How much was paid for a workday in the ussr? facts versus myths. Facts versus Lies: How Much Was Paid Per Workday? Introduction of cash salaries on collective farms

When collectivization was carried out in Soviet villages and villages by the 30s and the way of life of the cultivators and cattle breeders was forcibly socialized, the state made a workday by evaluating their work by a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars. This unified measure of labor accounting and income distribution of collective farmers existed until the mid-60s. Ideally, the workday should have become a share of the collective farm's income, which was distributed depending on the degree of labor participation of a particular worker.

The workday system, which had been reformed many times throughout its history, nevertheless remained a rather confusing scheme material incentives collective farmers. Most often it did not depend on the efficiency of production, but at the same time it made it possible to differentially distribute income from the grown crop (or cattle handed over for slaughter) - in proportion to the contribution of a certain employee. For failure to develop the norm of workdays in the USSR, criminal liability was provided - the person who was fined was sentenced to corrective work in his own collective farm with a quarter of workdays withholding.

Remuneration for labor consisted mainly of payment in kind (mainly in grain). In military prides (1941 - 1945) less than a pound of grain was issued per workday. In the winter of 1946-1947, a mass famine occurred in the USSR due to a poor harvest.

Collective farmers from the very beginning of the operation of such a payment system massively protested - they slaughtered livestock, left the villages for the cities. In 1932, a special passport regime was introduced in the USSR, as a result of which the inhabitants of villages and villages actually received the status of serfs, who were forbidden to leave the settlement without the permission of the "master" (the chairman of a collective farm or village council). For the children of peasants in such a case, after leaving school, there was most often one way - to go to work on a collective farm. In films about collective farm life, which are classics of Soviet cinema, there are often scenes in which the chairman decides whether to let the graduates of a rural school go to study further into the city or not. The guys who served in the army, knowing what fate awaits them at home in the village, by any means tried to gain a foothold in the cities.

If the serf peasant in Russia before the revolution had the opportunity to receive income from his land allotment and sell the surplus, then the Soviet collective farmer was deprived of this too - the state imposed exorbitant taxes on the household plots in the village or in the countryside, the peasant was forced to pay almost for every apple tree in garden.

Pensions to the elderly in Soviet collective farms were either not paid at all, or they were scanty.

WORK

unit of measurement of labor on a collective farm. T. determines the quantity and quality of labor expended by the collective farmer, corresponding to the performance a certain norm work. The amount of labor expended by a collective farmer for the year (or until the distribution of income), expressed in T., determines his share in the collective farm's in-kind and monetary income distributed among the collective farmers (see. Collective farmer's incomeand Distributionincome collective farm).

NKZ USSR on the basis of studying the experience of collective farms on behalf of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in the post. from 28 Feb 1933 established for collective farms an approximate estimate in the workdays of various agricultural. works, dividing them into 7 groups. At the same time, a collective farmer who has fulfilled the production rate for work assigned to the first group is credited with 0.50 T .; to the second group - 0.75 T .; to the third - 1 T .; to the fourth - 1.25 T .; to the fifth - 1.50 T .; to the sixth - 1.75 T .; to the seventh-2 T. (for the price of the work of tractor drivers, see. Tractor driver).Ex. for spring plowing with a 2-share plow, a daily production rate of 1.20 is set ha.This work is attributed to the 5th group, which means for the fulfillment of the specified production rate for the collective farmer d. accrued 1.5 T. If a collective farmer in a day, having plowed only 0.8 ha, does not fulfill the norm, then accordingly it will not be written 1.5 T., but 1 T., and vice versa, if the norm is overfulfilled, say, for 1/3 he will be credited not with 1.5 T., but 2 T., etc. In 1934, the approximate rate of development and evaluation of work in T. were established for each region and region, taking into account their specific features.

With the application in collective farms of the approximate rate established by the NKZ of the USSR in T. various agricultural. works and their breakdown into groups d. b. the peculiarities of the given collective farm are taken into account (the state of the tax, the tools, the nature of the soil, etc.).

Drawing up a production plan, each collective farm, on the basis of the volume of all work, the establishment of production standards and their assessment in production, determines the total number of production facilities that will be required to fulfill the production plan of the collective farm as a whole. Evaluation of each work in Etc. b. known to the collective farmer in advance (for poor-quality work T. is not charged). The number of T., accrued to the brigade for the performance of the production assignment, with insufficiently satisfactory performance of the work, decreases within 10% of the total number of T., worked out by the brigade; if a brigade has harvested from a plot it cultivates above the collective farm average, then all members of the brigade are additionally charged up to 20% of the T. This. additional accrual of T. is made by reducing the number of them (also within 20%) to teams that have yielded below the collective farm average. This dependence of the income of the collective farmer on the results of his labor creates the necessary conditions for the interest of each collective farmer in raising labor productivity and qualitatively better work.

Agricultural dictionary reference. - Moscow - Leningrad: State publishing house of collective and state farm literature "Selkhozgiz". Chief Editor: A. I. Gaister. 1934 .

