Score for oge presentation. What is Concise Summary? The examinee did not use text compression techniques

And now about how to write the presentation of the OGE.
Recommended algorithm for writing a presentation.

1) Start recording the first time you listen. Write not automatically, but listen attentively to the meaning, try to immediately highlight the main and paramount, follow the announcer's thought.

2) Do not try to write everything down, focus on specific words and follow the text with the speaker. Try to keep up. To do this, make gaps, which will fit the missing words. That is, if you did not have time to write down three words, then there should be a place for these words in your draft. This does not mean that all three words will get there, but it is better to leave space for them. The next time you listen, you will be able to understand on which words and parts of the sentence you need to focus your attention.

3) What you need to record during 1 listening:
-grammatical basis (subject and predicate sentences)
-beginning of a sentence with a capital letter
-other words important for understanding the meaning of the sentence

What does NOT need to be recorded:
-introductory words
-long participles and adverbs
-synonyms
-repeats

4) Highlight sentence boundaries... Ideally, capitalize the first word of the sentence. This is necessary so that the two sentences of your abstract do not turn into one with a completely different meaning.

5) Be sure to use abbreviations, but you need to use them correctly. For example, if you abbreviate the phrase "autumn leaf fall" like this: "o.l." you cannot understand anything later. Correct abbreviation is to capture the root of the word and its ending.

Correct abbreviation: "purposeful" \u003d "purposeful"
Incorrect abbreviation: "int." - such a word can be interpreted as you like.

*** As a rule, some words are repeated throughout the entire text, you can write such a word once, and then use only the first letter. This only applies to key, thematic words. For example, the text is about beauty. The word beauty is in almost every sentence. It will be enough to write this word once.
Be sure to practice your ability to shorten words.

6) After the first listening, you will have 3-5 minutes (s) to work with the draft. At this time, it is important to add abbreviations and, if memory permits, write in words that you can remember. You have to be very careful here, write only what you are sure of. You can mark the places in your draft where it is fundamentally important to restore the words: where you cannot remember a word at all, but it is important for understanding the sentence. They can also be names of something, names or terms.

7) On the second listening, write down important words in the places of the omissions. You can also use rational abbreviations this time. During the second listening, you also don't need to write irrelevant information, introductory constructions and a bunch of lexical repetitions. Remember to keep your presentation concise.

8) Once again restore all the abbreviations and read the resulting text carefully. You will surely find something that can be shortened, simplified or condensed, but do not overdo it, as the volume of presentation should be at least 70 words.

9) Rewrite the presentation, while creating a full-fledged text, check it for errors and you can safely rewrite it into a clean copy, not forgetting about paragraph division.

Be sure to practice, there is a section on our website

How to compress text correctly, what a micro theme is and why know if you are visual or audial.

Foxford Media

In the first part of the OGE in the Russian language, you need to write a summary. On the exam, an audio recording is included twice, in which the actor reads a short text of about 150 words from three paragraphs. The first time - for acquaintance, the second time - to consolidate what you heard. The audio recording lasts 2.5–3 minutes. Between readings, give another 3-4 minutes to comprehend the text and work with the notes in the draft. After the second listening, students begin to write a presentation.

Perception types

People perceive information in different ways. There are visuals who assimilate it visually: in order to understand the text, they read it. And there are auditors who easily perceive the text by ear.

What type of perception you have depends on what you do while listening to the audio recording.

If you are a visualist, immediately write your abstract into a draft. Never mind when they say “listen first” on the exam. Do as it is convenient - after all, it will be easier for you to work with the written text later.

If you are an auditor, listen carefully to the audio recording first. Even when everyone around you rushes to take notes in drafts, do not write anything: sit and listen. To record what you hear, you will have a break between readings.

If you cannot determine your type of perception, ask someone to read two texts to you. With the first, work like a visual: write down the theses immediately while reading. First listen to the second text, and then write down everything that you remember by ear. Then see how you enjoyed the job better, and stick to that strategy throughout your preparation and the exam itself.

Stages of work on the presentation

1. First reading.

Visuals: Record what you hear immediately. It is best to do this by shortening words and leaving large spaces between lines. Do not spare paper: you will be given as many drafts as you need.

Audials: mentally highlight the most important in the text and divide it into semantic parts in order to understand what each of them is talking about. It is also worth immediately determining the main topic of the text.

2. Break between readings.

Visuals: add abbreviated words and run your eyes over what is written to realize what this text is about.

