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Presentation for the lesson of World Artistic Culture In grade 10 (Profile level) The presentation was made by: teacher of the MHC of the First qualification category T.D. Ageeva Municipal budgetary educational institution of the city of Vladimir "Secondary school No. 15"
Art of the Middle Ages
General characteristics of the culture of the Middle Ages The beginning of the era of medieval culture is considered to be 476, the year of the fall of the Roman Empire. There is also an art criticism term "medieval culture" - from the adoption of Christianity by the emperor of Rome Constantine as an official religion in 313 and up to the X V II century.
When studying the topic, it is necessary to pay attention to the following issues: The Middle Ages includes 3 periods - 3 stages of the development of feudalism (formation, prosperity and decline) The early Middle Ages dates back to the V - X centuries Mature feudalism - X - the end of the XV century Late Middle Ages - XV - XVII centuries The spirit of the era: the movement of peoples, the creation of new states, the expansion of trade and cultural ties between Europe and North Africa, the Middle East, the appearance of the first parliaments and constitutions, inventions, European languages. The contradiction in the worldview of the Middle Ages: man is the crown of nature, man is a servant of God.
Such genres of art as architecture and painting occupy a special place in culture. The language of science and the church is Latin. The art of "language in stone" is the lot of the common people. The role of the church and its influence on the culture of the Middle Ages is very great. The church is the main customer of works of art and serves the religious cult. The plots of the works are of a religious nature: they are images of the other world, the language of symbols and allegories. There is no portrait genre, since it is believed that an ordinary person is not worthy of an image. The main genre of painting is icon. The plots are the lives of the saints, the image of the Mother of God, Jesus Christ. When studying a topic, you need to pay attention to the following questions:
Features of architecture Romanesque style The term "Romanesque style" - appeared in the XIX century from the concept - "Romanesque languages." They are based on Latin - the language of the ancient Romans. The period that covers the Romanesque style is X - XII centuries. This is the first big style in art. Stages of development of Romanesque art: - pre-Romanesque - 5-9 centuries - Romanesque - 11-12 centuries Main types of buildings: - feudal castle - monastery ensemble - temple
The main features of the construction of castles: - a castle is a product of the feudal era, a period of fragmentation, wars, raids. For the purpose of self-defense, the castle was built as a fortress. - heavy gloomy grandeur - jagged top - three-story towers - a moat - huge gates on chains - a bridge - Donjons - high rectangular towers, under which there were underground storerooms, rooms for servants and guards. The choice of the place of construction: a hill or an elevated place, a river slope.
Donjon is the tallest and largest tower of the castle, in which the feudal lord hid during the siege.
Leaning Tower of Pisa Built of white marble, a masterpiece of medieval architecture. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is called the leaning tower due to its tilt due to subsidence of the ground. In 1301, its last tier was displaced in the opposite direction.
Gothic style "Gothic" - the term was introduced by the humanists of the Renaissance, who considered everything that was not antique - negative, barbaric. Goths, dissolved as a people among Italians, Germans, Spaniards, have nothing to do with the name. The Gothic style is the second great style of the Middle Ages. It originated in France and ruled from the XII to the XVI century.
The Gothic church (cathedral) can be immediately recognized by pointed arches (pointed upwards), arches of windows, doorways. Churches no longer look like fortresses, easily ascend to heaven, as if they were not at all made of stone. The windows are lined with stained glass and take up so much space that there are almost no walls left. The vaults are supported by pillars covered with semi-columns, resembling bundles of stems.
Notre dame cathedral
In the late Gothic style, stained-glass windows, sculptures, "stone" ornaments, and ceiling carvings became more and more complex. They often resemble the most intricate lace patterns. It’s hard to believe that it’s all made of stone.
Gothic style in architecture
Features: applied arts the Middle Ages The most developed was artistic craft... They even richly decorated household items. Braided ornament was used especially generously. It consisted of an endless strip, the weave of which filled the entire surface of the object. Between the weaves there were images of animals and people, distorted and simplified, or stylized.
The main forms of painting are monumental temple painting - mosaics and frescoes, icon painting, book miniatures Mosaic is a complex technique of folding a picture from multi-colored pieces of smalt (an alloy of glass with mineral paints). Here the angle of incidence of light was precisely calculated, the surface of the mosaic was made a little rough. Stained glass is a picturesque canvas made of pieces of multi-colored glass, the angle of incidence of light played a special role. The color gave an irrepressible color to the entire room of the temple. Used blue, red, yellow colors. The image was flat, without shadows, themes of religious subjects, which were instructive in nature.
Features of sculpture of the Middle Ages Sculpture of the Middle Ages has its own characteristics - images of saints are deprived of the canon, simple faces, images of real people, fantastic creatures, forces of evil (asps) decorated temples. The reliefs depicted biblical events and legendary scenes from the lives of the saints. Besides decorating churches, the reliefs had a different task. Ordinary people in those days were illiterate, for their enlightenment and created from stone "the Bible of the poor.
Terminology of the Middle Ages Ascetic Salary Scholasticism Vagant Codex Vivarium Allegory Miniature Donjon Canon Rose Treatise Icon Altar Stained glass
The tutorial tells about the artistic culture of Ancient Egypt, the largest countries of the East - India. China. Japan, the art of the indigenous peoples of America, Western Europe and Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century.
Presenting the history of artistic culture as the history of styles, the author shows the essence of the main styles, such as archaic and classics of antiquity, Romanesque and Gothic, styles of the Renaissance, baroque, classicism, modern, which actually constitute the history of culture: descriptions of individual works, the creative manner of artists are given, who created them.
Much attention is paid to revealing the content of traditional plots of painting and sculpture, often evangelical in their essence, while the aesthetic assessment is intertwined with explanations of the depicted. The emphasis in the book is placed on the fine arts and architecture: the development of musical art, theater, literature is briefly told.
Foreword
ARTISTIC CULTURE OF ANCIENT AMERICA
Mayan culture
Aztec culture
South American Art Inca Culture
ARTISTIC CULTURE OF EAST COUNTRIES
INDIA
The oldest culture of India
Buddhist art
Art of the Middle Ages
Art of Muslim India
CHINA
Chinese art
JAPAN
Art of the most ancient period (IV millennium BC - VI century AD)
Buddhist art of the Middle Ages (Nara era)
Heian culture
Culture of the XII-XVII centuries. (Kamakura, Muromachi and Momoyama periods)
Edo period art
ARTISTIC CULTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT
Religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians
The ancient kingdom
Middle kingdom
New kingdom
Literature and theater of ancient Egypt
ARTISTIC CULTURE OF WESTERN EUROPE AND ARABO-MUSLIM COUNTRIES
CULTURE OF ANCIENT GREECE
Cretan-Mycenaean (Aegean) period
Homeric period
Archaic
Classic period
Hellenism
Vase painting
CULTURE OF ANCIENT ROME
Art of the Republic
Empire Art
KULBTU1A BYZANTINE IV-XV CENTURIES
Early Christian art of the Eastern Roman Empire (V-VI centuries)
Byzantine Art under Justinian the Great
"Macedonian Renaissance" (IX-X centuries)
Art during the reign of the Komnenos (XI-XII centuries)
"Paleologic Renaissance"
ARAB-MUSLIM CULTURE
Arab Muslim poetry
Miniature painting
CULTURE OF WESTERN EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
Pre-Romanesque art
Weman culture
Gothic art
Literature of the Middle Ages
REVIVAL IN ITALY
Proto-renaissance
Trecento
Florentine Quattrocento - Early Renaissance
High Renaissance
Late Renaissance
Mannerist art
REVIVAL IN EUROPE
Northern Renaissance
Renaissance in Spain
Renaissance in England
POST-RESEARCH CULTURE
Baroque architecture and sculpture in Italy
Flanders art
Theater and Baroque arts and crafts
Baroque music
ART OF CLASSICISM
"Big style" of Louis XIV in architecture and fine arts of France
Theater of French classicism
Non-style form of artistic thinking: the work of Caravaggio, Rembrandt Velazquez
ARTISTIC BUYING OF THE XVIII CENTURY
Rococo style in French art
Literature and music of the Enlightenment
Architecture and art the Enlightenment
EUROPEAN CULTURE OF THE END OF THE XUSH-EARLY XX CENTURY
Romanticism in European art
Critical Realism in French Art of the 19th Century
Impressionism
Post-impressionism
Art Nouveau style
Avant-garde art of the 20th century
ARTISTIC CULTURE OF RUSSIA
ARTISTIC CULTURE OF ANCIENT RUSSIA
Kievan Rus
Old Russian literature of the XI-XP centuries
Russian art during the period of feudal fragmentation
Painting of Theophanes the Greek and Andrey Rublev Formation of the iconostasis
Moscow architecture and painting of the 15th-16th centuries "Renaissance" tendencies in art under Ivan
Russian art of the 16th century
Russian art under the first Romanovs
RUSSIAN ART OF THE XVIII CENTURY
"Petrovskoe Baroque"
"Elizabethan Rococo"
Art of the second half of the 18th century
RUSSIAN ART OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Art of the first half of the 19th century
Art of the second half of the 19th century
RUSSIAN ART OF THE LATE XIX-BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY
Literature and drama theater of the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Visual arts at the turn of the century
The main directions in modern architecture
Musical culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries
We advise you to read.