See what "WORK" is in other dictionaries:

A workday ... Spelling dictionary-reference

Man-day Dictionary of Russian synonyms. workday n., number of synonyms: 3 measure (250) stick ... Synonym dictionary

The measure of labor input in collective farms, used in 1930-1966; served as the basis for the distribution of income ... Legal Dictionary

The measure of labor input on collective farms used in 1930 66; served as the basis for the distribution of income ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

WORKDAY, workday, husband. (neol.). A unit of accounting for the labor of collective farmers, providing for both the daily output and the quality of work. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

WORK, day, husband. A unit for accounting for labor costs and the distribution of income according to labor on collective farms (until 1966, with the exception of individual farms in the country). Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

workday - working day ... Dictionary of abbreviations and acronyms

Workday is a measure of assessment and the form of accounting for the quantity and quality of labor on collective farms in the period from 1930 to 1966. Wage members of collective farms were not charged. All income after fulfilling obligations to the state (mandatory deliveries and ... ... Wikipedia

Day; m. In the USSR: a unit of labor accounting on a collective farm, which determines the share of each member in income. * * * workday is a measure of labor input in collective farms used in 1930 66. * * * WORKDAY WORKDAY, a measure of labor accounting in Soviet collective farms in 1930-1966; ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

workday -, days, m. The unit of accounting for labor on collective farms, which determines the share of a collective farmer in income (used until 1966). MAC, vol. 4.418. For each able-bodied worker, a mandatory minimum of workdays per year was established. IKPSS, 468. Old woman and eighteen ... ... Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Soviets

workday - (laborodenir, laborodenher) workday Collective farmer Iofeu yshIerer zeral'yteshtyge shapkh, mefapkI Collective farmer laborodenew iIem el'ytyg'eu lezh'apkIer ratyshtyg ... Adygabzam izehef thickIal

Books

• Workday. Collection of stories, Mikhail Khaimovich. The central place in the collection is occupied by stories about the everyday life of the Soviet research institute - before perestroika and at its very beginning, on the eve of the collapse of the country. Total control, stuffy atmosphere of stagnation, ...

1. On collective farms, basic and additional wages are distinguished. The measure of basic wages is the workday. Additional payment is issued for overfulfillment of the plan for crop yields and livestock productivity in excess of income for workdays.

All types of collective farm labor, depending on their difficulty and complexity, are evaluated according to a nine-digit grid. The first category includes the lightest and least qualified jobs - they are estimated at half a day; according to the ninth category, the most difficult and requiring high qualifications are assessed - for them 2.5 workdays are established.

The cost of a workday is determined after the collective farm fulfills its obligations to the state, the formation of public funds and the allocation of products due in accordance with the procedure additional payment labor for increased productivity of crops and increased productivity of livestock. The products and monetary incomes remaining after this and subject to distribution among the collective farmers determine, depending on the workdays spent by the collective farm, the natural and monetary value of one workday. Thus, the cost of a workday is a variable value: it is determined by the profitability of a given collective farm in a given agricultural year.

A workday is the best form of combining the personal interests of the collective farmer with the interests of the development of the collective farm's social economy.

The workday is not a measure of the working time spent by an individual collective farmer during the working day. A workday is a measure of the quantity and quality of labor invested by each member of the collective farm in social production collective farm. A collective farmer who performs skilled work during a working day (for example, a tractor driver) can work out four or more workdays per day, and an unskilled worker (for example, a watchman) can receive only half a workday for a full day.

The workday determines the right of the collective farmer to collective farm income: the more and better the collective farmer works, the more workdays are accrued to him. The workday, being a measure of labor on a collective farm, at the same time serves as a measure of remuneration.

By a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948, approximate production rates on collective farms and the cost of work in workdays were approved. The resolution obliged the councils of ministers of the union and autonomous republics, regional executive committees and regional executive committees to organize, on the basis of approximate production rates and uniform prices for agricultural work in workdays, a revision of the standards for the production and prices of work in workdays, taking into account the characteristics of individual collective farms and ensuring higher wages for major works and lower wages for non-essential jobs.

The production rates and work rates for workdays are approved at general meetings of collective farmers.

For those types of work for which there are no approved approximate production rates, the regional executive committees are allowed to develop additional approximate production rates.

The district departments of agriculture and the machine and tractor stations are obliged to help the collective farms in working out standards for their production and assimilating them in production.

2. Labor planning and proper organization of its accounting is one of necessary conditions correct organization of collective farm production.

The standard form of the collective farm production plan establishes the procedure for planning labor and expenditure of workdays. The production plan of the collective farm should provide for how many workdays are supposed to be spent on each crop in each branch of the collective farm, as well as how many workdays will be spent on paying administrative and service personnel.

The decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 recommended the collective farm boards “simultaneously with drawing up the annual production plan and income and expenditure estimates, draw up a plan for the expenditures of workdays for the branches of the economy, for each crop or group of homogeneous crops - for each brigade, for the types of livestock - for for each livestock farm, for each subsidiary enterprise, for the construction of each facility, as well as for on-farm work and remuneration of administrative and service personnel. "

When drawing up plans for the expenditure of workdays, the collective farm board is obliged to take into account the level of mechanization of work by individual brigades, the difference and contamination of soils and the varietal characteristics of the crops sown. Brigadiers and foremost collective farmers must be involved in drawing up plans for the expenditure of workdays on collective farms.

