Code of State Laws" was presented to the tsar. Speransky proposed to introduce a strict separation of powers. The ministries would be the executive branch, and the State Duma would be the legislative branch. The courts would be independent and subject to the Senate. Speransky's plans were not realized.

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4. Patriotic War of 1812 In June 1812, Napoleon's troops invaded the territory of the Russian Empire and began to rapidly advance inland. Napoleon expected Emperor Alexander to bring him the keys to Moscow, but did not wait and occupied the empty capital. He wrote a letter to the emperor, Alexander did not answer him ... The French were starving and suffering from cold in deserted Moscow. Napoleon gave the order to retreat from the city. In December 1812 M.I. Kutuzov told Emperor Alexander I: “The enemy has been completely exterminated. The war is over. "

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5. Military settlements The whole country rejoiced: the Frenchman was defeated. Alexander I decided that the victory united the whole society and now it is possible to continue the initiated reforms. General A.A. was close to the emperor. Arakcheev. It was he and several other top officials who began to prepare a draft reform. By order of the emperor, military settlements were established in 1816. They were led by A.A. Arakcheev. The military settlers were former serfs. They had to simultaneously carry out military service and engage in peasant labor, i.e. provide yourself with everything you need for life. The military settlements did not justify themselves. The peasants often went hungry because of the ill-considered orders of their chiefs. They raised uprisings and riots, for which they were shot or exiled to Siberia. Alexander I was condemned by Russian society for these reforms.

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6. The Legend of the Elder Fyodor Kuzmich At the end of his life, Emperor Alexander I was less and less interested in state affairs. He estranged himself from his family and increasingly spoke of his desire to leave the imperial palace. One day he went south to see military settlements. On the way, the emperor died unexpectedly. His body was brought to St. Petersburg only 2 months later. Because of this, rumors spread throughout the country that the coffin was not Emperor Alexander himself, but another person. That the emperor himself is alive and has gone to wander the world. After a while, the elder Fyodor Kuzmich appeared in Siberia. He was kind to people, helped them and prayed for them. The elder was of the same age as Alexander I and remarkably similar to him. People began to talk about the fact that this old man is Tsar Alexander. That he is wandering around Russia and atonement for sins for his murdered father Paul I. No one still knows if this is true?

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8. Conclusions The era of the reign of Alexander I is the time of liberal reforms. The emperor himself, brought up in the spirit of enlightenment, sought to change the centuries-old serf system. However, much of what was planned was not done. Quite often, reforms were just half-hearted and remained only on paper. There was also a positive result. Reformist searches formed the basis on which new projects of state power were later developed.

Alexander I: Board and Reforms Completed by a student of grade 10 "B", GBOU Gymnasium 201 in Moscow. Kamyshnikov Alexander Teacher Tatarnikova E.V. Accession to the throne.

• At half past one in the night 12 march 1801 year graph P. A. Palen informed Alexander about murder father... According to legend, Alexander I, who demanded that Paul be kept alive, fell into frustration, to which Count Palen told him: "Stop being childish, go reign!"
• Already in the manifesto from 12 march 1801 year the new emperor took on the obligation to rule the people " according to the laws and by heart, in the bose of the reposed august grandmother of our Empress Catherine the Great". In decrees, as well as in private conversations, the emperor expressed the basic rule by which he would be guided: in place of personal arbitrariness, actively establish strict legality. The emperor more than once pointed out the main flaw suffered by the Russian state order.

Accession to the throne

• The emperor more than once pointed out the main flaw suffered by the Russian state order. He called this shortcoming “ the arbitrariness of our government". To eliminate it, it was necessary to develop fundamental laws, which almost did not exist in Russia. It was in this direction that the transformative experiments of the first years were carried out.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_

Domestic policy

• Unspoken Committee
• From the first days of the new reign of the emperor, people were surrounded, whom he called to help him in his transformative work. They were former members of the grand ducal circle: Count P. A. Stroganov, graph V.P. Kochubei, prince A. Czartoryski and N.N. Novosiltsev... These people made up the so-called " Unspoken Committee”, Gathered during 1801-1803 in the secluded room of the emperor and together with him worked out a plan for the necessary transformations. The task of this committee was to help the emperor " in systematic work on the reform of the shapeless building of empire government».

Top management reform

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_

www.abc-people.com

State Council

• We started from the central office. The State Council, which met at the personal discretion of Empress Catherine, on March 30 (April 11), 1801, was replaced by a permanent institution called the "Indispensable Council" for the consideration and discussion of state affairs and decisions. January 1, 1810 (according to the project of M. M. Speransky "Introduction to the Code of State Laws") The Indispensable Council was transformed into the State Council. It consisted of the General Assembly and four departments - laws, military, civil and spiritual affairs, state economy (later, the 5th temporarily existed - for the affairs of the Kingdom of Poland).

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_

Senate

• On February 8, 1802, a personal decree "On the Rights and Duties of the Senate" was signed, which determined both the very organization of the Senate and its relation to other higher institutions. The Senate was declared the supreme body in the empire, concentrating the highest administrative, judicial and controlling powers. He was given the right to make representations on the issued decrees if they contradicted other laws. Due to a number of conditions, these newly granted rights to the Senate could not raise its significance in any way. In terms of its composition, the Senate remained a collection of far from the first dignitaries of the empire.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_

www.koipkro.kostroma.ru

Holy Synod

• The Holy Synod also underwent changes, whose members were the highest spiritual hierarchs - metropolitans and bishops, but the Synod was headed by a civil official with the rank of chief prosecutor. Under Alexander I, representatives of the higher clergy no longer gathered, but were summoned to meetings of the Synod at the choice of the chief prosecutor, whose rights were significantly expanded.
• From 1803 to 1824, the post of chief prosecutor was performed by Prince A.N. Golitsyn, who since 1816 was also the minister of public education.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_

www.meteorites.ru

Ministerial reform.