Mayan culture.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BC. in the vast region of the North American continent, covering the borders of modern Central and Southern Mexico in the north and Panama in the south (Mesoamerica), the Mayan civilization was formed, purely religious in its essence. Under the protection of the omnipotent gods and powerful kings, the Maya erected cities with graceful temples, gigantic dam roads, stepped pyramids and palaces.
The Maya's ideas of the world, consisting of thirteen upper spheres and nine lower ones, determined the appearance of architectural structures that were always erected on stylobates - huge mounds of earth and rubble, covered with a thick layer of plaster or stone cladding on top. They correlated in the representations of alluring with the world tree growing in the center of the universe, and four more trees oriented to the cardinal points. Each tree had its own symbolic color: green meant good and supreme power; black was considered the color of war and the west: red - the color of blood and the east: white - of the reigning persons and the north; yellow - fertility and south. These trees were inhabited by the gods of rain, wind, and the keepers of the sky.
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Download the book World Art Culture, Emohonova L.G., 2001 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
This section includes mHC project topics (world art culture), not included in the lists of topics for grades 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.
The page offers to choose interesting research topics on MHCwhich examines architecture, painting and sculpture of the Ancient East, Egypt, Europe and Russia.
We have distributed themes of research works on world art culture by class, below you can go and view mHC topics for grades 7-11.
The topics of research works on culture are also offered for acquaintance with museums of different countries of the world.
Among the topics design work for MHC you can choose interesting topic project for students of any grade of the school. Topics cover the culture of almost all known civilizations in the world.
Research topics on MHC (general)
Interesting topics of MHC projects for school students:
Arcangelo Corelli.
Ancient Egyptian architecture.
Architectural monuments of the city in which I live.
Architectural Art Nouveau of one of the cities of Russia.
Biblical subjects and images in the works of El Greco (Rembrandt and others)
Martial arts
Everyday genre in Western European and Russian painting.
V. A. Serov "Girl with Peaches"
Venecian mask.
The influence of African sculpture on the work of P. Picasso.
The influence of Venetian masks on the images of modern fashion.
Influence of Byzantium on the formation of culture and art of Kievan Rus
The magical art of amigurumi.
The city-museum of St. Petersburg and its suburbs.
Gothic art.
Greek theater.
Decor of a person's position in society. Greek vase painting.
Old Russian icon painting
Egyptian style in a modern interior.
S. Dali's painting and the theater of the absurd.
Painting of the "Wanderers" era.
The Life of Jesus in Works of Art.
The ideal of beauty in different eras
From the history of French costume.
Impressionism. Auguste Renoir
Impressionist techniques in the works of K. Korovin (V. Serov).
The art of Gzhel. Origins and modern development of the trade.
Gorodets art. Origins and modern development of the trade.
Art of Pre-Columbian America.
Art of Western Europe of the 17th century. (Baroque era).
Topics of MHC projects (continued)
Interesting topics of research work on the MHC for students:
Josef Lanner, founder of the Viennese waltz.
The room of my dreams.
Costume of Russian peasants in the Tver province of the XIX - early XX centuries
The culture of antiquity
Oriental dance culture
Culture and everyday life of the peoples of the Kuban of the 17th - 18th centuries
Culture and art of Byzantium
Culture and art of the Enlightenment.
Renaissance majolica
Can art be a weapon
European museums
Museums of the world. The history of the formation of the museum, the principles by which the national collections were formed.
Museums of Russia.
Museums of Ukraine.
Museum in the modern socio-cultural situation of the city.
The image of Cleopatra in cinema.
The image of a cat in Russian culture.
The image of Peter I in sculptures by B.K. Rastrelli and E. Falcone.
The image of the sun in folk art.
Images of Madonnas in the works of Leonardo da Vinci (Raphael).
Features of the Russian spiritual ideal in the work of M. Nesterov.
Reflection of images of primitive art in the works of P. Gauguin.
Pyramids in modern architecture.
The search for the Fauves and the peculiarities of their figurative language.
Refraction of icon painting principles in El Greco's painting.
Nature and man in the visual arts of romanticism (on the example of the work of K. D. Friedrich).
The problem of choosing a path in life in the works of A. Ivanov "The Appearance of Christ to the People" and I. Kramskoy "Christ in the Desert".
Walking tour of Versailles.
Opposition of natural and artificial as the main motive of K. Somov's work.
The psychology of the sculptural portraits of A.S. Golubkina.
Role of Toulouse-Lautrec in the development of poster art.
Romanesque art
Chivalry
The originality of the elegy painting genre in the works of V. Borisov-Musatov.
The originality of the stylistic manner of F. Rokotov.
Still life symbolism in 17th century Dutch painting.
Symbols of jewelry in Ancient Egypt. The connection of symbolism with the worldview of the Egyptians.
Symbolic images in the work of Vrubel.
Renaissance sculpture: Donatello, Michelangelo.
The sculptural image of a person in the art of Ancient Egypt, in ancient art, in the sculpture of the Middle Ages.
Sculptural decoration of Gothic cathedrals.
Slavic mythology "Russian evil"
Slavic mythology "Sacred birds"
Soviet and American culture of the 20s of the XX century.
The mystery of beauty in Russian female portraits of the 19th century.
Goddess Guan Dance
Baroque dances in the music of the early 17th century composer Andrea Falconieri.
Traditions of Old Russian Art in the Architecture of Peter the Great.
The artistic discoveries of the "Little Dutchmen".
Traits of romanticism in the work of the Pre-Raphaelites.
The exoticism of the East in the works of Delacroix.
Guided tour of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
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These presentations can be used to teach fine arts lessons, they will be useful as they contribute to a better visual perception of students and make the lessons more dynamic and visual. We recommend that students use the presentations to review or reinforce what they have already learned.
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Gods of Ancient Egypt
God Amon Amon ("hidden", "hidden"), in Egyptian mythology, the god of the sun. The sacred animal of Amun is the ram and the goose (both are symbols of wisdom). God was depicted as a man (sometimes with the head of a ram), with a scepter and in a crown, with two high feathers and a sun disc.