3. All agricultural work on collective farms is carried out on a piecework basis. Time wages are allowed only in relation to the administrative and service personnel of collective farms (chairman, accountant, cleaner, watchman, etc.).

There are individual piecework and small-group piecework.

In case of individual piecework, workdays are credited to each collective farmer for work performed personally by him. In the case of small-group piecework, workdays are accrued to a group of collective farmers engaged in the same work, with the subsequent distribution of workdays between individual collective farmers of this group.

In some jobs, the use of individual piecework is not caused by the conditions of production and leads to a diffusion of forces and resources. So, for example, demanding the use of individual piecework in threshing grain would mean refusing to work on a complex threshing machine and switching to threshing in a primitive way - with flails.

4. An account of the workdays worked out by each member of the collective farm is kept by the brigadier (Article 15 of the Model Charter).

Each member of the collective farm is issued a work book established sample... At least once a week, the collective farmer is obliged to present his work book to the foreman to record the work performed and the number of workdays worked out.

The decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 suggested that the collective farm boards strictly observe the procedure for the daily accounting by the brigade leaders of the work performed by each collective farmer, and establish control over the timely entry in the collective farmer's work book of the number of workdays he worked out.

At the end of each month, the collective farm board is obliged to hang out in a conspicuous place a list of collective farm members indicating the workdays they have worked out for the month. At the end of the year, no later than two weeks before the general meeting convened to discuss the results of work and the distribution of income, the annual summary of the work of each collective farmer, certified by the foreman, accountant and chairman of the artel, is posted.

Accounting for workdays and harvests for each brigade in the areas assigned to them should be carried out separately.

5. Workdays, as a rule, are credited only to members of the collective farm and only for their work in the public economy of the collective farm. By the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of September 19, 1946, the practice of calculating workdays for work that is not related to collective farm production was strongly condemned.

The charter does not provide for the accrual of workdays to members of the artel who are released from work on the collective farm due to illness or other reasons (holiday work, study at courses, etc.).
There are some exceptions to this rule. Thus, workdays are credited to collective-farm letter carriers and mail carriers; during the time the collective farmers are distracted for military training camps, they are charged half of the average number of workdays, which during the same time is charged to other collective farmers of the same specialty and qualifications; it is recommended that students in two-year public schools for the training of collective farm management cadres who have dependent family members who are unable to work 15-20 workdays per month; for the chairmen of collective farms, who were sent on a six-month course for retraining of chairmen, the workdays for their position are fully retained. As noted above, the Charter of the Agricultural Artel stipulates that pregnant women collective farmers are released from work a month before childbirth and for a month after childbirth, while maintaining their pay for these two months at half their average workday.

6. Along with the basic wages in labor days, since 1941, additional payments have been introduced on collective farms for overfulfilling the plan for crop yields and livestock productivity.

For the first time, additional wages were introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated December 31, 1940, in the collective farms of the Ukrainian SSR. Subsequently, this system of remuneration was extended to all other republics, territories and regions.

In order to increase yields and raise the productivity of animal husbandry, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) recommended that collective farms give collective farmers brigades in addition, in excess of the established payment for workdays, in kind, or pay in cash part of the products they received in excess of the plan. For individual republics, territories and regions, different amounts of additional payment for overfulfillment of the plan have been established. Thus, for example, in the Ukrainian SSR collective farmers of a brigade that have exceeded the plan for grain yields are given 25% of the grain harvested by the brigade in excess of the planned harvest; for a sunflower, a third of the seeds collected above the plan are given; for sugar beets and cotton, collective farmers in the Ukrainian SSR receive additional payment in money at the rate of 50% of the average cost of one centner of beets and cotton surrendered to the state in excess of the plan, etc.

The additional payment due to collective farmers for exceeding the yield plans is distributed among the members of the brigade in proportion to the workdays worked out by each of them at the work, as a result of which the above-planned production was obtained.

Additional wages are paid only to those collective farmers who generate the established annual minimum of workdays. Tractor drivers receive additional wages on a par with the collective farmers of the field-breeding brigades, in the areas of which they worked. The foreman of the tractor brigade is given 50%, and his assistant is 30% more than the additional payment on average for one tractor driver of the brigade. The tractor crew meter-tanker receives an additional payment in the amount of the average additional payment per one tractor driver of the brigade.

Collective farmers engaged in animal husbandry receive additional payment for overfulfillment planned targets for milk yield, preservation of young stock, fattening of cattle, shearing of wool, etc. For example, milkmaids in the Chkalovsk region for overfulfillment of the milk yield plan with the plan for a fixed group of cows up to 1500 liters per fodder cow is given 15% of the milk produced in excess of the plan, with milk yield plan from 1500 to 2000 liters is given 20% of milk milked in excess of the plan, etc.

The rates of additional remuneration for collective farmers for overfulfilling the tasks for raising young animals, preserving adult cattle and increasing the productivity of livestock raising are different in different republics, territories, and regions. Additional payment is made only after the collective farm has fulfilled the plan to increase the number of livestock for the farm and brigade.
The Council of Ministers of the USSR, in its resolution of April 19, 1948, invited the regional executive committees to establish strict control over the timely issuance of additional payments due to collective farmers.

