Presentation on photography in the modern world. Presentation on the theme: "History of photography". The main stages of development of photographic equipment
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Photography is the art of taking photographs, where the main creative process is finding and choosing the composition, lighting and moment (or moments) of the photograph. This choice is determined by the skill and skill of the photographer, as well as his personal preferences and taste, which is also typical for any kind of art.
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The history of the development of photography as an art Today, no one doubts the fact that art photography is an art that reflects the creative vision of the photographer as an artist. However, even at the dawn of the development of photography for several decades, the acute question was whether photography can be attributed to art or is it simply nothing more than a means of recording and transmitting information about the world around us. It took photographs many years to regain their own place in the art world, along with sculpture, cinema, painting and theater. But now any photographer can express his attitude to the world around him and phenomena through such means of photography as an angle, color or the choice of the moment of shooting. When the first photographic prints appeared, no one took photography seriously. She was considered only simple pampering and childish play for a limited circle of people. In the first years after its inception, photography, due to technical limitations, could not claim either documentary quality, or any artistic value, or freedom of lighting solutions and the photographer's creative vision. In the 19th century, it was widely believed that only man-made works can be classified as art. Accordingly, photographic prints that were obtained using various physical and chemical methods simply could not claim the status of art. Even in spite of the fact that already the first generation of photographers tried to revive the composition of their photographs with some interesting techniques and approaches, nevertheless, photography continued to be a funny trinket in the eyes of public opinion. Photography was considered by critics of that time only as a mechanical copy of reality, capable of being only a semblance of artistic painting. Until the 1920s and 1930s, articles and publications seriously considered the question of whether photography is an art or is it just an applied, practical skill, where the key role is played by technology, and not the photographer himself.
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The frames from which the history of photography began. Almost 200 years ago, the Frenchman Joseph Nicefort Niepce smeared a thin layer of asphalt on a metal plate and exposed it to the sun in a camera obscura. So he received the world's first "reflection of the visible." The picture was not of the best quality, but the history of photography begins with it.
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The first color photograph The very first color photograph was taken in 1861 by the English physicist James Clerk Maxwell. The photo is called "Tartan Ribbon"
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First photomontage In 1858, Henry Peach Robinmon performed the first photomontage, combining several negatives into one image. This is "Fading Away" - a combination of five negatives depicting a girl's death from tuberculosis.
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First photographic portrait The first photographic portrait in the world - self-portrait of Robert Cornelius, 1839. After removing the lens cap, he rushed into the frame, where he sat for more than a minute before closing the lens. The words, written on the back in Cornelius's own hand, read: “The first picture in light ever. 1839 year. "
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The first photograph of a person The first photograph of a person is considered to be the Boulevard du Temple, a photograph taken by Louis Daguerre at the end of 1838. In the lower left corner, you can distinguish the figure of a person who is being cleaned. He remained motionless long enough to get onto the photographic plate. The exposure was at least 10 minutes.
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The first photograph from space The very first photograph in space was taken on October 24, 1946. The picture was taken from a V-2 rocket using a 35mm camera.
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The first photograph of the Moon on October 7, 1959, the far side of the Moon was first photographed. Despite the poor quality, the images provided the USSR with priority in naming objects on the lunar surface.
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First aerial photography The first aerial photography was carried out by the French inventor Gaspard Tournache in 1858. He photographed Paris from a hot air balloon.
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The first X-ray The first X-ray was a snapshot of the hand of Wilhelm Roentgen's wife, 1895.
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The first underwater photo The very first underwater photo was taken by William Thompson in 1856. During the shooting, the camera was installed on the seabed near Waymont (UK)
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The first underwater color photograph The first underwater color photograph was taken in the Gulf of Mexico by Dr. Longley Charles Martin in 1926.
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The first color photograph of the Earth One of the very first photographs of the Earth from space was taken by the Apollo 17 crew on December 7, 1972.
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The first 3D photographs In the 1920s, the cigarette company Cavenders was looking for a way to boost sales. To make the packaging more attractive, he asked a photographer friend, Durden Holmes, to come up with something eye-catching. The photographer came up with an unusual idea: to print two pictures next to each other on packs of cigarettes, one for the left eye, the other for the right. At the same time, the image in one shot was slightly shifted to the side, and when looking at the pictures, a feeling of the depth of the photo, the 3D effect, was created. Today, these pictures have been converted to gif images and received a real and familiar 3D effect.
