Engagement rate: how to calculate your social media engagement rate correctly. Why is this indicator so important

Gross Coveragerepresents the percentage of the number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, to the proportion of the population of the theoretical age group this level education.

Net indicator enrollment reflects the entry of the formal age group of primary and secondary education as a percentage of the total population of that age group. Net coverage rate reaching 100%. indicates that the entire age group has entered the respective grades at the appropriate level, but does not report the completion of primary or secondary schooling. According to UNESCO. Of the 170 countries around the world that reported data, one in seven primary education enrollment rates are below 70%. This situation indicates that 3 in 10 children of the corresponding age are not attending school. "" More than 25% of countries report net coverage between 70% and 90%, and over 30% of countries indicate 95% or more.

Conversion factor

As noted, enrollment indicators do not report anything on learning outcomes, including information on how many students successfully completed their primary and secondary education. For this, for example, the coefficient of transition from primary to secondary education is used. Conversion factorrepresents percentage of children who completed the last grade primary school in the given academic year and continued their education at the first level of secondary education in the following year.Since the baseline data does not include children entering vocational schools, they are always lower than the number of children who completed primary education.

This indicator is the highest in European countries, with the exception of Malta and Ireland, at 94%. In 50% of countries in Asia and America, it is above 90%, and in 25% of countries in these regions, it is 80%. к "The most significant gap in this indicator is observed in African countries. In every fourth country, 50% of children who complete primary education do not continue their education in secondary school.

It should be noted that the conversion rate will also provide limited information on the state of the art in schooling. The fact is that in many countries, despite the high transition rate, the number of children constantly decreases as they move from class to class. Factors such as income and social status of the family, gender of the child, traditions (for example, marriage of girls at an early age), demand for labor force, geographic location, place of residence, etc. The link between these factors and the education of children in secondary school is well documented by UNESCO in Africa.

Education sex ratio index

Equity in access to education is one of the most important objectives of international development strategies. To monitor progress in this area, the sex ratio index is used, which can be used to calculate indicators such as coverage, and others.

When assessing the difference between the sexes in terms of educational enrollment, the sex ratio is the ratio of the gross enrollment rate of girls to the gross rate of enrollment of boys. An index value close to 1 indicates that gender equality has been achieved to a greater or lesser extent. According to UNESCO, 60% of children live in countries with a gender ratio between 0.95 and 1.05, which means that between one and three children in primary school age live in countries where there is no equality of access to primary education. 1 * 1 Moreover, inequality increases as educational attainment rises. Whereas at the initial stage of education only 7.5% of children live in countries where the gross enrollment rate of girls does not reach 75% of this indicator for boys, then at the first stage of secondary education, 25% of children find themselves in this situation. In India, for example, the sex ratio of enrollment in the first stage of secondary education is 0.73, and in the second - 0.67. In China, this indicator falls from 0.95 to 0.79 in the second stage of secondary education. fourteen "

One of the most important development characteristics is the sweep efficiency by the displacement process, which is briefly called the sweep efficiency Е А and is defined as the part of the reservoir volume involved in active development.

A somewhat different definition is given by Willhite, according to which the sweep ratio E A is the fraction of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe reservoir from which oil is recovered to residual saturation. It should be noted that in any case, the sweep efficiency is not a constant value: it can change over time and largely depends on the well spacing system. Its value at the start of production reflects the quality of the well location system.

According to the results of stochastic modeling of oil recovery processes, the sweep efficiency depends on the distance between the wells L in the following way:

Where d f is the so-called fractal dimension;

D\u003d 1, 2, 3 for linear, two- and three-dimensional fluid flow;

FROM- a constant depending on the location of the wells, the properties of the reservoir and the fluids saturating it.

Numerical experiments indicate the following values \u200b\u200bof the fractal dimension d f:

linear flooding: ;

areal flooding: ;

inverted five-point system: .

Taking this result into account, equation (1) for linear and areal waterflooding can be represented as follows:

; (2)

. (3)

Relation (2) means that with a straight-line one-dimensional displacement of oil by water (for example, when studying the displacement process on cores), the sweep efficiency E increases with an increase in the interwell distance (the length of the sample when oil is displaced by water on the core). As follows from (3), in the case of areal waterflooding, the value of the sweep efficiency Е А decreases with increasing distance between the wells.

Considering that the oil recovery factor E R can be roughly defined as the product of the coverage factor E A and displacement ratio E D, i.e.