Audials: Write down the reference words, leaving large spaces between them. Try to compose immediately detailed plan text. Highlight the micro-themes of each of the three parts and formulate 1-2 sentences, which contain the main idea each paragraph.

3. Second reading.

Visuals: write in the spaces left that you did not write the first time. It doesn't matter if there is room left: this is still a draft.

Audials: flesh out the first impression of the text and, if possible, supplement the outline of the text. Pay attention to the logic of the author's reasoning and compare it with your plan: select the key words and correlate paragraphs with them.

4. Proofreading the draft: Find micro themes, plan, and separate the main information from the background information.

Put together everything you wrote and draft a condensed summary. Pay attention to the highlighted micro-themes: they should be connected and together make up a logical text. Then read what happened.

5. Compression of the text: shorten what is written.

The presentation should be at least 70 words. Restrictions on maximum number no, but if the text is large, you will be deducted from the compression criteria. Therefore, re-read the text and think about how else you can shorten it. Then make final corrections and additions.

6. Work on the composition of the presentation: re-read the text a third time.

Your text should have three paragraphs. One micro theme - one paragraph. If there are fewer or more of them, you will be deducted points. Check the draft twice, take your time. If the text is read in one breath and without hesitation, then you have a good presentation.

7. Correcting the content: correct mistakes and shortcomings, check spelling and punctuation.

Underline any words that you doubt the spelling. Take a spelling dictionary and check them. On the exam, a dictionary must be provided, and you have the right to use it.

8. Rewriting the clean copy on the blank.

At this stage, we advise you to postpone your text and move on to the test or essay, and return to the first part at the end of the exam. So you have time to take a break from the presentation and look at it more distantly. Allow at least one hour to rewrite the presentation and essay in a clean copy, as well as to check what has been written.

Evaluation criteria

For presentation you can get a maximum of 7 points. To earn them, you must look at your work like an expert. To do this, check it according to the following criteria.

Microthemes. A topic is what the text says. And it usually unfolds through several small subtopics.

The micro theme is the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe paragraph, it reveals one problem. Your presentation should have three micro themes and, accordingly, three paragraphs.

The first criterion for assessing the presentation on the OGE

Compression of text. Your presentation should not be verbose and detailed. To shorten it, use three compression methods:

1. An exception repetitions of words, homogeneous members, participial and adverbial expressions, introductory words.

“The stones of the Kremlin can sound. Each wall and dome has a special sound, and all together they merge into a heroic symphony performed by a huge orchestra from the trumpets of the Kremlin's golden domes. " → "Each stone, wall, dome of the Kremlin has its own sound, which merges into a single heroic symphony."

2. Replacement words synonyms or other parts of speech. For example, several nouns can be replaced with one pronoun.

"Men and women, old people and teenagers came out to guard their hometown." → "All residents went to the protection of their hometown."

3. Merge several sentences into one.

“A vocation is a small sprout of talent that has turned into a strong, mighty tree on the fertile soil of hard work. Without diligence, without self-education, this little sprout can dry out on the vine. " → "A vocation is a little sprout of talent that can dry up without diligence."

• sequence of presentation;
• three micro themes in three paragraphs;
• keywords.

What can be excluded when compressing text:

• examples, proofs, details, lyrical digressions;
• generalizing words and sentences;
• homogeneous members;
• repetitions;
• direct speech - we transmit it indirectly;
• a lengthy description of nature, feelings and moods.

The first paragraph is most difficult to condense because it is better remembered and students write it down in detail. And the last paragraph is forgotten, so it is shortened well. Be sure to check the first paragraph of your presentation.

The second criterion for assessing the presentation on the OGE

Splitting paragraphs. Each paragraph should have a complete thought.

Semantic integrity, speech coherence and consistency of presentation	Points
- there are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not broken, - there are no violations of the paragraph division of the text in the work.	2
The examinee's work is characterized by semantic integrity, verbal coherence and consistency of presentation: but 1 logical error was made and / or there is 1 violation of the paragraph division of the text in the work.	1
In the work of the examinee, a communicative intention is visible, but more than 1 logical error was made and / or there are 2 cases of violation of the paragraph division of the text.	0

The third criterion for assessing the presentation on the OGE

How to prepare

The FIPI website has open bank assignments with audio recordings that will be on the exam. Open the materials and practice writing statements. Perhaps one of these texts will come across to you on the OGE.

For example, take this text. Listen carefully two times and write down the micro themes and keywords. Then check this table:

	Microthemes	Keywords
1	Kindness is the basis of a person's spiritual beauty, and one should not be ashamed of it.	Question - answers, kind, spiritual beauty.
2	Good feelings should be brought up from childhood along with the knowledge of the value of life.	Caring, being brought up in childhood, the value of life, actions in the name of good.
3	Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. The path of good is the only true path of life for a person.	The path of goodness. In a world full of evil. Useful for people and society.

