Raw materials for iodine production. Jsc troitsk iodine plant. Extraction of iodine from seaweed

Description

From 2013 to 2017, iodine sales in the Russian market showed an increase only in 2015 (by 36.4% compared to 2014), in other years there was an annual drop in the indicator by 6.9-13.9%. In general, during the study period, the sales volume increased by 0.6%: from 206.9 to 208.2 tons. The Russian iodine market is mainly represented by foreign products, the share of domestic production in 2013-2017 did not exceed 5.4% of the import volume ...

In 2013, iodine was not produced in Russia, its last production was closed earlier due to unprofitability. The presence of the release of these products in 2014-2017 is due to the entry into the country of the Crimea (on the territory of the peninsula there are 2 factories for the production of iodine located in the city of Saki). In general, during the study period, the indicator increased 7.3 times: from 1.08 to 7.84 tons. Note that the Crimean enterprises produce technical reactive iodine of the "Ch" brand. There are no Russian enterprises focused on the production of iodine for pharmaceutical purposes, and therefore it is necessary to purchase it abroad in full.

From 2013 to 2017, the natural volume of iodine imports increased by 2.1%: from 205.6 to 209.9 tons. The growth of the indicator took place in 2015 - by 40.3% against the level of 2014, in other years of the period it was observed. negative dynamics (by 8.8-12.0% per year). The sharp increase in Russian imports in 2015 provided an increase in the supply of iodine from Chile (by 95.0 tons).

Chemical industry experts estimate the Russian demand for iodine in a wide range - from 0.8 to 1.4 thousand tons per year. Therefore, in fact, based on the available data, the country, even due to the total volume of imports and domestic production, cannot satisfy the needs of industry for this product by 100%. According to BusinesStat forecasts, in 2018-2022, iodine sales are expected to grow gradually at a rate of 0.4-16.3% per year. In 2022, they will amount to 316.5 tons, which will exceed the 2017 value by 52.0%.

"Analysis of the iodine market in Russia in 2013-2017, forecast for 2018-2022" includes the most important data necessary to understand the current market conditions and assess the prospects for its development:

Economic situation in Russia
Iodine sales volume, iodine wholesale price
Supply and demand balance, iodine stocks
Production volume, price of iodine producers
Export and import of iodine
Manufacturer ratings by financial performance

The data on iodine producers are given: Technoiod, Iodobrom Research and Production Association.

BusinesStat prepares an overview of the global iodine market, as well as reviews of the CIS, EU and individual countries of the world.

In preparing the review, official statistics were used:

Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation
Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation
Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation
EurAsEC Customs Union
world Trade organisation

Along with the official statistics, the review presents the results of BusinesStat studies:

Iodine trade audit
Chemical industry expert survey

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Content

METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARING MARKET REVIEWS IN RUSSIA

THE STATE OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY

Basic parameters of the Russian economy

Results of Russia's accession to the Customs Union

Results of Russia's accession to the WTO

Prospects for Russian business

IODINE CLASSIFICATION

DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF IODINE

Sentence

Table 9. Iodine supply, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons;%)
Table 10. Forecast of iodine supply, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons;%)
Table 11. Production, import and stocks of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)
Table 12. Forecast of production, import and stock of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons)

Demand

Table 13. Demand for iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons;%)
Table 14. Forecast of demand for iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons;%)
Table 15. Sales and export of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)
Table 16. Forecast of sales and export of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons)

Supply and demand balance

Table 17. Balance of demand and supply of iodine, taking into account stocks, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons;%)
Table 18. Forecast of the balance of demand and supply of iodine, taking into account stocks, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons;%)

SALES IODINE

Natural sales volume

Table 19. Sales of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons;%)
Table 20. Forecast of iodine sales, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons;%)

Sales value

Table 21. Sales of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles;%)
Table 22. Forecast of iodine sales, RF, 2018-2022 (billion rubles;%)

Wholesale price

Table 23. Wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (rubles per ton;%)
Table 24. Forecast of the wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (rubles per ton;%)

Wholesale price to inflation ratio

The ratio of natural, value sales volume and wholesale price

Table 27. Ratio of natural, value sales volume and wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons; rubles per ton; billion rubles)
Table 28. Forecast of the ratio of natural, value sales and wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons; rubles per ton; billion rubles)

IODINE PRODUCTION

Natural production volume

Table 29. Iodine production, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons;%)
Table 30. Forecast of iodine production, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons;%)
Table 31. Iodine production by federal districts, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)

Manufacturers price

Table 32. Price of iodine producers, RF, 2013-2017 (rubles per ton;%)
Table 33. Forecast of iodine producer prices, RF, 2018-2022 (rubles per ton;%)

PRODUCERS OF IODINE

Table 34. Rating of iodine producers by revenue from product sales, RF, 2016 (RUB million)
Table 35. Rating of iodine producers by profit from product sales, RF, 2016 (million rubles)
Table 36. Rating of iodine producers by profitability of product sales, RF, 2016 (%)

EXPORT AND IMPORT Iodine

Balance of exports and imports

Table 37. Balance of iodine exports and imports, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)
Table 38. Forecast of the balance of exports and imports of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons)

Natural export volume

Table 39. Export of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons;%)
Table 40. Forecast of iodine exports, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons;%)
Table 41. Export of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)

Export value

Table 42. Export of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (million dollars;%)
Table 43. Forecast of iodine export, RF, 2018-2022 (million dollars;%)
Table 44. Export of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (mln USD)

Export price

Table 45. Export price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per ton;%)
Table 46. Forecast of the export price of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (dollars per ton;%)
Table 47. Price of iodine export by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per ton)

Natural volume of imports

Table 48. Imports of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons;%)
Table 49. Forecast of iodine imports, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons;%)
Table 50. Imports of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)

Import value

Table 51. Imports of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (million dollars;%)
Table 52. Forecast of iodine imports, RF, 2018-2022 (million dollars;%)
Table 53. Imports of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (mln USD)

Import price

Table 54. Price of iodine import, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per ton;%)
Table 55. Forecast of the price of iodine imports, RF, 2018-2022 (dollars per ton;%)
Table 56. Price of iodine import by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per ton)

