Search results for \\ "natural differentiation \\". Social differentiation What is differentiation in the economy
Differentiation - identification of essential distinctive features of the subject of research, carried out by the method of analyzing the attribute (property, parameter) of the subject. The concept of differentiation comes from the Latin differentia - difference.
Differentiation (differentiation) in marketing - the process of developing a number of essential features of a product designed to distinguish it from competitors' products, identifying attractive and beneficial differences between goods and (or) services for the consumer. Essentially, differentiation is the separation of a manufacturer's offer from the total mass of competing offers from other manufacturers. It is differentiation that allows you to gain a foothold in the minds of the consumer, take a favorable market position and thus gain a real competitive advantage.
Commodity differentiation - the creation of similar products, with slight differences that satisfy the same need, due to the use of different production technologies, materials from which they are made, quality of work or other indicators.
A successful differentiation strategy must include five points:
- Creating a name for a differentiable object - the creation of a unique name for a product, a seller, understood and remembered, suitable for use in various brand communications and various other contexts of use.
- Identification - sticking labels on products, creating a system of signs and symbols, which in their totality convey the idea of \u200b\u200bthe brand, strategy to the target audience in a generally understandable way.
- Personification - identification of the person behind the brand. People are made to want to do business and buy from people they know and trust. Personification makes it clear that the personality behind the brand is responsible for the quality of the product or service. Conversely, hiding behind the logo and the words "company", the brand creates additional barriers to mistrust and suspicion.
- Creation of new products, product classes - the formation of ideas for new products (product groups). Ideas for new products can also be identified during the analysis of both production and distribution opportunities and potential market needs.
- Offer differentiation - This is an offer of a different, higher (compared to competitors) level, based on the provision of additional services, services, great benefits for the buyer, not directly related to the product.
Service differentiation - a component of a complex offer, services related to the product, which differ in their level from the services of competitors.
An interesting enough question is what is differentiation. This word has many meanings. But the universal answer would be this: this is the division of some set of phenomena by type. An example of differentiation can be the division of all biological species into complex and poorly organized. Okay, this example is complex enough. It is much easier to give such an example: the division of all objects existing in nature into living and inanimate.
Differentiation takes place when it comes to the presence of some kind of chaos. A lot of thoughts are constantly swarming in our brain. If we try to organize all the flow that is in our head, then we will try to differentiate it. That's what differentiation is. Nevertheless, the definition of this concept should be examined in more detail, since it is an excellent opportunity for you to understand the very essence.
What is definition
Before we understand in more detail what differentiation is, it is necessary to draw up a definition. But you need to understand at least what this word means. A definition is a sentence that seeks to reveal the essence of the phenomenon under consideration in one or more words, trying to simultaneously cover all possible signs concerning a given word. Drawing up a definition is a very interesting task, since trying to squeeze all the information known to a person about the phenomenon under consideration into one sentence is a very interesting task.
Definition of this concept
We should understand in a systematic way what differentiation is. At the beginning of the article, we have already touched on the answer to this question. But it is rather imprecise. It's just that when a person reads the definition, he should already be prepared. Otherwise, it will be difficult to understand. So, differentiation is the separation from the total mass of one specific element with the entire set of its properties, features and characteristics. It is quite simple to understand this concept. When we separate one from the other, then the resulting part of the whole acquires identity, that is, uniqueness. It's hard enough to understand this in abstraction, so let's look at this phenomenon with examples.
This word is actively used in a huge number of scientific disciplines. But there is also a well-known meaning of this term. The fact is that at the very beginning of our times, of all the sciences that exist now, there were only philosophy and medicine. They ran the ball in the then, not yet advanced, scientific space. And they have existed for a very long time.
Then came the process that is now commonly called the differentiation of sciences. A huge number of scientific disciplines emerged from philosophy: biology, psychology, physics, economics, sociology, and much more. Even mathematics in those days, as such, was not. There was only philosophy. But the process of the separation of sciences with its own methodological apparatus is called the differentiation of sciences.
But what about human needs?
A need is an inner lack of something. This is a very simple definition, but it will suffice. It seems that all human needs are chaotic, and in no way can they be systematized or classified. But it turns out that this was done long ago. Needs are differentiated not only by scientists, but also by the person himself. The older he gets, the more relevant certain needs become for him.
A very good classification of needs was proposed by the famous psychologist Abraham Maslow. He divided all human needs into three groups: basic, social and personal. Basic needs are characteristic of little people who just need to feel safe and eat on time. When a person grows up, from the very beginning he needs to establish contacts with people and adapt to this society. This process is called socialization.
It is important for each person to feel that they belong to a particular social group. It is desirable that it be of sufficient status, since this directly determines the status of the person himself. After he grows up further, he has a new group of needs - personal.
They are aimed at self-improvement. It is important to understand that this classification is rather incomplete. In total, within these three needs, Maslow has seven types of what a person needs. They all formed the famous Maslow pyramid, which is popular around the world. We figured out what differentiation of needs is.
Differentiating sounds
This term refers to the field of speech therapist. What is Sound Differentiation? This is not a simple classification of sounds, but a differentiation of similar-sounding sounds in people who have certain speech problems. A famous example requiring the differentiation of sounds is bursting people who not only do not pronounce the sound "r", but also pronounce the sound "l" with a mistake. We all know the verbal incidents that accompany this problem.
True, most often this type of burr is observed in young children. Nevertheless, there are still a bunch of defects that require differentiation of sounds. For example, quite often children confuse the sounds "Ш" and "Ж". Indeed, they are very similar. However, for optimal speech development, these sounds must be separated from each other.
Product differentiation
This term refers to such a sphere of human activity as economics. What is product differentiation? This is the endowment of a product with specific characteristics that can significantly disrupt competition. Naturally, at the same time, it is the driving force behind competition, since each manufacturer wants to distinguish his product with something against the background of others. For example, in the mobile phone market, this is best done by one well-known smartphone manufacturer, which has simply released the highest quality products, for which colossal queues line up.
And it makes no difference that this product is so expensive. People buy it anyway, since the products of this manufacturer have long been synonymous with quality and smoothness of the interface. And no matter how hard other smartphone manufacturers try to overshadow the success of this phone, it has not been possible to do it for eight years.
In the meantime, another revolutionary modification of this model came out this fall, which has another big advantage over other manufacturers. And again they will imitate her, and this company again became a pioneer. This is great product differentiation. Guess what kind of company you were talking about.
Again, this term has its own specific characteristics. Now we need to figure out what relation this economic term has to the word "differentiation". Usually when it comes to the application of this word to the population, then, as a rule, we mean the full name of this concept "differentiation of income of the population." What does this mean?
Everything is very simple here. Some people earn more while others earn less. This is where income differentiation lies. While some eat red caviar and salmon on golden plates every day, others use wooden bowls and a one-room apartment and are content. This is where income differentiation lies. And from this inequality, whatever one may say, you will not be able to escape anywhere. You can try to make money and get on a pedestal. But this requires a lot of work. Alas, many people do not feel the need to get busy instead of suffering over their poverty.
Cell differentiation
Now let's talk a little about biology. Many people became familiar with this term precisely because of this science. What is cell differentiation? A person cannot be born if he has not been conceived before. When the egg and sperm merge into one whole, a zygote appears, which divides. After some time, such a thing as gastrula begins to form, in which this very differentiation of cells takes place.
This is very generalized. But an ordinary person only needs to know that cell differentiation is the process of the formation of different types of tissues from one type of stem cells. It is thanks to them that different types of cells are formed, and this process is precisely called differentiation.
