Presentation of the political system of the USSR in the 30s. The cult of personality - the exaltation of the historical role of one person
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1. Formation of a totalitarian regime. 2. Ideologization of public life. 3. Formation of the personality cult of Stalin. 4. Mass repression. 5. Illustrative trials. 6. The constitution of "victorious socialism". Lesson plan.
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What features were most characteristic of the political system of the USSR in the 30s? Lesson assignment.
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The implementation of grandiose socio-economic plans led to the formation of totalitarianism. Power was concentrated in the hands of the top party leadership. It destroyed democratic freedoms, opposition, subordinated society to its interests. Not a single law was adopted without the approval of the Politburo. It determined the main directions of domestic and foreign policy. Gradually, the party itself has changed - the rank and file members were removed from the real solution of issues. 1. Formation of a totalitarian regime. Politburo. 1936 g.
Slide 5
Party control over the media played a huge role in the formation of totalitarianism. The termination of contacts with the West made it possible to avoid the influence of other ideological views on the population. In education, the study of Marxist-Leninist foundations of all sciences came to the fore. In 1932, it began. the attack on creative unions. In 1934, all writers were united in the Union of Soviet Writers, headed by M. Gorky. 2. Ideologization of public life. Demonstration against the fists.
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Subsequently, similar unions arose among cinematographers, artists, composers. Those who worked within the framework of the official ideology were supported by material benefits and privileges. The rest of the population also consisted of public organizations-trade unions, the Komsomol, Pioneer and Octobrist organizations. Sportsmen, inventors, women, etc. were united in various organizations. 2. Ideologization of public life. Confiscation of icons.
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Stalin's personality cult became a characteristic feature of the political life of this period. On December 21, 1929, on the day of Stalin's 50th anniversary, the country learned that it had a great leader. He was declared “the first disciple of Lenin ". Soon, Stalin began to attribute all the country's successes. He was called" great "," wise "," waiting for the world flight of riat "," the great strategy of the five-year plan. 3. Formation of the personality cult of Stalin. 1932 poster
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At the same time, the formation of punitive bodies to persecute dissidents was under way. In the 1930s, the last trials of the Esser and Mensheviks took place. The “Shakhty affair” of 1928 led to repressions against bourgeois specialists. This was followed by a campaign against the kulaks. In 1932, the Law on Three Spikelets gave rise to the persecution of even the poorest peasantry. In 1934, a special meeting in the NKVD received the right to send “enemies of the people” to the colonies out of court. 4. Mass repression. Prisoners at the construction site of the White Sea Canal.
Slide 9
The reason for the deployment of mass repressions was the murder of S. Kirov on 1.12.34; after him, a decision was made to conduct an investigation of "terrorist cases" in an abbreviated manner, within 10 days, the prosecutor and a lawyer at the trial were present, pardons were prohibited, and death sentences were carried out immediately. In 1935, the law was amended, and adolescents from the age of 12 fell under its actions. The families of "enemies of the people" began to be treated like criminals. 4. Mass repression. The funeral of S.M. Kirov
Slide 10
In the mid-1930s, Stalin began to liquidate all the disaffected. In 1936, a trial took place in the case of Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters. The defendants were accused of the murder of Kirov, an attempt on Stalin and other crimes. Prosecutor A. Vyshinsky demanded that they be shot and the court you bore a death sentence as a thief. Following these were followed by new processes. 5. Illustrative trials. L. B. Kamenev. G.E. Zinoviev.
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In 1937 the heroes of the civil war - Tukhachevsky, Yakir, Uborevich and other military commanders were shot in the "case of marshals". In March 1938, N. Bukha-rin, A. Rykov, K. Radek and others. The country plunged into an atmosphere of fear. The secret department of the NKVD overtook its victims even abroad - in 1940, Leon Trotsky was killed in Mexico. 5. Illustrative trials. K.Radek N.I. Bukharin
Slide 12
The “Great Terror” was intended to relieve social tension caused by the failures of the economic and political decisions of the leadership. The Constitution adopted on December 5, 1936, which proclaimed democratic rights and freedoms and disguised the totalitarian regime. The Constitution proclaimed the construction of socialism in the USSR and the creation of state and collective farm-cooperative ownership of the means of production. 6. The constitution of "victorious socialism". Constitution of 1936.
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The Soviets were declared the political basis of the state, and Marxism-Leninism was the state ideology. The Supreme Soviet became the supreme body of the state. The USSR included 11 union republics. In real life, most of the norms of the Constitution were not fulfilled, and “Stalin's socialism” had a very distant resemblance to what Karl Marx wrote about. 6. The constitution of "victorious socialism". 1936 poster.