• On September 8, 1802, the Manifesto "On the Establishment of Ministries" began a ministerial reform - 8 ministries were approved, replacing the Peter's collegia, liquidated by Catherine II and restored by Paul I:
• foreign affairs,
• military ground forces,
• naval forces,
• internal affairs,
• finance,
• justice,
• commerce,
• public education.

www.moya-rossia.ru

Ministerial reform

• Cases were now decided solely by the minister, who was accountable to the emperor. Each minister had a deputy (assistant minister) and an office. Ministries were subdivided into departments headed by directors; departments - into departments headed by the heads of departments; branches - on tables led by clerks. The Committee of Ministers was established to jointly discuss matters.
• On July 12, 1810, the manifesto "On the division of state affairs into special administrations," prepared by M. M. Speransky, was published, on June 25, 1811 - "The general institution of ministries."

www.liveinternet.ru

Peasant liberation projects

• In 1818, Alexander I instructed Admiral Mordvinov, Counts Arakcheev and Guryev to develop projects for the abolition of serfdom.
• Mordvinov's project:
• the peasants receive personal freedom, but without land, which entirely remains with the landlords.
• the size of the ransom depends on the age of the peasant: 9-10 years - 100 rubles; 30-40 years - 2 thousand; 40-50 years old - ...
• Arakcheev's project:
• to carry out the emancipation of the peasants under the leadership of the government - to gradually redeem the peasants with land (two tithes per capita) in agreement with the landowners at the prices of the area.
• Guriev's project:
• the slow redemption of peasant land from the landlords in a sufficient amount; the program was designed for 60 years, that is, until 1880.

Foreign policy.

• In 1805, by the conclusion of a number of treatises, a new anti-French coalition was in fact formalized, and on September 9 of the same year Alexander left for the active army. The emperor bears the main responsibility for the defeat of the Russian-Austrian army at Austerlitz. November 22 (December 4) 1805, an armistice was concluded, by to which Russian troops had to leave Austrian territory. On June 8 (20), 1806, a Russian-French peace treaty was signed in Paris. In September 1806, Prussia began a war against France, and on November 16 (28), 1806, Alexander announced the Russian Empire's attack against France.

Third Coalition War

Franco-Russian union

• June 25 (July 7) 1807 Alexander I concluded the Peace of Tilsit with France, under which he recognized territorial changes in Europe, pledged to conclude an armistice with Turkey and withdraw troops from Moldova and Wallachia, join the continental blockade (break off trade relations with England), provide Napoleon had troops for the war in Europe, and mediated between France and Britain. The British, in response to the Peace of Tilsit, bombarded Copenhagen and took the Danish fleet away.

Patriotic War of 1812

• On June 12 (24), 1812, when the Great Army launched an invasion of Russia, Alexander was at a ball with General Bennigsen in the estate of Zakret near Vilna. Here he received a message about the beginning of the war. On June 13 (25), he gave an order for the army.
• Then Alexander sent A. D. Balashov to Napoleon with a proposal to start negotiations on the condition that the French troops leave the empire. On June 13 (25), he left for Sventsiany. Arriving at the active army, he did not declare MB Barclay de Tolly commander-in-chief and thus assumed command. Alexander approved the plan of defensive military operations and forbade the conduct of peace negotiations until the time when at least one enemy soldier remained on Russian soil.

Results of the reign of Alexander 1

• The beginning of the reign of Alexander 1 was marked by the implementation of reforms, he wanted to change the political system of Russia, create a constitution that guaranteed everyone's rights and freedom. But Alexander had many opponents.
• Alexander introduces M.M. Speransky, who is entrusted with the development of a new state reform. According to Speransky's project, it is necessary to create a constitutional monarchy in Russia, in which the sovereign's power would be limited to a bicameral parliamentary-type body.
• In 1817-18. people close to the emperor were engaged in the gradual elimination of serfdom. By the end of 1820, a draft "State charter of the Russian Empire" was prepared

ALEXANDER 1
1801-1825
.

1825
1777
November 19
(December 1)
December 12 (23))
The reign of Alexander I
(Blessed)

The identity of the emperor.
The many-sided character of Alexander Romanov
based largely on the depth of his early
education and the difficult environment of his childhood.
He grew up in an intellectual court
Catherine the Great;
educator-Swiss-Jacobin Frederick
Caesar Laharpe introduced him to the principles
humanity Rousseau,
military teacher Nikolai Saltykov - with
traditions of the Russian aristocracy,
Frederic Cesar
Laharpe,
educator
Alexander I
father passed on to him his passion for the military
parade and taught him to combine the spiritual
love for humanity with practical concern for
near.

Accession to the throne

At half past midnight on March 12, 1801, Count P.A.Palen
reported
Alexander about the murder of his father.
During the month Alexander:
returned to the service all those previously dismissed by Pavel,
lifted the ban on the import of various goods and products
to Russia (including books and musical notes),
announced amnesty to the fugitives,
restored noble elections, etc.
April 2, Alexander restored the action
letters to the nobility and cities,
liquidated the secret office.

"Secret Committee"
Even before accession to the throne around
Alexandra rallied a group of "young
friends "(P. A. Stroganov, V. P. Kochubei, A.
A. Czartoryskiy, N. N. Novosiltsov),
who from 1801 began to play extremely
important role

Domestic policy until 1812

1802 - the introduction of 8 ministries instead of 12 collegia.
Senate Decree supreme supervisory and judicial
organ
1810 - Council of State (legislative
organ)
1803 - the decree on "Free farmers".
Creation of a unified education system
-Universities (autonomy)
-Institutes
- Lyceums (Tsarskoselsky, 1811)
- gymnasiums
- Parish schools

M.M.Speransky's project

In 1807 the Secret Committee was dissolved
1809 "Plan of state transformation"
system of elected state
legislative authorities
(The State Duma)
Council of State, whose members
appointed by the king helped determine which
to submit laws to the Duma.
The project was not accepted (Karamzin). Resignation
Speransky

Changes in domestic policy after 1812

Society's hopes after defeating
Napoleon.
Liberal
nobles
Peasants.
Poles
1. Introduction
constitution.
The Constitution and
independence
1.Cancel
serfdom
the people
to the winner.