Write a summary and double check it. Check if it meets all the criteria:

• all three micro-themes were transferred;
• all three micro themes are condensed;
• the text is clearly divided into three paragraphs;
• no logical errors.

The more statements you write and check, the more comfortable you will feel on the exam.

The greatest excitement for ninth graders is the first exams in their life. Main state exam - This is a test of the knowledge of students for the course of basic school, after which the question is decided: is it worth continuing education in grades 10 and 11 or entering a secondary vocational institution. One of the main compulsory subjects in grade 9 (along with mathematics) is the Russian language. All graduates of the current 2018-2019 academic year will have to take the OGE in the Russian language of the 2019th academic year. To successfully cope with this exam, you must now sit down to textbooks and start preparing.

News about the OGE in Russian

The developers of the control and measuring materials for the Russian language exam have not made any changes to the structure and content over the past few years.

Oral part

The only innovation that emerged in the 2017-2018 academic year is. Last year, this type of exam was approbation and did not affect the admission of ninth-graders to the remaining exams.

The graduate is given 15 minutes for an oral answer, during which he must complete 4 tasks:

1. Expressively read the proposed text about an outstanding person of the Russian Federation.
2. Retell this text and include a quotation in it.
3. Choose one of the tasks and create a text built as one of the types of speech (description of a photograph, narration of an incident in life, reasoning on the topic given in the ticket).
4. Enter into a dialogue with the teacher-examiners and answer the questions posed to them.

In the current 2019, the guys should try and successfully cope with a new type of certification for them. Moreover, there are stages of retake:

1. Second working Wednesday in March.
2. The first working Monday in May.

The total number of points for completing all the work is 19.

The examinee receives a credit if he scored 10 or more points for the performance of the work. Evaluation criteria are included with the demo.

The structure of the OGE in Russian

The ticket structure includes tasks covering all types of language skills:

• first, the student will need to write a presentation based on audio text;
• then solve 13 more tasks, giving a short answer;
• in the last part, as in the first, there is only one task - an essay for which you need to choose one topic out of the three suggested in the ticket.

However, ninth-graders have the opportunity to write their answers as competently as possible - they will be given spelling dictionaries.

Concise summary

The children will be asked to listen to the audio text 2 times with a five-minute break to write a compressed presentation.

Councils for ninth graders.

1. When writing down the text in the draft, make large indents between the lines so that later there is room for the rest of the thoughts of the text.
2. When listening to the text for the first time, try to write down the main points of each paragraph. Reduce words to the extent that they can be understood.
3. In between listening, restore more fully those thoughts that you managed to record.
4. On the second listening, write down the missing thoughts to help create coherent text.
5. Read what you have done and rewrite the text on another sheet.
6. Check if all three paragraphs are logically related.
7. Reread the text for speech errors.
8. Check the summary for spelling errors.
9. Check punctuation and grammar.
10. Re-read the result again and only then start rewriting to a clean copy - to a form.

Do not forget that the exam is allowed to use the spelling dictionary!

Test part

There are 13 test items in Russian. They represent tasks in the following sections of the Russian language:

Job No.	Topic
2	Ability to extract information from the read text
3	Expressive language
4	Spelling prefixes
5	Spelling suffixes
6	Replacing the spoken word with a stylistically neutral synonym
7	Replacing a phrase of one type of relationship with another
8 and 11	Working with the grammatical basis of a sentence
9	Standalone members of the proposal
10	Appeals and introductory words
12	Compositional and subordinate connection in a complex sentence
13	Types of subordination of clauses in a complex sentence
14	Types of complex sentences with different kinds connections

Composition on the OGE

Creative work involves writing a short essay. The volume is not less than 70 words.

The student will be asked to choose one type of assignment:

• 1 - linguistic composition.
• 2 - an essay that requires to reveal the meaning of the quote.
• 3 - work in which you need to answer a moral question.

Assessment of work

Maxim points for all work - 39.

This includes test scores (1 point for each correct answer).

Points for presentation and essay are added together. This includes an assessment for the content of the work and their literacy.

• "3" can be obtained by typing 15 - 24 points;
• “4” - 25 - 33 points (provided that the graduate scored at least 4 points for the criteria GK1 – GK4, that is, for literacy);
• "5" - 34 - 39 points (provided that the graduate scored at least 6 points for the criteria GK1 – GK4, that is, for literacy).

