Architectural styles and their features presentation table. Presentation - styles of Russian architecture. Presentation on the topic
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Architecture - stone chronicle of the world
1. Classic style
Classicism (exemplary) art style and aesthetic trend in European art of the 17-19th centuries.
Parthenon
Parthenon
Arch of Constantine
The main feature of the architecture of classicism Appeal to the forms of antique architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor.
The architecture of classicism - The clarity of the volumetric form - Symmetrical-axial compositions. restraint of decoration
2. Romanesque style
Romanesque (Roman) artistic style that prevailed in Western Europe in the 9th-12th centuries. It became one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art.
Cathedral of Notre Dame la Grande, Poitiers
Notre Dame la Grande. West wing
Royal palace Alcazar
This style will become more "classic" in the art of Germany and France. This medieval architecture was created for the needs of the church and knighthood, and churches, monasteries and castles are becoming the leading types of structures.
Norman fortress, X-XI centuries France
The combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration - the building has always harmoniously blended into the surrounding nature. This was facilitated by massive walls with narrow window openings and stepped-deepened portals. Such walls carried a defensive purpose. -the main buildings during this period are the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The tower becomes the main element of the composition of a monastery or castle. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. Romanesque buildings are characterized by
3. Gothic style
Gothic is the only style that has created a completely original system of forms and a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition. 12-15c.
Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris
The characteristic features of the Gothic style are The characteristic features of the Gothic style are the verticality of the composition, the lancet bright, a complex frame system of supports and a ribbed vault.
View of Notre Dame from the Ile Saint Louis
Gothic Cathedral in Coutance, France
4. Baroque
Contrast, tension, dynamism of images, striving for grandeur and splendor, for combining reality and illusion - for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles of the Baroque are characteristic
The Baroque style appeared in the XVI-XVII centuries in Italian cities: Rome, Venice, Florence. Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism of images, striving for grandeur and splendor, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles of Barokko ("prone to excesses")
Catherine Palace
Tsarskoe Selo
active use of sculptural and architectural and decorative motives; - creating a rich play of light and shade, color contrasts
Church building of the Grand Palace
Rococo (crushed stone, decorative shell, shell) 18th century
Interiors of the Winter Palace
Malachite hall
Jordan stairs
rococo is characterized by a decorative shell, fragments of stones, a shell-ornament, decoration in the form of a combination of natural stones with shells and leaves of plants. -smooth curved stems, whimsical lines of the ornament fit into all the details of the interior, forming a single decorative background.
Field marshal hall
Georgievsky Hall
Empire ("imperial style") The Empire style is the final stage of classicism that arose in the second half of the 19th century.
Arch of the General Staff
The empire is characteristic - in the presence of columns, pilasters, stucco cornices and other classical elements, as well as motifs that reproduce almost unchanged antique sculptures like griffins, sphinxes, lion paws. These elements are arranged in an Empire style in an orderly manner, with the observance of balance and symmetry.
Palace Square
The main decorative motives of the Empire style were precisely the attributes of Roman military history: massive porticoes decorated with bas-reliefs, legionnaire insignia with eagles, lions, bundles of spears, shields.
Modern (contemporary) Artistic direction in art in the 2nd century of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century.
Ryabushinsky's mansion
Distinctive features - Refusal from straight lines and angles - Interest in new technologies - Much attention was paid not only to the appearance of buildings, but also to the interior, which was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies were artistically processed.
Casa Batlló (1906, architect Antoni Gaudí)
8. Hi-tech
Guggenheim Museum
High-tech (high technology) style in architecture and design that originated in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s.
Main features -Use of high technologies in the design, construction and engineering of buildings and structures. -Use of straight lines and shapes.
Extensive use of metallic silver color. -Wide application of glass, plastic, metal. -Use of functional elements: elevators, stairs, ventilation systems.