Alexander I at the end of his reign.
With all this, the emperor could not ignore the opinion
the old conservative nobility, which
was convinced of the perniciousness of Western thinking, considering
victory of the East, that is, Russia, over the "rotten" West
(France), as a victory of the autocracy and "correct
politics "of Russian absolutism! All this led to the fact
that the king could not refuse reforms, but he did it now
secretly. Only a narrow circle was dedicated to this
people close to the king.

"Polish experiment"

Flag, coat of arms and map
Kingdom of Poland.
They decided to carry out the first reform in the new
the region of the empire Kingdom of Poland. In 1815 g.
the Polish constitution was adopted.

The Constitution in Poland guaranteed:
1 inviolability
personality.
3.Punishments and Link
without a court decision
were prohibited.
2. Freedom of the press.
5.Head of Poland
emperor
Russia,
bringing
oath to
fidelity
constitution.
6.The Legislature
parliament, the Diet and the king. But
Diet - legislative
organ.
4.Polish language
state and
for everyone
governing
positions
should have been
Poles.

Arrival
Alexandra 1
to Warsaw.
The Poles were convinced that the constitution was
first step towards independence and openly dreamed
on the revival of the Polish state at the expense
Ukrainian and Belarusian lands. But the king believed
that so gave the Poles a lot of freedom and about
further reforms could be forgotten.

N.N. Novosiltsev's project.

N.N.Novosiltsev.
One year after adoption
the Polish constitution,
the project lay on the king's table
constitution of Russia,
prepared by the Vice President of the Interim
privy council
N.N. Novosiltsev.
It was to him that the king instructed
project preparation
constitution. Was called
the draft is not a constitution, but
"Charter
Russian Empire "and
included
following…

Charter of the Russian Empire:
1.Home in the country
imperial power!
Chapter 3
executive
power is the emperor! is he
also introduces projects
laws to parliament!
2.Creation
parliament, without
solutions
which neither
one king's law
did not join
strength!
5.Russia- federation
divided into
governorship.
4.Providing
free citizens
empire - freedom
the words,
religion,
equality of all before
law,
inviolability
personality, the right to
private
own!!!
Emperor's power
still huge, but
LIMITED !!!

Rejection of reforms, years of "reaction".

Towards the end of the reign
the emperor faced
opposing it
reforms by the majority
conservatively minded
nobles. Father's fate, again
made the king afraid
reprisals against oneself. In Europe
the revolutionary
movement that also scared
the emperor. The king is not only
began to roll back reforms,
but also to tighten the internal
politics.

After the war - Arkcheevshchina

Abolition of serfdom in the Baltics.
Without land.
1816 - military settlements
Tightening censorship
abolition of university autonomy

Strengthening "reaction":
Serfs were banned
file complaints about
owners.
Allowed
landlords
exile
peasants in
Siberia.
Increased censorship
behind the seal.
Banning in the land of all
secret societies and
organizations.
Difficulty in domestic politics and the unresolvedness of all vital
problems, including personal ones, have left their mark on recent years
the reign of the emperor. Alexander's sister and two dies
daughter. The king suffers from mysticism, believes in signs, seeing in
the fire of Moscow and the flood in St. Petersburg are a bad omen.
The king strikes at faith in God, rides a pilgrimage and becomes
rather strange.

5. The results of the internal policy of Alexander 1.

Alexander 1 on a pilgrimage in
Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Reasons for the failure of reforms
lay in the following:
-fear to share the fate
Paul I,
-Lack of smart capable
of people,
- inconsistency
striving for reform
and desire to keep
autocracy.
Reform projects are not
less prepared
ground for future
transformations.

The main directions of foreign policy.

1.Fight against Napoleonic
France and the revival of traditional
political and
economic
relations with England,
2. Strengthening in the Balkans
and in Transcaucasia,
3.Fighting attempts
Sweden restore
its influence in the Baltic.

I.I. Trebnev.
"Bubble".
Caricature of conquest plans
Napoleon.
Immediately after the coup, Alexander returned the troops sent
to India. In September 1801 a Russian-French treaty was concluded, but in 1804 a break followed.
In July 1805, the 3rd coalition was formed consisting of: Russia,
England, Sweden and Austria.

Russia and anti-French coalitions.

Battle of
Austerlitz
In response, Napoleon sent troops to Austria and
Battle of Ulm defeated the Austrians and occupied Vienna.
December 4, 1805 near Austerlitz Russian-Austrian
the army suffered a crushing defeat.
Russian losses of 15 tons of soldiers, also 20 tons of Austrians and
Russians were captured. The 3rd coalition collapsed.

Russia and anti-French coalitions.

Battle of Friedland
In 1806. The 4th coalition-Russia, England,
Sweden, Prussia.
In response, Napoleon announced
9.9.1806 Continental
blockade of England.
In 1806 Prussia was defeated
under Jena and Auerstedt, and
in June 1807 - Russia under
Friedland.
France went to the Russians
borders. Alexander
thought about the conclusion
the world.

3. Tilsit world and its destiny.

Signing
Tilsit
the world.
June 25, 1807 2 emperors met at Tilsit on the river
Neman and signed a peace treaty:
-Russia recognized the conquests of Napoleon,
-Join the continental blockade,
- Pledged to help France in wars,
-Get freedom of action in the Baltic (against Sweden) and
Balkans and Caucasus (v. Turkey)

Signing
Erfurt
Agreement.
The treaty hit the interests of Russian nobles, Russia
found herself in international isolation, authority
Alexandra fell. Therefore, he actually did not comply with the terms of the Agreement.
In 1809, at a meeting in Erfurt, an attempt was made to strengthen the Franco-Russian alliance, but Napoleon did not
wanted to give up the support of anti-Russian
sentiment in Poland and the allies were on the verge
war.

