Gasoline e85 what. Why is there no production of liquid fuel with ethanol in Russia? Industry development prospects

85% ETHANOL + 15% GASOLINE. Refueling equipment is similar to equipment used for fuel oil. It allows you to reduce gasoline consumption, reduce the amount of harmful emissions in environment and increase the RON compared to base gasoline. The range on ethanol mixtures is 5 ... 12% less than on base (without ethanol additive) gasoline due to a decrease in the calorific value of such a mixture (when using 1 liter of E85 fuel, you can get only about 2/3 of the energy obtained from 1 liter of gasoline ).

In the USA, the most common brand is E10, or "gazohol" (10% bioethanol + 90% gasoline fuel). This does not require any changes to the vehicle. E85 (85% alcohol and 15% gasoline) requires a flexible engine modification.

In Russia, the problem of developing bioethanol production comes down to two aspects: export and domestic market. Its export, moreover, excise-free, is allowed to the West and Japan. The domestic market still has problems in connection with excise taxes. It is necessary to improve legislation in this area. For this, first of all, it is necessary to amend the law "On the turnover of ethyl alcohol", in which the concept of fuel ethanol must be introduced, and thus bioethanol must be removed from excise taxes. Excise taxes on alcohol and alcohol-containing products increase the cost of bioethanol several times and make its production unprofitable. It is known that the excise tax on alcohol in the Russian Federation is 23 rubles. per liter, for alcohol-containing products - 162 rubles. per liter.

In 2004, the Russian Federation adopted GOST R 52201-2004 for alcohol-containing motor fuels "benzanols" with an ethanol content of 5–10%, however, this did not lead to a large-scale development of motor fuels (GOST allows this, but does not oblige). The national ethical issues (possible food use of bioethanol or price manipulation) can be gradually addressed, as in all civilized countries.

Today, in many countries (USA, EU, Brazil), ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is considered not as a basis for the production of alcoholic beverages, but as an environmentally friendly fuel from renewable plant materials. Up to 90% of the produced ethanol is used for these purposes.
In the world market, the production of bioethanol, i.e. ethanol made from renewable plant materials, is the fastest growing industry (up to 20% per year) and its use as a motor fuel is a widespread practice. The main part of biofuel is bioethanol.

What are the main reasons hindering the development of this industry?
First of all overcentralization of power, formed as a result of the Bolshevik revolution of 1917. , and the subsequent destruction of regional and local forms of government. Bureaucratic nomenclature, numerous federal control bodies, and prohibitive measures prevent small and medium-sized businesses from fully developing. Survive large corporationsthat can affect state level on economic policy.
Also raw type the economy of Russia, formed after the destruction of the USSR and the coup d'etat of 1993

Vyacheslav Emelyanov,

Elena Nikitina,

A.N. Asyaev,

JSC "VNII NP", Moscow

The state of affairs in the global energy sector shows that the gradual transition from oil and natural gas to other energy sources has already begun. This is due to high oil prices, the desire to protect the environment and improve ecological situation... Today, all over the world there is a growing interest in the use of energy obtained from plant raw materials - biogas, bioethanol and biodiesel fuel.

IN developed countries The use of biofuels is seen as an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions mainly in the transport sector, as well as an important tool for diversifying energy resources. Developing countries see biofuels as a way to stimulate development agricultural sector, as well as the creation of additional jobs. For both of them, the use of biofuels is a way to increase the level of energy security and independence.

Some countries are actively pursuing biofuel programs, mainly introducing mandatory use in conventional fuel oils. As a result, the production and use of bioethanol and biodiesel are growing at a high rate.

In Europe, the production and use of biofuels is regulated by Directive 2003/30 / EC. As a result of its implementation, the share of renewable sources of raw materials in the production of fuels in Europe will increase and by 2010 it will amount to 5.75%, and by 2020 - more than 10%. Within 15 years, Sweden plans to completely abandon petroleum motor fuels and switch transport to alternative fuels.