How to prepare for the OGE in Russian?

Success comes to those who work! Moreover, systematically and systematically. Therefore, the student must:

1. Get acquainted with the exam demo.
2. On the FIPI website in the "OBZ" section - an open bank of tasks - listen to audio recordings and practice writing a concise presentation.
3. There you can also find examples of tasks of a test nature, from which tasks on a real exam are composed.
4. Write essays on a chosen topic.
5. You can prepare yourself both independently and with a tutor, if required real help on the subject.

In addition to the preparation, collections of I.P. Tsybulko - Head of the Federal Subject Commission for the Russian Language.

A video about the composition 15.3 in the OGE in the Russian language can be viewed here:

1. First, examine the criteria for judging a succinct presentation.

№	Evaluation criteria for a succinct presentation	Points
IR1
	The examinee accurately conveyed the main content of the listened text, reflecting all micro themes important for his perception	2
	but missed or added 1 micro theme	1
	The examinee conveyed the main content of the text he heard, but missed or added more than 1 micro theme	0
IR2	Compressing the original text
	The examinee has applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them throughout the text	3
	The examinee has applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress 2 microthemes of the text	2
	The examinee has applied 1 or more methods of text compression, using them to compress 1 micro theme of the text	1
	The examinee did not use text compression techniques	0
SG3	Semantic integrity, speech coherence and consistency of presentation
	The examiner's work is characterized by semantic integrity, speech coherence and consistency of presentation: - there are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not broken; - there are no violations of paragraph division of the text in the work	2
	The examiner's work is characterized by semantic integrity, coherence and consistency of presentation, but 1 logical error was made, and / or the work has 1 violation of paragraph division of the text	1
	In the work of the examinee, a communicative intention is visible, but more than 1 logical error was made, and / or there are 2 cases of violation of paragraph division of the text	0
	MAXIMUM COMPRESSED POINTS	7

2. Secondly, remember that the length of the presentation should not be less than 70 words, and the number of micro themes should correspond to the number of paragraphs (there are always three of them).
3. Third, learn how to compress text.
-Exception: details, minor facts, fragments with descriptions, repetitions, synonyms, clarifying constructions, etc. can be excluded.
-Generalization: when generalizing, homogeneous members of the sentence should be replaced with a generalized word, etc.
-Simplification: when simplifying, you should replace a complex sentence with a simple one, combine several sentences, break a complex sentence into simple ones, replace direct speech with indirect speech.
Each paragraph should apply one or more compression methods.
4. Fourthly, read the 35th texts from the FIPI website. One of these texts will come across to you on the real OGE in 2018.

35 texts to write a concise summary.

# 1 About friendship

Listen to the text

Friendship always faces challenges. The main one today is a changed way of life, a change in the image and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, an understanding of the importance of time came. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that the hosts were burdened by guests. Now that time is the price of achieving your goal, relaxation and hospitality are no longer important. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends are becoming rare.

But here's the paradox: earlier the social circle was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with a high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of the library.

# 2 About friendship

Listen to the text

What is friendship? How do you become friends? You will meet friends most often among people with a common destiny, one profession, and common thoughts. And yet, one cannot say with confidence that such a community defines friendship, because people of different professions can make friends.

Can two opposite characters be friends? Sure! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always get equal benefits from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other in friendship is enriched with experience. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength, maturity. Another, weak, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one in friendship gives, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, but manifests itself in differences, contradictions, and dissimilarities.

A friend is the one who claims your innocence, talent, merit. A friend is the one who lovingly exposes you of your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

# 3 About friendship

Listen to the text

Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You cannot force yourself to be a friend to someone or force someone to be your friend.

A lot is needed for friendship, above all mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means reckoning with his opinion and recognizing his positive features. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A friend who is respected feels valued as a person, respected for his dignity, and not only out of a sense of duty is helped. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two main and main conditions for friendship. In addition, common moral values \u200b\u200bare important for friendship, for example. People who have different views of what is good and what is evil will find it difficult to be friends. The reason is simple: can we show our friend deep respect and, possibly, trust, if we see that he is doing things that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and considers it the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this does not matter.

Friendly feelings do not depend on age. They can be very powerful and give a person many experiences. But life is unthinkable without friendship.

№ 4 About friendship

Listen to the text

When I was in school, it seemed to me that my adult life would take place in some other environment, as if in a different world, and other people would surround me. But in fact, everything turned out differently. My peers stayed with me. Friends of youth turned out to be the most loyal. The circle of acquaintances has grown enormously. But real friends, old, real friends, are made in youth. Youth is a time of convergence.