4. War with Sweden 1808-09.

Russian fighting
army in 1808-09.
Using the articles
Tilsit peace
Alexander I in 1808 began
war against Sweden.
Gen. Buksgevden in 1 month
defeated the Swedes and took possession
Finland and Aland
islands.
When the Swedish
troops, Russians are forced
were to go on the defensive.
In the fall, the Russians went to
offensive and won a number
victories.

War with Sweden 1808-09

Alexander I opens
meetings
Finnish Seimas.
In March 1809 troops under
by the command of the gene.
Barclay de Tolly and Kulneva
crossed the Baltic on ice,
took Umeå and were approx.
Stockholm. Sweden
capitulated.
According to Friedrichsgam
the agreement signed in
1809, ceded to Russia
Finland, and Sweden
joined
continental blockade.

Russian-Turkish war 1806-12

The main
directions
combat
action.
In 1806, Napoleon pushed Turkey to start a war with
Russia. Russian troops in 1806 occupied Moldavia and
Wallachia.
After Tilsit, Russia concentrated its troops in the Balkans,
but the fighting went on sluggishly until in 1811.
M. Kutuzov did not become the commander-in-chief. He quickly
intensified hostilities.

5.Russian-Turkish war of 1806-12

Battle
at
Slobozeya.
In the battle of Slobodzeya, the Turks were encircled and began
peace negotiations.
In 1812 the Treaty of Bucharest was signed - Bessarabia was part of Russia, Turkey promised to hold
reforms in Serbia.
Thus, Napoleon's plans were thwarted and Russia
was able to avoid a war on 2 fronts.

Alexander I: foreign policy at the beginning of the reign

1805 - III anti-French coalition
Russia, England, Austria, Neapolitan Korea
Defeat of the Austrians at Ulm
The defeat of the Austro-Russian troops at Austerlitz
1806-1807 - IV anti-French coalition
Russia, England, Prussia, Sweden
1806 - the defeat of the Prussian troops at Jena and Auerstedt
1806 - the beginning of the continental blockade of England
1807 - the defeat of the Russian-Prussian troops at Friedland
1807 - Peace of Tilsit
1. France and Russia were declared allies
2.Russia joined in the continental blockade of England
3. The conquests of Napoleon in Europe were recognized
4. At the expense of Prussia, the Polish state was formed
(Duchy of Warsaw)
5. Napoleon's consent to Finland joining Russia,
Moldavia and Wallachia
As a result of the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. Finland
was annexed to Russia

Wars in the south

Russo-Turkish war
1806-1812
Capture of Moldavia, Wallachia,
fortresses on the Danube and
in the Caucasus
Defeat of the Turkish fleet
Admiral D.N. Senyavin
1811 - defeat of the Turks
at Ruschuk (M.I.Kutuzov)
Bucharest Peace of 1812
Bessarabia
200 km. Caucasian
the Black Sea coast
Russian-Iranian war
1804-1813
Capture territory to the north
from the Araks river (Dagestan,
Azerbaijani,
Armenian,
Georgian lands)
Gulistan Peace of 1813
Dagestan, North
Azerbaijan, Georgia

Patriotic War of 1812

Causes:
The desire of Alexander I to strengthen
provisions in Europe.
Violation of the Tilsit Peace Treaty
Personal animosity
Napoleon's desire for world domination

1 Barclay de Tolly
110 000
Great
Army
600
thousand people
II Bagration
49 000
III.Tormasov
45 000

June 12, 1812
French
army
forcing
Neman.
June 12, 1812 "army
twelve languages \u200b\u200b"
forced the Neman and
swiftly
moved forward with
aim to prevent
reunion 1st and
2nd Russian army.
Commander-in-Chief
the Russian army was
Alexander I himself that
made it difficult to act
generals. Soon it
persuaded to leave
army but new
commander-in-chief
never was
assigned.

Smolensk battle.

Near Smolensk
unfolded
fierce
battle.
The French, having lost
20,000 soldiers,
occupied the city
only when
russian
command
found him
further
defense
meaningless and
gave the order
resume
retreat.

Initial failures
during the war forced
the emperor to do
looking for a new
commander-in-chief.
Contradictions between
Barclay de Tolly and
Bagration was not allowed
stop at their
candidates and under
pressure
the public
Alexander I put in
head of the army
M.I.Kutuzov, who
soon arrived to the troops
in the district of Tsarevo Zaymishche.

4. It is not without reason that the whole of Russia remembers about Borodin's day….

Unexpectedly for everyone
new
commander-in-chief
announced actions
Barclay de Tolly
faithful and
continued
retreat, in
looking for a place for
general
battles until
stopped at 110 km
from Moscow, about
the village of Borodino.

Battle for Shevardinsky
redoubt.
By order of Kutuzov about
Shevardino started
erection of an earthen
strengthening the redoubt.
August 24 to the village of Shevardino
the French approached.
They attacked on the move
redoubt. Battle
lasted until
late at night.
In the morning to Napoleon
reported that the Russians
departed. 25 August
the parties were preparing for
the forthcoming
battle.

Early in the morning of August 26, the generals moved the troops to their starting positions.

V. Vereshchagin.
Napoleon on
Borodinsky
heights.
The battle began at 5-30 am. Napoleon sent
the main blow to the left flank, where were
Bagrationov Flushes. The battle for them continued throughout
day. Flushes changed hands 7 times, but
the French did not manage to break through the defenses and
go to the rear of the 1st army. The battle was deadly
Prince Bagration was wounded.

“There is North with
The West
fought
And the thunder hit
oh thunder. "
Derzhavin.
On August 27, at 2 am, Kutuzov ordered the withdrawal of the troops.
The battle did not bring victory to either side.
The French lost 60 thousand soldiers, but they had
battlefield. Russians - 40 thousand, but they were forced to
continue retreat.

5.Tarutinsky
maneuver.
War Council
In Fili
(1.9.1812)
Alexander I and the courtiers demanded that under
Moscow Kutuzov gave a new battle.
Kutuzov, approaching Moscow, gathered a council of war in
Fila and after listening to all those present said:
“With the loss of Moscow, Russia is not yet lost ... But,
when the army is destroyed, Moscow will die and
Russia".