Other meanings of differentiation
The word "differentiation" can be used in a wide variety of ways. Moreover, each person can use it as he wants. For example, you might say "I need to differentiate my schedule today." It will mean that all important matters should be separated from secondary ones. And among the important ones, you should also prioritize and group. The same can be said for personal income.
The values \u200b\u200bgiven in this article are not the only ones possible. A word like differentiation, for example, exists in mathematics. It is the opposite of another term "integration". In general, you understood what differentiation is, and now you can use this buzzword yourself in your vocabulary.
findings
Now let's summarize. We figured out what differentiation is, and with where you can use this word as a scientific term. At the same time, you can use it in everyday speech, because it can become your chip. If you want to appear smart, then why not use it? However, it's up to you. But the luggage of knowledge has been replenished in any case. And from it you can draw conclusions, what to be interested in and what to study in the future. All the sciences that have been touched upon in this text are very interesting, and in any of them you can show your good side.
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EXCHANGE OF SUBSTANCES IN THE CELLS OF INTERCALAR GROWTH ZONES ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
INSTITUTE OF BOTANICS
The growth and differentiation of cells of the main parenchyma is based on a well-defined specificity of metabolism, which determines their structure and function. This specificity of metabolism is closely related to the location of cells in the organ (metamere) and the intensity of its growth. On the contrary, the total number of cells of the main parenchyma does not depend on the growth rate of the organ (metamer).
It also includes an ongoing process of specialization, cells through differentiation<...> However, in the available works there is almost no data on how the effect of gibberellin on growth, differentiation and<...> HA, increasing the level of polyphenolic compounds in the main parenchyma, at the same time disrupts the natural<...> the course of growth and differentiation of its cells.<...> The intratissue differentiation of cells is associated with changes in only individual links of metabolism.
Preview: EXCHANGE OF SUBSTANCES IN THE CELLS OF INTERCALAR GROWTH ZONES.pdf (0,0 Mb)2
Diagenetic minerals in the sedimentary cover of the Voronezh anteclise form mineral aggregates in the form of nodules in cyclites separated by interruptions of different ranks. The study of pyrite was carried out using a complex technique (chemical, X-ray structural analyzes, photon-flame spectroscopy - ICP, etc.) in order to determine its typomorphic features and their use for correlation
Pyrite as an indicator of cyclicality and interruptions in sedimentation It is natural to assume that the most<...> At the same time, the differentiation of the isotopic composition of all forms of sulfur is not only directional, but also rhythmic.<...> With similar average REE contents, the differentiation of light REEL and heavy REEH is noteworthy.<...>Differentiation of trace elements, in particular lanthanides, in sulfides of different ages, apparently, is due<...> As well as for REE, a "time differentiation" is established in the studied stratigraphic section.
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PROTEIN BIOLOGY AND ITS FISHING IN THE URALS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Moscow: ACADEMY OF SCIENCES of the USSR
Our task was to study the biology and harvesting of squirrels inhabiting the Urals within the Sverdlovsk, Perm, and Chelyabinsk regions.
(about 10-20 days), "so that you can not take into account the relatively small natural<...> "Natural mortality, (%) 0 19 36 44 51 64 75." Maximum shooting (%) 75 69 61 55 49 32 0.<...>Natural mortality in the squirrel population, equal to zero per year, is practically never observed in nature.<...> Severzor (1941), the natural mortality of proteins of 36-44% per year can be considered normal, therefore<...> Taking into account the significant natural mortality of gryzunor, it must be assumed that the number of "
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GEOGRAPHICAL AND GENETIC FEATURES OF SOILS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE VOLGA HILLS / DECIDUAL FOREST ZONE OF GRAY FOREST SOILS / ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
M .: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN, ORDER OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION, ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER STATE UNIVERSITY IM. M. V. LOMONOSOVA
Elucidation of the distinctive features of soils and PP in the northern part of the Volga Upland within the deciduous forest zone of gray forest soils
zoning and typology of rural areas of the USSR "/ Moscow, 1987 /, at the coordination meeting" Natural<...>The natural vegetation that prevailed in the pre-agricultural time is represented by oak-paw and<...> In the Holocene, the soils of the given region during the Middle Holocene epoch probably passed the stages of textural differentiation<...> in the illuvial part of the profile in comparison with the breed. These observations, as well as calculations of the coefficients of differentiation<...> Book-Service "-13E ^ Oz and silt.indications / criterion of A.A. Role, 1964 / on the fact that the process leading to differentiation
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PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF BREEDING AND BREEDING IN SILK BREEDING ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UKRAINIAN SSR DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
This dissertation deals with the theory of selection, acclimatization and breeding in sericulture.
study of this phenomenon. ~ "̂ -As a result of research, it has been established that the vitality of organisms depends on:<...> Darwin, the differentiation of sex cells is: hereditary: (genotypic) and physiological, arising<...> The possibility of obtaining physiology was studied. gic "differentiation of germ cells when raising caterpillars<...> "The natural environment for improving fitness" breeding silkworms to natural<...> Breeding "oak silkworm" in; natural * environment.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the social and pedagogical aspects of the problem of the formation of a healthy lifestyle among young people in Soviet Russia in the 20-30s of the twentieth century in line with state policy, as well as in the theory and practice of domestic pedagogy.
<...>
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STUDY OF SHEAR EROSION IN THE TULA REGION ON THE MATERIALS OF AERIAL PHOTOSCOOKING ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of gully erosion in the Tula region for the period from 1919 to 1964.
Erosion is natural and anthropogenic, caused by the activities of human society.<...> "Natural soil erosion is divided into two types - water and wind.<...> The task was to study the intensity of the growth of ravines, the processes of formation of slopes and their natural<...> strong plowing of watershed plateaus and slopes due to the destruction of natural
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Formation of visual mediation in the constructive activity of older preschoolers
M .: PROMEDIA
"natural iotoriya vnaka", that is, there is a preparation for the development of the use of socially developed<...> and activities acquire an indirect character, are based on assimilation and use of natural
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BEHAVIORAL REFLECTIONS OF THE RURAL POPULATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF AGRARIAN TRANSFORMATIONS IN RUSSIA: DETERMINANTS, TYPOLOGIES, TRENDS ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
M .: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN, ORDER OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION AND ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER M.V. LOMONOSOV
The purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the study is to develop a theoretical concept of accounting for the behavioral reflections of the rural population to correct agrarian transformations in the context of the formation of market relations in Russia.
In the mass consciousness, a negative attitude towards the sharp property differentiation of the population is ripening.<...> Of two different value systems ("private property, market, cooperation, differentiation" and "public
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The grammatical history of the word CHILD in Russian
M .: PROMEDIA
In section 2.1 "XVIII century: the development of synonymous relations and stylistic differentiation"<...> Lack of differentiation by sex, it is possible to agree on the meaning in paragraph
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"Contemporary Drama": Plays and Years Complete list of plays published in the journal "Contemporary Drama" for the period from 1982 to 2019
M .: Editorial board of the journal "Contemporary Drama"
Before you is the "creative report" of our magazine for its entire history, starting from 1982. Here you will find the titles of each of the plays printed on the pages of the edition, with the time of publication, including the current number. They are organized into five sections, mainly reflecting the structure of the journal; playwrights are united by language; last names are given in alphabetical order. The list of plays is regularly updated and updated.