Guggenheim Museum (project)
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Rococo, a style in art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. Distinguished by grace, lightness, intimate and flirtatious character. Replacing the heavy baroque, Rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. Rococo is united with the baroque style by the striving for completeness of forms, but if the baroque gravitates towards monumental solemnity, then Rococo prefers grace and lightness. Darker colors and lush, heavy gilding of the baroque decor are replaced by light tones - pink, blue, green, with a lot of white details. Rococo is mainly ornamental; the name itself comes from a combination of two words: "baroque" and "rocaille" (the motive of the ornament, intricate decorative decoration with stones and shells of grottoes and fountains). Paintings, sculptures and graphics are characterized by erotic, erotic-mythological and pastoral (pastoral) subjects. Watteau became the first significant master of painting in the Rococo style, and he received further development in the work of such artists as Boucher and Fragonard. The most striking representative of this style in French sculpture is, perhaps, Falconet, although reliefs and statues designed to decorate interiors, busts, including those made of terracotta, predominated in his work. By the way, Falcone himself was the manager of the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. (Factories in Chelsea and Meissen were also famous for their wonderful porcelain). In architecture, this style found its most vivid expression in the decorative decoration of interiors. The most complex asymmetric carved and stucco patterns, intricate curls of interior decoration contrasted with the relatively austere appearance of buildings, for example, the Petit Trianon, built in Versailles by the architect Gabriel (1763-1769). Born in France, the Rococo style spread quickly to other countries thanks to French artists working abroad, as well as publications of designs by French architects. Outside of France, Rococo flourished in Germany and Austria, where it absorbed the traditional elements of the Baroque. In the architecture of churches, such as the church in Vierzenheiligen (1743-1772) (architect Neumann), spatial structures, the solemnity of the Baroque are perfectly combined with the exquisite sculptural and picturesque interior decoration characteristic of Rococo, creating an impression of lightness and fabulous abundance. Rococo's supporter in Italy - the architect Tiepolo - contributed to its spread in Spain. As for England, here Rococo influenced mainly the applied arts, for example, on the inlay of furniture and the production of silver products, and partly on the work of such masters as Hogarth or Gainsborough, whose sophistication of images and artistic manner of writing fully corresponds to the spirit of Rococo. The Rococo style was very popular in Central Europe until the end of the 18th century, while in France and others western countries interest in him waned already in the 1860s. By this time, it was perceived as a symbol of lightness and was supplanted by neoclassicism.
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BAROQUE Style in art that developed in European countries in the XVI-XVII (in some countries - until the middle of the XVIII century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - quirky, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: the Dutch sailors called the defective pearls. Dolgov's time, the "baroque" tin carried a negative assessment. In the nineteenth century. the attitude towards the baroque changed, which was the result of the works of the German scientist Wölflin. If in the Renaissance, art glorified the power and beauty of man, then at the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries these ideas gave way to reflections on the complexity and imperfection of social relations, thoughts on the disunity of people. Therefore, the main task of art was to reflect the inner world of a person, to reveal his feelings and experiences. This is how the main features of bourgeoisie were defined — dramatic pathos, a tendency to sharpened contrasts, dynamism, expression, and a tendency toward pomp and decorativeness. All these features are also characteristic of the architecture of B. Buildings were necessarily decorated with bizarre facades, the shape of which was hidden behind decorations. The ceremonial interiors also acquired various forms, the whimsicality of which was emphasized by sculpture, molding, and various ornaments. Rooms often lost their usual rectangular shape. Mirrors and murals expanded the true dimensions of the premises, and colorful plafonds created the illusion of no roof. B.'s architects drew attention to the street, which began to be viewed as an integral architectural organism, as one of the forms of an ensemble. The beginning and end of the street were marked with squares or spectacular architectural or sculptural accents. A curved line becomes the dominant in the composition of the building, volutes return, elliptical surfaces appear.
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GOTICA From the Italian gotico - Gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the XII-XV centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was coined by the humanists of the Renaissance, who wanted to emphasize the "barbaric" character of all medieval art; in fact gothic style had nothing to do with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strongest influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But the art of the Gothic developed in new conditions, the main of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture was the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which became possible thanks to the system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the arch to the outer pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized a rush to heaven; his richest decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained-glass windows - should have served the same purpose.
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ROMANIAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art of the X-X11 centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building has always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially solid and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-deepened portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle, is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinguishing element of the building is a semicircular arch.