By a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of June 10, 1950, the party and Soviet bodies were asked to ensure the correct organization and accounting of labor in harvesting work, to establish strict control over the timely and correct calculation of workdays to collective farmers in accordance with the volume and quality of work performed, to organize separate accounting of the harvest by production teams, and by crops assigned to the units, by units, in order to ensure that collective farmers and tractor operators of the MTS receive additional wages for increasing the yield of agricultural crops.

7. As the practice of collective farm construction has shown, the accrual of workdays to collective farmers for work performed without taking into account the results of work created some elements of equalization in wages and put at a disadvantage those who worked well, did not stimulate the struggle to increase labor productivity on collective farms. Therefore, the development of legislation on wages in collective farms went in the direction of increasing the material interest of collective farmers in raising labor productivity. This was expressed, on the one hand, in the introduction of the above-mentioned additional wages for overfulfillment of the plan for crop yields and livestock productivity, and on the other hand, in the additional accrual of workdays for high yields and writing off workdays for low yields.

The February Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1947) recognized it necessary to eliminate the shortcomings in the payment of collective farmers, which hindered the further rise in labor productivity. The plenary session recognized the need to work out more correct methods of remuneration and encouragement of well-working collective farmers.

In accordance with the instructions of the Plenum, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted on April 19, 1948 a resolution "On measures to improve the organization, increase productivity and streamline wages on collective farms." This decree established new provisions on the procedure for calculating workdays, taking into account the results of the work of individual teams.

By decision of the general meeting of collective farmers, the board may establish one of the three methods recommended by the Government for calculating and distributing workdays.

The first method of calculating workdays is that collective farmers are credited with workdays in proportion to the fulfillment of the yield plan established for each brigade.

The second method differs from the first in that the calculation of workdays is based on the average yield plan for the collective farm, and not on the plan established by the brigade.

And, finally, the third method is that the calculation of workdays is allowed to be produced for each centner of the crop actually collected by the collective farmers.

The calculation and distribution of workdays by brigades, depending on the fulfillment of the harvest plans established by them (the first method), is done as follows:

a) a brigade that has overfulfilled the harvest plan established by it is charged an additional 1% of workdays for each percentage of overfulfillment of the harvest plan, based on the number of workdays spent by the brigade on a given crop or group of homogeneous crops;

b) from the brigade that has not fulfilled the harvest plan established for it for the assigned crops, 1% is written off for each percentage of the failure to fulfill the plan, but not more than 25% of the workdays of the number of workdays it spent on a given crop or group of homogeneous crops;

c) the brigade that has fulfilled the harvest plan established by it, is charged the entire number of workdays spent on a given crop or group of homogeneous crops.

The second method of calculating workdays consists, as already indicated, in the distribution of workdays among the brigades, depending on the percentage of fulfillment of the harvest plan on average for the collective farm.

With this method, the brigade is additionally charged or written off workdays by as many percent as the percentage of fulfillment of the harvest plan for a given crop (or a group of homogeneous crops) in the brigade is more (less) than the percentage of fulfillment of the yield plan for this crop on average for the collective farm.

The number of workdays that must be written off from the collective farmers of the brigade, with this method, should also not exceed 25% of the workdays worked out by them on fixed crops. Workdays are not written off from a brigade that has fulfilled or exceeded the yield plan established for it, although at a lower percentage than the collective farm average, but it is left with the entire number of accrued and accepted workdays after checking the fulfillment of the workday cost plan.

The third method of calculating workdays is as follows: according to the decision of the general meeting, the calculation of workdays for collective farmers in brigades and units for vegetable and row crops is allowed to be made for each centner of the harvested crop at prices in workdays. Prices per centner of the crop are set based on the harvest plan approved for the brigade or link, the accepted production rates and work prices, as well as the cost of workdays required to grow the planned harvest. If necessary, these prices at the end of the year are subject to revision based on the actual work performed.

To apply this third method of calculating workdays, the collective farm board at the beginning of the year develops rates in workdays per centner of each crop. Prices for a centner of a crop are set as follows: the sum of the planned expenditure of workdays per hectare is divided by the planned yield per hectare. On crops for which the specified rates are established, workdays for collective farmers during the year are charged in the usual manner according to production rates and rates. At the end of the harvest at the end of the year, workdays are recalculated in accordance with the approved prices per centner of the crop. In cases where the collective farmers of a brigade or link for a given crop are credited during the year with less workdays than are due for the harvested crop at prices per centner, they are additionally credited with workdays. If the collective farmers of the brigade or link are credited with more workdays for a given crop during the year than are due at prices per centner of the crop, they are written off.

The resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 stipulates that additional accrual or write-off of workdays for collective farmers for the harvest is made in proportion to the total number of workdays worked out by each collective farmer on a given crop or group of homogeneous crops.

Collective farmers who are without good reason have not worked out the obligatory minimum of workdays during the year, additional workdays are not calculated for overfulfillment of the harvest plan, and workdays are not written off from disabled collective farmers and adolescents under 16 years of age.

By the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 10, 1950 "On harvesting and procurement of agricultural products" in order to encourage collective farmers for overfulfilling the plans for harvesting hay and laying silage, collective farms are recommended for the work done by collective farmers in harvesting hay and ensiling feed in excess of the established production rates to produce accruals of workdays in double size.