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Slide 1
What features were most characteristic of the political system of the USSR in the 30s?
The political system of Stalinism
Slide 2
Totalitarianism
Constitution of Victorious Socialism 1936
Stalin's personality cult
Mass repressions 3.8 million 30-40 years
One-party political system
Ideologization of public life. Marxism-Leninism
Internal opposition lawsuits
Slide 3
Party hierarchy
Slide 4
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (1898) -RSDLP (b) (1903-1918) -RKP (b) (1918-1925) -VKP (b) (1925-1952) -KPSS (1952-1991) -KPRF
Slide 5
Adapted from the presentation by A. Berdnikov
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Children's and youth organizations
Slide 7
Internal party struggle
Trotsky
"New Opposition" Trotsky Kamenev Zinoviev
The idea of \u200b\u200ba world revolution
Possibility of the victory of socialism in a single country
For the development and deepening of the NEP
Against the deepening of the NEP
"Right deviation" Bukharin Rykov
The collapse of the NEP, the transition to collectivization
Not against collectivization, but for the preservation of private farms
Slide with animation
Slide 8
Stalin's personality cult. Causes
Organizational abilities Promotion to key positions in the center and in the field of their comrades-in-arms Control by the party of state security organs Tactics of separation and rivalry in relation to their opponents The Russian centuries-old tradition of paternalism has been embodied in the leaderism characteristic of a multimillion peasant country. The psychology of leaderism and the bureaucratic deification of authority served as a breeding ground for Stalin's personality cult. By the beginning of the 30s. the totalitarian regime has become a harsh political reality.
Slide 9
The manifestation of the cult of personality - the exaltation of the role of one person
Stalin is a faithful follower of the teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin (the idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding socialism in a single country) The victory of the Bolshevik Party in October and the Civil War became possible for Stalin's "wise leadership" Any criticism of the General Secretary is a counter-revolutionary conspiracy
Soviet propaganda created around Stalin a semi-divine halo of the infallible "great leader and teacher." Cities, factories, collective farms, military equipment were named after Stalin and his closest associates. Stalin is deeper than the ocean, higher than the Himalayas, brighter than the Sun. He is the teacher of the Universe, the Great leader, the first student of Lenin, an outstanding commander, the leader of the world proletariat, wise, the father of nations, a genius
Slide 10
Stalinism is an attempt in a short time to carry out modernization in the country through the accelerated construction of socialism
Slide 11
Theoretical substantiation of repression - Stalin's thesis about the inevitability of an intensification of the class struggle in the process of building socialism
The reason for the deployment of mass repressions was the murder of S.M. Kirov on 12/01/34 - after him a decision was made to conduct an investigation into "terrorist cases" in an abbreviated manner, within 10 days, the prosecutor and lawyer were absent from the trial, pardon was prohibited, and mortals sentences were carried out immediately Repressions 1936-1938 - trials of the internal party opposition
Slide 12
August 1936 Trotskyite-Zinoviev terrorist center: Zinoviev, Kamenev Preparation of terrorist attacks against the leaders of the Soviet state and party, the murder of Kirov, espionage. Sabotage
1937 Pyatakov, Radek Anti-Soviet activities, espionage, sabotage
March 1938 Bukharin, Rykov Espionage, charges of the murder of Kirov, an attempt on the life of Lenin, Stalin
1938 "The Tukhachevsky case" Undermining the combat power of the Red Army, communication with German intelligence, preparation of state. coup
Political processes 1936-1938
Slide 13
Repressions 1936-1938- trials of the internal party opposition
1936 Zinoviev
1936 Kamenev
1938 Bukharin
1937 Tukhachevsky
1938 Rykov
1 slide
2 slide
1. Formation of a totalitarian regime. 2. Ideologization of public life. 3. Formation of the personality cult of Stalin. 4. Mass repression. 5. Illustrative trials. 6. The constitution of "victorious socialism". Lesson plan.
3 slide
What features were most characteristic of the political system of the USSR in the 30s? Lesson assignment.
4 slide
The implementation of grandiose socio-economic plans led to the formation of totalitarianism. Power was concentrated in the hands of the top party leadership. It destroyed democratic freedoms, opposition, subordinated society to its interests. Not a single law was adopted without the approval of the Politburo. It determined the main directions of domestic and foreign policy. Gradually, the party itself has changed - the rank and file members were removed from the real solution of issues. 1. Formation of a totalitarian regime. Politburo. 1936 g.