The cult of Amun originated in Thebes and then spread throughout Egypt. Amun's wife, the sky goddess Mut, and his son, the moon god Khonsu, were with him the Theban triad. During the Middle Kingdom, Amon began to be called Amon-Ra, since the cults of the two deities united, acquiring a state character.
God Anubis Anubis, in Egyptian mythology, the patron god of the dead, the son of the vegetation god Osiris and Nephthys, the sister of Isis. The newborn Anubis Nephthys hid from her husband Seth in the swamps of the Nile Delta. The mother goddess Isis found the young god and raised him.
Later, when Set killed Osiris, Anubis, organizing the burial of the deceased god, wrapped his body in cloths impregnated with a special composition, thus making the first mummy. Therefore, Anubis is considered the creator of funeral rites and is called the god of embalming.
Anubis also helped to judge the dead and accompanied the righteous to the throne of Osiris. Anubis was portrayed as a jackal or a wild dog Sub black (or a man with the head of a jackal or dog).
God of Horus Horus, Horus ("height", "sky"), in Egyptian mythology, the god of the sky and the sun in the guise of a falcon, a man with the head of a falcon or a winged sun, the son of the goddess of fertility Isis and Osiris, the god of productive forces. Its symbol is a sun disc with outstretched wings.
Initially, the falcon god was revered as a predatory god of the hunt, clawing at prey with its claws. According to the myth, Isis conceived Horus from the dead Osiris, who was cunningly killed by the formidable god of the desert Set, his brother.
Having retired deep into the swampy Nile delta, Isis gave birth and raised a son who, having matured, in a dispute with Seth, achieves recognition of himself as the only heir of Osiris. In the battle with Set, the killer of his father, Horus is at first defeated - Set tore out his eye, the wonderful Eye, but then Horus defeated Set and deprived him of his masculinity. As a sign of submission, he placed the sandal of Osiris on Seta's head. His wonderful Eye of Horus gave his father to swallow, and he came to life. The resurrected Osiris transferred his throne in Egypt to Horus, and he himself became the king of the afterlife.
God Set Set, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the desert, that is, "foreign countries", the personification of the evil principle, brother and killer of Osiris, one of the four children of the earth god Hebe and Nut, the goddess of the sky. Sacred animals of Set were considered a pig ("disgust for the gods"), antelope, giraffe, and the main one was a donkey. The Egyptians imagined him as a man with a thin long body and a donkey's head.
God Thoth Thoth, Dzhehuti, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the moon, wisdom, counting and writing, patron of sciences, scribes, holy books, creator of the calendar. The wife of Thoth was considered the goddess of truth and order, Maat. The sacred animal of Thoth was the ibis, and therefore the god was often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis.
He was present at the trial of Osiris and recorded the results of weighing the soul of the deceased. Since Thoth participated in the justification of Osiris and gave the order for his embalming, he took part in the funeral ritual of every deceased Egyptian and led him to the kingdom of the dead.
Osiris judgment
God Osiris Osiris, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the productive forces of nature, the lord of the afterlife, the judge in the kingdom of the dead. Osiris was the eldest son of the earth god Heb and the sky goddess Nut, brother and husband of Isis. He reigned on earth after the gods Pa, Shu and Geb and taught the Egyptians agriculture, viticulture and winemaking, the extraction and processing of copper and gold ore, the art of medicine, the building of cities, and established the cult of the gods.
Osiris is the god of the annually dying and reborn nature, later the god of the afterlife and the judge of the dead; depicted in the form of a human mummy in a crown framed with feathers, a beard, a scepter and a whip in bent hands.
Seth, his brother, the evil god of the desert, decided to destroy Osiris and made a sarcophagus to the size of his older brother. Having arranged a feast, he invited Osiris and announced that the sarcophagus would be presented to those who fit. When Osiris lay down in the capcophagus, the conspirators slammed the lid, filled it with lead and threw it into the waters of the Nile. Osiris lay down in the sarcophagus.
The faithful wife of Osiris, Isis, found the body of her husband, miraculously extracted the vital force hidden in it and conceived from the dead Osiris a son named Horus. When Horus grew up, he took revenge on Set. His magical Eye, torn out by Seth at the beginning of the battle, Horus gave to his dead father to swallow. Osiris came to life, but did not want to return to earth, and, leaving the throne to Horus, began to reign and administer judgment in the afterlife. Anubis performs a funeral rite on the body of Osiris
Osiris was often depicted as a green-skinned man sitting among trees, or with a vine entwined around his figure. It was believed that, like everything floraOsiris dies annually and is reborn to a new life, but the fertilizing life force in him remains even in the dead. Osiris with a ram's head
Goddess Isis Isis (Isis) in Egyptian mythology is the goddess of fertility, water and wind, a symbol of femininity and marital fidelity, the goddess of navigation, the daughter of Hebe and Nut, the sister and wife of Osiris. Isis helped Osiris civilize Egypt and taught women to harvest, spin and weave, heal diseases, and established the institution of marriage.
According to one version, Isis collected the body and revived Osiris to life, using her healing power, and conceived from him the god of the sky and the sun Horus. Isis was so popular in Egypt that over time she acquired the features of other goddesses.
Goddess Sekhmet Sekhmet ("mighty"), in Egyptian mythology, the goddess of war and the scorching sun, daughter of Ra, wife of Ptah, mother of the vegetation god Nefertum. The sacred animal Sekhmet is a lioness. The goddess was portrayed as a woman with the head of a lioness and was revered throughout Egypt.
Possessing magical powers, Sekhmet could kill a person or put a disease on him; the anger of the goddess brought pestilence and epidemics. At the same time, Sekhmet is a goddess-healer who patronized doctors who were considered her priests.
God Ptah Ptah, in Egyptian mythology, the creator god, patron of arts and crafts, especially revered in Memphis. Ptah created the first eight gods (his hypostases - Ptahs), the world and everything that exists in it (animals, plants, people, cities, temples, crafts, arts, etc.) "with the tongue and the heart." Having conceived creation in his heart, he expressed his thoughts in words. Ptah was depicted as a mummy with an open head, with a rod, standing on a hieroglyph, meaning the truth.
Ptah and Muse
Nut and Geb Goddess of the sky and the god of the earth.
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Reconstruction of the Acropolis
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Verification work "National crafts of Russia"
1. Name the trade Filimonov toy - whistle
2. Name the trade Bogorodsk carved toy
3. Name the trade Pavlovo - Posad shawl
4. Continue the phrase: Orenburg ... Vologda ... Dymkovskaya ... Zhostovsky ... Khokhlomskaya Zolotaya ... They don't go to Tula with their own ... downy shawl lace toy tray dishes khokhloma samovar
5. Type of activity Pottery
6. Take away the unnecessary: \u200b\u200bSpinner Kudel Lace Bobbins Thread Scissors Pins
7. Name the trade Dymkovo toy
8. Pliable materials in processing: Clay Plasticine Wood Stone Metal Wax Gypsum
9. Name the trade Gzhel
10. Name the Khokhloma fishing
11. Take away the unnecessary: \u200b\u200bwork, talent, factory, clay, tool, worker, craftsman, product, skill, toy, craft. fair,
12. At what major fairs in Russia were handicrafts traded? Irbit Sergiev Posad Nizhny Novgorod Vyatka Siberian Moscow Krasnoyarsk
13. Name the trade Zhostovo
14. Think and add. Did the artisan work alone or with his family? How many products could he produce? What they did for successful activity: They united They concealed secrets They scolded
15. Type of product Kasli casting
16. What is it about? Surprising, sprouting, Somehow festively alive, Young, uneasy, Black-red grass, Leaves are soaring, not thinning From the breath of winter, We enter the kingdom of Berendey, Into the world of magic ... CRAZY.