The Russian army left the capital along the Ryazan road, then moved on to Kaluga, and broke away from the pursuing Murat corps.
Tarutino

Battle of Tarutin,
6th October 1812
The Russian army was located on the banks of the Nara river in
old Russian village Tarutino.
This allowed, covering the escape routes of the French
south, give the army a rest. To Tarutino camp
reinforcements were constantly arriving. Several
attempts by the French to pass into the not ruined
the war districts were successfully recaptured.

V. Vereshchagin.
Napoleon
and
Lauriston
"There will be no peace ..."
Napoleon, who was in Moscow, understood very quickly,
that I was trapped. Having reached the long-awaited
goals, he could not sign the peace, an army in front of
turned into marauders, ahead was
winter in a devastated and burnt city.
General Lauriston sent with a peace proposal
first to Kutuzov, and then to Alexander I
returned with nothing.

6. Guerrilla movement.

Huge damage done
French partisan
detachments that
blocked
communications of the French
from Moscow to the border on
West.
The initiator of the partisan
movement became a colonel
D. Davydov, who received
M. Kutuzov's consent to this
even before Borodinsky
battles.
Soon on occupied by the enemy
territories started
detachments arise from among
local residents.
Denis Davydov

V. Vereshchagin.
With weapon?
Shoot!
The most famous commanders were: officers A. Seslavin, A. Figner, soldier E.
Chetvertakov, peasants G. Kurin and V. Kozhina.
The contribution of the partisans to the defeat of the enemy with full
the basis allowed to call the war of 1812
Patriotic.

7. Death of the Great Army.

V. Vereshchagin.
Big
road retreat,
escape…
On October 6, Napoleon gave the order to retreat. Leaving
the French mined the Kremlin, Basil's Cathedral
Blessed and others, but Russian patriots were able to
neutralize charges.
The emperor hoped to break through Kaluga
road south, winter there and next year
resume hostilities.

Kutuzov moved along the Old Smolensk road,
engaging in combat only when the French
tried to turn south. The great army was melting into
eyes.

P. Hess
Crossing
Berezina, November 16
The last battle was fought while crossing
R. Berezina in November 1812. Russians on the move
attacked the French and Napoleon, who lost here
another 30,000 soldiers, abandoned the army and with the remnants
The old guard returned to Paris.
On December 25, Alexander I issued a manifesto on expulsion
enemy from Russia and the end of the Patriotic War.

Foreign campaign of the Russian army

Union of Russia, Austria, Prussia.
1813 - Leipzig "Battle of the Nations"
1814 March - entry into Paris.
.

Congress of Vienna 1814-1815

"Peoples were bought and sold,
separated and united "
Russia received the Duchy of Warsaw.
1815 - July Waterloo - final
defeat of Napoleon,
link to Saint Helena. 1815 g.
Russia, Prussia, Austria-Hungary created
"Holy Alliance" to suppress any
revolutions in Europe

Congress authorized the inclusion of a new
Kingdom of the Netherlands Austrian territory
The Netherlands (modern Belgium),
all other possessions of Austria returned under
control of the Habsburgs, including Lombardy,
Venetian region, Tuscany, Parma and Tyrol.
Prussia got a part of Saxony, a significant
territory of Westphalia and the Rhine region.
Denmark, France's former ally, lost Norway,
transferred to Sweden.
In Italy, the power of the Pope over
The Vatican and the Papal States,
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was returned to the Bourbons.
The German Confederation was also formed.

Lecturer, OmSPU. University College "
Brovko Zoya Ivanovna

Causes of occurrence.

Foreign campaigns of the Russian army 1813 - 1814
introduced officers to Western European life
The influence of the ideas of the Russian and French Enlightenment,
Patriotic rise after the war of 1812, waiting
changes in Russia
Domestic reaction: tightening
serfdom, the introduction of military settlements
Refusal of Alexander I from reforms

The first secret societies.
Secret societies
North South
1821-1825
Objectives:
Liquidation
serf
law, introduction
The Constitution
Objectives:
Methods:
Promotion of ideas,
regicide
Union
salvation
1816-1818
Union
welfare
1818-1821
Objectives:
Preparation
public opinion
Liquidation
serfdom
Introduction of the constitution
Methods:
Education,
charity
Programs
"Constitution"
"Russian truth"
Methods:
Military
summer performance
1826 g.

Constitutional projects
Questions for
comparisons
State
device of Russia
About property and
land tenure
Northern Society
"Constitution"
A constitutional monarchy,
federal structure,
separation of powers
Immunity
private property,
landlords remain
after them.
Southern Society
"Russian truth"
Republic, united and
indivisible state,
separation of powers
The whole earth is divided
to private and
public
Serfdom and
military settlements
Abolition of serfdom and
military settlements.
Peasants receive allotments
in 2 tithes.
Abolition of serfdom
and military settlements.
Liberation of peasants from
earth.
Civil rights
and freedom
Freedom of speech and press,
religion, equality before
law, immunity
personality. Property qualification for
elections.
Suffrage
for men, freedom
words, stamps,
equality before
by law.

Speech on December 14, 1825

Alexander I
Konstantin
Pavlovich
Nicholas I

November 19 - December 14, 1825 - the interregnum. After the death of Alexander I, the army and the country swore allegiance to Constantine. After the official refusal

November 19 - December 14, 1825 - the interregnum.
After the death of Alexander I, the army and the country
swore allegiance to Constantine.
After Constantine's official refusal to
throne on December 14, 1825 was appointed
oath to the new emperor - Nicholas I.
The members of the Northern Society decided
take advantage of the situation and speak 14
December.

Performance plan

By 8 o'clock in the morning, gather loyal troops on Senate Square
Do not allow senators to take the oath to Nikolai. Make them
sign "Manifesto to the Russian people": cancellation
autocracy, serfdom, etc.
S.P. Trubetskoy was appointed dictator.
Part of the troops under the command of Yakubovich must capture
Winter Palace and arrest the royal family.
Capture of the Peter and Paul Fortress with an arsenal.