The use of alcohols as motor fuels and high-octane additives has been known since the beginning of the last century, but their wide industrial application started in the 80s - 90s. This was due to the oil crisis and increased requirements for the environmental properties of motor fuels. Bioethanol was most widely used in Brazil and the USA, and from European countries - in Sweden.

The interest in bioethanol in Russia is associated with the available free capacities for its production. At present, the alcohol industry produces about 680 thousand tons of ethanol a year from food raw materials, and this amount can be doubled, since the enterprises' capacities are half loaded. In the coming years, it is planned to build another 20-25 enterprises of various capacities. A promising source of raw materials for bioethanol production in Russia, taking into account climatic conditions is a cellulose-containing raw material. Currently, about 12 hydrolysis plants are idle in the country.

High detonation resistance, low toxicity, the possibility of production from renewable raw materials - all this makes ethanol more attractive compared to other oxygenates. Increased hygroscopicity, corrosiveness of ethanol and a number of other features limit its use in fuels.

Work carried out in Russia and abroad has shown that the problems associated with the use of 5-10% ethanol in motor gasoline can be successfully solved, for example, through the use of additives for various purposes.

In the USA, Brazil and other countries, in addition to gasoline containing 5-10% bioethanol ("Gazohol"), fuels with 70% alcohol and higher are also used.

IN last years more popular is the E85 fuel, which contains 75-85% bioethanol and 25-15% gasoline. This is due state support biofuel technologies in many countries, as a result of which E85 is on average 15 - 20% cheaper than standard gasoline. Fuel E85 is much more environmentally friendly than gasoline, has a high detonation resistance and has a strong "compressor" effect. When the ethanol evaporates, the air / fuel mixture is highly cooled, improving cylinder filling and increasing engine power and torque. Also, E85 fuel is more stable compared to Gazokhol.

However, the use of E85 fuel requires a serious redesign of the engine. This is due to the low heat of combustion and high heat of vaporization of ethyl alcohol, which leads to an increase in fuel consumption and causes difficulties when starting the engine. Modification of an ordinary engine is not cheap - from 300 to 1000 euros, depending on the car brand. But motorists go to the expense not only for the subsequent savings on fuel, but also because the power of the engine running on the E85 increases by about 20%.

Leading foreign automobile companies - Volkswagen, SAAB, Ford, Volvo and others produce vehicles with a Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV), which allows using traditional petroleum gasoline or its mixture with ethanol as fuel in any ratio, including E85 fuel.

Flexible fuel vehicles have a single fuel tank for any type of fuel - both for gasoline and for one hundred percent alcohol; equipped with a system of automatic reconfiguration and maintenance of the required fuel-air ratio depending on the fuel composition.

The main disadvantages associated with the use of E85 fuel are increased fuel consumption and an insufficiently developed network of filling stations.

In the USA, E85 fuel is widely used. Requirements for E85 fuels used in America are defined by ASTM D 5798-07 Ethanol Fuel Specification (Ed75-Ed85) for Spark Ignition Automotive Engines. The ASTM D 5798-07 values \u200b\u200bare shown in Table 1. Depending on the seasonal and geographical conditions of use, the specification provides for three classes of volatility.

If in America E85 fuel is widely used, in Europe work has just begun on its use. The draft specification "Automotive fuels - Ethanol E85 - Technical requirements and test methods" CWA 15293: 2005 (agreement working group European Committee for Standardization), the requirements of which are given in Table 2. To ensure technical requirements in terms of vehicle acceleration, taking into account European seasonal and geographical conditions, unlike ASTM, the European project provides for two classes of evaporation.

In ASTM D 5798-07 there are no requirements for octane number, in CWA 15293: 2005 the standard for detonation resistance is determined: OCHM - not less than 85.0 and OCHI - not less than 95.0. The ethanol content in fuel, depending on the evaporation class, in the USA is at least 70 - 79%, in Europe - at least 70 - 75%. Hydrocarbons are added to alcohol to improve low-temperature starting and engine throttle response. The US Specification does not regulate the composition of hydrocarbons added to denatured fuel ethanol. CWA 15293: 2005, unlike ASTM D 5798-07, allows the use of only premium grades of unleaded gasoline as the hydrocarbon phase in accordance with EN 228. The European specification, like the American one, allows the use of additives that improve the performance of fuels.