19. In which town did this folk craft appear? Gzhel, Skopin, Dymkovo, Khokhloma, Gorodets, Kholui.
18. What type of DPI are folk crafts? Gzhel, Skopin, Dymkovo, Khokhloma, Gorodets, Gus-Khrustalny.
18. What type of DPI are folk crafts? Gzhel, Skopin, Dymkovo, Khokhloma, Gorodets, Gus-Khrustalny. CERAMICS PAINTING ON WOOD GLASS MAKING
17. In what style is the airbrushing made? Khokhloma
20. Where is Fedoskino and where is Palekh? 2 1 Fedoskino Palekh
21. What do you know about tray fishing in the Urals?
22. Name any folk craft that did not sound in the test. Good luck!
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Culture of Kievan Rus
The first flowering of Old Russian art is associated with the era of Kievan Rus, which became the successor of Byzantine traditions.
What are the main features of culture Ancient RusHow long does this period take? List the pagan gods of the ancient Slavs. What is a "temple"? What events are associated with the formation of the state in Russia? Tell us about the first princes of Ancient Rus.
Before the adoption of Orthodoxy, pagan Russia worshiped many gods. Baptism of Rus in 988 Gave a powerful impetus to the development of artistic culture.
Questions for the homework "Adoption of Christianity in Russia": What are the reasons why Russia is adopting Orthodox (Byzantine) Christianity? What is the significance of adopting Christianity for the development of Russian culture. How the process of adoption of Christianity by the people took place.
dome drum of zakomara choir apse pillar Side nave Side nave Central nave Construction of a cross-domed church.
One of the oldest stone buildings in Kiev was the Church of the Tithes, erected in 989 - 996. In honor of the Most Holy Theotokos. Reconstruction
Kievskaya Sophia The most ancient architectural structure that has come down to us is the Sophia Cathedral (built between 1017 - 1037). This temple was built during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise with the help of Greek craftsmen.
The cathedral was made of red brick, alternating with pink cement.
Many domes are the hallmark of St. Sophia Cathedral. One large and twelve smaller domes symbolize Christ and his twelve disciples.
The abundance of spans and arches of various types is an essential feature of the premises of the St. Sophia Cathedral.
The spans and arches seem to "rhyme" with each other, grow, expand and end in the vast space under the dome with a huge triumphal arch framing the altar.
Inside the building, the dome was perceived not as the largest volume, but as the highest space, as the main source of light.
Inside the cathedral, high in the center under the very dome, Christ the Almighty is depicted
The grandiose figure of the Mother of God (praying), who raised her hands to her Divine son in prayer for the human race, is located in the apse.
Eucharist
Above the altar, as a prototype of the liturgy taking place in the church, it is depicted how the apostles with outstretched hands approach the altar; Christ gives them wine and bread.
The main images of St. Sophia Cathedral are made in mosaics and are concentrated in the central, most ceremonial and luminous part of the temple.
Mosaics depicting the church fathers are distinguished by an exceptional subtlety of colorful shades. Radiant colors bring something light to these austere images.
Christ the Mother of God
Gregory the Wonderworker Gregory of Nyssa
Archangel
Annunciation
Mary's presentation of the purple for the temple veil
Jacob's single combat with the archangel Michael.
In the painting of the temple, along with sacred persons and events, he found a place for himself. real worldthat surrounded the person. Family of Yaroslav the Wise
Emperor and courtiers.
Check yourself: 1. Name the year of adoption of Christianity in Russia. 2. During the reign of which prince was this structure built?
3 State the number of domes of Hagia Sophia and what they symbolize.
What is the name of the image data and where is it located? 4.5.
6 In what technique are the main images of St. Sophia Cathedral made and where are they concentrated? 7 Indicate the name of the fresco.
Resources used: E.P. Lvov, N.N. Fomina “World Art Culture. From inception to the 17th century ”Essays on history. - M .: Peter, 2007. L. Lyubimov "The Art of the Ancient World" - M .: Enlightenment, 1980. N.N. Kutsman "Elective course Culture of the Ancient World". - Volgograd "Coryphaeus", 2001. Yu.E. Galushkina "World Art Culture". - Volgograd: Teacher, 2007. Magazine "Art" No. 7 1993. T.G. Grushevskaya "MHK Dictionary" - Moscow: "Academy", 2001. A.I. Nemirovsky. "Book to read on history Of the ancient world", 2000. Central educational center "World art culture 10-11 grades" CJSC "Infostudio Econ". COR "Culturology" CJSC "New Disc". Central ORC "MHC from its inception to the 17th century" Publishing house "Peter".
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Guided tour of the Athens Acropolis
Athenian Acropolis (V century BC) Acropolis - the upper city of the Athenian Acropolis stood on a high sheer cliff, rising 150 m above sea level. It is the compositional center of the city, stretching at its foot. Its creators were architects who worked under the direction of the sculptor Phidias. Phidias dedicated 16 years of his life to the Acropolis. Here his creative and organizational abilities were fully developed, and the talent of the sculptor reached maturity
Pericles The heyday of the main center of Athenian culture, the Acropolis, is associated with Pericles, who ruled at that time in Athens. He was a highly educated person, a generally recognized leader athenian democracy Pericles united the best minds of Hellas around him: his friends were the philosopher Anaxagoras, the artist Polycletus and the sculptor Phidias
Feast of the Great Panathenaeus The compositional design of the Acropolis ensemble is associated with the Panathenaean celebrations and the procession to the Acropolis of the Athenians. This gift was a sign of the resurrection of the goddess Athena. The holiday was accompanied by equestrian and gymnastic competitions, competitions of singers and musicians.
Reconstruction of the Acropolis
The Propylaea The Propylaea is the solemn, main entrance. It was built by the architect Mnesicles in 437-432 BC. They are two Doric porticoes, one of which faces the city, and the other, to the top of the Acropolis. On the left, the propylaea adjoined the Pinacoteca - an art gallery that housed paintings, memorial marble slabs and dedications to the gods
Temple of Nika Apteros To the right of the Propylae was a tiny, graceful, light temple of Nika Apteros (wingless) - the goddess of Victory.It was built by Callicrates in 427-424 BC. Inside the temple was a wingless statue of the goddess. There is a legend according to which this goddess brought victory to the Greeks over the Persians, and then the inhabitants of the city did not want to part with her. Depicting her wingless, they felt that the goddess would never be able to leave their city.
The statue of Athena Promachos (warrior) Having passed the Propylaea, we find ourselves on the top of a leveled rock, turned into a square. In the center of the square stood a huge 17-meter bronze statue of Athena Promachos, patronizing Athens and the Greek people. The stern and formidable goddess leans on a spear with her right hand, and held a shield with her left. This statue was clearly visible from all sides of the city, and even from the sea. Now the square is empty, because the statue was destroyed in the 13th century. superstitious crusader knights
Parthenon The composition of the Acropolis is based on the principle of asymmetry, the principle of free panorama. Therefore, the statue of Athena was placed to the left of the main axis of the Pripilis, and the famous Parthenon was displaced to the right.The Parthenon Temple is dedicated to Athena Parthenos (virgin) Built by architects Ictinus and Callicrates Built from golden-pink Pentellian marble
According to its plan, the Parthenon is a Doric peripter - 8x17 columns 10.5 m high. The temple is harmonious, thanks to the combination of the properties of two orders - Doric and Ionic. The outer columns were of the Doric order, the walls of the Temple itself were crowned with a continuous Ionic frieze
Inside, the building is divided into two equal parts. The treasury of the Athenian Maritime Union was kept in the western wing, and in the eastern part on a high pedestal stood the famous statue of Athena Parthenos Athena Parthenos, the last statue by Phidias. He worked on it for 10 years. The height of the statue is 12 meters. It had a wooden base covered with gold and ivory. Athena had a helmet with a sphinx and winged horses on her head, and an aegis with a mask of Medusa Gargon on her chest. In her right hand she held a two-meter goddess Nika, and in her left - a shield. On the outside of the shield, the battle between the Greeks and the Amazons was depicted. At the feet of Athena, an owl is a symbol of wisdom, and on the left is a serpent, personifying Erechfey, the most ancient deity of Attica. The majestically falling folds of her clothes resembled the grooves of slender columns - flutes in the 5th century. AD the statue of Athena was taken to Constantinople by a Byzantine emperor, and there, 100 years later, she died in a fire
Outside, the Parthenon was decorated with scenes of fierce battles (from mythological plots). Inside, a relief frieze of the Parthenon wrapped around the entire building. On a marble tape 160 meters long and 1 meter high, a solemn procession of the inhabitants of Athens on the day of the Great Panathenae was depicted. It had no equal in world art in its harmony, fusion of forms and beauty of rhythm.