5 slide
Party control over the media played a huge role in the formation of totalitarianism. The cessation of contacts with the West made it possible to avoid the influence of other ideological views on the population. In education, the study of the Marxist-Leninist foundations of all sciences came to the fore. In 1932, it began. attack on creative unions In 1934, all writers were united in the Union of Soviet Writers, headed by M. Gorky. 2. Ideologization of public life. Demonstration against the fists.
6 slide
Subsequently, similar unions arose among cinematographers, artists, composers. Those who worked within the framework of the official ideology were supported by material benefits and privileges. The rest of the population also consisted of public organizations-trade unions, the Komsomol, Pioneer and Octobrist organizations. Sportsmen, inventors, women, etc. were united in various organizations. 2. Ideologization of public life. Confiscation of icons.
7 slide
Stalin's personality cult became a characteristic feature of the political life of this period. On December 21, 1929, on the day of Stalin's 50th anniversary, the country learned that it had a great leader. He was declared “the first disciple of Lenin ". Soon, Stalin began to attribute all the country's successes. He was called" great "," wise "," waiting for the world flight of riat "," the great strategy of the five-year plan. 3. Formation of the personality cult of Stalin. 1932 poster
8 slide
At the same time, the formation of punitive bodies to persecute dissidents was under way. In the 1930s, the last trials of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks took place. The “Shakhty affair” of 1928 led to repressions against bourgeois specialists. This was followed by a campaign against the kulaks. In 1932, the Law on Three Spikelets gave rise to the persecution of even the poorest peasantry. In 1934, a special meeting in the NKVD received the right to send “enemies of the people” to the colonies out of court. 4. Mass repression. Prisoners at the construction site of the White Sea Canal.
9 slide
The reason for the deployment of mass repressions was the murder of S. Kirov on 1.12.34; after him, a decision was made to conduct an investigation into "terrorist cases" in an abbreviated manner, within 10 days, the prosecutor and a lawyer in the process were present, pardons were prohibited, and death sentences were carried out immediately. In 1935, the law was amended, and adolescents from the age of 12 fell under its actions. The families of "enemies of the people" began to be treated like criminals. 4. Mass repression. The funeral of S.M. Kirov
10 slide
In the mid-1930s, Stalin began to liquidate all the disaffected. In 1936, a trial took place in the case of Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters. The defendants were accused of the murder of Kirov, an attempt on Stalin and other crimes. Prosecutor A. Vyshinsky demanded that they be shot and the court you bore a death sentence as a thief. Following these were followed by new processes. 5. Illustrative trials. L. B. Kamenev. G.E. Zinoviev.
11 slide
In 1937 the heroes of the civil war - Tukhachevsky, Yakir, Uborevich and other military commanders were shot in the "case of marshals". In March 1938, N. Bukha-rin, A. Rykov, K. Radek and others. The country plunged into an atmosphere of fear. The secret department of the NKVD overtook its victims even abroad - in 1940, Leon Trotsky was killed in Mexico. 5. Illustrative trials. K.Radek N.I. Bukharin
12 slide
The “Great Terror” was intended to relieve social tension caused by the failures of the economic and political decisions of the leadership. The Constitution adopted on December 5, 1936, which proclaimed democratic rights and freedoms and disguised the totalitarian regime. The Constitution proclaimed the construction of socialism in the USSR and the creation of state and collective farm-cooperative ownership of the means of production. 6. The constitution of "victorious socialism". Constitution of 1936.
13 slide
The Soviets were declared the political basis of the state, and Marxism-Leninism was the state ideology. The Supreme Soviet became the supreme body of the state. The USSR included 11 union republics. In real life, most of the norms of the Constitution were not fulfilled, and “Stalin's socialism” had a very distant resemblance to what Karl Marx wrote about. 6. The constitution of "victorious socialism". 1936 poster.
Slide 2
Tasks:
consider the types of political regimes; to determine the political regime that existed in the USSR in the 30s; get acquainted with the political life of the country in the 30s and the personality of Stalin; evaluate the policy of repression; find out what needs to be done in order to prevent the formation of an anti-democratic regime in Russia; continue the development of speech and logical thinking.
Slide 3
Types of political regimes:
Democratic freedom of speech and press; variety of parties; democratic elections; inviolability of the person and private property. Anti-democratic lack of political freedoms; one-party system; merging of the state and party apparatus; repression against the individual; control over the population.