, (4)

we come to the important conclusion that the oil recovery factor decreases with increasing distance between wells. On the other hand, large values L mean higher recoverable reserves per well (i.e. higher parameter values). It follows from this analysis that at large distances between wells (sparse wells), the volume of oil recovered from the reservoir may be relatively small, while the production of individual wells will be high. In the other extreme case, with a very dense grid of wells, oil recovery can be very high, but the production for each of the wells can be significantly lower than in the first case. This means that there is an optimal value of the interwell distance L (or, which, in essence, is the same as the well grid density parameter), which provides the best field development indicators for the selected well placement system.

Accurate determination of this value is difficult and subject to numerical modeling and optimization. However, the following simple technique can be used to approximate the efficiency of the well location system. According to the statistical analysis of development, the dependence of oil recovery on the distance between wells L can be written in the following form:

, (5)

where b- coefficient that depends on the properties of the formation / fluid and the selected system of well placement.

Let us express the specific recoverable reserves S K as a function of well spacing L and oil recovery E R:

Parameter and, in turn, can be estimated as follows:

where in the right part, respectively, the average values \u200b\u200bof the effective oil-saturated thickness of the formation, its porosity and the initial oil saturation in the part of the formation for which the assessment is being carried out are presented.

Further, calculating the oil recovery factor and specific recoverable oil reserves per well in accordance with relations (5) and (6) for the same values \u200b\u200bof L, it is possible to plot the dependence S K from E R, in which large values \u200b\u200bof both parameters correspond to better development indicators.

It should be noted that both parameters can be used as optimization criteria: oil recovery multiplied by the oil price gives full income, and the value S K multiplied by the price of oil and divided by capital and operating costs, it represents the profit-to-investment ratio.

In conclusion, let us give a rough estimate of the average values \u200b\u200bof inter-well spacing and specific recoverable reserves for the fields of the Norwegian continental shelf. According to the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, by 2000 about 44% of all recoverable oil reserves of the Norwegian continental shelf will be produced. Having determined the average distance between wells for these fields at about 600 m and assuming that the oil displacement coefficient by water from the cores is about 0.65, it is easy to obtain the following parameter values E D and b in the ratio (5):

The estimate of specific recoverable reserves per well is obtained in this case as follows:

(9)

test questions:

1. What is coverage ratio?

What is audience reach on VKontakte and Yandex Direct.

Reach refers to the amount of time your ads are shown to unique users, and it largely determines the effectiveness of your campaign. How - different sites have their own nuances. But both in VK and in Direct - there are many potential customers who have seen your ad better than some of them, you will simply lose potential traffic.

There are two concepts:

• Estimated coverage target audience - the number provided by the advertising system. It means the number of all unique users who can potentially see the ad based on your settings. But even if all the recommendations are followed, the specified number of views will never be achieved - not all users are constantly on the Internet, this is only a guideline.
• Factual - the name speaks for itself.

What affects the indicator and how to increase it?

VKontakte and other social networks.

View in VK the number of subscribers that your advertising campaign, can be found to the right of the parameter settings. The indicator depends on the targeting - the more you narrow the audience with them, the less the estimated volume of unique views.

A simple example: with broad targeting

With a narrower

All allowed filters: by interests, geography, group membership, etc. reduce the number of impressions to unique users, but provide more targeted traffic. After all, everyone needs conversions, not just clicks. Therefore, the more precisely you set up your targeting potential customers, the more effective your advertising will be.

The same goes for campaigns on MyTarget and Facebook.

But this is the estimated target audience. In fact, the indicator will be different depending on the following configured parameters:

• Cost per click - the lower you set, the less potential social network users you will reach.
• Customized ad formats - use everything in one campaign: graphic, text-graphic, and others available in the source. This will allow it to be shown on different devices and sites where unique items may be located.
• Limiting the display of ads to one person. Everything is simple here - set the maximum limit of 100 impressions (for VK Target), again, for the maximum number of views by unique users.

• First, try to get into the target audience more accurately, experiment with its segments, analyzing CTR and conversion. As you receive positive statistics, increase your reach - slowly add audience groups, expanding targeting and monitoring conversion rates.
• Start with minimum rate per click. If the number of impressions is insufficient, raise the cost per click on the minimum step, controlling the statistics so as not to go into negative territory.

How to increase audience reach in Direct.

Here, the indicator determines the volume of traffic received, and, of course, reaching as many target users as possible is the task of any advertiser.