Therefore, take care of youth to a ripe old age. Appreciate all the good things that you gained in your youth, do not lose friends. Nothing acquired in youth passes without a trace. Good youth skills make life easier. The bad ones will complicate it and make it difficult. Remember the Russian proverb: "Take care of your honor from your youth"? All actions committed in youth remain in the memory. The good ones will delight. The bad ones won't let you sleep.

# 5 About friendship

Listen to the text

What does this seemingly familiar notion of friendship really consist of? Scientifically speaking, friendship is a disinterested relationship between people, which is based on common sympathies, interests and hobbies. A true friend is always there, whether we feel bad or good. He will never try to take advantage of your weakness for his own purposes and will always come to the rescue when he is so needed. He will not only help in trouble, but also sincerely rejoice in moments of happiness with you.

But, unfortunately, this relationship is gradually fading away. Selfless friendship is slowly becoming a relic of the past. Friends now for us are people who can help in a particular issue, or those with whom you can have a good time. In fact, if one of the supposedly close friends has a crisis, the friends evaporate somewhere until this crisis passes. This situation is familiar to almost everyone. In short, beneficial friendship is rapidly replacing disinterested friendship.

We must remember that many problems that seem grandiose and daunting can be solved without much difficulty if there are reliable friends nearby. Friendship gives confidence in the future. It makes a person bolder, freer and more optimistic, and his life is warmer, more interesting and more versatile. True friendship spiritually unites people, contributing to the development in them of the desire for creation, rather than destruction.

№ 6 About friendship

Listen to the text

There are values \u200b\u200bthat change, are lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, all the same, for millennia, there remain eternal values \u200b\u200bthat are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of such eternal values \u200b\u200bis, of course, friendship.

People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few can articulate what friendship is, who is a true friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to come to each other's aid at any time.

The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain phenomena of life are different. And then real friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can only talk to each other occasionally, be apart for many years, but still remain very close friends. Such constancy - distinctive feature real friendship.

№7 About toys

Listen to the text

Each of us once had our favorite toys. Perhaps, each person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. A favorite toy is the most vivid childhood memory of every person.

In the century computer technology real toys no longer attract as much attention to themselves as virtual ones, but despite all the emerging new items, such as phones and computer technology, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable in its own way. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience.

A toy is the key to consciousness little man... To develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form the correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values \u200b\u200band worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.

№8 About books

Listen to the text

When I was ten years old, someone's caring hand planted a volume of Animal Heroes for me. I consider it my "alarm clock". I know from other people that for them the "alarm clock" for the feeling of nature was a month spent in the summer in the village, a walk in the forest with a man who "opened his eyes to everything," the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to enumerate everything that can awaken in human childhood interest and reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life.

Growing up, a person must comprehend with his mind how difficult everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our life depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of living nature. This school must be there.

And yet, Love stands at the beginning of everything. Awakened in time, she makes the knowledge of the world interesting and exciting. With her, a person also gains a certain point of support, an important starting point for all the values \u200b\u200bof life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - and there is love that brings a person closer to happiness.

№9 About precious books

Listen to the text

No matter how interesting homework and school life child, do not read precious books - he is deprived. Such losses are irreplaceable. It is adults who can read a book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day there are discoveries. And the acuity of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then affect the whole life.

Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund. Seeds are sown in childhood. Not everyone will sprout, not everyone will blossom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.

Subsequent life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, shape this character. But if you trace and find the connection between phenomena, it will become obvious that every trait of an adult's character, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every deed of his were sown in childhood, had since then their embryo, their own seed.

№10 About books

Listen to the text

What good book? First, the book must be fun and interesting. After reading the first pages, you shouldn't feel like putting it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think, express emotions. Second, the book must be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.

You should not get carried away with any one genre or kind of literature. So, a hobby only for the fantasy genre can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.

If you haven't read books from school curriculum or read them in abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is an obligatory base for every person. Great works have disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be empathetic, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read popular science literature. It will broaden your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and give you the opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.

№11 About literature

Listen to the text

It only seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, one of a kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, fidelity, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, changed his mind, found reasons, answers and captured on the pages of fiction. The matter is small: take it and read it and you will find everything in the book.

Literature, discovering the world with the help of words, works a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our outlook on life, on a person, makes our perception thinner. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures in order to survive the excitement of search, intrigue. But the hour comes when we feel the need to open the book in order to go deeper into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, teaches.