Slide 4
Totalitarianism
(lat. totalis - universal) - a kind of anti-democratic regime, characterized by the general control of the state over the population.
Slide 5
The role of the party in the life of the state
members of the CPSU (b) occupied all government posts; The All-Russian Central Executive Committee could not pass a single law without the Politburo; party symbols (the red banner and the anthem "Internationale") became state; within the party all questions were decided by the Politburo; Party ideology (Marxism-Leninism) became state.
Slide 6
The cult of personality - the exaltation of the historical role of one person
general organizer of October; the creator of the Red Army; outstanding commander; the leader of the world proletariat; "Father of nations"; the great strategist of the five-year plan; "The best friend of Soviet children."
Slide 7
Slide 8
Repression
On August 7, 1932, the law “On the Protection of Property of State Enterprises, Collective Farms and Cooperatives” was adopted (“on five ears of corn.”) On December 1, 1934, in connection with the murder of S.M. Kirov, massive repressions for political affairs begin.
Slide 9
Repressive apparatus
Slide 10
Show trial trials:
1936 - the trial of Zinoviev and Kamenev; 1937 - trial of the senior officers; 1938 - the trial of Rykov and Bukharin.
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Keeping the incandescence of the latent years, Flows from the past with a note In front of me is a live channel ... A.Maltseva
Slide 14
Constitution of 1936 (adopted by the 8th All-Union Congress of Soviets)
VKP (b) - the leading nucleus of society; Marxism-Leninism is a state ideology; the end of the construction of socialism; basic democratic rights and freedoms (conscience, speech, press, equal direct suffrage).
Slide 15
System of government according to the Constitution
All-Union Congress of Soviets of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Supreme Council of the Union Council of Nationalities Presidium
Slide 16
The Stalinist repressions hit the Red Army because:
A) Trotsky's supporters were strong in the army; B) army cadres opposed measures to mechanize the army, relying on the experience of the Civil War; C) it was a real force that posed a potential danger to the Stalinist dictatorship.
Slide 17
The repressions of the 30s were directed against the "Leninist guard", as it:
A) had a negative attitude towards Stalin's personality and his methods of building socialism; B) realized that building socialism is an unrealizable dream; C) tried to implement Lenin's advice on the need to remove Stalin from the post of general secretary.
Slide 18
What result was legislatively enshrined in the "Stalinist" Constitution of the USSR?
A) Completion of the reconstruction of the national economy. B) Building the foundations of socialism in the USSR. C) Building developed socialism in the USSR.
Slide 19
In this way,
In the 1930s, the USSR was a totalitarian state with a republican form of government, a powerful repressive apparatus, where there were no democratic rights and freedoms.
Slide 20
“… The horrors of the past must not be allowed to be forgotten. It is necessary to remind of the past all the time. It was, it turned out to be possible, and this possibility remains. Only knowledge can prevent it. The danger here lies in the unwillingness to know, in the desire to forget and in disbelief that this really happened ... "K. Jaspers" The Meaning and Purpose of History "
Slide 21
Literature
Danilov A.A. History of Russia, XX-early XXI century / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina, M. Yu. Brandt.- M .: Education, 2005.- 381s. Danilov A.A. A workbook on the history of Russia XX - early XXI century. Issue / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin. - M .: Education, 2006. - 112s. Kravchenko A.I. Social studies: textbook for grade 9 / A.I. Kravchenko, E.A. Pevtsov. - M .: Russian word, 2001. - 24 p. Used materials from the presentation "White Sea-Baltic Canal" L. Pomortseva, teacher of the Nadvoitskaya secondary school of the Republic of Karelia
Slide 22
The presentation was prepared by
The teacher of history, social studies and foreign languages \u200b\u200bof the MOU "Pushninskaya secondary school" of the Belomorsk region of the Republic of Karelia Klementyev AV 2007
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By the time many schoolchildren are tired of constantly memorizing a dry theory filled with numerous dates and events, history lessons no longer cause the same interest in senior grades. How do you get your interest back in science? It is enough to add a little variety to training and distract from the textbook, and an illustrated presentation will help with this.
Presentation "The political system of the USSR in the 30s" in a colorful and visual form tells about the distinctive features of the Soviet political system of our country in the 30s. It covers such characteristic features of that time as the formation of a totalitarian regime, the ideologization of public life, the cult of Stalin, mass repressions, show trials and the constitution of “victorious socialism”. The slogans and interesting illustrations used in the slides convey the special mood of that era. This presentation will perfectly complement the lesson on the study of the state system of the USSR and make it unusually exciting and memorable.