Collective farmers working on livestock farms are credited with workdays depending on the quantity and quality of the products received - meat, milk, etc., as well as depending on the preservation of young animals.

8. The boards and audit commissions of collective farms are obliged to monitor the correctness of spending workdays on teams and farms and at least once a quarter, as well as at the end of the year, before distributing income, to verify the number of accrued workdays with the number of workdays provided for by the plan for the amount of work performed and for payment of administrative and service personnel. When checking the accrual of workdays, the board and the audit commission must identify persons. those guilty of both overspending of workdays and non-fulfillment of the measures envisaged by the plan to ensure the quality of the work performed, and report the results to the general meeting of collective farmers.

If foremen and farm managers find incorrect workdays as a result of unauthorized lowering of production rates, overpricing, incorrect measurements and inaccurate accounting of work performed, as well as the accrual of workdays for work performed poorly and subject to alteration, collective farm boards are recommended to write off incorrectly accrued workdays from those collective farmers to whom they are illegally credited, and, in addition, write off, by decision of the collective farm board, up to five workdays from the foreman or farm manager who incorrectly accrued workdays.

The collective farm chairman has been given the right to authorize the performance of work not provided for in the plan for the expenditure of workdays, if these work will help to increase or preserve the harvest and the development of animal husbandry. The number of workdays spent on such additional work, subject to subsequent approval general meeting collective farmers.

9. A decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of April 19, 1948 established a new procedure for remuneration of collective farm chairmen. Until 1948, this payment was determined depending on the size of the sown area of \u200b\u200bcollective farms and their cash income. The state of animal husbandry on the collective farm was not taken into account.

According to the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948, workdays to the chairman of the collective farm should be accrued in direct proportion not only to the size of the sown area, but also to the availability of livestock on collective farm farms. If the collective farm does not fulfill the new minimum number of productive livestock and poultry established by the state, the chairman's pay is reduced by 10% of the number of workdays accrued for each type of livestock and poultry.

The collective farm chairman, in addition to his work days, has been assigned a monthly monetary supplement from the funds of the collective farm, the amount of which is determined depending on the size of the collective farm's annual monetary income. For example, with the total annual income of the collective farm from 50 to 100 thousand rubles. the chairman is issued monthly in excess of payment for workdays 125 rubles.

Until the final amount of the annual monetary income is clarified, the amount of the additional payment to the chairman is set based on the income for the previous year, while only 70% of the established additional payment is paid to him, and the final payment is made at the end of the year - after the approval of the annual report by the general meeting of collective farmers and the consideration of the annual report by the regional executive committee. For overfulfilment by the collective farm of the harvest plan and the productivity of animal husbandry, the chairman of the collective farm is charged an additional 10 to 25% of workdays, and in monetary terms, an additional payment of 15 to 40% is given. This additional payment is subject to the sowing plan for all crops.

If the harvest plan on average for all crops or the plan for the development of public livestock breeding is not fulfilled, one percent of the workdays is written off from the collective farm chairman for each percentage of the failure to fulfill the plan, but not more than 25% of the workdays accrued to him for the year on the basic payment.

Collective farm chairmen are accrued percentage allowances for work experience, namely: when working on a collective farm for the third year - 5%, in the fourth and fifth years - 10%, and when working for more than five years - 15% of the monthly calculation of workdays.

10. Attaching great importance to the selection of management personnel for enlarged collective farms, it is recommended that persons with higher or secondary agricultural education, as well as practitioners who know agriculture and have extensive experience in managerial and organizational work, be elected as chairmen of enlarged collective farms. Professionals and others elected chairpersons collective farms, must join the artel.

The remuneration of the collective farm chairman consists of the actual cost of the workday and the monetary supplement to the collective farm chairman in accordance with the existing situation.
In the event that the collective farm does not fulfill the production plan for both field cultivation and livestock raising, obligations to the state for the delivery of agricultural products, backfilling of seed and fodder funds, as well as a plan for the issuance of food and money to collective farmers for workdays and income and expense estimates, payment to the chairman of the collective farm, at the discretion of the general meeting of collective farmers, it can be reduced, but by no more than 10 percent.

In large collective farms, by decision of the general meeting of collective farmers, it is recommended to introduce the post of the vacated deputy chairman of the collective farm. By the decision of the general meeting of collective farmers, the remuneration of the dismissed deputy chairman of the collective farm is set at 80-90 percent of the payment charged to the chairman in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948.

The deputy chairman of the collective farm, like the chairman of the collective farm, is credited with additional workdays for overfulfilling the collective farm plan for harvesting crops and livestock productivity, or writing off workdays for failing to fulfill the plan for harvesting and developing the public livestock for each type of livestock and the milk yield plan.
The order of additional accrual of workdays, depending on the length of service, applies to the deputy chairman of the collective farm; their length of service includes the time spent by the chairmen of collective farms before consolidation.

11. The remuneration for the work of an accountant or a collective farm accountant is established by the board. It is recommended to set the accounting clerk's salary at 60-80% of the chairman's salary in workdays and in monetary terms. In addition, for good accounting, the accountant is given 50% of the additional payment received by the collective farm chairman for overfulfilling the plan for crop yields and livestock productivity.