The Erechtheion The Erechtheion is a small Ionic temple built in 421-405 BC. The temple is dedicated to the goddess Athena and the mythical king Erechtheus and named after him. According to legend, it was here that the dispute between Athena and Poseidon over the right to own Attica took place. The composition of the temple is very complex. It is built on an uneven area of \u200b\u200ba rocky slope, it has three porticoes that are completely different in size and shape
Whichever side we approach this temple, from everywhere it meets us with a new, unexpected composition of the facade, asymmetry of angles.In one of the porticoes, the role of columns is played by the barks - figures of girls Statues of caryatids are organically combined with architecture. They fulfill a constructive role, replacing the columns, and at the same time look great against the background of the marble wall of the temple.
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Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk CULTURE OF RUSSIA XVI century
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk FEATURES OF RUSSIAN CULTURE XVI century. the once mighty cultural centers and schools ceased to exist. This was the result of the completed process of the formation of a single state. Moscow, having become an all-Russian center of culture, gathered the best masters from all lands. The religious worldview continued to be the only one, and therefore determined the direction of the spiritual life of society in the 16th century. In the XVI century. a nationwide culture was formed, which was formed on the basis of those traditions that developed and improved in traditional centers that retained the originality characteristic of each area.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk WRITING AND PRINTING. The main material for writing is paper. They brought her from Italy, France, German states, Poland. Book writing centers - monasteries. Written documents have appeared. The chronicle continues.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk 1563 - the first printing house in Moscow.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-school №3 Krasnoufimsk The first printer in Russia - Ivan Fedorov. 1564 - the beginning of book printing in Russia. Assistant - Pyotr Mstislavets. The first printed book, published in Russia, was "Apostle" (1564). 1565 - "Book of Hours" - a collection of daily prayers. The Russian primer was published in 1574 in Lithuania. A total of 20 books were published in the 16th century.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-secondary school №3 Krasnoufimsk Literature. chronicles "Facial chronicle collection" (Nikon's chronicle). chronographs historical stories: "Kazan capture", "On the walk of Stefan Batory to the city of Pskov" journalism: - in the letters of hegumen Philotheus to the Grand Duke Vasily III, the thesis "Moscow is the third Rome" was finally formulated. - Ivan Peresvetov: the ideal of the state structure is a strong autocratic power based on the nobility. Prince Andrei Kurbsky: advocated the limitation of the tsar's power (corresponded with Ivan the Terrible). Priest Yermolai: advocated the establishment of firm norms of peasant duties. Theodosius the Kosoy: spoke about the equality of all people.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-secondary school №3 Krasnoufimsk "DOMOSTROY" author priest Sylvester. mid-16th century: A set of everyday rules and instructions based on patriarchal orders with unquestioning obedience to the head of the family. ... "MINEA CHET'I" (Greek - daily readings) - a collection of biographies of the church fathers, the lives of saints for daily reading. Compiled under the leadership of Metropolitan Macarius in the 30-40s. XVI century, includes 12 volumes, each of which corresponds to a specific month and is divided by day. The Menaion Chetya has 27 thousand ornamented handwritten pages.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk ARCHITECTURE. Completion of the construction of the Moscow Kremlin ensemble: Not only the best Russian, but also Italian masters took part in its creation: Pietro Antonio Solari, Aristotle Fioravanti, Mark Fryazin (Ruffo), Aleviz Novy. At this time, the architectural ensemble of Cathedral Square was formed
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-secondary school №3 Krasnoufimsk Archangel Cathedral 1505-1508 was until the beginning of the XVIII century. the burial vault of Moscow princes and kings, architect Aleviz Novy Here lie the great princes Ivan Kalita, Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan III, Ivan the Terrible, Tsars Mikhail and Alexei Romanov. The relics of the saints are kept in the reliquaries - Prince Mikhail of Chernigov and Saint Tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, who was killed in Uglich.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk Ivan the Great bell tower 1505-1508 Architect Bon Fryazin. A tall, slender pillar of two octahedrons placed one on one (resembled Russian watchtowers). 1624 - Filaretovskaya extension of architect. Bazhen Ogurtsov. 1532 - belfry for heavy bells. Arch. Petrok Small.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk in the XVI appeared in the tent style. Temples were crowned with a tent. Tent - completion of centric structures (bell towers, towers, temples, porches, gates) in the form of a tetrahedral pyramid or a cone. Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye. Built in 1532, in honor of the birth of the heir to Vasily III - the future Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Height of about 62 m with a cross The building is built of bricks, almost all architectural details are made of white stone. The tent is made of bricks, with a slight indentation of each subsequent row in relation to the previous one. “... Be that velmi chyudna high and high, such has not been before in Russia,” the chronicler wrote.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-secondary school №3 Krasnoufimsk St. Basil's Cathedral. (Intercession Cathedral). 1555-1561. ... architects Barma and Postnik was built in honor of the capture of Kazan by the Russian troops. At first, the cathedral was painted white, and only in the 17th century it received a motley color. The connection by passages and galleries of nine different pillar-like temples symbolized the unification of lands and principalities into a single Russian state.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk Smolensk Kremlin end of XVI century architect Fyodor Kon. ... "Necklace of the Russian land"
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk PAINTING. Iconography: Icon-painting "Militant Church" Size 4 meters. Purpose: to immortalize in art the conquest of the Kazan Khanate. book miniature: Gosudarev Council miniature of the 16th century.
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk PAINTING. Fresco painting of the frescoes of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, made by an artel of artists headed by Theodosius. The Last Judgment - fresco of the Annunciation Cathedral
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk PAINTING. Fresco painting Annunciation Cathedral, fresco "Trinity
Kulyashova I.P. history teacher MOU-SOSH №3 Krasnoufimsk Monument of Russian copper foundry: Tsar Cannon - 1594 master: Andrey Chokhov the largest cannon in the world. weight - 40 tons, gun caliber -89 cm, barrel diameter - 120 cm, gun length - 5.5 meters. This gigantic weapon could fire stone cannonballs weighing over 800 kilograms. Andrey Chokhov, called it a "cannon", in the old days this weapon was often called the "Russian shotgun", because it had to shoot with "shot" (buckshot).
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Russian culture of the 18th century
"The Age of Reason and Enlightenment" - this is how the great thinkers of the 18th century, the heralds of new revolutionary ideas, spoke of their time. Introduction
The intensive growth of Russian culture in the 18th century was largely due to major transformations in all areas of the life of Russian society, carried out in the era of Peter I. The political and cultural achievements of Peter the Great contributed to the strengthening of the people's sense of national pride, consciousness of the greatness and power of the Russian state. Peter's reforms contributed to the economic and political rise of the state. Enlightenment advanced a lot, which had a great impact on further development culture.