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Organics The use of organics in architecture, at first, is puzzling. What does this science have to do with building construction? The most direct. Whereas a building usually consists of complete blocks, a building designed on the basis of organic architecture consists of many different blocks, which are completed only as part of the building. In addition, organic architecture implies the rejection of strict geometric forms. When designing each building, the type of surrounding area and its purpose are taken into account. In addition, in such a building, everything is subject to harmony. The bedroom here will be the bedroom and the living room will be the living room. Each room has its own purpose, which is guessed at first glance. If you want to understand what the difference is between organic architecture and any other, just compare a regular multi-story building and, for example, the hobbit hut in the movie "The Lord of the Rings", although it only uses the external design. Organic architecture ideas have found tremendous popularity lately. Partly due to the availability of new materials of construction, allowing the creation of the most bizarre architectural forms. Another reason that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture was the sense of unity with nature that such a building gives.
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Neoclassicism This architectural style was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It clearly shows an attempt to return to some “eternal” values, opposing them to an alarming reality. Ancient Greek buildings, which had not been studied by anyone, were chosen as a starting point in the architecture of neoclassicism. Despite the fact that different architects studied the same buildings, they made quite different conclusions, which led to the different development of neoclassicism in different countries. So, in France, the neoclassical style was used mainly in the construction of public buildings. Such a building, for example, was the Petit Trianon at Versailles, which was considered the most perfect creation of Jacques Anges Gabriel. The British, on the other hand, saw in neoclassicism a return to light, openwork forms. Houses and private estates were built in accordance with these ideas. For public buildings, neoclassicism was practically not used. The most famous English neoclassical architects were William Chambers and Robert Adam, who played very important roles in the development of English neoclassicism. Neoclassical ideas more for a long time influenced various countries such as Russia (and later the Soviet Union), Scandinavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, etc.
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Art Nouveau The striving to create equally aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings in the early 19th century led to the emergence of the Art Nouveau architectural style. It contrasts sharply with other architectural styles. The most prominent representatives of this style were Victor Horta, a Belgian by nationality and a Frenchman, Hector Guimard. But Antonia Gaudí stands out the most. The buildings erected according to his designs are so perfect and so organically fit into the surrounding landscape that it seems as if it was nature that created such a masterpiece. Distinctive features of the Art Nouveau style are the patterned facing of the facades of buildings, the use of stained-glass windows, as well as various decorative details from wrought iron. Windows and doorways are characterized by complex geometric shapes that contribute to the creation of a holistic style, functional and beautiful at the same time. Dachas, country villas, expensive high-rise buildings and city mansions are being built and decorated in the Art Nouveau style.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ROCOCO ARCHETECTURE Ampyra BAROQUE RENAISSANCE (RENAISSANCE) GOTHICS ROMAN STYLE TO CHAPTER II PHOTO STYLE "ROCOCO" PHOTO ARCHETECTURE "Ampira" PHOTO STYLE "BAROQUE" PHOTO STYLE PHOTO STYLE "REVIVAL"
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Rococo, a style in art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. Distinguished by grace, lightness, intimate and flirtatious character. Replacing the heavy baroque, Rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. Rococo is united with the baroque style by the striving for completeness of forms, but if the baroque gravitates towards monumental solemnity, then Rococo prefers grace and lightness. Darker colors and lush, heavy gilding of the baroque decor are replaced by light tones - pink, blue, green, with a lot of white details. Rococo is mainly ornamental; the name itself comes from a combination of two words: "baroque" and "rocaille" (the motive of the ornament, intricate decorative decoration with stones and shells of grottoes and fountains). Paintings, sculptures and graphics are characterized by erotic, erotic-mythological and pastoral (pastoral) subjects. Watteau became the first significant master of painting in the Rococo style, and he received further development in the work of such artists as Boucher and Fragonard. The most striking representative of this style in French sculpture is, perhaps, Falconet, although reliefs and statues designed to decorate interiors, busts, including those made of terracotta, predominated in his work. By the way, Falcone himself was the manager of the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. (Factories in Chelsea and Meissen were also famous for their wonderful porcelain). In architecture, this style found its most vivid expression in the decorative decoration of interiors. The most complex asymmetric carved and stucco patterns, intricate curls of interior decoration contrasted with the relatively austere appearance of buildings, for example, the Petit Trianon, built in Versailles by the architect Gabriel (1763-1769). Born in France, the Rococo style spread quickly to other countries thanks to French artists working abroad, as well as publications of designs by French architects. Outside of France, Rococo flourished in Germany and Austria, where it absorbed the traditional elements of the Baroque. In