The accountant is also credited with workdays for continuous work experience on a given collective farm - from 5 to 15% of the workdays of his basic pay. In the event of unsatisfactory accounting and for an unfair attitude to the preparation of the annual report, the general meeting of the collective farm can reduce the pay of the accountant to 10% of the number of workdays accrued to him for the year.

12. Workdays for foremen of field-cultivation brigades are accrued depending on the size of the sown areas assigned to them, namely: with a sown area of \u200b\u200bup to 100 hectares, a foreman is charged monthly up to 30 workdays in grain collective farms, and up to 35 workdays in collective farms with crops of grain and industrial crops; with a sown area of \u200b\u200bover 700 hectares - respectively, up to 50 or 55 workdays per month are charged.

The foremen, subject to the fulfillment of the sowing plan, receive a bonus in workdays for each percentage of the overfulfillment of the harvest plan in the amount of one percent; if the plan is not fulfilled, one percent is debited from them, but not more than 25% of the workdays accrued to them for the year on the basic payment.

Brigadiers are given bonuses for work experience from 5 to 15% of the number of monthly workdays accrued to them.

Seniority allowances to chairmen, accountants and foremen are paid only when they work in a given position in the same collective farm. When moving from one collective farm to another or during a break in work, the right to receive a bonus for seniority is lost.

13. Heads of specialized livestock collective farm farms are appointed in cases where the collective farms have a livestock population not lower than that specified in the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 No.

On a collective farm, the livestock of which is less than the specified standards, instead of farm managers, a livestock manager is appointed, who is charged from 10 to 15 workdays per month for managing the work of farms.

Collective farm managers are paid according to the size of the farm. If there are 35 to 50 cows on the farm, the manager of a dairy farm is charged up to 40 workdays per month, and if there are more than 80 cows on the farm - 50 workdays per month.

In addition, farm managers are entitled to a seniority bonus in the amount of 5 to 15% of the number of workdays awarded to them for their work.

On large dairy and pig-breeding collective farm farms, by decision of the general meeting, a team leader may be appointed for every 100 cows and 30 sows.

Workdays for the foremen of livestock farms are charged at the rates established for collective farmers, and for the leadership of the brigade they are charged an additional 5 to 10 workdays per month.
Head livestock farms workdays are credited or written off depending on the fulfillment of the plan for the growth of the livestock population and its productivity in the same manner as for the foremen of the field crews.

14. A special procedure for remuneration has been established for collective farmers working on tractors and other complex agricultural machines belonging to the MTS that serve the collective farms.

Collective farmers working on MTS tractors, foremen of tractor brigades, tractor drivers, etc., are credited with workdays by those collective farms in which they performed work. Remuneration for the labor of tractor drivers is made in workdays in direct piecework in accordance with the quantity, quality, timing of the work performed and the yield obtained in the cultivated areas.

Tractor drivers are charged daily workdays at established rates, depending on the implementation of shift production rates. In addition, they are paid allowances in workdays for the fulfillment of the established task for spring work, for inter-row cultivation of row crops, for raising and processing fallows, for plowing the plow, if these works are completed within the timeframes stipulated by the contracts of MTS with collective farms, and subject to agricultural requirements by quality. At the end of the year, tractor drivers are additionally credited with workdays for overfulfillment of the yield plan, but not more than 100%, and if the yield plan is not fulfilled, workdays are written off within no more than 10% of the workdays charged for work on the relevant sites.

Workdays for tractor drivers are credited only for the work performed that meets the requirements of agricultural technology and is accepted by the foreman of the field crews. Workdays are not credited at all for the idle time of tractors for any reason, for moving tractors from site to site, for delivering machines from the MTS estate to the place of work and back, for unscheduled and emergency repairs during field work.

Tractor drivers are general rules accrual and distribution of workdays: for overfulfillment of the harvest plan on the plots cultivated with tractors, tractor drivers are additionally accrued workdays, and if the yield plan is not fulfilled, workdays are written off.

For tractor drivers and other employees of tractor brigades (fueling operators), there is a guaranteed minimum payment for a workday in kind and in monetary terms (for more details, see Chapter IV).

15. In order to attract all able-bodied collective farmers to work directly in production and in order to avoid the need to involve outsiders labor force, foremen, farm managers and other administrative and service personnel, with the exception of the collective farm chairman, accountant and specialists, are obliged to work out at collective farm work in the field and on farms at least 25% of the minimum workdays established for collective farmers.

It is recommended that collective farms approve at general meetings of collective farmers the staffing of administrative and service personnel and the cost of workdays for their payment, as well as establish the number of workdays that each employee of the administrative and service personnel must work out directly in the field and on farms. For the admission of an overspending of workdays for the payment of administrative and service personnel, up to 10% of the workdays accrued to them for their work during the year is written off from the chairman, accountant and from each of the members of the collective farm board by decision of the general meeting of collective farmers.

As a teenager, he often saw his father take out a thick notebook from the table every evening after work and write down what work he did that day. He drove straw, mowed grass, made windows for the pig farm, collected firewood in the collective farm forest, and so on. Then, on a weekly basis, he took a work book, which was issued to each collective farmer, and went to the foreman to write down the number of exits completed and workdays worked out.