Table 1. RequirementsASTMD 5798-07 to ethanol fuel (Ed75-Ed85)

Work has also begun in Russia on the development and testing of E85 fuel. VNII NP is developing a Russian standard for E85 fuel containing 75 - 85% vol. denatured fuel ethanol and 25 - 15% vol. hydrocarbons. To clarify the requirements for E85 fuel, taking into account russian conditions application, it is necessary to conduct research and tests to assess the impact of the quality of alcohols and hydrocarbon fractions on its operational properties.

One of the possible ways to use fuel ethanol as a motor fuel is the supply of containers (tanks) with alcohol directly to the filling station, where cars are refueled with traditional gasoline, a mixture of it with ethanol and E-85 fuel through special fuel dispensers (fuel dispensers) (see Fig. one).

Table 2. RequirementsCWA 15293: 2005 for ethanol fuel "Ethanol E85"

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a gas station for the use of bioethanol as a motor fuel

The gas station scheme for using bioethanol as a motor fuel allows to expand the range of automotive fuels and reduce the cost of creating infrastructure for gasoline containing ethanol.

Organization of production of E85 fuel in the country will help to increase the resources of environmentally friendly high-octane fuels.

It should be noted that the main obstacle to the use of fuel bioethanol in Russia is the existing legislation on the circulation of ethyl alcohol and alcohol-containing solutions, which establishes exorbitant excise taxes and the cost of licenses, which makes it impossible to use it not only as fuel, but also in other areas of industry.

The widespread use of ethyl alcohol in the composition of motor gasolines is possible only after the adoption of an appropriate federal program, which provides for the coordination of actions of various departments.

The President of Russia instructed to prepare proposals for the development of national bioenergy. Planned as well and to accept the federal law "On the basics of bioenergy development in Russian Federation», As well as national standards providing for the classification of bioenergy products and methods of their testing. In addition, amendments should be introduced to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation in terms of taxation with excise taxes and amendments to the federal law "On government regulation production and turnover of ethyl alcohol, alcoholic and alcohol-containing products ”. The implementation of these decisions will serve as the beginning of the formation of bioenergy in Russia on an industrial basis.

In the Irkutsk region, in September, VSKBT (this enterprise was established in December 2007 on the basis of the Tulun hydrolysis plant) began the production of biobutanol, an environmentally friendly vehicle fuel. It will be made from wood processing waste, as well as non-fodder grain. Scientists call biobutanol the second generation fuel: it is assumed that in the future it will replace gasoline, because when it burns, a minimum of harmful substances are released.

The "Concept for the Development of the Automotive Industry of Russia" approved by the Government of the Russian Federation until 2010 makes special requirements for environmental qualities vehicles and provides for a phased transition of the industry to the production of automotive equipment that meets the new standards of exhaust gas toxicity. In this regard, the production of environmentally friendly fuel is becoming especially relevant.