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Genres of photography In the twentieth century, when the technique of photography had improved enough, sufficiently sensitive photographic materials and convenient cameras appeared, photography turned from a technical curiosity into one of the types of fine art related to painting, but different from it. In total, many genres have developed over the history of photography:
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pictorialism food photography newborn photography ID photo lightography scanography
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History of photography
Photography (fr. Photographie from ancient Greek φως / φωτος - light and γρ αφω - I write; light painting - the technique of drawing with light) - obtaining and saving a static image on a photosensitive material (film or photographic matrix) using a camera.
In a broader sense, photography is the art of taking photographs, where the main creative process is finding and choosing the composition, lighting and moment (or moments) of the photograph. This choice is determined by the skill and skill of the photographer, as well as his personal preferences and taste, which is typical for any kind of art.
Images with the help of visible light reflected from objects were obtained in ancient times and used for painting and technical work. The method, later called orthoscopic photography, does not require serious optical devices. In those days, only small holes and, sometimes, slots were used. Images were projected onto the surfaces opposite to these holes.
The method was further improved with optical instruments placed in place of the hole. This served as the basis for creating a camera that limits the resulting image from exposure to non-image-bearing light. The camera was called an obscura, the image was projected onto its back matte wall and redrawn along the contour by the artist. After the invention of methods of chemical image fixation, the camera obscura became a constructive prototype of the photographic apparatus. The name "photography" was chosen as the most euphonious of several options at the French Academy in 1839.
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History of photography (continued)
Therefore, the first photograph in history is considered to be the "view from the window" taken by Niepce in 1826 using a pinhole camera on a tin plate covered with a thin layer of asphalt. The exposure lasted eight hours in bright sunlight. The advantage of the Niepce method was that the image was embossed (after etching the asphalt), and it could be easily reproduced in any number of copies.
In 1839, the Frenchman Louis-Jacques Daguerre published a method of obtaining an image on a copper plate covered with silver. After a thirty-minute exposure, Daguerre moved the plate to a dark room and held it for some time over the heated mercury vapor. Daguerre used table salt as an image fixer. The image turned out to be of a fairly high quality - well-developed details in both highlights and shadows, however, copying the image was impossible. Daguerre called his method of obtaining a photographic image daguerreotype. The original Daguerre camera, made by Alphonse Giroud, measures 12x14.5x20 inches. The inscription on the tag "The apparatus is not guaranteed if it does not have the signature of Mr. Daguerre and the seal of Mr. Giroud.
Almost at the same time, the Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot invented a method of obtaining a negative photographic image, which he called calotypy. Talbot used paper impregnated with silver chloride as a carrier of the image. This technology combined high quality and the ability to copy images (positives were printed on similar paper).
A photographer's kit, weighing 70 to 120 pounds, required for wet collodion photography.
A business card camera patented by Adolphe-Eugene Dizderi in 1854. Eight exposures were made on a 6.5-by-8.5-inch plate. The print was then cut and pasted onto 4-by-2.5-inch business card size cards.
Horse in motion. 1878 year. Photos from wet plates. First successful photographs of a horse moving along a Palo Alto track, San Francisco, June 19, 1878. The exposure of each negative was less than 1/2000 second. Used 12 cameras similar to the camera from below.
Eastman in 1888 developed an excellent amateur camera for the time and gave birth to a word that has since become synonymous with the word "camera" - "kodak". The Kodak cell was a small box (hence the name "detective cell"), just over 6 "long, 3.5" wide, and less than 4 "high. Anyone could work with it, who, as it was written in the instructions, is able to: 1. Direct the camera. 2. Press the button. 3. Turn the key. 4. Pull the cord.
Color photography appeared in the middle of the 19th century. The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 by James Maxwell using the three-color photography method (color separation method). To obtain a color image, three cameras with color filters (red, green and blue) installed on them were used. The resulting images made it possible to recreate a color image during projection (and later in printing).
December 13, 1902 Prokudin-Gorsky first announced the creation of color transparencies using the method of tricolor photography
Stenop (from the French Sténopé) is a photographic apparatus without a lens, the role of which is played by a small aperture. The stenop is used to take landscape shots with a soft image, somewhat similar to the image during sleep.