the architecture of churches, such as the church in Vierzenheiligen (1743-1772) (architect Neumann), spatial structures, the solemnity of the Baroque are perfectly combined with the exquisite sculptural and picturesque interior decoration characteristic of Rococo, creating an impression of lightness and fabulous abundance. Rococo's supporter in Italy - the architect Tiepolo - contributed to its spread in Spain. As for England, here Rococo influenced mainly the applied arts, for example, on inlaid furniture and the production of silver products, and partly on the work of such masters as Hogarth or Gainsborough, whose sophistication of images and artistic manner of writing fully corresponds to the spirit of Rococo. The Rococo style was very popular in Central Europe until the end of the 18th century, while in France and other Western countries interest in it waned already in the 1860s. By this time it was perceived as a symbol of lightness and was supplanted by neoclassicism. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I PHOTO STYLE "ROCOCO"
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Empire architecture The name comes from the French empire - imperial. The style that arose in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic culmination of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with items of military emblem. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of composition. Aampir. originally formed in France at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. in the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the period of Napoleon's empire, art was supposed to glorify military successes and the dignity of the ruler. From here comes the passion for the construction of various types of triumphal arches, memorial columns, obelisks. Porticos are becoming important elements of the decoration of buildings. In the decoration of interiors, bronze casting, painting of shades, alcoves are often used. Aampir. sought to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the XVIII century. The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman periptera, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was distinguished by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) in the Place de l'Azve in Paris (architect Chalgren). The Vendôme Column (column of the "Great Army"), erected by Leper and Honduin, is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian guns. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of a victorious war. Empire style. did not develop for long, it is being replaced by the time of ekletics. CONTENTS OF THE PHOTO OF THE "AMPERA" ARCHETECTURE
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CLASSICISM Style in European art of the 17th-early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually two periods in the development of K. are divided. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The XVIII century is considered a new stage in its development, since at this time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. What unites both periods is the idea of \u200b\u200ba reasonable regularity of the world, of a beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express a great social content, lofty heroic and moral ideals. Kazakhstan's architecture is characterized by austerity of form, clarity of spatial solutions, geometrism of interiors, softness of colors, and laconicism of external and internal finishing of structures. Unlike baroque buildings, the masters of K. never gave up spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in the park architecture, the so-called regular style develops, where all lawns and flower beds have the correct shape, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (The garden and park ensemble of Versailles.) CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I OF THE PHOTO OF THE STYLE "CLASSICISM"
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BAROQUE Style in art that developed in European countries in the XVI-XVII (in some countries - up to the middle of the XVIII century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - quirky, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: the Dutch sailors called the defective pearls. Dolgov's time, the "baroque" tin carried a negative assessment. In the nineteenth century. the attitude towards the baroque changed, which was the result of the works of the German scientist Wölflin. If in the Renaissance, art glorified the power and beauty of man, then at the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries these ideas gave way to reflections on the complexity and imperfection of social relations, thoughts on the disunity of people. Therefore, the main task of art was to reflect the inner world of a person, to reveal his feelings and experiences. This is how the main features of bourgeoisie were defined — dramatic pathos, a tendency to sharpened contrasts, dynamism, expression, and a tendency toward pomp and decorativeness. All these features are also characteristic of the architecture of B. Buildings were necessarily decorated with bizarre facades, the shape of which was hidden behind decorations. The ceremonial interiors also acquired various forms, the whimsicality of which was emphasized by sculpture, molding, and various ornaments. Rooms often lost their usual rectangular shape. Mirrors and murals expanded the true dimensions of the premises, and colorful plafonds created the illusion of no roof. B.'s architects drew attention to the street, which began to be viewed as an integral architectural organism, as one of the forms of an ensemble. The beginning and end of the street were marked with squares or spectacular architectural or sculptural accents. A curved line becomes the dominant in the composition of the building, volutes return, elliptical surfaces appear. PHOTO OF THE BAROQUE STYLE CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I