Vladimir Kvint, Head of the Financial Strategy Department of the Moscow School of Economics, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor at Lossal University, comments: - The whole world has been engaged not only in the search, but also in the actual use of alternative and additional energy sources, primarily biofuels, for the last 8 years. Brazil, for example, back in March 2006 completely abandoned oil imports, replacing it with bioethanol (mainly based on sugar cane). Brazil is now one of the largest exporters bioethanol. And in its production, Brazil is overtaken only by the United States (they make biofuels mostly from corn). Moreover, one must understand that ethanol is a supplement, not an alternative to oil. For example, in six states of America, 15% addition of ethanol to gasoline is mandatory, in the rest it is allowed. Thus, the fuel becomes both cheaper and cleaner. If we take Europe, then last year its use of bioethanol was only 0.6% of its use of oil, and today it is already about 2%. Hungary is the leader in usage. But Russia believes that if it is rich in oil, then it does not need bioethanol either. Proof of this: in the Concept of the country's development until 2020, biofuels are mentioned only twice - and then for statistics. What could be the threat of such a short-sighted fuel policy? Let's figure it out. In Kazakhstan, the approved oil reserves will last for about 44 years. If the use of oil is reduced by replacing it with ethanol, then its reserves can be "stretched" for 80 years. And in Russia, the approved reserves of black gold will last about 25 years. The need to compensate for their immediate shortage of ethanol is evident. Yes. many politicians say that there will be no oil - we will switch to gas. But we must remember that now 80% of Russian villages live without gas. How long does it take to close this gap ?! In the meantime, this problem will be solved, who will, for example, take out the crops from the fields? In the same Kazakhstan, they have already started thinking about the future - an ethanol plant with a capacity of up to 70 thousand tons per year has been built. Who in Russia is opposed to a reasonable idea and what prevents ethanol production? The first thing that slows down is the excise tax on fuel ethanol - it is higher than on alcohol, and therefore makes the production of environmentally friendly fuel unprofitable. The second is to spread rumors that ethanol production is cutting down on food. Why make it from food? Suffice it to recall the acute problem facing Russia of waste disposal. And ethanol can and should be produced, including from waste! Then the cities will stop suffering from garbage. In Japan, it is processed into ethanol. Why can't this be done in Russia? After all, what kind of savings will be obtained: at the cost of one liter of gasoline (AI 95) at 25 rubles, a liter of ethanol will cost a maximum of 12 rubles! And such savings will be effective until the oil price drops to $ 30 per barrel, which, as everyone understands, is unrealistic under current conditions, which means that ethanol is beneficial, especially for end consumers. In Russia, only renewable forest sources (that is, the forest that still needs to be cut down, replacing it with new saplings) will give at least 3 billion cubic meters of forest per year. This will make a very large volume of butanol. By the way, there is no excise tax on butanol (made from wood) like ethanol. It is easier to transport: due to the fact that there is almost no water in it, the pipeline and tanks do not have to be covered with special anti-corrosion materials. Moreover, while ethanol is 30% less efficient than gasoline, butanol is only 20% less efficient. Therefore, those who understood all the advantages of butanol in time and started its production in Irkutsk will be able to become leaders in their industry in Russia. There is a third horror story: lovers of surrogate alcohol will drink ethanol, which will increase mortality. It's impossible. A special flavoring agent is added to ethanol. But you can't drink butanol at all, since it doesn't have water. Conclusion: the oil lobby hinders the development of ethanol production in the Russian Federation. They themselves do not want to invest in the development of their industry. And at the same time they do not want to allow competition: for someone to challenge the leadership. Although in the same Brazil, ethanol is transported oil companies... They understand that ethanol production is double the profit. When will Russia understand this? PS: Everything new is well forgotten old. The global automotive industry began with ethanol. The first trucks ran on ethanol. G. Ford was the first to use gasoline.

What type of fuel would you like to refuel your car if you had a choice ?!
14.63%(6)
Gasoline
2.44%(1)
gas
21.95%(9)
Electricity
7.32%(3)
methanol
46.34%(19)
normal water
7.32%(3)
Diesel
A total of 41 people voted

The magic word "bioethanol" is really nothing more than ordinary ethyl alcohol, obtained from plant materials. This is where its differences from conventional ethanol end. Although ... although most people somehow associate this word with fuel for cars.

The play on words is not so important - their essence is much more significant. And the bottom line is that today most economists and power engineers consider bioethanol as almost the only real alternative to gasoline in the near future. And there are pretty good reasons for this: judge for yourself.