Education
On the verge of the 19th century. in Russia there were 550 educational institutions and 62 thousand students. These figures show the rise in literacy in Russia and, at the same time, its lag in comparison with Western Europe: in England at the end of the 18th century. there were more than 250 thousand students in Sunday schools alone, and in France the number of primary schools in 1794 reached 8 thousand. In Russia, on average, only two out of a thousand studied. The social composition of students in general education schools was extremely variegated. The children of artisans, peasants, artisans, soldiers, sailors, etc., predominated in the public schools. The age composition of the students was also not the same - both children and 22-year-old men studied in the same classes.
In Russia in the 18th century, there were 3 types of schools: soldiers' schools, closed noble educational institutions, theological seminaries and schools. training of specialists was carried out through universities - Academic, established in 1725 at the Academy of Sciences and existing until 1765, Moscow, founded in 1755 on the initiative of Lomonosov, and Vilensky, which was formally opened only in 1803, but in fact acted as a university since the 80s of the 18th century.
Soldiers' schools Soldiers' schools are general education schools for soldiers' children, successors and successors of the digital schools of Peter the Great's time. Soldiers' children made up the bulk of the students at Moscow and St. Petersburg universities. National military schools, opened in the second half of the 18th century, also belonged to the soldier type. in the North Caucasus (Kizlyar, Mozdok and Yekaterinograd).
Closed noble educational institutions Closed noble educational institutions are private boarding schools, gentry buildings, institutes for noble maidens, etc. There are more than 60 educational institutions in total, where about 4.5 thousand noble children studied. Estates educational institutions were also noble boarding schools - private and state: the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, the Noble Boarding House at Moscow University, etc. These educational institutions enjoyed the greatest financial support government.
Theological seminaries and schools There were 66 of them, 20 393 people studied in them. These were also estate schools for the children of the clergy; commoners were not accepted in them. The main task of these schools was to prepare priests devoted to the church and the king, but the pupils of the seminaries received a general education and often became the guides of literacy in their parishes.
Typography
In the 18th century, the book publishing business grew considerably. In 1708, a font reform was carried out, civil printing was introduced, which contributed to the increase in secular and civil books and magazines. Libraries were organized, bookstores were opened. Extensive book publishing activity has greatly accelerated the development of literature. The introduction of the civil language helped to strengthen the secular language.
Literature
At this time, poetic works were very popular - odes, fables, epigrams of the Russian poet and educator Antiochus Cantemir (1708-1744). The poet V.K. Trediakovsky (1703-1768) became a reformer of the Russian language and versification. The founder of Russian drama was A.P. Sumarokov (1717-1777), poet, author of the first comedies and tragedies, director of the Russian theater in St. Petersburg. He wrote in different genres: lyric songs, odes, epigrams, satire, fables. The ideas of Russian classicism are reflected in the works of these writers.
Last quarter of the 18th century was the heyday of the work of the great poet G.R. Derzhavin (1743-1816). The main genre of his works was an ode. Russian manners and customs were expressed in his social comedies "Brigadier" and "Minor" DI Fonvizin. His comedies laid the foundation for the accusatory realistic direction in literature. The founder of Russian sentimentalism was N.M. Karamzin (1766-1826), the author of the stories "Poor Liza", "The Village" and others. Karamzin's main work is "History of the Russian State".
Architecture
The seventeenth century ends the 700-year period of ancient Russian stone construction, which added more than one remarkable page to the chronicle of world architecture. In the Peter's era, innovations were introduced in architecture and construction, due to the government's requirements to express the strength, power and greatness of the Russian Empire in architectural structures. With the political and economic development of the country, new requirements are imposed on civil construction.
The most notable buildings of that time in Moscow were the Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge, the Arsenal in the Kremlin, etc. In 1749 Ukhtomsky organized the first Russian Architectural School in Moscow, in which V.P. Bazhenov and M.F.Kazakov studied under his leadership.
In 1700, Russia launched the Northern War against Sweden in order to liberate Russian lands and return the Neva coast to Russia. Access to the Baltic Sea was opened for Russia. It was only necessary to secure and secure it. On May 27, 1703, according to the drawing of Peter I and military engineers, a fortress of a new bastion type was laid - the Peter and Paul Fortress. On the southern bank of the Neva, almost opposite the Peter and Paul Fortress, in 1704, according to the drawing of Peter I, a shipyard-fortress was laid - the Admiralty.
The epicenter of advanced trends in architecture and urban planning of St. Petersburg. Under the protection of three interacting fortresses, its construction began, which became the new capital of Russia in 1712. The placement of town-forming structures was carried out according to the instructions of Peter I. Since 1710, only brick houses began to be built. Because qualified specialists were not enough, then in 1710 were invited: Italians, Germans, Dutch. They had to not only build, but also prepare Russian architects from the students who worked with them.
The Russian baroque, which gravitated towards the creation of heroic images, towards the glorification of the power of the Russian Empire, was most clearly manifested in the architectural structures of one of the largest architects of this trend, FB Rastrelli. According to his designs, magnificent palace ensembles were created in St. Petersburg (Winter, Stroganov Palace, and in Peterhof, in Tsarskoe Selo (Catherine Palace). The solemn, festive nature of Rastrelli's architecture left an imprint on all the art of the Mid-18th century.
In the 1760s, a change in the architectural and artistic style took place in Russia. Decorative baroque gave way to classicism, which quickly established itself in St. Petersburg and Moscow, and then spread throughout the country. Classicism (from Latin - exemplary) is an artistic style that develops through the creative borrowing of forms, compositions and samples of art from the ancient world and the era of the Italian Renaissance.
In December 1762, a commission on the stone structure of St. Petersburg and Moscow was established to guide the widespread urban planning activities. Created to regulate the development of both capitals, she soon began to manage all urban planning in the country. The commission functioned until 1796. In addition to regulating the planning of St. Petersburg and Moscow, the commission for 34 years has created master plans for 24 cities (Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Tomsk, Pskov, Voronezh, Vitebsk and others).
In XVIII Russia, architectural creations were created, which are the property of not only Russia, but the whole world. Some of them, namely: V. I. Bazhenov - construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace and the building of colleges on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin. and still one of the most perfect work of all Russian classicism at the end of the 18th century. Creation of a suburban royal palace and park residence in the village of Tsaritsyno near Moscow. The Pashkov House, now the old building of the Lenin Library, is still one of the most perfect works of all Russian classicism of the late 18th century. The completion of Bazhenov's work was the project of the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg.
The most important progressive traditions of Russian architecture, which are of great importance for the practice of late architecture, are ensemble and town planning art. Architecture was transformed in time, but nevertheless, some of the features of Russian architecture existed and developed over the centuries, maintaining their traditional stability until the 20th century, when the cosmopolitan essence of imperialism did not gradually wear them out.
art
This is the heyday of portraiture. The most famous artists of Peter's time - Andrei Matveev and Ivan Nikitin - were the founders of Russian secular painting. By the end of the 1920s, a turning point was outlined towards the court direction of painting. The best portrait painters of the 18th century. - A.P. Antropov, F.S.Rokotov, D.T. Levitsky, V.L. Borovikovsky. The classical direction in sculpture was represented by Fyodor Shubin, Mikhail Kozlovsky. At the end of the 18th century. formed one of the richest art collections in the world - the Hermitage. It is based on a private collection of paintings by Catherine II.
In the 18th century. the development of the theater continued. New theaters were opened, performances were staged based on the plays of Russian authors - Sumarokov, Fonvizin. Ballet in Russia was born as separate dance numbers in the intermissions of drama and opera performances. In 1741, a Russian ballet troupe was established by order of Peter's daughter Elizabeth. The serf theater continued to develop. The history of the theater includes the names of serf actors Praskovya Zhemchugova, Mikhail Shchepkin and others. In the 18th century, the theater gained immense popularity and became the property of the broad masses.