Balance of forces

Decembrists
About 3 thousand people
Moscow regiment
Guards
sea \u200b\u200bcrew
Life Guards
grenadier regiment
Nicholas I
9 thousand
infantrymen
3 thousand cavalry
artillery

"I do not want to shed the blood of my subjects on the first day of my reign."

In order to convince
The "rebels" disperse
Nikolai sends to them
Petersburg
metropolitan
Grand Duke Michael
Pavlovich
Petersburg General -
governor
M.A. Miloradovich

The trial and reprisals against the Decembrists

579 people were involved in the investigation
289 people were found guilty,
of these, 121 were committed to the Supreme Criminal Court.
Five Decembrists P. I. Pestel,
S. I. Muravyev-Apostol,
M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin,
K. F. Ryleev,
P. G. Kakhovsky
sentenced to death by quartering,
replaced by hanging.
More than 100 Decembrists were exiled to hard labor
and for an eternal settlement in Siberia.
The Chernigov regiment was sent to the Caucasus,
where there was a war with the highlanders.

The meaning of the Decembrist movement
The Decembrist movement was
Russia's first opposition
political action of the XIX century.
The first to form
revolutionary organizations,
developed a program of action and
political documents.
Decembrist traditions
inspired subsequent
generations of freedom fighters

Slide 2

Plan

• Accession to the throne;
• Upbringing and education;
• Reform activity;
• Patriotic War of 1812;
• Military settlements;
• The legend about the elder Fyodor Kuzmich;
• Secret societies;
• Conclusions.

Slide 3

Accession to the throne

• In March 1801, the conspirators broke into the bedroom of Paul I in the Mikhailovsky Castle and strangled him.
• His son, 23-year-old Alexander Pavlovich, in 1801 became Emperor Alexander I.
• Alexander I promised to return all Catherine's orders and continue the reforms of Catherine II.

Slide 4

Upbringing and education

Alexander was brought up by her grandmother, Empress Catherine II. Thanks to her, he received a good education and upbringing in European traditions. Alexander read a lot, knew German, French and English. He was handsome and smart. He knew how to talk with people and to please others.

Slide 5

Reform activity

• Alexander I wanted to change the life of Russian society, for which he began to carry out reforms.
• A group of young people rallied around the emperor (P.A.Stroganov, V.P. Kochubei, A.A.
• N.N. Novosiltsev) who helped him run the country. This group was called the "Secret Committee".

Slide 6

• By order of Alexander, five new universities, several lyceums and gymnasiums were opened. Among the open educational institutions was the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where A.S. Pushkin.
• Alexander I dreamed of abolishing serfdom. He adopted a decree "On free farmers". According to this decree, the landowner could release the serf peasant free for a ransom.

Slide 7

Reforms of the Russian state system are associated with the activities of M.M. Speransky. In October 1809, a project entitled "Introduction to the Code of State Laws" was presented to the tsar. Speransky proposed to introduce a strict separation of powers. The ministries would be the executive branch, and the State Duma would be the legislative branch. The courts would be independent and subject to the Senate. Speransky's plans were not realized.

Slide 8

Separation of powers

1. Executive branch of power according to Speransky:
   • Ministries
2. The legislative branch according to Speransky:
   • Senate
3. Judicial branch according to Speransky:
   • The State Duma

Slide 9

Patriotic War of 1812

In June 1812, Napoleon's troops invaded the territory of the Russian Empire and began to rapidly advance inland. Napoleon expected that Emperor Alexander would bring him the keys to Moscow, but did not wait and occupied the empty capital. He wrote a letter to the emperor, Alexander did not answer him. The French were starving and suffering from the cold in deserted Moscow. Napoleon gave the order to retreat from the city. In December 1812 M.I. Kutuzov told Emperor Alexander I: “The enemy has been completely exterminated. The war is over. "

Slide 10

Military settlements

• The whole country rejoiced: the Frenchman was defeated. Alexander I decided that the victory united the whole society and now it is possible to continue the initiated reforms. General A.A. was close to the emperor. Arakcheev. It was he and several other top officials who began to prepare a draft reform.
• By order of the emperor, military settlements were established in 1816. They were led by A.A. Arakcheev. The military settlers were former serfs. They had to simultaneously carry out military service and engage in peasant labor, i.e. provide yourself with everything you need for life.
• The military settlements did not justify themselves. The peasants often went hungry because of the ill-considered orders of their chiefs. They raised uprisings and riots, for which they were shot or exiled to Siberia.
• Alexander I was condemned by Russian society for these reforms.

Slide 11

The Legend of the Elder Fyodor Kuzmich

• At the end of his life, Emperor Alexander I was less and less interested in state affairs. He estranged himself from his family and increasingly spoke of his desire to leave the imperial palace.
• One day he went south to see military settlements. On the way, the emperor died unexpectedly. His body was brought to St. Petersburg only 2 months later. Because of this, rumors spread throughout the country that the coffin was not Emperor Alexander himself, but another person. That the emperor himself is alive and has gone to wander the world. After a while, the elder Fyodor Kuzmich appeared in Siberia. He was kind to people, helped them and prayed for them. The elder was of the same age as Alexander I and remarkably similar to him. People began to talk about the fact that this old man is Tsar Alexander. That he wanders across Russia and atone for sins for his murdered father Paul I. No one still knows if this is true?

Slide 12

Secret societies

• Alexander I's attempt to carry out reforms ended in failure. The entire Russian society condemned the emperor.
• In 1821, two secret societies were created: the South and the North. They included noble officers. They dreamed of freeing the peasants from serfdom and limiting the power of the emperor. Northern society arose in St. Petersburg. It was headed by K.F. Ryleev and N.M. Muravyov.
• Southern society appeared in Ukraine. At the head of this society was P.I. Pestel.