In 2005, the world produced over 36 billion liters of ethanol. The lion's share of ethanol production comes from Brazil and the United States of America - approximately in equal quantities, 45% of the global volume.
In the summer of 2005, the United States adopted a number of regulatory documents (Energy Policy Act of 2005, Renewable Fuels Standard), according to which it is envisaged to increase ethanol production in the states up to 34 billion liters over the next 7 years.

The technology of industrial production of bioethanol is not complicated. Almost any agricultural crops containing sugar or starch can be used as raw materials. It should be noted that the higher the sugar and starch content in the raw material, the more economically profitable it is to produce ethanol from this raw material.
Bioethanol leaders use in industrial production sugarcane (Brazil) and corn (USA). Since the sugar and starch content of sugar cane is significantly higher than that of corn, the final cost of bioethanol produced in Brazil is much lower. An excellent raw material for the production of bioethanol is cassava, which is cultivated in significant quantities in Southeast Asia and subtropical African countries, but ethyl alcohol is still made from it in small quantities.

The cost of producing bioethanol from sugar cane is about $ 30 per barrel (Brazil), from cassava - about $ 35 per barrel (Thailand), from corn - $ 45 per barrel (USA).
In a number of countries, bitoethanol is obtained from the processing of sugar beets, potatoes, rice and other grain crops. It is not difficult to produce bioethanol on an industrial scale and from cellulose - for example, from forest waste. However, the cost of its production is quite high, which is not economically profitable when used as fuel for cars.

Taking into account the above factors, the countries of Latin America, Southeast Asia and Equatorial Africa have the greatest potential in the field of bioethanol production.
The use of bioethanol as a substitute for traditional fuel has long gone beyond theoretical research. Ethyl alcohol is successfully used in the transport sector as part of fuel mixtures. Mixtures of bioethanol and gasoline are marked with an E index with the addition of numbers. The numbers indicate the percentage of ethanol in the fuel - for example, the E85 fuel mixture consists of 85% bioethanol and 15% gasoline.

It should be noted that most internal combustion engines work well on mixtures containing up to 15% bioethanol without reworking fuel systems, if the percentage of ethyl alcohol is above 15%, the engine needs to be improved.
The energy characteristics of bioethanol are slightly inferior to gasoline, but this difference does not exceed 20-25% in the case of using E85. For fuels containing less alcohol, the difference is much smaller.
The most widespread ethanol-containing fuel mixtures are in Brazil. Most gas stations in this country offer their customers fuel mixtures E20, E25, very often under the guise of ordinary gasoline. The E100 "acool" fuel, which consists of 96% ethyl alcohol and 4% water, is also popular - it is used to fill cars with a fuel system converted to use this type of fuel. It should be noted that the cost of bioethanol in Brazil is significantly lower than the cost of gasoline.

From ourselves: we will benefit from biofuels and electricity more than from oil. Butanol is the second generation of oil for cars, and there are 3 and 4 more. It turns out that if 4500x160 i.e. 1 barrel of bioethanol costs 30 bucks.
30tg per liter is super. can be done even cheaper and better ..... Ablyazov correctly said, it can be done as it is beneficial to the state, while the fuel will be 15tg per liter and is almost harmless to the environment, from garbage and various wild

Plants:
A real competitor to gasoline has been found. Scientists have developed a new way of producing biofuel. Previous methods made it possible to obtain biofuels from plants, grains, and even newspapers. However, the cost of such fuel was much higher than traditional gasoline. In addition, there were concerns that the use of cereals could cause a shortage in livestock production and shift the priorities of producers who will leave the food grain market.
Algae compare favorably with the previous initial products by the rate of reproduction, supplying a sufficient amount of "green oil". However, they are difficult to assemble, which was a major obstacle to use. This barrier was overcome by the Bio Architecture Lab specialists from the USA. They drew attention to the existing technology for the purification of polluted water, which is based on passing microbubbles through a mass of water. In the case of algae, the microbubbles will pick them up and lift them up to the surface, making them easy to collect and process.
Algae farms for biofuels will soon appear in the United States, Chile and Norway, experts say.