At the same time, it was imperative to meet the established minimum, otherwise then there could be trouble. How much it was then, I don't know, but in my concept, a workday was associated with the expression of a workday. That is, he worked on the collective farm for a day, despite what and where he did, you can safely write down the work day at your own expense, and they will put a wand in the work report. And only later, when the number of exits did not coincide with the number of workdays, it became clear that something was wrong here. It turns out that this was a form of accounting not only for the quantity, but also the quality of labor. So, during a working day, a tractor driver could work out four or more workdays, and a watchman could receive only half of a workday for a full day. The rates of development and the cost of work in them were approved at general meetings of collective farmers.

In the fifties of the last century, one of the Lida agricultural cartels had to mow a quarter of a hectare in one workday; rake hay - 0.75 hectares; fold into layers and heaps of it - 0.9 hectares. A workday could be earned by stacking hay on a cart. For this, 12 carts had to be packed. Stacking hay from a wagon into a stack was considered more than easy work - 14 carts had to be packed during a workday.

Then at the end of the year, after fulfilling obligations to the state, that is, a kind of government order, all the income received went to the farm. It turned out that they earned, then they got it, but mainly in grain, straw, potatoes, and other agricultural products in accordance with the number of workdays worked out.

This form of calculation was used for over 30 years, until 1966. During this time, it has changed and improved more than once, taking into account the situation in the country and the industry. But its essence remained practically unchanged. Thus, with the introduction of workdays in 1930, it was intended to eliminate the equalization in the distribution of income. But already in the first years of using such wages, imbalances appeared due to the discrepancy between the rates of various categories of collective farmers, which contributed to the crisis of the collective farm system in 1931-1932 and famine in 1933.

For workdays, the collective farmers also worked on the territory not occupied by the Nazis during the Great Patriotic War, receiving for each basically up to three kilograms of grain.

At the final stage of this form of remuneration, that is recent years 6-7, they began to introduce a guaranteed minimum with cash wages, and part of it was issued as a monthly advance, and at the end of the year the final settlement was carried out. I remember very well when after the new year my parents received two or four bags of grain, brought the so-called thirteenth salary, and sometimes even the fourteenth - for flax or sugar beets. But there was also such that sometimes the thirteenth was pennies. So the cost of a workday in each household was not the same. In the best in the republic after the Great Patriotic War, the collective farm "Rassvet" of the Buda-Koshelevsky district of the Bobruisk region, which was headed by the famous Kirill Orlovsky, in 1950 received 294398 rubles (20.1 percent) from field cultivation, 195584 rubles from vegetable growing (13.3 percent ), from gardening - 124,087 rubles (8.5 percent), from livestock - 803,794 rubles (55.2 percent), from subsidiary industries - 11,352 rubles (0.8 percent) and other monetary income in the amount of 22,132 rubles (2.1 percent). If in 1948 "Rassvet" collected 8.2 centners of grain per hectare, then in the next year - 11.3 centners. The yield of potatoes increased by a third, which was harvested at 174 centners, and in brigade number two - 220.

As a result, the collective farmers received for each workday in 1951 2 kilograms of grain, 14 kilograms of potatoes, 1.2 kilograms of vegetables, 3 kilograms of roughage for keeping their own animals and 7 rubles in cash. Average output for one able-bodied member of the agricultural cartel was 278 workdays. The farm did not have those who did not fulfill the established minimum.

By decision of the general meeting of collective farmers, the board could establish one of three recommended methods for calculating workdays and distributing wages. First, the collective farmers were credited with workdays in proportion to the fulfilled plan for the yield established for each brigade. The second differed from the first in that workdays were calculated on the basis of the plan for the yield on average for the collective farm, and not from the established for the brigade. And third - they could be charged for every centner of the actually harvested crop.

Soon after serving in the army, he worked for some time on the farm on a combine, - recalls a resident of the village of Voronino, Kletsk district, Alexander Grinkevich. - The grain was threshed - sheaves piled in stacks. We worked late for several days. As it turned out later, my daily work was estimated at 1.75 workdays. But the final payment for it received somewhere in April-May next year.

As for the chairmen of collective farms, until 1948 their salaries were determined depending on the size of the sown area and their cash income. Then she was tied to the number of animals on the farms. During the year, the amount of additional payment to the head of the farm was established based on the income for the previous year. At the same time, he was paid only 70 percent of the additional payment, and the final settlement was carried out at the end of the year - after the approval of the annual report by the general meeting of collective farmers and the district executive committee. But for the chairmen, both incentive measures and write-off of workdays were used for failure to fulfill plans for the production of products or the development of public livestock. At the end of the year, it was possible to miss one percent of workdays for each percentage of underfulfillment of the plan, but no more than a quarter of the workdays accrued for the year on basic pay. A similar scheme was in effect for the foremen of field brigades and farms.

At that time, many called workdays also chopsticks. The well-being of the collective farmer depended on their number in the brigadier's journal. In most farms, the measure of these sticks was grain, flour, and other agricultural products.

The abolition of workdays in 1966 and the introduction of guaranteed wages for the material interest of the peasants, recalls Vyacheslav Adakhovsky, a resident of the village of Gervyaty, Ostrovets district, could only be compared with the revolution in agriculture... Collective farmers began to receive money regularly.