<...> Total - 2 "Natural loss" -№ ¹ 1, 1983 "Gorky Park" -№ ¹ 3, 1986 S. Nosov. "Taboo, actor!"<...> Total - 2 "Natural loss" -№ ¹ 1, 1983 "Gorky Park" -№ ¹ 3, 1986 S. Nosov. "Taboo, actor!"
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As a result of the differentiation of culture according to the types of activity, material culture constitutes a materialized<...> The work of Professor EA Eversman "Natural history of the Orenburg region" in 3 parts.<...> state sovereignty expressed the age-old aspirations of the people of Bashkortostan, their desire for independence, natural
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Philosophy. Problematic issues in the philosophy course text of lectures
A course of lectures prepared by the staff of the Department of Philosophy and Cultural Studies of YarSU named after P.G. Demidov, with the participation of scientists from other universities in Yaroslavl, sets out the most difficult to study and not clearly presented in the available educational and educational publications, topics of the course of systematic philosophy for universities. The authors make new semantic accents, offer their own, sometimes debatable, approaches to disclosing many traditional topics of the university course from different areas of the subject field of philosophy: ontology, epistemology, anthropology, philosophy of history, philosophy of culture.
Even the "natural theology" of Thomas Aquinas, his five ways of proving the existence of God as<...> <...> Hobbes sought to find a natural explanation for the origin and existence of society and the state.<...> In a democratic state, democracy and "natural justice" prevail.<...> To be free, according to Voltaire, is the natural life of man.
Preview: Philosophy lecture text.pdf (0.9 MB)14
Methodological recommendations for the discipline "Business Law" contain: topics and plans for practical classes, recommendations for preparing for practical classes, assignments, options for tests and a list of questions for the exam. Methodical recommendations for the discipline "Entrepreneurial Law" are intended for students of the Faculty of Law, studying in the direction of training 030900.62 Jurisprudence.
8 Correlation of the concepts "natural monopoly", "network activity", "public service"?<...> 9 What areas should be attributed to natural monopoly?
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# 27 [Orthodox community, 1995]
The magazine "Orthodox Community" was published from 1990 to 2000 by the publishing house of the Moscow Higher Orthodox Christian School (modern name: St. Philaret Orthodox Christian Institute). The editor-in-chief of the magazine is priest Georgy Kochetkov.
It will be very natural and very easy for some of you to take this next step in your spiritual<...> How to dress modestly and simply when visiting the temple, just as simple and natural<...> It is the "natural mystery" of the world that finds its expression in worship and makes it the main<...> As a result of the "fall" of Christian symbolism, the dichotomy of the "natural supernatural" became the main<...> This naturally led to the mortification and drying up of many living elements of parish activity.
Preview: Orthodox Community # 27 1995.pdf (0.4 Mb)16
# 7 [Seeding, 1988]
Social and political journal. Published since November 11, 1945, published by the publishing house of the same name. The magazine's motto is “God is not in power, but in truth” (Alexander Nevsky). The frequency of the journal has changed. Initially it was published as a weekly, for some time it was published twice a week, and from the beginning of 1968 (issue 1128) the magazine became monthly.
"The soul of the people" is also a conciliar concept, and therefore it is natural that its supratemporal ideal is Holy Russia.<...> As you know, the command-administrative system created by Stalin did not have natural economic<...> And complete rejection of the empire of spiritlessness and lies is a natural consequence of this.<...> Shmelev, June: "Natural unemployment among people looking for or changing jobs exists and<...>Naturally, this obstacle arose and remains so on the part of the Soviet leadership.
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# 4 [Legality, 2011]
As you know, in the last decade and a half in Russia, legislation has been actively updated, on some issues - radically, many legal institutions are undergoing significant changes, new ones are being introduced. During this time, many discussion articles have been published on the pages of the journal about the place and role of the prosecutor's office in our society and the state, devoted to judicial reform, the new CPC, the jury, the reform of the investigation in the prosecutor's office, etc. But this has never been to the detriment of materials about the exchange experience and comments of legislation, complex issues of law enforcement practice. Essays on acclaimed prosecutors are also published regularly. The magazine has a well-established team of authors, which includes well-known scientists and law enforcement officials who are sick of the cause from almost all regions of Russia.
This means that the amount of non-payment needs to be differentiated more clearly.<...> Such an approach to determining the amount of non-payment will allow to legislatively consolidate the grounds for differentiation<...> victim or not (in one of the verdicts of the Novo� Siberian Regional Court, the latter was defined as "natural
Preview: Legality No. 4 2011.pdf (0.1 Mb)18
Philosophy textbook. allowance
"The textbook, prepared by the staff of the Department of Philosophy of Yaroslavl State University named after P. G. Demidov with the participation of scientists from other universities in Yaroslavl, sets out the most difficult to study and not clearly presented in the available educational and educational publications topics of a systematic course of philosophy for universities The authors make new semantic accents, offer their own, sometimes controversial approaches to the disclosure of many traditional topics from different areas of the subject field of philosophy: ontology, epistemology, anthropology, philosophy of history, philosophy of culture. The educational publication is intended for students studying in all specialties (discipline " "Philosophy" ", block GSE), full-time and part-time forms of education. It can be useful for teachers of philosophy, graduate students, undergraduates of universities."
Even the "natural theology" of Thomas Aquinas, his five ways of proving the existence of God go<...> Both pictures, of course, exclude each other, since a certain object cannot be the same<...> It is necessary to get rid of them ("bracketed") in order to describe the natural life of consciousness.<...> "God is excellent Beauty, and our mind, created in the image of the Best, naturally gravitates towards this<...> Shustrov 140 only by the laws of natural evolution, but also by "world-power Providence."
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No. 2 [Problems of social hygiene, health care and history of medicine, 2015]
Founded in 1994. Editor-in-chief of the journal - Oleg Prokopyevich Shchepin - Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Scientific Director of the National Research Institute of Public Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. The journal covers theoretical issues of social hygiene, the main directions of the formation of public health and medical and social assistance, issues of economics, scientific organization of labor, sanitary statistics, history of medicine and health care. Publishes articles on new forms and methods of work of medical and anti-epidemic healthcare institutions for the organization of medical and sanitary services for the urban and rural population. The journal publishes materials on the methods and results of studying the social conditions of life and health of the population. It reflects the state of health care, issues of the organization and activities of medical institutions in foreign countries, contains articles on the design and equipment of medical institutions. The development of medical science and health care is widely covered, important historical dates, the activities of scientific societies are celebrated, information about various conferences and meetings is published.
the almost complete absence of factual data that made it possible to explain the phenomena of inheritance of forms, differentiation<...> "Anatomists, from an anatomical point of view, naturally, usually think that anatomical localization should<...> Bernard. - These phenomena are detected only when the parts are in their natural place,<...> "The natural life of a child is filled with play, and play is a great teacher for the child," noted<...> The game is not fun for the children, but the natural transformation of their spiritual and physical strength into actions, into things.
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No. 2 [Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Geology, 2003]
The journal is included in the List of the Higher Attestation Commission of the leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications, in which the main scientific results of dissertations for the degree of Doctor and Candidate of Sciences should be published
As well as for REE, a "time differentiation" is established in the studied stratigraphic section.<...> This is due to the influence of sources of matter and gravitational differentiation. <...> Of the petrogenic components, magnesium oxide has a linear differentiation trend.<...> This fact cannot be explained from the standpoint of crystallization differentiation.<...> In the process of transfer along the surface of the slope, the material differentiates by specific gravity.