The following factors affect search coverage in Yandex Direct:

• The same targeting settings - by geography, gender, device, display schedule. Everything is clear here, I already wrote about this above - better fewer clicks, but with high conversion.
• Number used in the campaign keywords - each targeted query added to the campaign increases the audience reach by a certain amount.
• Bid - When CPCs are low, impressions and traffic are significantly reduced.
• The quality of ads - the rating, the ability to get into the best block and the position of the ad depend on it.
• Impression block. In special placement, more users will see your ad, since the block is in the first screen without scrolling.
• Formats. Due to the more available ad formats you use, the more placements on the SERP it can get, which will allow you to reach a wider audience.

To increase reach, you need to use more directions when searching for keywords, but do it based on the analysis of the interests of the target audience, so as not to end up with garbage traffic.

The coverage ratio is a relative financial indicator on the basis of which it is possible to adequately assess the dynamics of the company's output volume. On its basis, it is possible to assess how the share of business in the market for a particular product changes in the context of the country. It is useful for owners of firms, anti-monopoly authorities, regional authorities. There is no single normal indicator value - it depends on the specifics of the business and industry.

At a certain stage of development, when the company has already established itself in the market, and its brand has become recognizable and in demand, it is important for its owners to assess what share of the total production volume in the country is occupied by its product. At the same time, it is important to know whether it is growing or shrinking: this allows assessing business development, as well as determining the degree of activity of new and old competitors.

Coverage ratio (Production Coverage Ratio - Cohv) is a relative financial indicator that allows you to determine what share the products of a company or group of firms occupy in the total volume of production in the country.

Reference! The Cohv indicator is used not only by business owners to determine its share in the total production volume in the country, but also:

• regional authorities to determine the localization and specialization of individual territories of the country;
• antitrust authorities to identify industry leaders and timely suppress monopolistic and oligopolistic tendencies.

The coverage ratio in dynamics shows the company its development, and also clearly demonstrates the result of investments in its expansion. Usually business owners calculate it together with the definition of the profitability of production and the investment coverage ratio.

Coverage ratio calculation formula

The coverage ratio is the financial indicator for the determination of which not only information about the volume of production of an enterprise for the year is important, but also statistical data on the value of the output of a product in the country as a whole.

An important point! The indicator can be calculated in two ways: use information on the total volume of production of a specific product by domestic manufacturers or take data on the total value of sales of a product by domestic and foreign manufacturers.

IN general view the formula for calculating the coefficient looks like this:

Cohv \u003d OPK / OPS * 100%, where:

OPK - the volume of production of a product by a company for a period (month, year, quarter);

OPS is the volume of production of a product in the country for a period (month, year, quarter).

An important point! Cohv is calculated not by the total volume of the company's output, but by individual goods, works, services. The volume of production can be expressed in natural units or rubles.

The indicator can be calculated both as a percentage (multiplied by 100%) and in fractions.

Normal indicator value

There is no single generally accepted value of the production coverage indicator: it is analyzed separately for each subject of the national economy and, moreover, in dynamics. However, there are general rules his estimates:

• if the indicator grows, then for the owners of the company it is a signal of the development and productivity of investment; for antitrust authorities - a reason to start monitoring the activities of the company;
• if the indicator falls, then business investments can be considered ineffective, new competitors can be identified in the market.

An important point! Sometimes a drop in Cohv means an increase in the entire market as a whole with the emergence of new participants, which is not associated with a deterioration financial condition companies. Therefore, it makes no sense to analyze the indicator in isolation.

Indicator calculation examples

To understand the procedure for calculating and analyzing the coverage ratio, it is worth considering two examples of its determination based on information about the amount of output. russian companies:

• LLC Yug Rusi - Golden Seed;
• PJSC "Lukoil".

Conclusion! Kokhv for the company "Yug Rusi - Golden Seed" in 2015-2017. increasing, therefore, the company's share in the country's market is growing. This state of affairs testifies to the development of the company and its active expansion in the production sector. vegetable oil.

The calculations made allow us to establish that the position of the company "Yug Rusi - Golden Seed" is stable: the company is now one of the leaders in the vegetable oil production industry, which exports its products outside Russia. In any state of the macroeconomic environment, the LLC continues its expansion in the industry.

Conclusion! For PJSC Lukoil, the coverage indicator is decreasing: there is an acute competitive struggle, it is subject to the influence of crisis processes, new participants appear. Against the background of active growth in production in the industry, output growth in the Lukoil corporation is growing at a slower pace.

The example of PJSC Lukoil shows that the growth in the volume of output is an absolute financial indicator that cannot form an adequate idea of \u200b\u200bthe company's development. Thus, the growth in the production and sales of fuels and lubricants by the corporation is significantly inferior in pace to the growth in the industry as a whole.