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RENAISSANCE (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the fifteenth century. in Florence, a new architectural style was created - the Renaissance (from the French Renaissance) on the basis of rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the era of R., for the first time, the personality of an architect was formed in the modern sense of the word, in contrast to the dependence of the medieval architect on the guild of masons. Distinguish between early R. and high; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. The architects of Italy have creatively rethought the ancient order system, which brought proportionality, clarity of compositions and convenience to the appearance of the building. The first architect was R. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446). The main achievements of this era are most clearly reflected in his work. He was the first to create a palace (palazzo), which formed the basis of all subsequent architecture, including ours. The main achievement of the Renaissance palace is the final design of the floor as a horizontal spatial layer intended for human life and activities. The wall is for the first time interpreted in the modern sense of the word, i.e. as a geometrically correct partition of constant thickness between the interior architectural space and the space outside the building. The windows are interpreted as the eyes of the building, the facade as the face of the building; those. the outside expresses the interior architectural space. High R. is associated in architecture with the name Bramante (1444-1514). His Tempietto of all the buildings of R. stands closer to ancient architecture in terms of the organic plenitude of forms and harmonious completeness, based on the golden ratio of proportions. The main achievement of R. architecture is the humanization of the proportions of buildings. PHOTO STYLE "REVIVAL" CONTENTS
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GOTICA From the Italian gotico - Gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the XII-XV centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was coined by the humanists of the Renaissance, who wanted to emphasize the "barbaric" character of all medieval art; in fact, the Gothic style had nothing in common with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strongest influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But the art of the Gothic developed in new conditions, the main of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture was the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which became possible thanks to the system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the arch to the outer pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized a rush to heaven; his richest decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained-glass windows - should have served the same purpose. PHOTO OF THE STYLE "GOTHIC" CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I
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ROMANIAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art X-X11 centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building has always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially solid and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-deepened portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinguishing element of the building is a semicircular arch. PHOTO OF THE "ROMAN STYLE" CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I
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CONTENTS STYLE "ELECTRICITY" STYLE "HIGH-TEC" STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM" STYLE "ORGANIC" STYLE "MODERN" STYLE "MODERN" CHAPTER I PHOTO STYLE "EKLETICS" PHOTO STYLE "PHOTO STYLE" PHOTO STYLE "PHOTO STYLE" PHOTO OF "NEOCLASSIC" STYLE PHOTO OF "MODERN" STYLE AUTHOR EXIT
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Eclecticism Eclecticism is not a separate architectural style. This is a combination of several, earlier styles of architecture, from which only some of the elements are taken, with their subsequent harmonization through texture and color. Eclecticism has become quite natural in some countries. After all, the Empire style, so beloved by some monarchs and in which entire cities were built, caused quite understandable protest, which is not surprising. After all, the Empire style is a solemn style. Cities built in this style were faceless and did not have their own unique architectural monuments. Nikolai Gogol, who, by the way, was quite well versed in architecture, harshly criticized the Empire style. All the houses built in this style resembled, in his expression, sheds, or barracks, and were so similar to each other that they merged into one solid wall. In eclecticism, the style and form of buildings were almost directly determined by its practical function. For example, the style of K.A. Tona was recognized as official for the construction of temples, but was almost never used in the design of private mansions. In addition, the main difference from the Empire style, which dictated the conditions for the construction of any type of building, eclecticism offered a choice. That is, the final appearance of the building was dictated by the selected styles, its functional purpose, as well as the wishes of the customer. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II OF PHOTO STYLE "ECLECTIC"
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High Tech in Architecture Technological progress in the 70s of the XX century began to have a fairly significant impact on architecture. He was the personification of entering the age of high technology. Although high-tech developed into a separate architectural style, it differed from them only in the way of architectural design and materials used. Constructivism was distinguished by the use of structures based on glass and reinforced concrete. And high-tech uses various combinations of metal and glass, suggesting the use of engineering and technical structures of the building for decorative purposes. The use of different colors for painting pipelines, ventilation shafts allows them to look like structural and decorative elements of the building, which complement it functionally and aesthetically. By the 90s of the XX century, one of the directions becomes dominant. There is a very noticeable departure from the complex compositions inherent in the high-tech style of the 70s. One of the most striking examples of a high-tech composition is the building that now houses the European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg). CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II OF THE HIGH-TEK STYLE PHOTO