FOREIGN ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF ENTERPRISES

Natural volume

Table 57. Rating of iodine exporters by export volume, 2017 (thousand tons)
Table 58. Rating of foreign companies-recipients of Russian products by supply volume, 2017 (thousand tons)
Table 59. Rating of iodine importers by import volume, 2017 (thousand tons)
Table 60. Rating of foreign suppliers of products to the Russian market by supply volume, 2017 (thousand tons)

Cost volume

Table 61. Rating of iodine exporters by export volume, 2017 (million dollars)
Table 62. Rating of foreign companies-recipients of Russian products by supply volume, 2017 (USD million)
Table 63. Rating of iodine importers by import volume, 2017 (USD million)
Table 64. Rating of foreign suppliers of products to the Russian market by supply volume, 2017 (USD million)

ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE INDUSTRY

The financial result of the industry

Table 65. Revenue from product sales, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles;%)
Table 66. Commercial and administrative expenses, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles;%)
Table 67. Cost of production, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles;%)
Table 68. Gross profit from product sales, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles;%)

Economic efficiency of the industry

Table 69. Economic efficiency, RF, 2013-2017 (%; times; days days)

Investment in the industry

Table 70. Investments in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand rubles)

Labor resources of the industry

Table 71. Number of workers in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand people)
Table 72. Average salary in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand rubles per year)

PROFILES OF LEADING PRODUCERS

LLC "Technoyod"

Organization leadership
Key members of the organization
Main financial indicators of the enterprise

PJSC "NPO" Yodobrom "

Organization registration data
Organization leadership
Subsidiaries of the organization
Major shareholders of the organization
The balance sheet of the enterprise according to the form No. 1
Profit and loss statement of the enterprise in form No. 2

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Tables

Table 1. Nominal and real GDP, RF, 2013-2022 (trillion rubles)

Table 2. Real GDP and real GDP index, RF, 2013-2022 (trillion rubles,%)

Table 3. Investments in fixed assets from all sources of financing, RF, 2013-2022 (trillion rubles,%)

Table 4. Export and import, trade balance, RF, 2013-2022 (billion dollars)

Table 5. Average annual exchange rate of the dollar against the ruble, RF, 2013-2022 (rubles per dollar,%)

Table 6. Consumer price index (inflation) and food price index, RF, 2013-2022 (% to the previous year)

Table 7. Population, including migrants, RF, 2013-2022 (million people)

Table 8. Real disposable income of the population, RF, 2013-2022 (% to the previous year)

Table 9. Iodine supply, RF, 2013-2017 (t;%)

Table 10. Forecast of iodine supply, RF, 2018-2022 (t;%)

Table 11. Production, import and stock of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 12. Forecast of production, import and stock of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (t)

Table 13. Demand for iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t;%)

Table 14. Forecast of demand for iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (t;%)

Table 15. Sales and export of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 16. Forecast of sales and exports of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (t)

Table 17. Balance of demand and supply of iodine, taking into account stocks, RF, 2013-2017 (t;%)

Table 18. Forecast of the balance of demand and supply of iodine, taking into account stocks, RF, 2018-2022 (t;%)

Table 19. Sales of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t;%)

Table 20. Forecast of iodine sales, RF, 2018-2022 (t;%)

Table 21. Sales of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (million rubles;%)

Table 22. Forecast of iodine sales, RF, 2018-2022 (million rubles;%)

Table 23. Wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (rubles per kg;%)

Table 24. Forecast of the wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (rubles per kg;%)

Table 25. Ratio of the wholesale price of iodine and inflation, RF, 2013-2017 (%)

Table 26. Forecast of the ratio of the wholesale price of iodine and inflation, RF, 2018-2022 (%)

Table 27. Ratio of natural, value sales volume and wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t; rubles per kg; million rubles)

Table 28. Forecast of the ratio of natural, value sales volume and wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (t; rubles per kg; million rubles)

Table 29. Iodine production, RF, 2013-2017 (t;%)

Table 30. Forecast of iodine production, RF, 2018-2022 (t;%)

Table 31. Iodine production by federal districts, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 32. Price of iodine producers, RF, 2013-2017 (rubles per kg;%)

Table 33. Forecast of iodine producer prices, RF, 2018-2022 (rubles per kg;%)

Table 37. Balance of iodine exports and imports, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 38. Forecast of the balance of exports and imports of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (t)

Table 39. Export of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t;%)

Table 40. Forecast of iodine export, RF, 2018-2022 (t;%)

Table 41. Export of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 42. Export of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand dollars;%)

Table 43. Forecast of iodine exports, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand dollars;%)

Table 44. Export of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand dollars)

Table 45. Export price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per kg;%)

Table 46. Forecast of the export price of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (dollars per kg;%)

Table 47. Price of iodine export by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per kg)

Table 48. Imports of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t;%)

Table 49. Forecast of iodine imports, RF, 2018-2022 (t;%)

Table 50. Imports of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 51. Imports of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand dollars;%)

Table 52. Forecast of iodine imports, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand dollars;%)

Table 53. Imports of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand dollars)

Table 54. Price of iodine imports, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per kg;%)

Table 55. Forecast of the price of import of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (dollars per kg;%)

Table 56. The price of iodine imports by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (dollars per kg)

Table 65. Revenue from the sale of products, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles)

Table 66. Commercial and administrative expenses, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles)

Table 67. Cost of production, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles)

Table 68. Gross profit from product sales, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles)

Table 69. Economic efficiency of the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (%; times; days days)

Table 70. Investments in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (million rubles)

Table 71. Number of workers in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand people,%)

Table 72. Average salary in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand rubles per year,%)

Manufactured products:
iodine, iodine-containing products, iodine GPC, iodine for the production of highly pure salts, iodine crystalline Ch, iodine crystalline analytical grade, iodine fine-crystalline instant HFS, iodine fine-crystalline instant technical, iodine OSCh 20-3, iodine OSCh 20-4, iodine FK, iodine Ch , potassium iodide reagent grade, potassium iodide Ch, potassium iodide of analytical grade, potassium iodide GPC, sodium iodide of high purity grade, sodium iodide of high purity grade, alcohol iodine solution 5%, medicinal products, potassium-lithium electrolyte

About enterprise:

The history of OJSC Troitsk Iodine Plant began in 1961, when the Krasnodarneftesintez Association built a pilot plant for processing thermal iodine-bromine brines and extracting iodine from them. In 1964, the installation, along with the field, was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Chemical Industry and the enterprise was given the status of a plant. Today, the joint-stock company, located on several production sites, includes a mining allotment of the Slavyansko-Troitsky deposit of iodine-containing groundwater, which is the main raw material in the production of iodine. The West Kuban trough, in the central part of which the Troitsky section of the Slavyansko-Troitsky deposit of iodine-containing waters is located, is hydrogeologically an independent artesian basin.