So we picked up a book. What is happening in our soul? With every book we read, opening up the storerooms of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, man becomes man. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.

No. 12 About reading

Listen to the text

What is the use of reading? Is it true that reading is helpful? Why do so many keep reading? After all, not only to relax or take free time.

The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden a person's horizons, enrich his inner world, make him smarter. It is also important to read books because it increases a person's vocabulary, develops clear and clear thinking. Everyone can verify this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how it has become easier with the help of speech to express your own thoughts, to choose the right words. The reading person speaks better. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe me? Read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and beneficial.

It is also useful to read books because they have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading this or that classic work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.

№13 About education

Listen to the text

We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person who is starting life. And the most a big problem - this is a weakening of family ties, a decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing solid in the moral sense was laid in a person by the family, then then society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.

The other extreme is overprotective parenting of the child. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents did not give their child warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.

The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents were unable to establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that another child so early acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

No. 14 About the family

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Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who has traditionally been considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. All the burden of peasant labor was shared by his adult sons.

Household management was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the cattle, took care of food, clothes. She did not do all these works alone: \u200b\u200beven children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with the game, began to do something useful.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of grievances grew into mutual love in a good family. Grumpiness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and aroused pity for their carriers. One had to be able to give in, forget the insult, respond kindly or keep silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. It is difficult to expect respect for other people from a person who does not love and respect his relatives.

№ 15 About finding yourself

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Each person is looking for a place in life, trying to assert his self. It `s naturally. But how does he find his place? What ways does it go to it? What moral values \u200b\u200bhave weight in his eyes? The question is extremely important.

Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a falsely understood, inflated sense of our own dignity, because of our unwillingness to appear worse, we sometimes make rash steps, we do not act very right: we will not ask again, we will not say "I do not know" , "I can not" - no words. Self-lovers evoke feelings of judgment. However, those who exchange their dignity like a small coin are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to assert his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.

Sooner or later, the true value of a person is still revealed. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called little ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.

№ 16 About sincerity

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Many people think that being sincere means openly and directly saying what you think and doing what you say. But here's the bad luck: a person who immediately voices what the first took into his head runs the risk of being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, and even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: take off masks, step out of the usual roles and show his true face.

The main problem is that we do not know ourselves well, we are chasing ghostly goals, money, fashion. Few consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine, and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your entire life on goals that you really don't need at all.

If you look into yourself, you will see the whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your own characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it will not become easier and easier for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your path in life. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.

No. 17 About growing up

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Some people believe that a person grows up at a certain age, for example, at the age of 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?

Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone's help, guardianship. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.

There is such an expression: the hand should expect help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his deeds and actions. He plans his life and evaluates himself, not relying on someone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. But for this you also need to become independent, to be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

№ 18 About childhood and growing up

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In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life is, he still rejoices and constantly finds more and more reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He still does not suspect that it could be somehow different, but most likely, all the same, because the soul has not yet had time to be covered with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult.

And with age, everything seems to be turned inside out. No matter how calmly and safely life develops, we will not rest until we find in it some kind of splinter, awkwardness, malfunction, cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, spend time, health, and mental strength on experiences.

It is only when a truly real tragedy occurs that we realize how absurd the invented suffering is and how trivial the reason for it is. Then we grab our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live in your own pleasure and enjoy every minute. "

No. 19 About the choice

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There is simply no universal recipe for how to choose the correct, the only correct path in life intended only for you, and there simply cannot be. And the final choice always remains with the person. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play.

But most of the most important decisions that determine the path of life, we still make in our youth. Scientists believe that the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for life: a close friend, a circle of basic interests, a profession.

It is clear that such a choice is a responsible business. It cannot be dismissed, it cannot be postponed for later. Do not hope that the mistake can be corrected later: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not all. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.

№20 About a cultured person

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What does it mean to be a cultured person? A cultured person can be considered an educated, well-mannered, responsible person. He respects himself and those around him. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for the high, the ability to be grateful, love for nature and the homeland, compassion and sympathy for one's neighbor, benevolence.

A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain composure and dignity in any life situations... He has a clearly defined goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is genuine humanity.

In our time, people devote too little time to culture. And many do not even think about it throughout their lives. It is good if a person's process of familiarizing with culture takes place from childhood. The child gets acquainted with the traditions passed from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, learns cultural values... As an adult, he can be useful to society.

№ 21 About culture

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The word "culture" is multifaceted. What is true culture in the first place? She carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and village had its own center of culture, a center of creativity not only for children, but also for people of all ages.