Slide 13

conclusions

The era of the reign of Alexander I was the time of liberal reforms. The emperor himself, brought up in the spirit of enlightenment, sought to change the centuries-old serf system. However, much of what was planned was not done. Quite often, reforms were just half-hearted and remained only on paper. There was also a positive result. The reformist searches formed the basis on which new projects of state power were later developed.

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Presentation on the topic: Reign of Alexander I (Blessed)

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The identity of the emperor. Accession to the throne "Secret Committee". Public administration reforms. Projects of M.M. Speransky and their fate. Domestic policy Attempts to resolve the peasant question Projects for the liberation of peasants Military settlements Forms of opposition: unrest in the army, secret societies of the nobility, public opinion

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The many-sided character of Alexander Romanov is based largely on the depth of his early education and the difficult environment of his childhood. He grew up in the intellectual court of Catherine the Great; the educator-Swiss-Jacobin Frederic Caesar Laharpe introduced him to the principles of humanity of Rousseau, the military teacher Nikolai Saltykov - with the traditions of the Russian aristocracy, his father passed on to him his addiction to the military parade and taught him to combine his spiritual love for humanity with practical concern for his neighbor.

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These opposites remained with him throughout his life and influenced his politics and, indirectly, through him, the fate of the world. Catherine II considered her son Paul unable to take the throne and planned to erect Alexander on him, bypassing his father. In 1793 Alexander married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Luise Marie Auguste von Baden, who took the name of Elizabeth Alekseevna. For some time, Alexander served in the Gatchina troops, formed by his father. Here Alexander developed deafness in his left ear "from the strong hum of the cannons." Louise Maria Augusta (Elizaveta Alekseevna).

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At half past midnight on March 12, 1801, Count PA Palen informed Alexander about his father's murder. Within a month, Alexander: returned to the service all those previously dismissed by Pavel, lifted the ban on the import of various goods and products into Russia (including books and musical notes), announced an amnesty for the fugitives, restored the noble elections, etc. On April 2, Alexander restored the action Charter to the nobility and cities, liquidated the secret office.

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Even before his accession to the throne, a group of “young friends” rallied around Alexander (P. A. Stroganov, V. P. Kochubei, A. A. Chartoryisky, N. N. Novosiltsov), who from 1801 began to play an extremely important role. On June 5 (17), 1801, the Russian-English convention was signed in St. Petersburg, ending the interstate crisis, and on May 10, the Russian mission in Vienna was restored. On September 29 (October 8) 1801 a peace treaty was signed with France, on September 29 (October 11) a secret convention was concluded. On September 15, 1801, the coronation of Alexander took place in Moscow.

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4. Reforms of Public Administration. January 1, 1810 (according to Speransky's project) The Indispensable Council is transformed into the State Council. It consisted of the General Assembly and four departments - laws, military, civil and spiritual affairs, state economy (later it temporarily existed and the 5th - for the affairs of the Kingdom of Poland). To organize the activities of the State Council, the State Chancellery and its state. Speransky was appointed secretary. Under the State. Council established the Commission for the drafting of laws and the Commission of petitions.

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Chairman of the State. council was one of its members appointed by the emperor. The State. Council included all the ministers, as well as persons from the highest dignitaries appointed by the emperor. First, the bills were discussed in departments, then they were submitted for discussion to the General Assembly. And only after their approval by the emperor did they receive the force of law. The Council of State did not issue laws, but served as an advisory body in the development of laws. Its task: to centralize legislative affairs, to ensure the uniformity of legal norms, to prevent contradictions in laws.

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8 Sep 1802 - 8 ministries were approved by the manifesto, replacing Peter's colleges (liquidated by Catherine II and restored by Paul I). Matters were now decided by the minister alone, reporting to the emperor. Each minister had a deputy (assistant minister) and an office. Ministries were subdivided into departments headed by directors; departments - into departments headed by the heads of departments; branches - on tables led by clerks. The Committee of Ministers was established to jointly discuss cases

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Since 1802, the following ministries have been created: military land forces, naval forces, internal forces, foreign affairs, justice, finance, public education. In 1802, a decree on the rights of the Senate was issued. He was declared the supreme body in the empire, concentrating the highest administrative, judicial and controlling powers. He was given the right to make representations on the issued decrees if they contradicted other laws. Along with the ministries, Main Directorates are created, which have the same rights. Main Directorate of Railways (created back in 1809). Main Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Confessions. The Main Directorate for the Audit of State Accounts (or State Control) The Holy Synod, whose members were the highest spiritual hierarchs - metropolitans and bishops, was also subjected to changes, but the Synod was headed by a civil official with the rank of chief prosecutor. Under Alexander I, representatives of the higher clergy no longer gathered, but were summoned to meetings of the Synod at the choice of the chief prosecutor, whose rights were significantly expanded.

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5. Program of transformations MM Speransky and her fate At the end of 1808, Alexander I commissioned Speransky to develop a plan for the state transformation of Russia. In October 1809, a project entitled "Introduction to the Code of State Laws" was presented to the tsar. The objective of the plan is to modernize and Europeanize state administration by introducing bourgeois norms and forms: "In order to strengthen the autocracy and preserve the estate system."

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Estates according to Speransky: The nobility has civil and political rights; The "middle state" has civil rights (the right to movable and immovable property, freedom of occupation and movement, to speak on its own behalf in court) - merchants, bourgeoisie, state peasants. The "working people" has no political and civil rights: landlord peasants, workers and domestic servants. The State Council is created under the emperor. However, the emperor retains full power: the emperor could interrupt and even dissolve sessions of the State Duma by calling new elections. State the Duma was viewed as a representative body under the emperor. Ministers are appointed by the emperor. The composition of the Senate is appointed by the emperor.

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The project met with stubborn opposition from senators, ministers and other high officials, and Alexander I did not dare to implement it. 6. Financial reform It was planned to stop issuing new banknotes and gradually withdraw old ones; further - to increase all taxes (direct and indirect). According to the estimate of 1810, all issued into circulation banknotes (the first Russian paper money) were 577 million; external debt - 100 million. The estimate of income for 1810 promised an amount of 127 million; the cost estimate required 193 million. A deficit of 66 million was foreseen. 2 Feb 1810 and 11 Feb. 1812 - Increase in all taxes.