The plant produces reagents, pharmaceuticals, substances for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, veterinary drugs, drugs for the chemical, medical, food, electronics and agriculture industries.

The company is developing steadily, regularly mastering new types of products. In 2000, the production of reactive potassium iodic acid and potassium iodate of a pharmacopoeial iodine-containing product used for salt iodization was launched; in 2003 - the medical preparation "Yodopiron", used as a bactericidal agent for thermal and chemical burns of I-II degrees; in 2005 - the production of potassium iodide used in the production of chemical fibers.

Troitsk Iodine Plant has a certified laboratory that provides control of incoming raw materials, stage-by-stage technological control, and quality control of products. Environmental monitoring is constantly carried out to determine emissions into the atmosphere, as well as to determine the quality of discharged water and the iodine content in industrial waste.

In 2004 the enterprise was headed by M.V. Kravchuk. From the first days of his work as General Director, Mikhail Vitalievich directed his attention to increasing production efficiency, developing and introducing new technologies, expanding the range of products, improving their quality and reducing costs. Today, specialists of the highest level work under his leadership: two have the title of "Honorary Chemist", seven have been awarded certificates of honor of the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian Federation. A number of employees were awarded medals and certificates of honor of the Krasnodar Territory Administration.

In the coming years, the plant's management plans to reconstruct the mineral resource base, increase the existing production capacity and introduce block-modular plants for the production of highly pure substances.

It is also planned to reconstruct the plant's power supply system. The purchase of a modular gas-generating unit will make it possible to use the associated gas supplied together with iodine-bromine water not only for generating electricity, but also for obtaining a significant amount of thermal energy, which will be used for technological and domestic needs.

JSC "Troitsk Iodine Plant" is dynamically developing in a market economy and successfully withstands competition in the world market. Its products consistently receive high marks at specialized all-Russian competitions and exhibitions. In 1997, at the annual meeting of the Trade Leaders Club, the company was awarded the international prize "For the quality of partnership"; based on the results of 2000, the plant received a diploma from the All-Russian competition “1000 best enterprises and organizations of the XXI century”; in 2001 he was awarded the diploma "For active participation in the First All-Russian Exhibition" Russian Manufacturers and Supply of the Armed Forces ". According to the results of the competition "100 best goods of Russia" in 2002, iodine of pharmacopoeial qualification (substance), produced by the enterprise, received a diploma and a sign "Declaration of quality", and according to the results of the regional competition "High-quality goods of Kuban" in 2003, two types of products became winners at once, produced by the plant - iodine brand "Ch" and the drug "Yodopiron".

Everyone has ever used an alcoholic solution of iodine, some are familiar with it from chemistry lessons. Someone faced a lack of iodine in the body, while someone confuses it with brilliant green. In this article, we have collected answers to the most frequently asked questions about iodine, we hope it will come in handy!

When and by whom was iodine discovered

The chemical element "Iodine" was added to the periodic table in 1871.

Like many chemical elements, iodine was discovered by chance in 1811 by the Frenchman Bernard Courtois when he obtained saltpeter from seaweed. As a chemical element, the substance was named "iodine" two years later, and the official entry into the periodic table - in 1871.

From what and how is iodine obtained?

Pure iodine (free form) is extremely rare, mainly in Japan and Chile. The main production is made from seaweed (get 5 kg from 1 ton of dry kelp), sea water (up to 30 mg from a ton of water) or from oil drilling waters (up to 70 mg from a ton of water). There is a method of obtaining technical iodine from waste products of nitrate and ash, but the content of the substance in the starting materials is no more than 0.4%.

The method of obtaining iodine has two directions.

The seaweed ash is mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and heated. After evaporation of moisture, iodine is obtained.
Iodine in liquids (sea or lake salt water, oil water) is bound with starch, or silver and copper salts, or kerosene (an outdated method, since it is expensive) into insoluble compounds, and then the water is evaporated. Later, they began to use the coal method for extracting iodine.

How iodine affects the human body

Iodine and its derivatives are part of the hormones that affect the metabolism of the human body, its growth and development, so the average person needs to consume up to 0.15 mg of iodine daily. The lack of iodine or its deficiency in the diet leads to thyroid diseases and the development of endemic goiter, hypothyroidism and cretinism.

An indicator of iodine deficiency in the body is fatigue and depressed mood, headache and the so-called "natural laziness", irritability and nervousness, weakening of memory and intelligence. Arrhythmia, high blood pressure and a drop in hemoglobin levels in the blood appear. It is very toxic - 3 g of the substance is a lethal dose for any living organism.

In large quantities, it causes damage to the cardiovascular system, kidneys and pulmonary edema; there is a cough and a runny nose, watery eyes and pain in the eyes (if it gets on the mucous membrane); general weakness and fever, vomiting and diarrhea, increased heart rate and pain.

How to replenish iodine in the body?

The main source of natural iodine is seafood, but obtained as far as possible from the coast: in the coastal strips, iodine is washed out of the soil, and its content in products is insignificant. Eat seafood - this can restore to a certain extent the content of the substance in the body.
You can artificially add iodine to food salt, eat foods containing this trace element - sunflower oil, food additives.
In pharmacies, tablets with a high iodine content are sold - relatively harmless drugs (for example, iodine-active, antistrumin).
A lot of iodine is found in persimmons and walnuts.

Where is iodine found?

Iodine is present almost everywhere. The highest iodine content is found in products of marine origin, in the seawater itself and in salty lake water.
In free form - as a mineral - iodine is present in thermal springs of volcanoes and natural iodides (lautarite, iodo-bromite, embolite, myersite). It is contained in oil drilling waters, sodium nitrate solutions, nitrate and potash production lye.

What foods contain iodine

In seafood: fish (cod and halibut) and fish oil, crustaceans and molluscs (scallops, crabs, shrimp, squid, oysters, mussels), seaweed. This is followed by dairy products and chicken eggs, feijoa and persimmons, bell peppers, peels and kernels of walnuts, black grapes, cereals (buckwheat, corn, wheat, millet), river fish and red beans. Iodine is found in orange and red juices.