True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And at the head of such centers should be people who understand well what a real culture is, what it is composed of, what is its meaning.

The key note of culture can be such concepts as peace, truth, beauty. It would be good if people who are honest and selfless, selflessly devoted to their work, respecting each other, were engaged in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all together begin to participate in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful.

№22 About morality

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One person was told that an acquaintance of his spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Do not you say! the man exclaimed. - I didn’t do anything good for him ... ”. Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is answered with evil. In life, one must assume, this man has met more than once with people who have confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.

Morality is a guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a windbreak, a thorny bush, or even drown altogether. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.

How to relate to this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will get pleasure from doing good. That is, you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: elevated natures do good.

№23 About youthful love

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Times are changing, new generations are coming, for which, it would seem, everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal questions meanwhile for some reason remain unchanged. Today's adolescents, like their parents at one time, are worried about the same thing: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?

A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathy, empathy. And just show your qualities and abilities in front of those who are disposed towards him kindly, who are ready to understand him.

Love is the unconditional and unlimited trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love includes, but is not limited to, friendships. It is always more than friendship, because only in love do we recognize for another person the full right to everything that makes up our world.

№24 About self-doubt

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Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it has attracted the attention of doctors, educators and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: the ever-increasing self-doubt can cause a lot of trouble - up to serious diseases, not to mention everyday problems.

And what about psychological problems? After all, self-doubt can serve as a basis for constant dependence on someone else's opinion. Imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people's assessments seem more important and meaningful to him than his own. He sees each of his actions primarily through the eyes of others. And most importantly, he wants approval from everyone: from loved ones to passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation.

How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question based on physiological processes, others are based on psychology. One thing is clear: to overcome self-doubt is possible only if a person is able to correctly set goals, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.

No. 25 About power

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The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not voluntarily do. The tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it does not manage to grow evenly, then, bending under the obstacles, it tries to get out from under them and again reach up. So is the person. Sooner or later, he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves.

If you command everyone and everywhere, then a person will be lonely as the finale of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people follow his orders unquestioningly. Commanders are unhappy people themselves, and they breed unhappiness, even if they achieve good results.

Commanding and controlling people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

№26 About art

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Is it possible to define what art is in one comprehensive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the revelation of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside himself and remaining after him as his trace in history.

The moment a person turns to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery that has no equal in history. Indeed, through art, each individual person and nation as a whole comprehends their own characteristics, their life, their place in the world. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just to touch, but to recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is this language that makes it possible for humanity to feel itself as a whole.

That is why, since ancient times, an attitude to art has been formed not as entertainment or fun, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also transmitting it to descendants.

№27 About art

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AT modern world there is no person who does not come into contact with art. Its significance in our life is great. Book, cinema, television, theater, music, painting have become part of our life and have a huge impact on it. But fiction especially strongly affects a person.

Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to the TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists, writers and composers themselves build their works in such a way in order to support and develop the interest and curiosity of spectators, readers, listeners. But the importance of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to see and understand better the world and myself.

Art is able to preserve the characteristic features of the era, to give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for future generations. It imperceptibly shapes the views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens love for beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.

The place of the mother in our life is special, exclusive. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Mother's love inspires, gives strength, inspires to feats. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and at this moment we only need her. A man calls his mother and believes that wherever she is, she hears him, is compassionate and hurries to help. The word "mother" becomes equivalent to the word life.

How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about the mother. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

№31 About mutual assistance and mutual assistance

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In a society where the idea of \u200b\u200bindividualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. AND human society just formed, and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and help to the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the absolutely opposite point of view, which says that there are no interests other than our own?

And it's not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this issue that personal and public interests are intertwined. Do you see how much deeper this is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and therefore weakens us. But only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.

And experience confirms that good feelings should have their roots in childhood; if they are not brought up in childhood, you will never bring them up, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else's, your own, the life of the animal world and plants. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in excitement, joy and sorrow.

Good feelings, emotional culture is the focus of humanity. Today, when there is enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind in relation to each other, in relation to the surrounding living world and to perform the most daring deeds in the name of good. Following the path of good is the most acceptable and only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful both to a person alone and to society as a whole.

The dream is needed not only for children, but also for adults. It evokes excitement, a source of high feelings. She does not let us calm down and always shows new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you passionately desire this life. This is its value.

Only a hypocrite can say that it is necessary to calm down and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for meaningful and beautiful things.

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- a compressed presentation of the text, which is heard twice in the audio recording. You will have to not only "turn on" the memory, but also demonstrate the ability to process the information received, highlighting the most important and essential in it.