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6. Reform in education. In 1803, a new regulation was issued on the structure of educational institutions, which introduced new principles into the education system: the lack of class of educational institutions; free education at its lowest levels; continuity of educational programs. Levels of the education system: University Gymnasium in the provincial town County schools One-class parish school.

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The entire educational system was in charge of the Main Directorate of Schools. 6 educational districts were formed, headed by trustees. Academic councils at universities were over the trustees. Five universities were founded: in 1802 - Dorpat, in 1803 - Vilensky, in 1804 - Kharkov and Kazan. Opened in 1804, the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute was transformed in 1819 into a university. 1804 - The university charter provided universities with significant autonomy: the election of the rector and professors, their own court, non-interference of the higher administration in the affairs of universities, the right of universities to appoint teachers in gymnasiums and schools of their educational district.

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1804 - the first censorship charter. At universities, censorship committees were created from professors and masters, subordinate to the Ministry of Public Education. Privileged secondary educational institutions - lyceums were founded: in 1811 - Tsarskoye Selo, in 1817 - Richelievsky in Odessa, in 1820 - Nezhinsky. In 1817 the Ministry of Public Education was transformed into the Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education. In 1820, an instruction was sent to universities on the "correct" organization of the educational process. In 1821, the verification of the fulfillment of the 1820 instructions began, which was carried out very rigidly, biasedly, which was especially observed in Kazan and St. Petersburg universities.

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7. Attempts to solve the peasant question Upon accession to the throne, Alexander I solemnly declared that from now on the distribution of state peasants would cease. Dec 12. 1801 - decree on the right to purchase land by merchants, bourgeois, state and appanage peasants outside the cities (landlord peasants receive this right only in 1848) 20 Feb. 1803 - decree on "free farmers". 1804 - 1805 - the first stage of reform in the Baltics. March 10, 1809 - the decree canceled the right of landowners to exile their peasants to Siberia for minor offenses. The rule was confirmed: if a peasant received freedom once, then he could not be reinforced for the landlord. Received freedom a native of captivity or from abroad, as well as taken on a recruitment set. The landowner was ordered to feed the peasants in the years of famine.

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With the permission of the landowner, the peasants could trade. take bills, engage in contracts. The practice of organizing military settlements began in 1810. For 1810 - 1811 in connection with the difficult financial situation of the treasury, over 10,000 state peasants were sold to private individuals. In November 1815 Alexander I granted the Constitution to the Kingdom of Poland. In November 1815, Russian peasants were forbidden to “seek freedom”. In 1816, new rules for organizing military settlements. In 1816 - 1819. the peasant reform in the Baltics is being completed. In 1818, Alexander I instructed the Minister of Justice Novosiltsev to prepare a State Charter for Russia. In 1818, several tsarist dignitaries received secret instructions to develop projects for the abolition of serfdom. In 1822 the right of landowners to exile peasants to Siberia was renewed. In 1823 - the decree confirmed the right of hereditary nobles to own serfs.

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8. Projects for the liberation of peasants In 1818, Alexander I instructed Admiral Mordvinov, Count Arakcheev and Kankrin to develop projects for the abolition of serfdom. Mordvinov's project: the peasants receive personal freedom, but without land, which is completely left to the landlords. the size of the ransom depends on the age of the peasant: 9-10 years - 100 rubles; 30-40 years - 2 thousand; 40-50 years - ... Arakcheev's project: to carry out the liberation of the peasants under the leadership of the government - to gradually redeem the peasants with land (two tithes per capita) by agreement with the landowners at the prices of the area. Kankrin's project: a slow purchase of peasant land from landlords in a sufficient amount; the program was designed for 60 years, i.e. before 1880

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9. Military settlements] In the end. 1815 Alexander I begins to discuss the project of military settlements, the first experience of the implementation of which was carried out in 1810-1812. at the reserve battalion of the Yeletsk musketeer regiment, located in the Bobylevsky headman of the Klimovsky district of the Mogilev province. The development of a plan for the creation of settlements was entrusted to Arakcheev. The objectives of the project: to create a new military-agricultural estate, which on its own could maintain and staff a standing army without burdening the country's budget; the size of the army would remain at the wartime level. to free the population of the country from constant duty - to maintain an army. cover the western border area. In aug. In 1816, preparations began for the transfer of troops and residents to the category of military settlers. In 1817, settlements were introduced in the Novgorod, Kherson and Slobodsko-Ukrainian provinces. Until the end of the reign of Alexander I, the number of military settlement districts continued to grow, gradually surrounding the border of the empire from the Baltic to the Black Sea. By 1825, there were 169,828 regular army soldiers and 374,000 state peasants and Cossacks in the military settlements. In 1857, the military settlements were abolished. There were already 800 thousand people in them.

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10. Forms of opposition: unrest in the army, secret societies of the nobility, public opinion The introduction of military settlements met with stubborn resistance from peasants and Cossacks, who were turning into military settlers. In the summer of 1819, an uprising broke out in Chuguev near Kharkov. In 1820 the peasants became agitated on the Don: 2556 villages were engulfed in revolt. 16 oct. 1820 The head company of the Semyonovsky regiment filed a request to cancel the strict orders and replace the regimental commander. The company was tricked into the arena, arrested and sent to the casemates of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The whole regiment stood up for her. The regiment was surrounded by the military garrison of the capital, and then in full force was sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The first battalion was handed over to a military court, which sentenced the instigators to drive through the ranks, and the rest of the soldiers to exile in distant garrisons. Other battalions were assigned to various army regiments. Under the influence of the Semyonovsky regiment, fermentation began in other parts of the capital's garrison: proclamations were spread. In 1821 a secret police was introduced into the army. In 1822 a decree was issued banning secret organizations and Masonic lodges.