There is even less iodine in soy products (milk, sauce, tofu), onions, garlic, beets, potatoes, carrots, beans, strawberries (about 40-100 times less than in seaweed), but it is there.

What foods do not contain iodine

Iodine is not found in baked goods (homemade) that use regular salt without iodine, peeled potatoes, unsalted vegetables (raw and frozen), peanuts, almonds, and egg whites. There is practically no iodine in cereals that are poor in natural salts; pasta, cocoa powder, white raisins, and dark chocolate. This applies to vegetable oils, including soybean oils.

Almost all known seasonings in dried form (black pepper, herbs) also do not have iodine-containing components - iodine quickly decomposes in the open air (evaporates), which is why iodized salt is usable for only 2 months (if the pack is open).

Carbonated drinks - Coca Cola and its derivatives, wine, black coffee, beer, lemonade - all of this also does not contain iodine.

Linen fabrics:

Option 1. Cover the stain with baking soda, pour vinegar on top and leave for 12 hours, and then wash in warm clean water.

Option 2. Dissolve a teaspoon of ammonia in 0.5 l of water, and wipe the stain with the resulting solution. Next - wash in warm soapy water.

Option 3. A thick gruel of starch is made in water, applied to the stain and the stain is expected to turn blue. Repeat if necessary and wash in warm, soapy water.

Option 4. Rub the stain with raw potatoes and wash in warm soapy water.

Option 5. You can wipe the stain with liquid ascorbic acid (or dissolve the tablet in water), and then wash it in soap and water.

Woolen, cotton and silk fabrics:
The stain should be wiped with a hyposulfite solution (a teaspoon in a glass of water) and washed in warm water. You can wipe the stain with ammonia and wash in the usual way.

How to wash iodine from skin

There are several options:

Olive oil or a greasy cream is applied to the skin to absorb iodine. After an hour, the iodine is washed off with a body sponge and soap.
They take a bath with sea salt, and at the end use a washcloth and baby (household - in extreme cases) soap.
You can use a scrub instead of a washcloth for delicate skin, and the place with the stain should be massaged. After that, you can lubricate the skin with a nourishing cream or milk.
You can apply cotton wool with alcohol, moonshine or vodka to the stain for 5 minutes, and then rub. The procedure can be repeated several times.
Removes iodine stains by hand wash clothes or a regular bath with powder or lemon juice.

How to gargle with iodine

The method is quite simple - you need to add a few drops of iodine to a glass of warm water until a light brown solution is obtained. But the effect will be better and stronger if you add a teaspoon of baking soda and table salt to the water. The method has proven itself in the treatment of purulent tonsillitis and chronic tonsillitis. The procedure can be repeated 3-4 times a day (with purulent sore throat - every 4 hours) for 4 days.

With an alcoholic solution of iodine, it is impossible to lubricate the throat with sore throat, such as Iodinol. Otherwise, you will simply burn the mucous membrane.

How to make an iodine grid, how often can you make an iodine grid

You need to take a thin stick with a cotton swab, moisten it in a 5% alcohol solution of iodine and draw intersecting horizontal and vertical stripes on the skin in the form of a plate with 1x1cm squares. This is the ideal geometry for uniform distribution of iodine: it is absorbed quickly and efficiently.

It can be done only two to three times during the week for any disease.

At what age can iodine be smeared

Doctors do not recommend smearing the skin with iodine, even in adolescence - iodine burns the skin. But the iodine grid (one-time) can be done from the age of five. But there is a more "advanced" and safer version of iodine that can be used and.

Why is iodine in the periodic table, but no brilliant green?

Because brilliant green is a synthetic antiseptic, aniline dye. The periodic table includes only chemical elements and compounds that exist in nature in pure form.

Iodized salt should be substituted for ordinary salt for people living in regions of iodine deficiency.

Because such salt helps to restore balance in case of iodine deficiency in the human body, it is the prevention of iodine deficiency diseases in children, pregnant and lactating women, adolescents. Salt with iodine helps prevent the absorption of the radioactive components of iodine by the thyroid gland and protects against radiation, inflammation and disease.

How iodized salt is made

Iodine is added to sea or lake salt water at a certain concentration, mixed with water and only then evaporated.

The main raw material for iodine production iodine production plant uses iodine-containing groundwater, which is extracted together with oil during the operation of oil wells. Purified from silt, oil and other impurities, this water enters the pressure tanks for iodine oxidation. Here it is acidified with technical sulfuric acid and oxidized with sodium nitrite. After that, the water flows by gravity into the absorbers to release free iodine on activated carbon.

Coal with adsorbed on it, iodine (iodine coal) is loaded into dssorbers, where iodine is washed off the coal using caustic soda and hot steam. The solution saturated with iodine is collected from the desorbers into special collectors, from where it is pumped through coal and clay filters into the crystallizer. Here, using sodium nitrite, iodine is isolated in the form of a crystalline precipitate. The precipitate is washed with water, pressed into tiles and sent for cleaning from organic and mineral impurities by distilling it in sublimators. Then iodine is unloaded from the apparatus and packed in glass containers.

In this way, industrial the process of obtaining iodine is associated with the use of a number of chemicals, including aggressive and potent ones: iodine, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, caustic soda and sodium nitrate.

Besides, at the iodine plant there are other unfavorable factors: indoor air pollution by steam and gas emissions of the specified chemicals and coal dust, temperature factor, manual labor with physical exertion. These factors in various combinations are found in all production areas of the iodine plant. The continuity of the technological process determines the constancy of the impact of these factors. The air is especially polluted with vapors of iodine, acids and alkalis.

In the technical process getting iodine the following groups of workers of basic and auxiliary professions take part: apparatus operators-oxidizers, adsorbers, reloaders, strippers, crystallizers, presses, sublimators, samplers, packers, laboratory assistants, foremen, technologists, shift supervisors. A number of other professions are also associated with raw materials and products (carpenters, repairmen, pump operators, electricians, coal reaction furnace operators, etc.).

Iodine production process goes through several stages. First of all, iodine-containing water is pumped out of oil wells. In the oil fields, workers perform a variety of physical activities and are exposed to hydrocarbons. When performing repair work, workers come into contact with liquid oil and its vapors. Oilfield water, after purification and sludge, is supplied from the pool to the mixers, where the oxidation process takes place.