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No. 5 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Science of Science: Bibliography. decree., 2011]
The index has been published since 1947 and comes out monthly. Its purpose is to provide information about domestic and foreign literature on theory, history and the current state of science of science, on the logic and methodology of science, methodological problems of historical and scientific research, on the sociology of science, scientific creativity and psychology of science.
THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service 7 MATHEMATICAL AND NATURAL<...> MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING OF R&D IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND NATIONAL ECONOMY MATHEMATICAL AND NATURAL<...> See: 321 MATH AND NATURAL SCIENCES MAT HE MAT ICA L AND NAT UR A L S CIE NCE S 419 Code: 13007634<...> Academic discipline "Natural picture of the world" in the educational program of bachelors of education. 769<...> ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 4 MATHEMATICAL AND NATURAL
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No. 3 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Economics: Bibliography. decree., 2011]
Industry bibliographic index. It is a continuation of the indexes "New foreign literature on social sciences. Economics" and "New Soviet literature on social sciences. Economics", the publication of which was started in 1951 and 1934, respectively. Contains materials about the literature on all sectors of the economy. The index reflects information about books and articles from magazines and collections. The publication is intended for scientific, educational, bibliographic and reference activities. Each issue is supplied with auxiliary author and subject indexes, a list of sources used.
Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "9 A. Smith's theory of" natural "wages<...> Analysis of the concept of two types of monopoly, "natural" and "practical" in the theory of J.S. Mill.<...> Their relationship with the modern concept of "natural monopoly".<...> Evolution of natural monopoly structures in the context of market transformations: Avtoref. dis .... Doctor of Science<...> Territorial differentiation of agricultural production. 773 Code: 086641012 Mistyukova I.
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The development of botany as a science: a textbook
LLC "Copy Print"
The textbook provides a brief history of the development of botany as a science from primitive society to the beginning of the XXI century. The history of botany is presented in the form of subsequent stages in the development of science with biographical information about scientists or researchers who have made a certain contribution to the development of botanical science. Designed for students of higher educational institutions for use in classroom and extracurricular time.
The process of such differentiation has historically been very long.<...> Proposed the first natural plant system.<...> mushrooms) shook the already destroyed building of Schleiden's theory, which argued that sexual differentiation<...> "The natural system of plant families" (German.<...> Simferopol Museum of Natural History.
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The Meaning of Anxiety
M .: Institute of general humanity. research
Anxiety is a pervasive and profound phenomenon of the twentieth century. The phenomenon of anxiety is important not only in the treatment of emotional and behavioral disorders, but also for literature, sociology, politics and economics, education, religion and philosophy.
"Maturation" in this case means the development of an increasing differentiation of the cortex and control.<...> unhappy, disorganized, anxious and constricted. ”226 A second important area of \u200b\u200bresearch is differentiation<...> a form of natural anxiety.<...> All young women, except one, from a high or relatively high category in terms of level of differentiation<...> that individuals with a higher degree of mental development, originality and level of differentiation
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WOMAN OF THE XXI CENTURY: STRATEGY FOR SUCCESS
M .: Novella
The monograph contains five independent chapters, united by a common idea about a woman teacher, scientist, politician, entrepreneur, woman at home. The woman of the third millennium thinks and acts on a par with the century, she is a leader. On the way to success, she overcomes professional barriers and life difficulties, strives to be heard and understood. Her actions are adequate to her goals. She is a competent specialist and enjoys authority among colleagues. But at the same time, in the world of personal values, he prefers the family. To be loved and loving is the basis of the essence and meaning of her life. We hope that the theory, experience, research results presented in the monograph will help the woman reader to design, adjust and implement her strategy for success. The monograph is addressed to specialists in the field of history and theory of philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, students, doctoral students, teachers, heads of institutions and enterprises, women and men.
Naturally, a woman with the makings of a leader must have many different virtues.<...> Eversman "Natural history of the Orenburg region" (2001, together with V.N.<...> And then, of course, throw it away. What else to do with a plucked flower ... "" And women loved him too.<...> Fatigue Fatigue Strife Fatigue is a natural reaction of the body to stress.<...>The Natural Enemy of Fatigue Where to get energy? We get it only from food.
Preview: WOMAN OF THE XXI CENTURY STRATEGY FOR SUCCESS.pdf (0.3 MB)26
Industry market theory. Part 1 Tutorial
The tutorial examines the modern theory of the functioning of industry markets. The presented material expands and deepens the understanding of the processes occurring at the micro- and mesoeconomic level. Conforms to the standard of higher professional education.
For in-depth analysis of product differentiation, its distinctive properties are also subdivided into natural<...>Natural product differentiation is the firm's response to a real variety of tastes and preferences<...> An example of natural differentiation for financial services is guaranteed<...> The main sources of natural differentiation can be geographical differences (a store near and<...> What is characteristic of natural and strategic product differentiation, what are their main sources
Preview: Theory of industrial markets. Part 1 Tutorial.- Kazan LLC Alexpress, 2013.- 83 p. Pdf (0.6 Mb)27
Essays on the history of book culture in Siberia and the Far East. T. 1. Late XVIII - mid-90s of the XIX century
Publishing house GPNTB SB RAS
The publication is the first volume of a collective bibliological research devoted to the development of book culture in the Asian part of Russia from the moment the local book printing appeared here to the present day. For the first time in the history of book science, a holistic picture of the development of printing production, book publishing, book distribution, librarianship, reading and perception of printed works in Siberia and the Far East is being recreated, the role of books in the social, economic and cultural life of the region is revealed. A comprehensive analysis of the development of local book business helps a deeper understanding of the historical and book traditions of the Siberian and Far Eastern peoples.
Naturally, this does not allow talking about the activity of readers from all social strata.<...> In the 80s. differentiation remains in the acquisition of library funds.<...> A more typologically clear differentiation of editions also belongs to this time.<...> Social and geographic differentiation in literacy levels has increased.<...> Of course, such a differentiation of cities was rarely observed in its pure form.
Preview: Essays on the history of book culture in Siberia and the Far East. T. 1. The end of the XVIII - the middle of the 90s of the XIX century.pdf (0.2 Mb)28
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL HORIZON OF SODDY-PODZOLY SOILS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THEIR CULTURE ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
M .: MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER M.V. LOMONOSOV
Purpose of work. Study of the process of differentiation of the arable horizon of sod-podzolic soils in the conditions of the cultivation of these soils and in the removal of agricultural factors.
An important and not yet fully resolved issue is the relationship between cultural and natural processes.<...> This heterogeneity arising during plowing increases in the process of natural differentiation, similar<...> the stage of evolution of the considered arable soils with the removal of anthropogenic factors is the natural<...> which can be somewhat comparable to profile violations caused by processing; such places in natural<...> a similar differentiation occurs in the arable horizon of soddy-podzolic soils under the influence of natural
Preview: DIFFERENTIATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL HORIZON OF SODDY-PODZOLY SOILS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THEIR CULTURE.pdf (0.0 Mb)29
The features of regional nature management as a general scientific applied problem of economic and geographical science are considered. The economic and geographical aspects of regional nature management in Dagestan are considered.