What is Concise Summary?

Concise summary - abbreviated text, without small details and secondary information. This is something like a well-written synopsis (very good, by the way, if you were taught to write the synopses correctly in literature, history or geography lessons).

Compressed text is considered to be cut by 1/3. However, the requirements for the OGE are somewhat different. In the demo version of the 2015 OGE, there are 152 words in the text for listening, and the required volume of presentation is from 70 words (this is slightly more than a third of the original text).

The optimal number of words in the presentation of the OGE is 70-90 (official words and interjections are also included in the count). Many expert teachers believe that a larger volume is no longer concise and mercilessly reduce points for work where there are too many words. So don't risk it - write 70 to 90 words, no more, no less.

How to write a concise summary in the OGE format?

It is necessary to write a presentation in accordance with the approved criteria, since it is by them that experts evaluate the work. The evaluation criteria for a concise summary can be found in the demo version on the FIPI website, and read about how and who checks the examination papers.

Let's deal with each criterion separately.

Criterion 1. Content.

You are required to present the main content of the listened text. Try not to miss anything, adding something "from yourself" is also not worth it. The expert looks to see if you managed to reflect the main micro-themes of the text - and gives an appropriate score.

What is a micro theme?

The sentences of the text are united by one common theme (recall, the theme is what the text says). A large topic, as a rule, is revealed through several small subtopics - micro topics. It is no coincidence that the text is usually divided into several parts - paragraphs. We can say that micro theme is the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe paragraph ... (Do not confuse the terms "paragraph" and "micro theme" - this is different concepts, and another criterion for evaluating the presentation is devoted to paragraph division).

The expert's logic is as follows: if you have reflected in your work all the important microthemes of the text, then the content of the text is transmitted correctly, which means that according to the first criterion, you can give the highest score.

Needed specific example? One of the articles on our site has such an example - by clicking on the link, you can.

To highlight the main information in the text, you need to understand it correctly. Try to understand what the text is talking about from the very first listening.

Criterion 2. Compression of the text.

When checking the presentation, experts count the number of words (words should be, as we said, at least 70). However, the main thing that is paid attention to when evaluating work according to the second criterion is the use of compression techniques.

What are text compression techniques?

Compression of the text will require processing of the information contained in it. This information is "filtered" - you leave the main thing and cut off the secondary.

The text is shortened according to the rules. One of them is the use of certain actions, which are called compression techniques (they are also called linguistic methods of text compression). If you are proficient in these techniques, it will be easy for you to present the content of the text in a concise and understandable form.

But remember: no matter how you “compress” the listened text, try not to “lose” the main information that it contains.

Basic text compression techniques:

1. Exception.

This technique is associated with the exclusion, "deletion" of secondary information, and some schoolchildren consider it the easiest. Indeed, is it difficult to cross out some words or even sentences in the text?

However, not all so simple. In no case can you exclude the main information - you risk losing points. Only secondary information is cut off!

What can be excluded from the text in a condensed presentation?

We exclude repetitions. Example: Need to educate conscientiousness in children, need to educate in children the ability to be compassionate. – It is necessary to educate children in conscientiousness, the ability to compassion.

Synonyms can be excluded (one or more) . Example: Boy eyes shone, sparkled, sparkled... The boy's eyes shone.

We exclude clarifications, explanations: Sister lived nearby on nearby street... - My sister lived nearby.

maybe exclusion of parts of a proposal or even few sentences, containing insignificant information. It is important here not to confuse secondary information with the main one, essential for the disclosure of the topic.

2. Generalization.

Replacing homogeneous terms with a generalized word or a phrase. Example: We picked daisies, bells, cornflowers... - We picked flowers (different colors).

Summarizing information by replacing a piece of text synonymous (close in meaning) expression. Example: A person learns the correct behavior from the very age when the first steps are taken, the first habits are laid, the first words are pronounced. - A person learns the correct behavior since the early childhood.

3. Simplification.

This compression technique consists in structurally simplifying a piece of text. For this you can combine several sentences in one. Example: The years go by. The writer goes further and further into history, only his works do not age. - Years go by, but the writer's books do not age (in this example, along with simplification, an exception is also used).

Possible replacing a complex sentence with a simple one : Aircraft models, which have electric motorsparticipate in sports. - Aircraft models, equipped with electric motorsparticipate in sports.

Direct speech concisely better replace indirect ... This is another kind of simplification. Example: The driver said: « I'll take you to the train station in fifteen minutes". - The driver said, which will take us to the station in fifteen minutes.