Location on oxidation of iodides the preparation of acid solutions and their discharge into the acid meter is carried out by the apparatus operators. Contact with sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite is inevitable here. Preparation of working solutions and pumping them into measuring tanks create conditions for the evaporation of acids and their pollution of the air environment of this production site in a concentration exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. Discharge of acid from the test tank into open mixers contributes to its evaporation and air pollution in workplaces.
Weather conditions at this production site are almost the same as at the site for the preparation of oilfield water.

Iodine-containing oilfield water oxidized with sulfuric acid to isolate molecular iodides from iodides, which is then pumped under pressure into adsorbers. At the adsorption site, the devices are filled with activated carbon and filled with water. This work is often done manually. Filling dry coal into adsorbers is accompanied by dust release. The process of adsorption and reloading of iodine coal from open apparatus creates conditions for the evaporation of iodine and air pollution. Unfavorable working conditions are exacerbated by the fact that workers go down into the apparatus and manually unload.
Up to 80% of working time reloaders are in iodine-contaminated air. In some cases, the concentration of OHM reaches 4.6 mg / m3, exceeding the MPC.

Location on adsorption reloaders and adsorber operators are working. The work of both groups proceeds in conditions of air pollution with iodine and dust, changes in meteorological factors. In the desorption shop, iodine adsorbed on activated carbon is washed off the coal and forms a mother liquor. The technical conditions provide for the process to be conducted with closed hatches, but control over the quality and completeness of flushing, regulation of the process mode, supply of reagent and steam, sampling are carried out with the participation of an operator and with an open container hatch. The vapors of iodine and alkali released during this process pollute the air.

Warmth and water vaporcoming from the devices increase the humidity and temperature of the air in the room. It also adversely affects the well-being of workers.
Saturated with iodine mother liquor is collected in collectors, filtered and pumped into a crystallizer. Here, iodine is crystallized using sodium nitrite or, more often, potassium chloric acid (Berthollet's salt). As a result, crystalline iodine precipitates out and intense evaporation into the air through the hatches of the apparatus, which manifests itself in the form of a violet cloud that spreads throughout the compartment and contributes to an increase in the concentration of iodine in the air. Crystallization of iodine is accompanied by constant stirring of the mother liquor, and the leaching of the sediment from the bottom of the apparatus is carried out with a stream of water.

The staff works in conditions iodine-polluted air... In addition, there is a great risk of exposure to iodine crystals, splashes of mother liquor and iodine vapor on exposed skin.

The tense atmosphere of pre-war Europe smelled of gunpowder. It is symbolic that the first shots of the world war were ready to thunder under the windows of the hospital headed by Grossich. However, from Fiume to Sarajevo - a stone's throw.

“In the summer of 1910, a squadron of Russian ships under the command of Rear Admiral NS Mankovsky was on a friendly visit to Montenegro, and on the way entered the port of Fiume, which at that time belonged to Austria-Hungary. The port had an Austrian fortress and an Austrian squadron. At the entrance to the harbor, the Russian ships, as expected, saluted. However, the Austrians did not respond. Mankovsky asked the shore: "Why don't you answer the fireworks?" From there they semaphore: “It’s late now, in the morning the fortress will answer you. And the squadron leaves at 4 o'clock in the morning for maneuvers and will not salute. "

Then Mankovsky sends to the shore: "Until the proper salute is given to the Russian flag, I will not release the squadron from the port."

In the middle of the night, the Austrian squadron began to breed couples, preparing to go to sea. On the Russian ships, they played a combat alert and uncovered their guns. The Austrians froze. So they stood until morning. Here Mankovsky reports to the shore: "After raising the flag, I open fire."

And so on the Russian ships the teams were built for the solemn morning ceremony, they began to raise the flag. Thunder rolls over the harbor, then more and more - this is an Austrian fortress and a squadron saluting the Russian flag. On the pier, a military band is playing "God Save the Tsar." Then the Austrian anthem was sang on the "Tsesarevich", the incident was over. Here is an instructive episode in our history, which every patriot of Russia should know and remember ”(www.rds.org.ru).

In Europe, there was also a smell of iodine - scientists realized that in the midst of a "traumatic epidemic" it would be needed a lot. The tincture will have to be saved, which means it will be diluted. The effectiveness of the tinctura iodi light variants was checked in advance:

“In the statement of the French Society of Military Medicine, Thibault pointed out the strong antiseptic properties of one tincture diluted with an equal part of methyl alcohol. It has antiseptic properties, at least equal to the action of undiluted iodine tincture, which achieves significant savings over the last few days without any damage to the therapeutic effect " (Medical Newspaper, 1913, No. 8).

“Disinfection of wounds, their circumference and the operative field with a single tincture is now widely accepted by surgeons and with good results. However, this excellent antiseptic method can cause severe skin irritation and stains the tissues with a dark brown color, making them difficult to examine.

To eliminate these shortcomings, a modification of the classical method Grossich recommends G. Crucilla (Gaz. Degli Ospedali, 27.02.1913), assistant of the surgical clinic in Florence. He was convinced that a solution of 6 parts of iodine in 100 parts of alcohol (95 °) has an antiseptic effect, in no way inferior to the action of an official iodine tincture, without causing skin irritation and only slightly staining the tissues, so that they are not difficult to inspect during the operation. In the surgical clinic prof. Marchetti disinfection with 0.6% alcohol solution of iodine has been applied with full success already in 329 large operations. "

Skopidomskiy Western rationalism is alien to the broad Russian soul. The writers portrayed the matter as if there were so many tinctures in the army that it was used not only for its intended purpose, but also as a melee weapon - in whole banks:

“At the first cannon shots, Varya ran to Zaliternaya with a bandage and iodine. Having run half way, she suddenly found herself in front of a Japanese looking around. He did not immediately realize whether he needed to stab that running Russian. Taking advantage of this moment, Varya threw a jar of iodine in his face. The Japanese howled from the sharp pain in his eyes, trying to wipe off the caustic liquid. The girl, meanwhile, managed to hide around the bend. At the battery she immediately began to bandage the numerous wounded. "

However, reading the Manchu reports of military surgeons, you see: in 1904-1905. they used sublimate gauze, occasionally imported iodoform (powder) and alcohol. It was Japan that was already at the forefront of the world's iodine producers. And Russia, traditionally saving on the development of technologies, did not have its own iodine industry in 1914. When the war began, the import of iodine dropped to almost zero - the allies were in a hurry to provide them with their own armies, and the neutrals inflated prices to the skies:

“Before the revolution, iodine was imported to Russia. Capitalist countries (Italy, France, Japan, etc.) were monopolists of iodine, therefore, when the First World War began, Russia found itself in a difficult situation. "

“It is unnecessary to talk about the importance of iodine for health care; it increases especially during the war - to serve the needs of the army. The imperialist war of 1914 for the first time raised in Russia the problem of organizing its own iodine production. "

How did Russian science and business respond to the challenge? Earlier than all, the counterfeiters, who collected the first cream from the market, launched their "import substitution programs":

“The depletion of stocks of medicines and the rapid growth of prices did not take long to affect them: counterfeits appeared on the markets, which, due to their external resemblance to real medicines, easily find buyers, especially if we take into account their cheapness. An analysis of the falsifications now spreading has established, for example, that iod contains manganese. " (The Life of a Pharmacist, 1914, no. 9).

The allies occasionally helped, but the imported iodine usually settled in large cities, very far from the front line:

"Kiev pharmacists state that the urgent need for drugs, which was experienced about 1-2 months ago, has decreased, since large transports of iodine, iodine and fish oil were delivered from England, Sweden and Japan" (Ibid., 1915, no. 1).

There was not enough iodine in hospitals, and scientists suggested extracting it from ... used dressings:

“Member of the Main Directorate of the Red Cross BK Ordin reported that the senior physician of St. Elisabeth, deployed to Riga, prof. Bereznyakovskiy presented his considerations regarding the possibility of obtaining a significant amount of iodine by extracting it from used gauze and tampons. The proposal was found to be completely feasible and worthy of application, since in this way up to 1/3 of the year will be extracted. It was found useful to bring this to the attention of all hospitals " (Medical Contemporary, 1915, No. 26).

“Allow me, through your esteemed newspaper, to apply on behalf of the Department of Chemical Laboratory and the Dokuchaevsky Soil Committee to extract iodine from used tampons and sticks to the hospitals in Petrograd with a humble request - to send them on the basis of the combined medical , to banks, and by the end of the last filling notify the laboratory about this by phone 411-00, calling one of the signers of this letter. The extracted iodine is donated for the needs of the hospitals. K. Nikiforov, A. Pankov and N. Stoletov "(R'ch, 11.11.1915).

Gauze and cotton wool were also reused; against the background of a total shortage, even useful developments of logistical chemists looked like an inappropriate fantasy:

“In the last days of the book“ Scientific Notes of Kazan University ”(April 1915) prof. FM Flavitsky describes the preparation of "one cotton wool", which, one must think, will have to find wide acceptance in the difficult times experienced by the Motherland. "Purulent infection of wounds," writes prof. Flavitsky, - “you can prevent them by smearing them with one tincture. For the convenience of using it, it is sealed in glass vials, and in this form, individual bags for the military are supplied with one tincture. But in view of the fragility of glass, it is convenient to have a supply of iodine in the form of solids that emit iodine only when they are wetted with water or blood.

With this purpose, I propose to prepare one cotton wool by dusting absorbent cotton wool with iodine salt and honey vitriol, taking them in the form of a fine powder. When iodine is wetted, iodine is squeezed out. It is true that smis only squeezes out only half of the iodine from the iodine, but at the same time the convenience is gained in the simplicity of preparation and handling of iodine. As for the preservation of one cotton wool, before use, it must be protected from being wetted with water, as well as from sweat, like incendiary matches. "

“Iodoform ointments, which are so inconvenient due to their smell, can be replaced with iodine ointments prepared not directly from iodine (very irritating), but from coal powder mixed with iodine, which is known to be absorbed (“ sucked ”) by coal. Such ointments do not have an irritating effect " (Medical Newspaper, 1915, No. 8).

Instead of bandaging materials, there were priests who consoled and then buried the wounded. Pavel Florensky (1882-1937) also went to war. According to some reports, the young professor of the Theological Academy served in a military hospital; about. Alexander Men wrote that the author of the fundamental work "The Pillar and Statement of Truth" (1914), who was ordained in 1911, was a regimental priest:

“Fr Pavel was a complex and contradictory person. He graduated from Moscow University as a brilliant mathematician, he was kept at the department. Mathematics was for him a kind of basis for the universe; he came to the idea that all visible nature can be reduced to some invisible anchor points.

In Sergiev Posad, he became a teacher of the history of philosophy. I believe that his teachers could not fail to notice the originality of his thought and were afraid that if he began to teach theology, he would contribute too much of his own ”(www.krotov.org).

The grandson of the chief surgeon of the Grozny military hospital numbered five generations of priests in his genealogy, starting with the Pole Florinsky, abandoned by the Troubles in the vicinity of Kostroma during the time of I. Susanin. On the other hand, Pavel Aleksandrovich's father was a well-known railway engineer, a real state councilor (i.e., a civilian general), and his son turned out to be a talented physicist and engineer. Finally, the mother belonged to the oldest Saparov family, dating back to the first Armenian kings (magazines.russ.ru).

A person with such roots and “pivot points” could not help but bring “too much of his own” into everything he did. This is not to the liking of any bosses - church or Soviet.

The authorities need other scientists, who, with the acute iodine deficiency caused by its miscalculations, proved that it was unnecessary and even harmful to military surgeons. But practitioners did not want to give up their favorite tincture, which was reflected in the controversy in the press:

“In the field hospital, we did not accept washing of wounds, confining ourselves to lubricating both the wound itself and its circumference with iodom. Reputable military field surgeons, such as, for example, professors, rise up against the last day as a means for lubricating wounds. VG Tzege von Manteuffel - in view of the harmful effect of iodine on the cell protoplasm. I don't think this view is correct. Of course, it is inappropriate to fill a wound with deep holes that emit a putrid odor with iodom. Vigorous surgical intervention is shown here, but I admit that lubricating superficial wounds with iodom is rational from the point of view of scientific therapy in view of the strong bactericidal action of iodine and the leukocytosis caused by it ”(Russkiy Vrach, 1915, No. 26).