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Functionalism At the beginning of the 20th century, the architectural style of functionalism began to develop rapidly. The architects who designed in this genre used the thesis “the form must correspond to the purpose”. It was considered tasteless to install any decorations if they were not of practical use. Charles Edouard Jeanneret, also known as Le Corbusier, made a significant contribution to the development of functionalism. He formed five basic principles for the design of buildings in the style of functionalism. In addition, he found various functional and aesthetic solutions that have been widely used in the design of buildings for several decades. And some of his solutions are still used today when designing buildings in the style of functionalism. In addition, some of the principles of functionalism could be used in almost any country, adjusting them to national characteristics. So, for example, in England, the city center was built up with multi-storey buildings, and cottages were preserved on the outskirts, and in Berlin and Paris they preferred to build multi-storey buildings on the outskirts of these cities. In parallel with functionalism, several other architectural trends developed, but they did not have any significant impact on the development of architecture in general. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II OF THE PHOTO STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM"
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Organics The use of organics in architecture, at first, is puzzling. What does this science have to do with building construction? The most direct. Whereas a building usually consists of complete blocks, a building designed on the basis of organic architecture consists of many different blocks, which are completed only as part of the building. In addition, organic architecture implies the rejection of strict geometric forms. When designing each building, the type of surrounding area and its purpose are taken into account. In addition, in such a building, everything is subject to harmony. The bedroom here will be the bedroom and the living room will be the living room. Each room has its own purpose, which is guessed at first glance. If you want to understand what is the difference between organic architecture and any other, just compare a regular multi-story building and, say, the hobbit hut in the movie "The Lord of the Rings", although it only uses the exterior. Organic architecture ideas have found tremendous popularity lately. Partly due to the availability of new materials of construction, allowing the creation of the most bizarre architectural forms. Another reason that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture was the sense of unity with nature that such a building gives. CONTENTS II CHAPTER PHOTO STYLE "ORGANIC"
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Neoclassicism This architectural style was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It clearly shows an attempt to return to some “eternal” values, opposing them to an alarming reality. Ancient Greek buildings, which had not been studied by anyone until then, were chosen as a starting point in the architecture of neoclassicism. Despite the fact that different architects studied the same buildings, they made quite different conclusions, which led to the different development of neoclassicism in different countries. So, in France, the neoclassical style was used mainly in the construction of public buildings. Such a building, for example, was the Petit Trianon at Versailles, which was considered the most perfect creation of Jacques Anges Gabriel. The British, on the contrary, saw in neoclassicism a return to light, openwork forms. Houses and private estates were built in accordance with these ideas. For public buildings, neoclassicism was practically not used. The most famous English neoclassical architects were William Chambers and Robert Adam, who played very important roles in the development of English neoclassicism. For a long time, the ideas of neoclassicism influenced various countries, such as Russia (and later the Soviet Union), Scandinavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, etc. CONTENTS II CHAPTER OF PHOTO STYLE "NEOCLASSICISM"
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Art Nouveau The striving to create equally aesthetic, beautiful and functional buildings in the early 19th century led to the emergence of the Art Nouveau architectural style. It contrasts sharply with other architectural styles. The most prominent representatives of this style were Victor Horta, a Belgian by nationality and a Frenchman, Hector Guimard. But Antonia Gaudí stands out the most. The buildings erected according to his designs are so perfect and so organically fit into the surrounding landscape that it seems as if it was nature that created such a masterpiece. Distinctive features of the Art Nouveau style are the patterned facing of the facades of buildings, the use of stained-glass windows, as well as various decorative details from wrought iron. Windows and doorways are characterized by complex geometric shapes that contribute to the creation of a holistic style, functional and beautiful at the same time. Dachas, country villas, expensive high-rise buildings and city mansions are being built and decorated in the Art Nouveau style. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II OF THE PHOTO STYLE "ROCOCO"
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WORK COMPOSED BY: STUDENT OF MOU-Gymnasium No. 2 Orekhov Kirill Slideshow on the topic “styles of architecture” EXIT TO THE BEGINNING TO CHAPTER I TO CHAPTER II
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STYLES OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE
Purpose of the work: - acquaintance with the architectural styles that existed in Russia in the period from X to XX centuries; identification of the characteristic features of each architectural style; preparation for GIA and USE.