In our village, for example, they were constantly brought by the collective farm cashier to the red corner of the pig farm.

Anatoly TSYBULKO, "SG"

We worked for workdays. I think you have heard more than once that in Soviet collective farms people were not paid wages, but instead put sticks in office books, which later may be will be exchanged for food or other products of the collective farm. Fans of the USSR like to say that this is all a lie, that all this did not exist at all, and if it did, it was only for the benefit, and in general the great knows better.

In fact, the workday system was the actual legalization of slave labor in the USSR, and its direct consequence was the abolition of passports for collective farmers (because they fled to the city, and somehow it was necessary to keep them in the countryside) - which, of course, brought the Soviet system to real serfdom.

How it all started.

In 1917 in Russian Empire happened, during which the Bolsheviks came to power under the leadership - great demagogues and populists. At first, they adopted several seemingly reasonable laws ("decree on land", "decree on peace"), later NEP was announced at all - but in parallel it became clear that free and hard-working people, in general, do not care about the Bolsheviks. and in free and fair elections, the demagogues of the Bolsheviks will never win.

Around the same years, it began to become clear that the "people's Soviet power" was not really popular at all, and even in some sense not "Soviet" - no one consulted with anyone, at factories the trade unions were no longer engaged in the protection of workers' rights (and only informed them of the "decisions of the party and government"), and in the countryside, the Bolsheviks failed in all respects - wealthy and hard-working peasants rolled the Bolsheviks in local elections, exposing their demagogy to ridicule and voting for intelligent managers.

As a result - the Bolsheviks began to spin the flywheel of repression against all those who disagreed - they were basically unable to do anything else. All other parties were declared "enemies" and destroyed, the rich and independent peasants were declared "kulaks" and began to be expelled, and those workers who wanted real "Soviet" control in the factories were quickly taken to the OGPU and accused of "counterrevolution".

In the USSR, they never wrote about it - but by 1930, a dictatorship and lack of freedom ten times more powerful than the tsarist one had been established in the country. If in the period 1905-1917 the workers could get together, create strike committees, even publish their own newspapers and protest in some other way, now any protests were extinguished in the bud, the "ringleaders" were expelled or shot, and real serfdom returned to the collective farms.

Workdays and Soviet serfdom.

The "workday" system was introduced in 1930, during the early Stalinist period, and worked right up to 1966 - affecting the reign of three general secretaries and several generations of peasants. This system consisted in the fact that the collective farmers stopped paying salariesinstead, charging the so-called "workdays", the system was extremely brutal and somewhat reminiscent of the accounting system in concentration camps. A person worked hard physical labor on a collective farm, and instead of being paid for his labor, he received a "stick" in the collective farm register. Later, these "sticks" could be exchanged for food, or they might not, part of the "workdays" could be crossed out for some minor offenses, and so on - for example, for "failure to comply with norms" (extremely high), a whole worm was kept from people workdays.

What was the monetary equivalent of the "workday"? In the 1930s, in poor collective farms, one workday was estimated at 30 kopecks - for this amount, according to the results of the work, the collective farmer could be given, for example, bread, grain or wool. As a result, all this led to massive hunger and incredible poverty among the peasants. Moreover, if under the tsar people could somehow survive, having income from their own allotment, then in the USSR exorbitant taxes were introduced on personal farming - which further ruined the peasants.

Of course, all this only led to the fact that the peasants fled en masse to the cities - they fled from this slavery, hunger and despair. The Bolsheviks decided that it would not go on like this, and since 1932 actually legalized slavery - The peasants were no longer issued passports, and they were deprived of exactly the same rights that they were deprived of under serfdom - they could not move freely, choose their type of activity, and so on.

The collective farm chairman became an analogue of the "master" in the new Soviet serfdom - now he gave permission for the peasant to leave his village somewhere, permission to study in one or another educational institution, - in general, they completely controlled the fate of the peasants and their children. Young people tried with all their might to escape from collective farm slavery (for example, few returned to their native collective farm from the army), but not everyone succeeded.

What is also interesting is that due to general poverty, the collective farms did not actually pay pensions to the elderly. Formally, it was - but often it was only 2 rubles a month.

How did it end?

And it all ended a little predictably: first, in 1959, a "guaranteed minimum payment" was introduced - so that the people on collective farms would not die of hunger at all (as often happened in the late 1940s), then in May 1966 it was decided to cancel workdays - by introducing a guaranteed right to remuneration. In the same year, collective farmers began to receive passports - after almost 50 years of "workers' and peasants' power," the communists finally recognized the peasants' right to call themselves people.

During the years of Perestroika, many Soviet publications began to write the truth that workdays were just sticks in office books and were identified with unpaid, slave labor, this system began to be called a "mistake." As a result of this "mistake", several generations of peasants lived in de facto slavery, lawlessness, and often died of hunger ...

However, in some places workdays have survived even now - in the unrecognized "LPR" in eastern Ukraine, work in agriculture is accounted for in the very workdays that later may be will be exchanged for food packages. So this is a very good place for all fans - you can move there and enjoy "that greatness". And there must be very tasty ice cream.

So it goes.

Write in the comments what you think about all this, interesting.