Underreporting of intrazonal and intraregional differentiation of natural conditions and ways of use<...> fodder lands, arable lands of the foothills and natural fodder lands of the semi-desert; 8) natural<...> The structure of land in these types corresponds to a significant natural differentiation of natural conditions<...> Spatial (including high-rise) differentiation of farms of different production types with a certain<...> lithological and geomorphological features and moisture supply factors determine territorial differentiation
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Rhetorical devices of the modern Russian literary language: the experience of a systematic description monograph
M .: FLINT
The monograph is devoted to a systematic description of rhetorical techniques as pragmatically motivated and modeled deviations from the norm in speech in its broad (philosophical) understanding. The systemic properties of rhetorical techniques are characterized: the motivation of deviations from the norm, the ability to neutralize, modeling, functional proximity, the ability to interact with each other. A classification of rhetorical techniques based on the principles of their construction is proposed.
<...> Baranov also includes the rules for the selection and use of linguistic expressions, - “the rules of differentiation of text<...> Baranov, which he included in the "rules for the differentiation of textual activity in its linguistic aspect" [Baranov<...> Aznabaeva, the difficulty of differentiating the terms "principle", "postulate", "maxim" is caused by the fact that "...<...> Baranov, which he included in the "rules for the differentiation of textual activity in its linguistic aspect" [Baranov
Preview: Rhetorical methods of the modern Russian literary language experience of system description.pdf (1.1 Mb)31
INSpecies VARIABILITY AND POPULATION ECOLOGY OF WOODY PLANTS IN CONNECTION WITH INTRODUCTION. ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
CENTRAL SIBERIAN BOTANICAL GARDEN OF THE SB RAS
The aim of the proposed work is to identify a complex of diagnostic characters in various species of woody plants and to select those indicators. variability, the use of which allows the most complete assessment of the level of differentiation of populations and to identify specific intraspecific structures that are resistant to the action of adverse factors during their introduction in combination with a set of other useful properties.
particular, a complex of easily recognizable features has not been defined that would help to establish the features of natural<...>differentiation of the species and the specifics of the formation of intraspecific structures.<...>natural populations.<...> features, intraspecific variability in a complex of characters showed that the data obtained for natural<...>Natural introduction populations, a) arising from changes in environmental conditions (shallowing
Preview: INSpecies VARIABILITY AND POPULATION ECOLOGY OF WOODY PLANTS IN RELATIONSHIP WITH INTRODUCTION..pdf (0.0 Mb)32
SOME ISSUES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF NET INCOME OF COLLECTIVE FARMS (ON THE MATERIALS OF COLLECTIVE FARMS OF THE ESTONIAN SSR) ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES
TARTU STATE UNIVERSITY
This dissertation aims to consider the theory and practice of the distribution of the net income of collective farms, to study on specific factual material the main factors affecting the amount of collective farm income, and, taking into account the latter, to give some recommendations for improving the distribution of the net income of collective farms.
This is natural, since the required product is the material basis for the reproduction of the working<...> Taking into account the peculiarities of the natural properties of the land and its use, the republic has five main<...> reserve, it is necessary to create more equal opportunities for intensifying the economy in collective farms with different natural<...> As a result, natural differentiation under conditions of collective farm production is supplemented and enhanced<...> economic differentiation, and the differentiation of collective farms in terms of net income is increasing.
Preview: SOME ISSUES OF DISTRIBUTION OF NET INCOME OF COLLECTIVE FARMS (ON THE MATERIALS OF COLLECTIVE FARMS OF THE ESTONIAN SSR) .pdf (0,0 Mb)33
MANAGEMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS: ESSENCE AND SPECIFICITY OF THE ORGANIZATION [Electronic resource] / Yu.N. Severina, T.V. Savchenko // Bulletin of the Voronezh State Agrarian University .- 2017 .- No. 3.- P. 167-178 .- doi: 10.17238 / issn2071-2243.2017.3.167 .- Access mode: https: // website / efd / 639723
The essence of the systemic paradigm as a methodological basis for managing socio-economic systems, which are the main subjects of the localized socio-economic space, is revealed; the differences between the functional, structural and casual approaches to the study of socio-economic systems are described; the definition of the category "socio-economic system" is given and a classification is given according to the level of localization of the space of interacting subjects; it is proved that the management of regional-level systems requires a balanced development of the entire regional socio-economic system: individual territories, industries, spheres, settlements, forms of management, social groups; the essence of the category "territorial and industrial complex" is revealed and its specificity is substantiated as a special type of socio-economic systems; as the main characteristics of socio-economic systems as an object of management, the following are distinguished: the complexity and heterogeneity of the structure, the complexity of the integration relationship of the elements of the system, the inconsistency of the development goals of the individual elements of the system, different adaptive potential of the elements, the different degree of interaction of the elements with the external environment; describes a set of theoretical and methodological provisions that determine the features of the management of territorial-sectoral complexes as socio-economic systems; reveals a set of macroeconomic, territorial and sectoral factors that determine the features of the formation of a management system for territorial and sectoral complexes it is concluded that the task of restoring manageability of the agri-food complex can be solved by adopting a strategy for the comprehensive territorial and sectoral development of agricultural regions, targeted state programs for the development of individual industries within the framework of a single policy for optimizing the location of agricultural production and processing capacities for agricultural products, ensuring a balance of interests representatives of large, medium and small businesses and rural areas, the formation of cluster-type structures and the strengthening of the role of industry unions and various kinds of public organizations.
Development is understood as the process of sustainable changes in the system, ensuring its natural transition<...>differentiation internal subsystems and individual elements, differences in their functions, behavior, abilities<...> market infrastructure Territorial factors Level of socio-economic development of the territory Differentiation<...> Territorial specificity is formed based on the level of socio-economic development of the territory, its differentiation<...> Numberchuk // Natural and mathematical sciences in the modern world: collection of articles. Art. by mater.
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Social structure of modern society text of lectures
The text of the lectures reveals the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of studying the social structure of modern society, special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the development of the social structure of Russian society. It is intended for students studying in the specialty 040101 Social work (discipline "Social structure of modern society", block of the GSE), full-time education.
Initially, inequality is based on natural differentiation - differences between people due to<...> Another level of differentiation of individuals is social.<...> Social differences are often an extension of natural ones.<...>Naturally, this gives the impression of a lack of layers, although they certainly exist.<...> Economic differentiation of the population of modern Russia. 19.
Preview: Social structure of modern society Text of lectures.pdf (0.7 Mb)35
# 6 [Journal of General Biology, 2017]
Articles are published on theoretical issues of biology that are of interest to biologists of any specialty (issues of evolution, ecology, general taxonomy, general cytology, genetics, problems of mechanisms of adaptation of living organisms to living conditions, patterns of development of organisms, bionics, etc.), based on new original factual material or summarizing the work of one or another scientific team. In addition to theoretical articles, reviews of new books by Russian and foreign biologists, as well as information on international congresses and all-Russian meetings on the most important problems of biology are posted.
Another naturally arising question is, how specific should the manipulation be?<...> What happens in natural conditions?<...> Intraspecific groupings considered gene migration and natural selection.<...> This is due to the biotopic factor of epigenetic differentiation.<...>differentiation of genotypes by ecological niches.
Preview: Journal of General Biology No. 6 2017.pdf (0.1 Mb)36
Economics of Industrial Markets Workshop
The workshop offers the main questions for discussion in practical classes in the discipline "Economics of industrial markets", final tests for self-control, options for business games, questions for colloquia, interviews, a set of tasks for control work, topics of reports, criteria for assessing knowledge, literature recommended for studying.
<...>natural monopoly; d) equality of losses of consumers and gains of natural monopoly. 17.<...> a) barriers to entry and exit; b) management efficiency; c) product differentiation; d) differentiation<...>Product Differentiation What are the main types of product differentiation you know?<...> Measurement of product differentiation, indicators of differentiation. 17.