The presentation was prepared by Olga Ulyeva, teacher of history and social studies, secondary school № 1353
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE - a set of characteristic features and signs of architecture.
The characteristic features of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of the functional, constructive and artistic aspects (the purpose of buildings, building materials and structures, techniques of architectural composition), form the architectural style. The development of architectural styles depends on climatic, technical, religious and cultural factors. Although the development of architecture directly depends on time, styles do not always replace each other consistently, the simultaneous coexistence of styles as alternatives to each other is known (for example: baroque and classicism, modern and eclecticism, functionalism, constructivism and art deco).
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BASIC STYLES OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE:
STYLE NAME EXISTING TIME
Byzantine (cross-domed) con. X - XV centuries.
Tent XVI - XVII centuries
Russian (marvelous) pattern of the 17th century
Baroque con. XVI century - end. XVIII century.
Rococo XVIII century
Classicism ser. XVIII - XIX centuries
Pseudo-Russian and pseudo-Byzantine ser. XIX - early. XX century
Modern con. XIX - early. XX century
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BYZANTINE STYLE late 10th - 15th centuries Style features: Along with the Christian faith, Russia adopted from Byzantium the image of a temple with already highly developed theological symbolism. Traditionally, this style includes architecture Kievan Rus, however, similar temples were built much later. All ancient Russian churches are based on the Byzantine cross-domed model, but in Russia this model quickly began to acquire its own national features.
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BYZANTINE STYLE
CHURCH OF THE MOTHER OF GOD (TIRES) (991 - 996) Greek (Byzantine) masters. The first Russian stone church. Built by order of Prince Vladimir. It has not survived to this day.
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SOPHIA CATHEDRAL IN KIEV (XI century) Greek (Byzantine) masters. Built by order of Yaroslav the Wise. It has survived to this day in a heavily rebuilt form.
BYZANTINE STYLE
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NOTE! Unlike Western Europewhere the BASILICAS were more popular, in Russia they built a FOUR- AND SIX-PILLARED CROSS-DOMESTIC CHURCH, where the dome becomes the most important element.
BASILICA
CROSS-DOME TEMPLE
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DETERMINE WHERE IS THE BASILICA, AND WHERE IS THE CROSS-DOMESTIC TEMPLE?
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BASILICA
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CROSS-DOME TEMPLE
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CROSS-DOME MODEL OF THE TEMPLE
NOTE! Having adopted the cross-domed type of temples from Byzantium, Russian masters begin to add their own original interpretations to the buildings (Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Moscow schools).
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BYZANTINE STYLE (cross-domed model of the temple)
NOTE! With the passage of time (XII-XV centuries), the Russian cross-domed church took on its distinctive features and was not a direct copy of the Byzantine originals. Therefore, many researchers distinguish the ANCIENT RUSSIAN STYLE from the Byzantine and mention its various schools: Novgorod, Pskov, Vladimir-Suzdal, Early Moscow, Godunov style, etc.
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TENTED STYLE end of the 16th - 17th centuries Style features: Instead of a dome, the building of the hip-roofed temple ends with a tent. Tent temples are made of wood and stone. Stone tent-roofed temples appeared at the beginning of the 16th century, originate from their Russian wooden architecture and have no analogies in the architecture of other countries.
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NOTE! Since from ancient times wooden construction was predominant in Russia, most Christian churches were also built of wood. But in wood it is extremely difficult to convey the shape of the dome - a necessary element of a Byzantine-type temple. Probably, it was technical difficulties that caused the replacement of domes with hipped roofs in wooden churches.