Manteuffel made excuses:

“We did not recommend the use of iodine to pour it into the wound, but only to lubricate the skin of the surrounding parts. If you pour iodine into a wound, you get superficial necrosis. After a short time, due to the combination of proteinaceous substances with iodine, this area does not already contain a sufficient amount of it to destroy bacteria. The dead tissue, on the other hand, is a good breeding ground for them, and the swelling and blockage of the hole prevents drainage. " (Russian Doctor, 1915, No. 33).

Military doctors of all countries finally preferred iodine tincture, which was recorded even by the then "marketing research":

“The recent fanatics of pure asepsis must undoubtedly lay down their arms before those who have defended the sacred banner of antisepsis from the very beginning to the last time. Some of the generally known disadvantages of skin disinfection with one tincture (erythema, blisters, etc.) have caused the appearance of a number of other methods of its disinfection. The Filonchikov-Grossikh method, as far as can be judged from the questionnaires produced, still remains dominant both among domestic and foreign surgeons ”.

So, the country needed its own iodine. Taking advantage of the forced war easing of the prohibitions that the authorities stifled the development of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, scientists and businessmen gathered in the Moscow Military-Industrial Committee laid the foundations of a new industry for many years to come, choosing the right search directions. Indeed, Chilean nitrate (it produced 800 tons of iodine per year out of 1100 tons of the world market) was obviously not available in Russia. But there were seas and algae (150 tons of iodine sales worldwide), and there were mineral springs (also 150 tons). It was to them that the expeditions were sent:

“The appointment of the new Committee on the organization of the production of medicines took place in Moscow. The Committee begins to search for places in Russia, where it would be possible to develop an iod. With this aim, he recently sent a scientific expedition headed with S.N. Naumov and N.I. The committee allocated 500 rubles to send the expedition. Without waiting for the results of the study of algae, the committee will begin the exploration of salt bogs near the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, which are also very rich in iodine salts " (The Life of a Pharmacist, 1914, No. 6-7).

In most cases, the practical solution was negligible:

“In 1915, the section of the pharmacological industry at the Moscow Military-Industrial Committee conducted a study of iodine-containing algae in the Murman and the White Sea, as well as the Pacific Ocean, the Caspian, Azov, Black and Baltic Seas. Attempts were made to organize the production of iodine in Vladivostok from algae and from brine and mud from hills and salt lakes, but these experiments did not lead to positive results. In 1915 prof. Pisarzhevsky created the Yekaterinoslav Iodine Experimental Station, which operated until 1917 and produced 165 g of crystalline iodine. "

But under the Bolsheviks, the future academician L.V. Pisarzhevsky (1847-1938) created the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Dnepropetrovsk. Another future academician, S.V. Zernov (1871-1945), who headed the Sevastopol biological station, opened in the Karkinitsky Bay of the Black Sea a famous natural plantation of iodine-containing algae - red phyllophora - with an area of \u200b\u200babout 11 thousand km2. The reserves of Zernov's phyllophoric field - continuous thickets at depths of 20-60 m - were estimated by him at 10 million tons.

But in fact, enthusiasts of the "algal" direction usually limited themselves to hype in the press and a repetition of the experiments of Courtois a century ago:

“Organized on a grandiose scale, the extraction of algae in the Black Sea with the purpose of extracting iodine shows that the future belongs to the manufacture of medicines in Crimea. Local scientists, hand in hand with capitalists and entrepreneurs, are making every effort to create a grand production of medicines in the Crimean region, so that the pharmaceutical market in Russia is freed from dependence on foreign countries. " (Medical Contemporary, August 1915).

"A branch of industry of the Ministry of Trade and Industry received a report that successful experiments were made in Vladivostok to extract iodine from seaweed" (Rach, September 4, 1915).

“In Vladivostok, iodine, extracted by engineer Savinsky from seaweed, has appeared on sale. Samples of this iod were sent to Petrograd. It is supposed to organize the production of iodine in a wide scale " (Russian Doctor, 1915, No. 34).

At the end of 1915, the "clinical exhibition" Ensuring the independence of Russia from abroad in the field of practical medicine "dispassionately recorded:

“Sales iodine of Russian production is still nt; at least attempts to get it have already been killed, and, moreover, on a significant scale. At the exhibition there are algae sent from Vladivostok and Tuapse, which can serve as a source of extraction of iodine, which is contained in them in a fair amount. Due to the lack of a large amount of domestic iodine, we still have various iodine preparations (iodipine, iodival, iodostarin, etc.) " (Russian Doctor, 1915, No. 48).

The case came to the present production only in one place, where state funds were invested in it:

“The most successful experiments were to obtain iodine from algae of the White Sea region, as a result of which in 1916 a plant for processing iodine was built in Arkhangelsk at the expense of the Office of the Supreme Chief of the evacuation and sanitary part. It was designed to process 2000 tons of algae ash per year, containing an average of 0.4% iodine. Ash collection was organized on the Zhizhgin island in the White Sea; it was supposed to produce 8 tons of iodine and 500 tons of potassium salts annually ”.

“In Arkhangelsk, on August 23, a plant was laid for the extraction of iodine. It is supposed to extract annually up to 300 poods of pure iodine. The plant will be managed by prof. Tishchenko " (Russian Doctor, 1916, No. 36).

However, professors rarely turn out to be good managers:

“But the initial calculations did not come true. In 1916, not 2000 tons of ash was prepared, as planned, but only 8 tons; in 1917 - 30 tons, since 1918 procurement has stopped altogether.

Another envoy of the Moscow Military-Industrial Committee set off in search of iodine in the direction of his homeland - to those places where in 1847 N.I. Pirogov tested iodine tincture on those wounded by Chechen bullets. As if to signal that it will take a long time to fight here, a promising source of raw materials for tincture was found nearby:

“During the World War, the waters of the Kuban region and the Kerch Peninsula were examined, where mud containing iodine flows out of the hills. In 1916 prof. G. G. Urazov examined the waters of the Absheron Peninsula near Baku and found that the water of the collecting ditches coming from the oil fields of Sarukhan, Balakhninsky and Ramaninsky contains significant amounts of iodine carried to the Caspian Sea. According to prof. Urazov, only Lake Boyukshor, where the waters of oil wells flow down, contains over 200 tons of iodine. "

Chemist Georgy Urazov (1884-1957), another future Soviet academician (1946), was born in Chechnya, in the village of Shatoi, known today from the battles and terrorist attacks. But he only found iodine, and then began searching for other minerals in the salt deposits of the Caspian Sea region and the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay. It was destined to bring the matter to industrial production to a completely different person - a native of the town of Miloslavichi, far from the Caucasus (the same Mogilev province where Filonchikov was born):