Preview: Economics of Industry Markets.pdf (0.4 MB)37
Information and technological training of teachers of the natural and mathematical cycle in the system of additional professional education author. dis. ... Cand. ped. sciences
training depending on the subject and qualifications (profile and level); method differentiation<...> The main ways of differentiating learning are: flexible variable programs built on<...> The main means of differentiation are information technologies used in<...> In this case, one can speak of the differentiation of the search for the activity of solving the task or of the differentiation<...>Differentiation of the content of the specified training is dictated by the general topic of coursework, which
Preview: Information and technological training of teachers of the natural and mathematical cycle in the system of additional professional education. Abstract.pdf (0.1 Mb)38
CLAYY-DIFFERENTIATED SOILS OF THE EUROPEAN TERRITORY OF THE UNION ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
M .: ALLOYOZNAYA ORDER OF LENIN AND ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL. SCIENCES NAMED AFTER V. I. LENIN
The purpose and objectives of the study. The main goal of the work is to identify the mechanisms of formation, evolutionary pathways and features of the current stage of soil formation of the ETC GDS as a theoretical basis for predicting changes in soils and soil cover in conditions of active anthropogenesis and managing the processes of anthropogenic soil formation.
differentiation, which has a wide range of other properties, but directly related to clayey differentiation <...> The degree of high differentiation is characterized by the differentiation coefficient (CD) of sludge (% of sludge in the mountains.<...>differentiation.<...> Many ABs have analogues among natural factors of soil formation.<...> ,. stated natural and anthropogenic soil formation.
Preview: CLAYY-DIFFERENTIATED SOILS OF THE EUROPEAN TERRITORY OF THE UNION.pdf (0,0 Mb)39
Economics of industrial markets textbook. allowance
The manual examines the methodology for researching market structures, the mechanism of functioning of sectoral markets, the dependence of the strategic behavior of sellers and the results of their activities on the characteristics of the markets.
Product differentiation.<...> 8) Give the concept of natural monopoly. 9) List the reasons for the emergence of a natural monopoly.<...>differentiation.<...>natural monopoly; d) forced fragmentation of natural monopoly. 1 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM<...> Coase paradox 8 Product differentiation 8.1 Product differentiation 8.2 Vertical differentiation model
Preview: Economics of Industry Markets.pdf (0.2 MB)40
In the stand of any forest plant community, there is competition between trees, which is expressed in a disproportionate distribution of environmental resources between trees. Competition leads to the differentiation of the stand into dominant trees (with an increasing increase in size), oppressed (with a decreasing growth), and indeterminate (with an undetermined growth trend). Oppressed trees are eliminated from the stand. Over time, indeterminate ones are determined with a tendency to change in growth and pass either into the class of the dominant or the oppressed. Competition is biologically meaningful. If it were absent, then with a shortage of environmental resources and an increase in the size of trees and, accordingly, the needs, the stand would inevitably be destroyed long before the biological aging of trees. Dominant trees are relatively independent of the surrounding trees, their growth rate is mainly determined by the environment
What is the specific mechanism of differentiation?<...>Naturally, k\u003e 1.<...> other natural plantings remained intact.<...> In natural plantations, significant differentiation is observed.<...>Differentiation of the stand. III.
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Relevance and goals. Identification of species with sexual differentiation within floristic regions can contribute to solving a number of important issues of the problem of sex in plants, including the identification of evolutionary reasons for the separation of sexes. The aim of this work is to identify species with sexual differentiation and to analyze the relationship of sexual differentiation with biological characteristics of species using the example of the Magnoliidae and Ranunculidae subclasses in Siberia. Materials and methods. For each species and subspecies, the following characteristics are indicated: sexual differentiation, life form, vegetative mobility, type of area, belt-zonal group, ecological group in relation to moisture. Results. In 4.1% (11 species) of angiosperms of the subclass Ranunculidae in Siberia, there are four forms of sexual differentiation: gynomonetia, andromonoetia, gynodietia, dietia, the most common of which are gynodietia (5 species) and andromonoetia (3 species). In the subclass Magnoliidae, 33.3% (3 species) showed one sexual form - monoecy. The relationship between the intensity and direction of sexual differentiation of plants with their life forms, vegetative mobility, ecological, chorological and phytocenotic features was revealed. Findings. In the subclass Ranunculidae, the lowest differentiation into sexual types and forms of all the subclasses of dicotyledonous plants is observed: out of 271 species, only 11 have unisexual flowers. In the process of evolution, ecological and phytocenotic conditions determined the degree of intensity of the transition of plants from the hermaphroditic state to the separation of sex
In this work, the task was set - to collect a number of materials that would make it possible to fill this gap in the study of pine crops in the Central Black Earth Region.
Characteristics of natural-historical conditions and forest resources of the central chernozem areas Differentiation of trees in pine cultures of the 1st age class n in natural juveniles<...>Differentiation of trees in young pine crops in comparison with natural young stands is significantly<...> In natural young stands, the presence of the highest thickness steps (up to 3.3) and a significant<...> Coefficients of variability here are twice as high as even in natural sowing of pine.
Preview: GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PINE CROPS OF THE 1ST AGE CLASS IN FOREST STEPPE TsCHO.pdf (0.0 Mb) natural weakens.M., 1964), develop unequally depending on the order of alternation of natural lighting of high<...> lighting (option - 8 hours red light + natural light), the plants moved to stage IV<...> So, in the variant 8 hours of blue light + 8 hours of natural light, stage IV occurred on the 31st day, and in<...> variant 8 hours of natural light + 8 hours of blue light, the cone of growth until the end of the experiment (48 days<...> At the same time, in beans, the sequence in the alternation of natural light and
Preview: MORPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES VICIA FABA L..pdf (0,0 Mb)46
Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov
One of the negative consequences of the development of foci of the root sponge, along with the decay of forest stands, is the uncertainty in the possibility of natural regeneration of conifers. Therefore, studies of the course of natural renewal in foci of root sponges of different degrees of development are not only relevant, but also timely. The aim of this work is to study the processes of differentiation of pine trees and natural regeneration of forests in the centers of tree drying from root sponges. The studies were carried out in the summer of 2015 in emerging, active and decaying foci of drying out. For each category of desiccation, 6 round-shaped foci with an average diameter of 40 m were examined. For comparison, control areas with the same characteristics and comparable dimensions (35 × 40 m) were laid on the interfocal space. The average area of \u200b\u200bthe focus and control area was 0.13 ha. On each control area and in each area of \u200b\u200bdrying out, a continuous count of trees was carried out, dividing them into 6 categories of state. The average number of trees, pieces: in the control areas - 92, in the emerging foci - 85, in the existing ones - 79, in the decaying ones - 76. The research results showed that in the foci of desiccation located in the bracken pine forest, a gradual decrease in the number of conditionally healthy trees and an increase in the number of trees in varying degrees of weakening, drying out and dead as the foci move from the category of emerging to the category of active and dying. On the control plots, in the process of tree differentiation, on average, there were 73 trees (or 79%) without external signs of weakening, i.e., conditionally healthy. On a similar area in the emerging foci of drying out of such trees, 58 pieces were preserved. (or 69%), in existing - 21 pcs. (27%), in decaying - 14 pcs. (eighteen %). In the centers of drying out, especially in the windows of the canopy, quite a sufficient amount of self-seeding of different ages and undergrowth of various tree species can form. In the surveyed forest cultures, an increase in the amount of pine self-seeding in the foci of drying out was noted as they transition from emerging to active and decaying. An increase in the amount of pine self-seeding in active and decaying foci of desiccation in comparison with the control and emerging foci is associated, in our opinion, with the fact that during development in foci of desiccation, the density decreases over time, canopy windows appear, in which better conditions are created for natural renewal pine trees
The purpose of the work is to study the processes of differentiation of pine trees and natural regeneration of forests in the outbreaks<...> trees, natural renewal.<...> The purpose of this work is to study the processes of differentiation of pine trees and natural forest regeneration.<...>Differentiation of trees in clean stands of the same age is a natural natural process,<...> As the disease intensifies, the intensity of tree differentiation also increases.