In the 18th century. secular musical art begins to spread. The Philharmonic Society was created, in which ancient and classical music was performed, a composition school was formed, Russian composers appeared - authors of opera and chamber music. Peter's era marked the beginning of the development of secular music of a new type. The creativity of this time is still very insignificant: it is limited mainly to the simplest genres of applied music - military, drinking, dance. The new function of musical art is especially fully manifested in the genres of ceremonial, solemn music.
Dance genres were especially popular. The dances of the Petrine assemblies - minuet, polonaise, anglaise - were firmly rooted in Russian soil, and some of them, primarily the minuet, became beloved in noble society. TO musical artDespite class restrictions, ever wider sections of the population are drawn, and even representatives of the serf class now constitute almost the main group of professional musicians. By the end of the 18th century, one can speak of fully established, stable national traditions in the field of musical performance, opera theater, and concert life.
Opera became the leading musical genre. The leading opera composer of that time was D.S.Bortnyansky - the author of about 200 works. At the end of the century, a genre of chamber lyric song appeared - a Russian romance based on verses by Russian poets. The opera attracts both a wide audience and the best creative forces. The opera evokes a lively response in public opinion, poetry, literature and criticism. With great spontaneity and completeness, it reflects the advanced, democratic tendencies of Russian art. In the opera, as in the comedy, the most acute, fundamental problems of Russian reality were touched upon, and first of all the question of social inequality, of the difficult, disenfranchised position of the serf peasantry.
Russian opera of the 18th century is, first of all, a realistic everyday comedy opera, closely connected with the entire structure of Russian social life. Opera, with all the complexity and diversity of its forms, nourished all Russian professional music and contributed to the development of other genres. The foundations of both Russian symphony and Russian choral classics were rooted in it. Closely touching folk song and everyday romance, it also influenced professional vocal lyrics. The active development of operatic drama in the 18th century largely predetermined the important role that the opera genre was destined to play in the work of classical composers.
Conclusion
The eighteenth century in the field of culture and life in Russia is a century of deep social contrasts, the rise of education and science. The 18th century was significant for Russia with noticeable changes and significant achievements in the field of art. Its genre structure, content, character, means of artistic expression have changed. And in architecture, and in sculpture, and in painting, and in graphics, Russian art entered the common European path of development.
All directions of culture were developed - education, printing, literature, architecture, fine arts. New literary magazines, fiction, public theater, and secular music appeared. The formation of Russian classicism is underway. The development of culture in the 18th century. prepared a brilliant flourishing of Russian culture of the 19th century, which became an integral part of world culture. However, in contrast to the previous period, the culture was greatly influenced by the nobility, and the dominance of foreigners continued.
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Quiz "At the origins of art" Primitive world Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome……. …… Task: Insert slide numbers in the required column of the table.
I. To what cultural era can these works of art be attributed?
II. What cultural era can these statements be attributed to? Man is the crown of creation, he is like gods. All types of art are united in ritual actions, syncretic. One of the tasks of art is to prepare a person for life after death. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe greatness of an empire, designed to rule over peoples, was embodied in monumental architectural monuments.
III. To what era can these features of art be attributed? Architectural buildings have a strict geometric shape, smooth polished surface, walls are decorated with frescoes and inscriptions describing the life of kings and gods.
III. To what era can these features of art be attributed? 2. Architectural buildings in the form of a basilica, have a large number of columns, walls and facades of buildings are decorated with bas-reliefs and sculptures.
III. To what era can these features of art be attributed? The buildings are made of natural materials, raw stone.
III. To what era can these features of art be attributed? 4. Concrete architectural buildings of huge size, in the form of a rotunda (a round structure covered with a dome) with a large number of arches (arcades).
III. To what era can these features of art be attributed? The image of people, gods and animals is symbolic, flat, and shaped. The size of the image depends on the social status and nobility of the person being portrayed.
III. To what era can these features of art be attributed? 6. The image of real people (generals, emperors) with all the advantages and disadvantages of appearance.
III. To what era can these features of art be attributed? The image of people and animals in action, while hunting. The drawing is flat sketchy.
Stambha Ashoka. III century. BC e. Height 9.8 m In 321 BC e. in India, the first centralized state arose - the Mauryan empire. During the reign of King Ashoka (268-232 BC) Buddhism was adopted as the state religion. Ashoka demonstrated his conversion to Buddhism by vigorously spreading the faith throughout India, from Bengal to Afghanistan, with edicts carved into monumental stone columns. The columns (stambhi) symbolize the axis of the Universe, which connects Heaven and Earth and personifies the World Tree of Life. http://indiapicks.com
Stambha lion capital from Sarnath. Mid-3rd century BC e. Stambha, reaching a height of over 10 meters, is a well-polished stone pillar. The stambhu is crowned with a capital with sculptured images of animals, which means royal offerings to Buddha. The most famous of these is the Lion Capital of Sarnath. According to legend, the pillar carrying this capital was installed in the place where the Buddha delivered his first sermon. The image of the Lion Capital is imprinted on the banknotes of modern India. http://newtown.k12.ct.us
Big stupa in Sanchi. During the reign of King Ashoka, Buddhist memorial and burial structures - stupas - became widespread in the architecture of the Mauryan empire. Unlike other Buddhist buildings that had internal premises and an entrance, the stupa was monolithic and solid en.wikipedia.org
Big stupa in Sanchi. III-II centuries. BC e. (fence of the 2nd century BC, gate of the 1st century BC) en.wikipedia.org One of the oldest surviving stupas was built in Sanchi under the Maurya (c. 250 BC) ... It was later rebuilt and slightly increased in size. The hemispherical dome of the stupa rests on a round base with a terrace running along the entire perimeter. The terrace was intended for a ritual ceremony of worship, which consisted in the fact that the worshipers walked around the stupa in a clockwise direction. On the south side, two symmetrical staircases lead to the terrace.
Big stupa in Sanchi. III-II centuries BC e. (fence of the 2nd century BC, gate of the 1st century BC) en.wikipedia.org At the top of the dome is a column, as if emerging from the core of the stupa. In this, researchers see the continuation of the cult of Ashoka's columns. The central pillar, symbolizing the axis of the universe, is crowned with circular discs and surrounded by a fence of square pillars. Umbrellas represent the heavenly levels or stages of ascent to nirvana. Three umbrellas symbolize three jewels: Buddha, the Law and the monastic community.
Early stupas served as the burial place for the relics of the Buddha himself. There is a legend that Buddha was asked what his tomb should be. The Master spread his cloak on the ground and turned the round begging bowl over it. So the stupa acquired its hemispherical shape. The hemisphere, a symbol of Heaven and infinity, in Buddhism means Buddha's nirvana (that is, his final liberation from the world), as well as the Buddha himself.
archi.1001chudo.ru Big stupa in Sanchi. III-II centuries BC e. According to tradition, the fence around the central pole was supposed to hide it from the worshipers during the ritual round.
Carved gate www.buddhanet.net, www.shunya.net, fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us,
Big stupa in Sanchi. III-II centuries. BC e. (fence of the 2nd century BC, gate of the 1st century BC). West Gate www.greatbuildings.com The stupa itself is also surrounded by a massive fence. Four gates (torans) point to the four cardinal points and with their deeply carved beams and columns represent the main aspects of the teaching; they fascinate the viewer with their stories and paintings
Big stupa in Sanchi. III-II centuries BC e. (fence of the 2nd century BC, gate of the 1st century BC). East gate. Fragment www.greatbuildings.com The relief carvings at Sanchi are bounded by the columns and beams of four gates. Each gate is divided into three sections. In the upper section, consisting of three architraves, a narrative unfolds, which ends in volutes - like stone pages of illustrated manuscripts, once carried from village to village by itinerant storytellers. Despite the closely spaced plots, the deep carving is so skillful that the stories can be seen even from below, from the ground.