A detailed algorithm for calculating the coverage factor can be traced in a sample compiled on the basis of an Excel spreadsheet editor.

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Instagram reach is a statistic that indicates the number of users who have seen certain information from a community.

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This could be a post, home page, contact information, or an ad. It only counts unique visitors, so repeated actions by the same person won't count.

Instagram reach: what it is

To answer this question, let's look at an example using a credit sign from a bank. The coverage rate is three different types: complete, simple and viral.

• The first denotes total all people who have noticed such an advertisement.
• The second is only those who are clients of the bank.
• The third is all those who saw the sign but have not yet become a partner.

Why is this indicator so important

If a person wants to place an advertisement on a page, he asks for general statistics. It is necessary to determine whether it makes sense to use such a resource for promotion. The number of likes, comments, reposts and much more is viewed, but the primary attention is paid to the coverage data. Information such as views can be easily increased, so it is the reach that determines the success of the resource. It displays any number of user actions as +1.

If it looks at the same dozen times, the analytics system will still count these actions as a unit. But, for example, the statistics will show as +10. When determining the uniqueness of a visitor, the following criteria are used:

• Geographical position.
• Browser.
• IP address.
• Registration data.
• The device used to sign in.

Agree, it is possible to falsify such a number of indicators, but this is too much laborious process... Therefore, it is customary to evaluate the success of a page mainly by its coverage.

How to increase your reach on Instagram

The number of customers, the amount of money that can be required for placing an advertisement and much more depends on the value of this indicator. Therefore, the issue of increasing reach on Instagram is vital for any resource owner. Depending on the purpose of the page, you can use white promotion methods or cheat. Let's take a closer look at each of the options.

Self-promotion

By using the methods that will be described below, you can get interested customers. They will perform various actions on the resource: leave comments, likes, place orders or comment. Of course, white promotion options require a lot of effort and take a long time. Here are some of them.

1. Correct posting time. Each category of people goes to social networks at a specific time interval. Agree that those who work until the evening have no time to surf the Internet in the morning or at lunchtime. Determine the periods of activity for your target audience and post when they are online.
2. Video. This social network is built on the display of various images, but no one forbids the use of videos. Such content is perceived by readers with significantly more enthusiasm.
3. Competition, gifts, quizzes. Everyone loves when they can get something for free. Create different tasks, and it will be interesting for people to visit the page regularly. The draws must be conducted honestly. If you try to cheat, you can lose most of your subscribers.
4. Stories. Write first-person stories on any topic. People love this kind of content, they feel at the center of the action.
5. Advertising. This method will require you to invest money, but if you correctly specify the criteria for your audience, the result will appear almost instantly. You can use targeted ads or post your post on other people's pages.
6. New items. Track what is happening in the world and keep up with the times. If something happened, be sure to publish your view on it.

Since social networks use a feed with a certain algorithm for displaying posts, it is very important that the information you provide is interesting. It should collect as many likes, comments and views as possible. In this case, you will definitely go up in its issue.

Boost coverage on Instagram

If your Instagram reach has dropped, there's a quick way to get things back on track. Using a promotion, you can very quickly increase any statistic item, but the purchased users will not have the potential you need. You can forget that they will be interested in your page. If you still decide to take this step, use proven services.

1. Nakrutka.by. On this resource you can purchase the performance of any action. These can be likes, comments, reposts and much more. The price varies from 3 to several thousand rubles.
2. Socgain. The service works on the exchange principle. Initially, you fulfill someone's orders and earn local currency. Then it becomes possible to place an order for the actions you need on your page.

It is extremely dangerous to use such methods. No social network likes cheating, so if you get caught doing it, you will most likely be denied access to your account.

How to see coverage on Instagram

It is necessary to regularly monitor whether this or that method brings the necessary results. There are statistics for this. Let's look at how you can get an analytical summary of a page or publications.

1. Go to your business profile.
2. Click on the statistics icon in the upper right corner.

Now you can view data on page traffic, as well as each individual publication.

You can open the statistics menu in another way:

1. Select the required post.
2. At the bottom of the picture, click on the link "View statistics".

It's over convenient waywhen it is necessary to find out the success of a particular placement, and not all publications in general.

In this article, we talked about what reach on Instagram means, and how you can increase this indicator. When choosing a particular promotion method, be guided not only by speed, but also by what result you would like to see. If you need satisfied customers and an interested audience, you shouldn't use a markup.