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BIOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF KOCHANNY KABUSHY AS A BASIS FOR DEVELOPING A NEW TECHNOLOGY OF ITS STORAGE G USING ACTIVE VENTILATION ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
M .: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K.A.TIMIRYAZEV
The main objectives of the research were determined: 1. Study of morpho-anatomical changes and physiological-biochemical processes: in cabbage during storage. 2. Study of the influence of growing conditions on the quality and preservation of cabbage. 3. Study of the influence of storage conditions on the preservation and establishment of the optimal storage regime for food and seed cabbage.
Cabbage storage technology with natural ventilation, based on convective air exchange in<...> In heaps with natural ventilation, the temperature was higher than optimal (from 1 to 4 °).<...> Thus, the accumulation of CO2 in the heaps with natural ventilation did not exceed 0.25-0.51%, in the heaps with active<...> ventilation (%), (storage period with active ventilation 5.5-6.0 months, with natural ventilation<...> (s / 0). Month Active ventilation 2.3 1.4 1.1 1.0 2.0 0.7 8.5 0.05 S Natural pen tilation 2.4
Preview: BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SUMMER CABBAGE AS A BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW TECHNOLOGY OF ITS STORAGE G USING ACTIVE VENTILATION.pdf (0.0 Mb)48
No. 5 [Siberian Forestry Journal, 2016]
The journal is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed scientific publication covering a wide range of issues of forestry, forestry, forest management, forest inventory, genetics and selection, forest ecology and economics - the sciences about the most complex patterns of structure, formation and development of forest ecosystems and the use of forest resources by humans. Siberian Forestry Journal includes the following sections: Original Articles, Brief Communications, Reviews, Reviews, Jubilees. It covers a variety of issues related to the problems of forest biological diversity at all levels of its organization (genetic, species, ecosystem). Articles on anthropogenic and technogenic transformation of forest ecosystems are being published. The journal is not limited to the forest problems of Siberia; it accepts and publishes materials from various regions of the world of general scientific interest.
Data on the morphophysiological effect of light on cucumber plants as an object on which to study the effect of different light modes on ontogenetic development and sexualization are not only of practical but also general biological significance. The present work is devoted to this question.
in conditions of natural light only delayed their death.<...> The intensity of differentiation of the growth cone of the main shoot is correlatively related to their development.<...> In the studied varieties, as is inherent in Cucumis sativus plants, the differentiation of the growing cone began<...>differentiation of the cone into plants.<...> Accelerated appearance of staminate tubercles, as well as their intensive growth and differentiation (IV and beginning
Preview: DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH AND ORGANOGENESIS OF VARIETIES OF CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.) UNDER DIFFERENT LIGHT MODES.pdf (0.0 Mb)50
Differential-integration paradigm of the theory of development [sb. articles / collec. monograph]
Moscow: Languages \u200b\u200bof Slavic Culture
The book presents works devoted to various aspects of the general differentiation-interfacial theory of development, which was formed in the works of Ya.A. Komensky, G. Hegel, C. Darwin, G. Spencer, Vl.S. Solovyova, I.M. Sechenov. X. Werner and other thinkers. Among the topics discussed are both general theoretical problems of mental and social development, and the application of theory in specific areas: teaching, child development, in mastering the native language, etc.
As a result of natural selection, differentiation of populations occurs, the divergence of characters, respectively<...> The latter manifest themselves naturally in the meaning of connection (attitude).<...>It is natural to ask why this process is called development?<...> Thus, gradually and consistently, children make the natural path of mental development.<...> In this sense, the vector of natural selection is quite correlated.
Preview: Differential-integration paradigm of development theory. T. 2 Comp. N.I. Chuprikova.pdf (7.6 Mb)The creator of the Theory of Family Systems Murray Bowen believed that any person has two systems of functioning: intellectual and emotional.
Emotional system includes all automatic or instinctive human responses to any aspect of the environment. Human automatic responses are similar to those that regulate instinctive behavior in other living things.
Intelligent system - This is a function of the cerebral cortex, which appeared at the last stage of human development and is its main difference from all lower forms of life. The bark allows you to think, reason, reflect, regulate life in certain areas. A person's intellectual or cognitive system gives him the ability to observe the functioning and reactions of the emotional system. And this ability will be different for different people. That is, people differ in their ability to distinguish between feelings (more subjective thing) and thoughts (more objective thing). This ability has nothing to do with human intelligence. It is possible to have a very high IQ, and it is difficult to distinguish between feelings and thoughts. Almost every person was faced with a situation where he reacted automatically, without thinking why he did so and not otherwise. In general, the emotional system regulates our life much more than we admit.
Murray Bowen introduced the concept of differentiation.The degree of differentiation of a person will be determined by those in. how much he is able to distinguish between his feelings and thoughts. The lower the level of differentiation a person has, the less able he is to make such distinctions (Bowen 1976). Typically, a well-differentiated person can distinguish between "this is what I think" and "this is how I feel." However, in a state where anxiety rises (this can be, for example, in a crisis situation), the emotional and intellectual systems merge, losing the ability to function independently. It is in these situations that we are not able to think clearly, it is then that our actions are impulsive. And instead of “thinking about it tomorrow,” we do rash things, driven by impulse.
Working with families of schizophrenics, Bowen noticed that parents of schizophrenics had a hard time distinguishing between feelings (the more subjective thing) and thoughts (the more objective thing). Feelings and emotions are often used interchangeably. They are unable to distinguish between subjective truth and objective fact. Further research into this phenomenon led him to the conclusion that in all types of families (from the most disturbed to the most excellently functioning) there is a fusion between feelings and intelligence. Differences will only be in the ways and the extent to which they are merged or differentiated from each other. This is the concept of self differentiation.
Bowen further believes that “all emotional disorders are part of one dimension: from the lowest level of human functioning to the highest (the same with families, one cannot talk about a normal or abnormal family, one can talk about its place on the continuum) ... Schizophrenia, psychosis and neuroses \u003d parts of the same continuum. The difference between schizophrenia and neurosis is more quantitative than qualitative. " ("A Family Concept of schizophrenia", 1957)
Bowen believed that all people, according to the degree of differentiation between emotional and intellectual functioning, can be located on the same continuum.
People at one end of the continuum don't differentiate between emotion and intelligence. Emotions and intelligence are so fused with them that the life of these people is subordinated to the emotional system. Moreover, whatever their intellect, it obeys emotions. They may be excellent mathematicians, but in interpersonal relationships, in personal life, their behavior is completely controlled by emotions. These people are less flexible and adaptive, more emotionally dependent on everyone and everything, they easily fall into dysfunctions and have difficulty recovering.
Although Bowen noted that the separation between emotions and intelligence can only be relative, however, people at the other end of the continuum are more flexible and adaptable, more emotionally independent, and to a high degree free from problems of any kind inherent in humans. During times of stress, the functioning of their intellectual sphere can be relatively autonomous. The lifestyle, thinking, and emotional patterns of people at different levels of the scale are so different that spouses and close friends are usually chosen with a similar level of differentiation.