Photography - obtaining and storing a static image on a light-sensitive material using a camera. Also, a photograph or a photograph, or simply a snapshot, is called the final image obtained as a result of a photographic process and viewed by a person directly. In a broader sense, photography is the art of taking photographs, where the main creative process is finding and choosing the composition, lighting and moment (or moments) of the photograph. This choice is determined by the skill and skill of the photographer, as well as his personal preferences and taste, which is typical for any kind of art.
In 1725 A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin () an amateur chemist, later a politician and Johann Heinrich Schulze (), a physicist, professor at the University of Gaul in Germany discovered that under the influence of light, solutions of iron salts change color. In 1725, while trying to prepare a luminous substance, he accidentally mixed chalk with nitric acid, which contained some dissolved silver.
Black and white photography has historically been the first type of photography. After the advent of color and then digital photography, black and white photography has retained its popularity. Color photographs are often converted to black and white for an artistic effect.
Color photography appeared in the middle of the 19th century. The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 by James Maxwell using the three-color photography method (color separation method). To obtain a color image, three cameras with color filters (red, green and blue) installed on them were used. The resulting images made it possible to recreate a color image during projection (and later in printing).
Digital photography is a relatively young but popular technology, dating back to 1981 when Sony launched the Sony Mavica camera with a CCD that records images to disk. This device was not digital in the modern sense (an analog signal was recorded on the disk), but it made it possible to refuse from photographic film. The first full-fledged digital camera, the DCS 100, was released in 1990 by Kodak.
Collage is a technique in the visual arts, which consists in the creation of paintings or graphic works by sticking objects and materials on any basis that differ from the basis in color and texture. Collage is also called a work entirely done in this technique. Collage is used mainly to get the effect of surprise from the combination of dissimilar materials, as well as for the emotional richness and poignancy of the work. The collage can be finished by any other means with ink, watercolors, etc.
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Presentation - History of the origin and development of photography
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The history of the emergence and development of photography
From the origins of origin to the present day.
A brief history of photography
1822 Joseph Niepce took the first photo in the world, but it has not survived, but already in 1826 he managed to take a photograph "view from the window" using a camera obscura on a tin plate.
The first photograph of J. Niepce
Daguerreotype
L.M. Daguerre, who worked until 1883 together with J.N. Niepce, received an image on a silver plate treated with mercury vapor and fixed with a solution of sodium chloride. He called his method daguerreotype.
Photo of L. Dagger
Photography in Russia
Photography, which originated in France and England, quickly spread to other countries. In Russia, the first photographic images were obtained by the Russian chemist and botanist Yuli Fyodorovich Fritzsche
19th century photography
20th century photos
19th-20th century portrait
Soviet photographs.
The history of Soviet photography in the 1920s and 1930s.
The 20s of the last century coincided with a change in the social system in Russia caused by the October coup. After the establishment of Soviet power in the country, great importance was attached to the promotion of the ideas of social equality and justice. The masters of culture - cinematographers, artists, theater directors, writers and photographers - were now required to create a new image of a person, a new way of life and culture. The photographers were not tasked with capturing the surrounding reality as it looked in reality. After all, the country after the civil war was in complete ruin. Photographers and other cultural figures were supposed to become the mouthpiece of the Soviet government, calling on young people to build a completely new world.
Trends in Soviet photography
For this, the lenses of the photographers had to completely transform the real world. With their photographs, they had to show people the rudiments of a bright future and convince them of the greatness of Soviet power. The 20s - 30s turned out to be extremely productive for the development of photography in Russia. One by one, specialized photographic publications began to appear in the country, clubs were opened, where discussions were held on the form and style of the photographic language. Creative youth began to be actively involved in these turbulent processes, trying to bring photographic art to the masses.
Soviet-era cameras
Zenith
Soviet-era cameras
FED
Soviet-era cameras
Orion
Soviet-era cameras
Gull
Soviet-era cameras
Change
Soviet lenses
Helios Jupiter Kaleinar Tair
21st century photography
Contemporary photography is increasingly being used in science, technology and everyday life. At the initial stages it was impossible to predict how wide the possibilities of using the photographic method would be. Thanks to photography, mankind receives images of the elementary particles that make up the atom, and images of the globe, the moon and other planets; images of a living cell and a crystal lattice of minerals; studies processes that take place in one millionth of a second and processes that last for decades.