The space is filled with human figures, animal figurines (real and fantastic) and Buddhist symbols such as stupa, lotus and tree. The capitals, which are connected to beams and square columns, are surrounded by lions, elephants and dwarfs - their figures violate the flatness of the fence and create a dynamic transition from vertical columns to horizontal beams. The visual connection with the beams is also created using brackets in the form of female figures. Big stupa in Sanchi. III-II centuries. BC e. (fence of the 2nd century BC, gate of the 1st century BC). archi.1001chudo.ru
Big stupa in Sanchi. III-II centuries BC e. (fence of the 2nd century BC, gate of the 1st century BC). Yakshinya from the east gate www.greatbuildings.com This is one of best examples the image of yakshini in Indian art. The naked camp of the tree goddess bends gracefully, her arms reach for the trunk of the mango tree and its lush crown. The woman's movements are light and graceful, the posture is free and natural. The standard of the beauty of a woman and the goddess of fertility are emphatically rounded hips and bust. In general, the shape and decorative elaboration of the figures are borrowed from the movements and positions of the dance, which has always been a source of inspiration for Indian artists.
Chaitya Chaitya is one of the types of Indian Buddhist architecture, which is an elongated hall with two rows of columns and a stupa placed at the rounded end of the hall opposite the entrance (a hemispherical burial, and then a memorial structure). Chaitya in Karli. Incision. www.artprojekt.ru
Chaitya in Karli. 1st century BC e. In the 1st century. BC e. In the cult architecture of India, cave temples - chaityas (mainly in areas where the towering mountain plateaus abruptly break off, creating stepped walls of solid stone with a length of several hundred kilometers) are widely spread. An example of this type of structure is the chaitya in Karli. Two columns towered before the cave. The most important part of the chaitya façade is the huge horseshoe-shaped window, which serves as the main source of light in the temple. www.2india.ru
The interior space vaguely resembles a basilica: the space carved into the rock is divided into three naves, separated from each other by rows of columns with pot-shaped bases and complex capitals (a combination of bell and lotus flower motifs) with a sculptural completion from a group of male and female figures. Chaitya in Karli. 1st century BC e. Interior www.newtown.k12.ct.us
Chaitya relief in Karli. 1st century BC e. The outer façade of the chaitya in Karli is decorated with sculptural reliefs with male and female figures. It is possible that donors are depicted here, with whose funds the temple was built. The couples depicted on the façade of the chaitya personify both the ideals of beauty and two principles in nature - male and female. Their combination gives birth to all life on earth. www.columbia.edu
Ellora Caves The complex of cave temples of Ellora is located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, not far from the city of Aurangobad, and consists of 34 cave temples that were created during the VIII-IX centuries. Ellora's caves are carved into basalt hills. www.tury.ru They are the finest examples of both Indian and world cave-temple architecture, including intricate facades and exquisitely decorated interior interiors. The creation of the caves dates back to around the 6th to the 9th century AD.
The most interesting among other temples of Ellora is the Kailasanatha Temple in Cave 16, which is a colossal monolith with an ornate appearancecarved entirely from a whole hill. It began to be built between 757 and 773 and took 150 years to build. This temple is one of the most complex pieces of architecture in the world. www.tury.ru Kailasanath Temple in Ellora. Mid-8th century The amazing thing about Kailasanatha is that unlike other temples, which were usually built from the bottom up, the sculptors of this temple carved the temple from the top and from the sides.
Kailasanatha temple in Ellora. Mid-8th century During its construction, 200 thousand tons of rock were hollowed out. The temple is dedicated to the god Shiva. The rectangular courtyard of the temple, encircled from the inside by rows of niches with statues of deities, includes the main sanctuary highlighted by a shikhara (pyramidal end) and a multi-pillar hall for worshipers. www.tury.ru This is the world's largest monolithic complex; 7 thousand people took part in its construction. The Kailasanatha Temple is truly grandiose. It occupies an area twice the area of \u200b\u200bthe Parthenon in Athens, and is one and a half times higher in height.
The lower part of the temple is carved in the form of an eight-meter high base. In its center there are monumental sculptures of elephants and lions about three meters high, as if holding the weight of the temple building on their backs. This idea of \u200b\u200ba huge structure resting on the backs of elephants and lions is mythological and symbolic - after all, the world, as is known from ancient legends, stands on three elephants. Only elephants in Kailasanatha are much more ... clubs.ya.ru Kailasanatha temple in Ellora. Mid-8th century
Relief from a cave temple in Ellora. VIII-X centuries. The temple complexes of Ellora (VI-X centuries) are famous for wall bas-relief compositions with images of Buddhist and Brahman gods and mythological heroes. Compared with the canonical figures of the Buddha, which became characterized by the stiffness and dryness of forms, the images of the Brahman gods are plastically juicy, filled with intense dynamics. www.shunya.net
The caves and temples of Ellora are included by UNESCO in the list of monuments that are the world heritage (heritage) of human civilization.
Three-faced Shiva Mahadeva from the temple on the island of Elephanta Three faces of Shiva symbolize his threefold essence: Creator, Protector and Destroyer. www.vedanta.it
Red Fort, or Lal Kila The Red Fort, or Lal Kila, is one of the greatest and most famous monuments in India. It is located in the capital of Delhi on the banks of the Yamuna River. Built of red stone, it amazes with its beauty, grandeur and inaccessibility. The Red Fort, or Lal Qila, is no less beautiful than the Taj Mahal and owes its name to the red sandstone from which its walls are built. Facade of the Lal Qila fortress in Delhi. “If there is a paradise in the world, it is here, it is here,” says the inscription on the arch of the Kala-a-Mubrak hall. In these words of the Persian poet Amir Khosrov, the plan of the architects of Shah-Jahan is expressed - to build a citadel in the image and likeness of paradise described in the Koran ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lal-Qila
The fort owes its appearance to the great Shah Jahan, who also built the famous Taj Mahal. Construction began on April 16, 1639 and was completed exactly 9 years later on April 16, 1648. wordtravel.com.ua Red Fort, or Lal Qila Shah Jahan decided to move the capital of the state from Agra to Delhi, and it was the Red Fort that became his residence in the new capital. Shah Jahan remained in history as a great patron of the arts and the founder of the dynasty.
The "Red Fort" of the Shah Jahan times housed 3,000 courtiers. The building was the first stronghold of the Mughal era, conceived in the form of an irregular octagon, which later became a feature of the architectural style of this dynasty. ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lal-Kila www.hot-putevki.ru/india sightseen.turistua.com/ru/gallery Red Fort, or Lal Kila The building material was bricks faced with ceramics or red marble.
Palace of the Winds. Jaipur The most famous attraction in Jaipur is the Hawa Mahal or "Palace of the Winds". This five-story building with 590 windows and balconies was used as a harem for the wives and concubines of the Rajas of Jaipur. www.hot-putevki.ru/india The interior of the palace is interesting, where almost every room does not exceed the width of the window.
Hawa Mahal or Palace of the Winds. Jaipur. Hawa Mahal or Palace of the Winds has become the symbol of Jaipur. This building, made of pink stone and decorated with columns and balconies, was built in 1799. Hawa Mahal is part of the city's palace complex www.hot-putevki.ru/india
Maharaja's palace. Jaipur City Palace, part of which is open to the public as a museum, the other part is still occupied by the royal family.