The scale is divided into four areas. Let's consider them in more detail.
1... From 0 to 25 the level of confluence and weak differentiation.In this range, emotions completely dominate thought processes. These people, as a rule, do not distinguish feelings from facts. Conscious attitudes are present, mainly in the form of mass stereotypes of the surrounding society, a person practically does not have an individual mental life. Under stress, which can be caused by even small changes in the environment, such a person is completely dominated by emotions. Such people are completely focused on relationships, and all their energy is spent in search of love, approval, maintaining relationships in harmony. It is clear that in such a situation there is no energy for life goals. If such people do not find approval, then they withdraw into themselves or struggle with a system of relations in which they are not loved. Vital decisions are usually made based on current feelings. Often such people are dependent on their parents, and then look for the same system of relationships in which they can draw enough strength to function. Their problems are chronic. It is indicative that in psychotherapy it is also difficult for them to set specific long-term goals, except for “I want to be happy,” etc. If they feel little comfort as a result of therapy, they are usually satisfied.
2. In people with a degree of differentiation from 25 to 50 (moderate differentiation I) emotions also play a dominant role, but they are more adaptive. In this range, behavior is determined by seeking approval. Self-esteem is usually dependent on others. At this level, feelings are expressed more openly than at the first level. Intelligence, when applied to things that do not concern a person, his personality, relationships, etc., can be well developed, however, when applied to personal matters, it is not sufficiently developed, and often chaos reigns in personal life.
At this level, extreme open feelings can be observed. These people want emotional closeness and direct communication when sharing feelings. They are openly emotionally dependent on others, very sensitive to their partner's mood, and often act impulsively. As a rule, their life is a cycle of alternating approaches and distances. All their lives they have been looking for ideal intimate relationships. They find merging react with distance and alienation which then stimulates the next cycle of rapprochement or the search for new systems of relations.
3. In the range of 50-75 (good level of differentiation I)people fall under the power of emotions only as a result of severe stress. Their sense of "I" is sufficiently developed, and their intellectual functions are sufficiently developed to maintain the ability to separate emotions and thought processes in most cases. Such people are more free, because they are not prisoners of the emotional - sensory world. Their emotional life satisfies them much more for they can live fulfilling lives and share their emotions with others. They can relax and surrender control to the emotional system at certain times in life, but if problems arise, control is transferred back to the intellect, anxiety is reduced and the crisis can be avoided. Such people are less focused on relationships, less dependent on what others think, are able to stand firm on their own beliefs, not feeling the need to attack others or defend their own at all costs. Self-esteem is usually adequate.
These people are more satisfied with their family life. Spouses like emotional closeness, but they do not lose their own I. The wife is better realized as a woman, and the husband as a man, and there is no need to argue about the advantages and disadvantages of biological sex and social roles. Such parents allow children to grow up and build their own selves, do not try to blind them in their own image and likeness. Each of the spouses and children is responsible for themselves - they do not blame each other for their defeats and do not attribute their victories to others.
4. More than 75 is a hypothetical level. M. Bowen believes that the level of differentiation of more than 75 occurs in people quite rarely. Those rare individuals who are differentiated by more than 75 easily distinguish between the process of thinking and emotions.
It is impossible to determine in an ordinary situation what level of differentiation a particular person possesses. In order for thought processes to be dominated by emotions, a stressful situation is necessary. Only then, according to the reaction of a person, according to his behavior in a stressful situation, it is possible to understand how his emotions affect his ability to make an informed decision, and he himself can function optimally.
Lecture number 4
Topic: "Forest renewal and the relationship of trees with joint growth"
Reforestation methods
The forest as a kind of grouping of woody and other plants is capable of self-renewal. The old generation is dying away, leaving the young instead. Changing an old forest generation to a new one is called forest regeneration.
Distinguish:
· Natural regeneration, which occurs spontaneously, but is regulated by various forestry activities.
Artificial renewal, which is carried out by sowing seeds or planting young plants
Natural renewal has several benefits:
· It can shorten the reforestation period if it occurs under the canopy of the parent stand. Such a renewal is called the previous one.
· With natural seed reforestation, the younger generation is genetically and ecologically better suited to specific growing conditions: climate, soil. Under favorable conditions, successful natural regeneration requires less effort and expense.
Natural regeneration of forests occurs in two ways:
Seed
· Vegetative.
Competition, natural differentiation and tree loss in the forest
Competition leads to the differentiation of the stand into dominant trees (with an increasing increase in size), oppressed (with a decreasing growth), and indeterminate (with an undetermined growth trend). Oppressed trees are eliminated from the stand.
Over time, indeterminate ones are determined with a tendency to change in growth and pass either into the class of dominant or oppressed.
Competition is biologically meaningful. If it were absent, then with a shortage of environmental resources and an increase in the size of trees and, accordingly, the needs, the stand would inevitably be destroyed long before the biological aging of trees. The dominant trees are relatively independent of the surrounding trees, their growth rate is determined mainly by the environment. Key words: plant community, forest, forest stand, competition, differentiation Natural mortality and differentiation of trees in the forest Co-growth of trees of the same species in the forest also determines the stability in terms of preserving the area occupied by them and in interaction with unfavorable natural factors, and also contributes to the conservation of the species ... Interspecies relationships can promote forest productivity.
But with interspecific relations, one species can flourish at the expense of another, its disappearance. In this respect, the unwanted replacement of valuable plantings with those of little value is a good example. The management of these patterns is the main task in solving the issues of composition, density, growth, productivity of plantings, their properties useful for the economy, taking into account natural and economic conditions.
The differentiation of trees in the forest has long been noted by foresters. Based on this property of the forest, they divided trees into classes or groups (categories). The most common was the classification proposed in the 80s of the last century by the German forester Kraft, who divided trees in clean forests into five classes according to "domination and oppression." The theoretical foundations of Kraft's classification are erroneous, since they are sociologized with the teaching of the development of human society, which is unacceptable.
In 1949 V.G. Nesterov proposed to divide trees in the forest by growth into five classes (categories), taking into account their practical significance:
Class I - trees are the largest in height and diameter, with a strong crown extending upward beyond the general canopy of the stand.
Class II - trees that are somewhat inferior in growth, especially in height. The crown of these trees is developed, but is inferior in size to the crowns of class I trees.
Class III - trees that are lagging behind in growth compared to trees of the first two classes. The crown of these trees, although developed, is narrowed, compressed from the sides, transparent, and often has an irregular outline. The trunks of trees of the III growth class are fuller than the trees of the I and II classes.
V class - drowned trees, completely displaced under the main forest canopy. The class is divided into two subclasses: Va - trees with a live, but rare one-sided crown in the form of a flag; Vb - dead trees.
IV class - trees that are far behind in growth. They have a compressed, unevenly developed crown. The class is divided into two subclasses: IVa - trees whose crowns still enter the living part of the tree canopy; IV - trees, the crowns of which are one-sided and only their top enters the tree canopy; the trunks of these trees are small.
This classification is simple and convenient. However, it has a number of significant drawbacks, especially in the sense that it was created for plantings that are clean in composition and is used in these plantations when trees are differentiated by natural selection. This occurs in coniferous stands over the age of 20. This classification is based on morphological, external signs and marks the state of trees in the forest by the degree of growth in a certain period of time and does not at all assess the degree of their development.