Contemporary photography.
Along with the widespread use of photography in science and technology, it received the most ancient and widespread distribution as an art form. Due to significant improvements and automation of equipment, improvement of materials and simplification of their processing technology, photography has become available to the widest circle of amateur photographers. This is evidenced by the constantly growing production of apparatus, materials and equipment for mass photographic use, and the popularity of literature on these issues.
Work in the field of photography.
Human photographer who takes photographs. Amateur photographer - a person who takes photographs for his own pleasure or entertainment, taking pictures for family, friends, himself. A professional photographer, a person whose main income is income from photography.
Professional skills of a photographer.
It is IMPORTANT to find your unique style, to be original, to surprise people not only with an artistic approach to photography, but also with a technical solution in image processing!
Requirements for the photographer
Pronounced artistic abilities Developed communication skills Creativity and high working capacity, physical endurance Thinking flexibility, developed imaginative thinking Good memory (especially visual)
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What is photography?
The photo (French photographie from ancient Greek φως / φωτος - light and γραφω - I write; light painting - a technique of painting with light) - obtaining and saving a static image on a light-sensitive material (film or photographic matrix) using a camera.
The main stages of development of photographic equipment
Since time immemorial, it has been noticed that a ray of the sun, penetrating through a small hole into a dark room, leaves on the plane a light pattern of objects of the outside world. Objects are depicted in exact proportions and colors, but reduced in size compared to nature and upside down.
Pictures of Niepce
Nicephorus Niepce (full name Joseph Nicefort) French inventor, one of the creators of photography. For the first time (1820s) he found a way to fix an image obtained in a pinhole camera, using asphalt varnish as a light-sensitive substance (heliography). From 1829 he collaborated with Louis Daguerre.
Monument to Nicephor Niepce in Chalon-na-Seine
First persistent image
Niepce received the first permanent image in a camera obscura in 1822. However, only the heliography of 1826 survived, when Niepce began to use tin-lead alloy instead of copper and zinc plates. The exposition lasted eight hours.
Camera Obscura of Niepce
Daguerre's pictures
Louis Jacques Daguerre , French artist and inventor, one of the creators of photography. He developed (using the experiments of Niepce) the first practically suitable method of photography - daguerreotype (1839), the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich was to obtain an image on a polished surface of a silver plate saturated with iodide vapor. He placed this plate in a camera obscura and exposed it, and developed it with mercury vapor.
He reached the result in 1837, after 11 years of experience. He recorded the image obtained and developed in mercury vapor by washing the plate with a strong salt solution and hot water. In this case, the exposure time of the plate in the camera obscura ranged from 15 to 30 minutes (while Niepce heliography required exposure up to 8 hours).
St. Isaac's Cathedral 1839
William Henry Fox Talbot Pictures
At virtually the same time an Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot invented another method of obtaining a photographic image, which he called "kalotypy", from the Greek word "kalos" - beauty. The image was obtained in a pinhole camera on paper soaked in a light-sensitive solution. The paper strip was developed and then secured. It turned out negative. A positive image was printed from a paper negative on light-sensitive paper. The main advantage of calotyping is the ability to obtain several copies of one image.
And it was calotype that laid the foundation for the foundations of photography as we know it today.
In 1887, Goodwin patented a method for making a transparent flexible film from cellulose nitrate. In 1889, the American company Eastman Kodak launched the production of transparent flexible film. Since that time, photography has become available to amateurs.
In 1904 the first plates for color photography, issued by the Lumiere company, appeared. The image was obtained on glass and could be viewed by light. In 1907, the Lumière brothers started the production of records and called them autochromic.
On August 20, 1861, English photographer Setton patented the first single-lens reflex camera. It was a large box with a light-shielding lid on top that served as an observation shaft.
In 1914 in Germany, Barnack created the small format camera that revolutionized photography. Since 1924, the Leitiz Company began producing this camera under the name LEICA. Interchangeable lenses with different focal lengths were soon developed for this camera.
Color photography appeared in the middle 19th century .
The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 by James Maxwell using the three-color photography method (color separation method). To obtain a color image, we used three cameras with color filters (red, green and blue) installed on them. The resulting images made it possible to recreate a color image during projection (and later in printing).
December 13th 1902 Prokudin-Gorsky first announced the creation of colored transparencies by tricolor photography