“Onisim Yulievich Magidson (1890-1971) graduated from Moscow University in 1913, after which he became an assistant in the Department of Organic Chemistry at the People's University named after Shanyavsky, where he taught for six years, and since 1916 he was actively involved in the creation of the domestic chemical and pharmaceutical industry. "

According to the press testimony, the chemists of this curious educational institution, actually controlled by the most influential Moscow oligarchs opposed to the tsarist government, took up pharmacy even earlier:

"The Academic Council of the City People's University named after A. L. Shanyavsky in Moscow decided to use the laboratories and offices of the University for the preparation of pharmaceuticals necessary for the Moscow City Government and the All-Russian Zemstvo Union to provide assistance to the wounded and sick soldiers, and for the costs associated with the organization of this , ordered to make deductions in 3% of the salaries received by teachers " (Russian Vdomosti, August 20, 1914).

It is pertinent to note that the involvement in the University. Shanyavsky was a sign of liberal radicalism and leftism. The private university, which opened in Moscow in 1908, was replenished with rebellious professors and associate professors who defiantly ignored the decisions of the Ministry of Public Education. The university accepted all comers as listeners without restrictions on educational qualifications, national, religious and political grounds, but did not issue a "state diploma"; in other words, they studied there not for the sake of a diploma, but for the sake of knowledge. In 1912, over 3,600 students studied in this truly alternative to government universities, an institution subordinate to the Moscow City Duma, and in 1917, about 7,000; it is interesting that even then, his students assessed their teachers in the questionnaires, had the freedom to choose courses, etc.

For the university, special educational buildings and laboratories were built; it was also a scientific center. The university began to be created with the money of a brilliant aristocrat guardsman, and then a Siberian millionaire-gold miner through the efforts of his widow, the book publisher M.V. Sabashnikov and other Moscow capitalist liberals:

“Major General Alfons Leonovich Shanyavsky (1837-1905) had an interesting and unusual fate: for 9 years he was taken from the Shanyava family estate in the Polish Sedletsk province to recruitment and sent to the cadet corps. All military educational institutions, in which Shanyavsky studied, he graduated with a gold medal and "first in the list." Released as an officer in the guard, the first to graduate from the Academy of the General Staff, he left Petersburg for Eastern Siberia, in the newly annexed Amur Territory; there he meets his future wife, Lydia Alekseevna, who has become his devoted friend, employee, and then, when he is seriously ill, also a nurse.

Having retired at the age of 38 with the rank of general, Shanyavsky became a gold miner and amassed capital. This gave him the opportunity to start realizing his old dream - the creation in Russia of a higher free-style school of a new type.

Back in Siberia, Shanyavsky donated 30 thousand rubles to a gymnasium in Blagoveshchensk, 1000 acres of land - to an agricultural school, and after leaving there he donated 300 thousand rubles to the St. Petersburg Women's Medical Institute. In 1901, Shanyavsky fell seriously ill - he had an aortic aneurysm. Realizing that there was very little left to live, he decided to properly dispose of his condition. His dream was to organize a free university, independent of the authorities, to which everyone could enter, regardless of nationality, religious beliefs or educational level. After consulting with experts, he decides to donate large funds to the future university in Moscow and on October 3, 1905, he signs a will. This idea was defended in the Duma by P. Milyukov, in the State Council by M. Kovalevsky, and approved by the chairman of the Council of Ministers P. A. Stolypin.

A. L. Shanyavsky died on November 7 of the same year - on the day of the notarial deed for transferring the house on the Arbat into the ownership of the city, the proceeds from which were intended for the maintenance of the university. According to his will, the university was to open exactly three years after the signing of the will.

In the early years, the university huddled in different buildings - in the Polytechnic Museum, the real school of Mazinga, in the Golitsyn house on Volkhonka, in the Alexander Commercial School and in other premises, until, finally, his own house rose on Miusskaya Square. This became possible thanks to a generous donation (225 thousand rubles), received in 1910 on the condition that he goes to the construction of a university building, always with a chemical laboratory with him. This gift was given by "an unknown person", but many knew that it was Lydia Alekseevna, who preferred not to advertise her good deeds. "

It must be assumed that while others were fighting, young Magidson worked in this laboratory, built with the funds of many future members of the Moscow Military-Industrial Committee and active leaders of the bourgeois revolution of 1917 (A.I. Konovalov, N.I. Guchkov, S. . N. Tretyakov, P. P. Ryabushinsky and others). By the way, Shanyavsky's biographers dully hint that either he or (more likely) his parents were repressed for participating in the Polish separatist movement.

Black-Hundred newspapers, not without reason, wrote about the university that it was "created with Judeo-Masonic money in a house belonging to a suspicious Pole", that "there may be accepted either not Russians, or Russians who refuse their native nationality and give a subscription to it" etc. (Kremlin, March 1912).

In any case, it was many prominent members of the Moscow Military-Industrial Committee, who had long been hostile to the tsarist family, who forced Nicholas II to abdicate in February 1917, after which they entered the Provisional Government. Almost all of these owners of factories, banks, and influential newspapers came from Old Believer families who had reason to hate the official state church. Needless to say, Onesim Magidson was a good tool for achieving their goals in all respects!

However, it turned out differently: after the wars and revolutions, the oligarchs found themselves in emigration, and their modest henchman successfully continued his career already under the Bolsheviks, rising to the chief synthetic pharmacist of the USSR, laureate of the Stalin Prize in 1941. And the first step in this ascent was iodine, obtained by Magidson for the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Literature

Stepanov A. Port-Arthur.— M.: OGIZ, 1947.— 616 p.
Senov PL Textbook of pharmaceutical chemistry.— M.: Medgiz, 1960.— 460 p.
Bychkov I. Iodine problem in the USSR // Bulletin of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR.— 1927.— No. 12. — P. 19-22.
Golyanitskiy I. A. To the question of leather lacquering as a method of treating firearms and other wounds of wartime // Russian Doctor. - 1915. - No. 4. - P. 88-90.
In memory of O. Yu. Magidson // Chemical and Pharmaceutical Journal. - 1971. - Vol. 5, No. 11. - P. 62-63.

To be continued