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PAY ATTENTION, how the area of \u200b\u200bthe building increases with the same length of the log (wall).
FOUR
SHESTERIK
LOVE
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PANEL STYLE
CHURCH OF ASCENSION IN KOLOMENSKOYE (1528-1532) Italian and Russian masters. One of the first Russian tent-roofed stone churches. The legend connects the construction of the temple with the birth of Ivan the Terrible.
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PANEL STYLE
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RUSSIAN (DIVNOE, MOSCOW) PATTERN OF THE XVII century Style features: Intricate forms, abundance of decor, complexity of composition and picturesque silhouette of the building.
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THE TEMPORARY PALACE IN THE MOSCOW KREMLIN (1635-1636) Architects Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Trefil Sharutin, Larion Ushakov.
RUSSIAN PATTERN
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RUSSIAN PATTERN. Terem Palace (interior interiors).
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RUSSIAN PATTERN
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BAROQUE XVII - XVIII century Features of style: Striving for grandeur and splendor. fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear shapes. Large-scale colonnades, an abundance of sculptures on the facades and in the interiors are often found.
Russian Baroque includes two directions:
MOSCOW (NARYSHKINSKOE) BAROQUE
PETERSBURG (PETROVSKOE, ANNINSKOE, ELISAVETINSKOE) BAROQUE
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BAROQUE (MOSCOW)
CHURCH OF COVER IN PHILES (1690-1694). Architect Yakov Bukhvostov (presumably).
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BAROQUE (MOSCOW)
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BAROQUE (PETERSBURG)
WINTER PALACE IN PETERSBURG (1754-1762) Architect Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli.
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BAROQUE. Winter Palace (facade and interior interiors).
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BAROQUE (PETERSBURG)
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ROCOCO (French rococo - "pretentious, whimsical, winding") second half of the 18th century Features of the style: For the architecture of rococo, in contrast to the monumental and magnificent baroque, luxury, lightness, grace and mannerisms are characteristic. The Rococo style was a continuation of the Baroque style, or, more precisely, its modification, corresponding to the cutesy, pretentious time. Rococo is easily recognizable for its capriciousness, sophistication and burden of forms. In Russia, it was used mainly for interior decoration, not for building facades.
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ROKAYLE (fr. Rocaille - rocky, from roc - rock, cliff) is the main element of the rococo style ornament, reminiscent of the shape of a shell curl.
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ROCOCO IN THE INTERIOR
PETERHOF Great Palace Dance Hall (1751-1752) Architect Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli.
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CLASSICISM late 18th - 19th century Style features: Appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. Classicism is characterized by regularity of planning and clarity of volumetric form, symmetric-axial compositions, restraint of decoration.
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CLASSICISM
MIKHAILOVSKY PALACE IN PETERSBURG (1819-1825) Architect Karl Rossi.
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LATE CLASSICISM. St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
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PSEUDORUSSIAN (RUSSIAN) STYLE late XIX - early XX century Features of the style: use of the traditions of ancient Russian architecture and folk art, as well as associated elements of Byzantine architecture. Pseudo-Russian style includes two directions: NEORUSSIAN STYLE RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE STYLE
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CHURCH OF CHRIST THE SAVIOR IN MOSCOW (1839 - 1883) Architect Konstantin Ton. On December 5, 1931, the building of the temple was destroyed. Rebuilt at the same place in 1994-1997.
RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE STYLE
HOW TO DIFFERENCE? the use of elements of Byzantine architecture; imitation of the ancient architecture of the Byzantine Empire (stylization "under Byzantium").
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RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE STYLE
SEA CATHEDRAL IN KRONSTADT (1903 - 1913) Architect Vasily Kosyakov.
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COMPARE:
Temple of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (VI century)
Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow (XIX-XX centuries)
Typical features of the RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE style: - four-foot cross-domed type of the temple; strict centricity of the plan and facades; mirror symmetry of facades; all-facades (i.e. careful finishing of all details on all facades, the temple is beautiful from all sides); deliberate massiveness and ponderousness of architectural forms.